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History of the University of North Carolina.
Volume II: From 1868 to 1912:
Electronic Edition.

Kemp P. Battle (Kemp Plummer), 1831-1919

Funding from the Institute for Museum and Library Services
supported the electronic publication of this title.

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First edition, 2002
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Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
2002.

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Source Description:
(title page) History of the University of North Carolina. Volume II: From 1868 to 1912
(cover) History of the University of North Carolina 1868-1912
(spine) History of the University of North Carolina Vol. II
KEMP P. BATTLE
ix, 1-875 p. p., ill.
RALEIGH:
EDWARDS & BROUGHTON PRINTING COMPANY
1912

Call number C378.UEI (North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)

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        KEMP P. BATTLE

        GEORGE T. WINSTON

        EDWIN A. ALDERMAN

        FRANCIS P. VENABLE

        

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HISTORY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA

BY

KEMP P. BATTLE
PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF HISTORY

VOLUME II
FROM 1868 TO 1912

RALEIGH:
EDWARDS & BROUGHTON PRINTING COMPANY
1912

Page verso

Copyright, 1912
BY KEMP P. BATTLE

Page iii

        TO MY WIFE
WHO FOR NEARLY THREESCORE YEARS
HAS JOURNEYED WITH ME OVER THE SMOOTH WAYS
AND THE ROUGH WAYS OF LIFE,
AN EVER READY HELP AND WISE COUNSELOR,
THIS BOOK IS LOVINGLY DEDICATED.

KEMP PLUMMER BATTLE.

Page v

PREFACE

        After unexpected and regretted delays the second volume of my History of the University of North Carolina is issued from the press. It embraces the period from the suspension of exercises in 1868 to the close of the Summer School in 1912. My aim has been to give a clear and truthful pen picture of the revival of the institution from its moribund state, its struggles and its final rise to rank with the first institutions of America. To record all the items of the numerous facts and incidents of forty-four years is manifestly impossible. I have selected such as in my judgment make the narrative both distinct and accurate. The students who attended the University from time to time will doubtless be able to point out omissions. I assure them that such omissions were essential in order to prevent the book from having excessive bulkiness.

        The Faculty in recent years has been larger than that of the old University, and the changes more frequent. I have endeavored to give engravings of all the professors. Where the face of a new professor is not found the deficiency came from inability to procure his photograph.

        The first volume met with a reception which greatly surprised and gratified me. I can not hope that similar favor will be extended to the second. The former chronicled events on which the haze of oblivion had settled or was then settling. The removal of this haze and bringing them again into the light, brought, it seems, to the readers, both interest and instruction.

        The second volume tells of things and persons which have not passed from memory. They are almost contemporary. My readers have shaken hands with the actors. They will not have the pleasure of reviving happy memories half forgotten. Distance, in time as well as in space, "lends enchantment to the view."

        I have, however, aimed higher than merely giving an agreeable hour to my readers. I venture to hope that this minute

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and faithful narrative of the struggles of the University from seven teachers and sixty-nine students to over eight hundred matriculates and over eighty teachers, will be of permanent value to students of education and to students of State Government. I think it will be seen that in a large degree the University has created its own success, by the constant advocacy of higher education in all the counties by its Presidents and Professors; by the excellence of its training; by the culture and energy of the teachers it has sent forth as educational missionaries, like McIver, Alderman, Noble, Joyner, Walker; by the high conduct of its sons in religious, legislative, executive, and judicial functions and in business pursuits. I do not think that I boast too much in claiming that the University has been an influential factor in creating the present high appreciation of education among our people.

        I must express my obligations to Professor Collier Cobb for his assistance in procuring the numerous engravings in my book, often photographing the subjects with his own camera. Also to my sons, K. P., Thos. H., and W. J. Battle, especially Dr. Kemp P. Battle, Junior, for valuable assistance in preparing the manuscript and reading proof.

Page vii

CONTENTS

Page ix

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page 1

History of the University of North Carolina
Volume II

CHAPTER I.

ELECTION OF TRUSTEES--1789 TO 1868.

        In my first volume I brought the History of the University to the death of President Swain, August 29, 1868. This period covers the life of the Old University. The changes in courses of instruction, in scholastic degrees, in modes of discipline, in buildings and apparatus, the habits and aspirations of students, now make appropriate the name of the New University. There is, however, a substantial connection between the Old and the New. The New is the Old modernized, responding to changed conditions of social life, to new demands of rapidly advancing discoveries, to invention and ever varying phases of scientific, political, industrial, and even theological thought. The New, however, has pride in the history of the past, especially in the great alumni, who have been leaders in all the walks of life, while the survivors, joyful over the continued progress of their Alma Mater and ever ready to applaud its further advancement, have in their hearts an ever increasing love for the University as they knew it. There has been no destruction of the Old. When closed for a season it only slumbered. It was not dead. The influences that awakened it were put into motion by the old alumni, who had eagerly watched for the opportunity. But for those influences an Agricultural and Mechanical College would have taken its place--the application of science to industrial pursuits exalted and literary departments subordinated. The Old University would have died, leaving only a memory of past achievements.

        By the University charter of 1789 its Trustees filled the vacancies which occurred from time to time. As those named

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in the charter were mostly of the Federalist party, it naturally came to pass that when Jeffersonian Democracy was triumphant in the General Assembly, the Board of Trustees was strongly of the adversary party. The University for this and other reasons became very unpopular. Hostile legislation resulted. It became necessary to give the election of Trustees to the General Assembly. From 1804 down to 1868 the choice was by that body, the term of office being for life.

        The University kept its doors open in all the hardships of the war, but it was left in desperate circumstances. The endowment was gone. Professors for the payment of their salaries depended on tuition receipts and, owing to the general paralysis of business, students were few in number, and some of them on the beneficiary list. Professors Martin, Hepburn, and Kimberly, for want of a support, went elsewhere. The Faculty was reduced to five.

        The Trustees adopted a scheme, reported in 1867 by a committee, of which K. P. Battle was chairman and Wm. A. Graham and S. F. Phillips were members, under which Professors were to be supported partly by small salaries paid by the University, the residue by fees paid by students in the respective departments. In order to relieve the Trustees of all embarrassment, the President and Professors in the Fall of 1867 tendered their resignations, which were accepted, but, as the new scheme was not to go into operation until the Commencement of 1868, they by request continued in their chairs until then. When that date arrived it was evident that the old Board would shortly be superseded. It was impossible for them to carry into practical effect the contemplated reorganization. It seemed good to them therefore to reëlect the President and Professors, so that responsible men should be in office to protect the public property and take effectual means for receiving students at the beginning of the following session. These reëlections were duly accepted by the incumbents.

        By the Constitution of 1868 the election of Trustees was taken from the General Assembly and given to the Board of Education, its members being ex officio Trustees. The others were apportioned in the State, one to each county. This arrangement

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was faulty in several particulars. In the first place all the members of the Board of Education, except the Superintendent of Public Instruction, were political officers, with no special interest in the cause of education. Secondly, as many of the counties are remote from the seat of government and it has never been the practice to pay the expenses of Trustees, many of them never attend meetings. And as the members of the Educational Board live in Raleigh, they would usually be the controlling element in the Board of Trustees. Thirdly, it so happened that in 1868 Governor Holden controlled the Board of Education and so dominated the University.

        Since 1835 the practical management of the University has been in the hands of the Executive Committee, prior to 1868 chosen annually by the Trustees, always with special reference to their interest in the University and proximity to Raleigh. The Constitution of 1868 totally changed this salutary arrangement. The Executive Committee was so constituted as no longer to be the helpful servants of the Trustees, but to be under the control of a political body, namely, the Board of Education, then eight in number, the State officers--politicians of course. To these were added the President of the University and three Trustees elected by the Board, the politicians being in a majority of seven to four. The Governor was chairman both of the Board and of the Executive Committee.

        In the Appendix is the list of the first elected Trustees under the Constitution of 1868.

        Eight of those appointed, R. Don Wilson, C. C. Jones, R. S. Abrams, George W. Brooks, J. H. Bowditch, J. A. Maultsby, Anderson Mitchell, and F. J. Kron refused to accept the office, some for private reasons, others because they did not reside in the counties from which they were appointed. Mr. F. J. Kron, of Stanly, in his letter of refusal, said, "The institution as it stood heretofore had no warmer friend than myself. My best wishes for such a Faculty, such as it possessed from its foundation, and such thorough scholarship as will command the gratitude of the State and admiration of the world."

        Judge Starbuck, in agreeing to act, showed considerable acrimony. He said "the University's prosperity is well-nigh destroyed

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by the hand of misrule and treason. Instead of being, as she is accused of late years, a nursery of narrow-minded, bigoted, and sectional ideas she may become the nursery of patriotism, loyalty, love of country, and devotion to this great Union."

        Notwithstanding this censure those who knew the President and Professors of the old University could testify that they accepted the results of the defeat of the South with as much resignation and determination thenceforward to be loyal to the Union, as those of any institution in the land. This was shown by the words and actions of President Swain, by the conciliatory address of Governor Vance in 1866, by the hearty reception accorded to President Johnson, Secretary Seward, and other Northern men in 1867, and by the general attitude of authorities and students.

        The members of the Board of Education owed their places to the influence of the Governor, so that he controlled and virtually appointed the Board of Trustees. Being a strong party man he quite naturally appointed Republicans, and a few whom he hoped to win over.

        This Board was composed of many substantial and some prominent men. There were in it eighteen alumni of the University, but it was a grave defect, that, scattered as they were over the State, one in each county, it was difficult to secure continuity of management. And composed as it was almost entirely of members of the Republican party, at a time when party spirit was virulent, naturally their conduct was watched by censorious eyes and the patronage of the institution was necessarily curtailed.

        The new Board contained only five of the old. These were Rev. Dr. Neill McKay, Thomas Settle, John Pool, Montfort McGehee, a Democrat, who owed his appointment to his brother-in-law, Richard C. Badger, and Governor Holden, who had resigned his place in 1867.

        At the first meeting of the Board, July 23, 1868, the following were present: Governor Holden, Lt.-Governor Caldwell, Secretary Menninger, Auditor Adams, Superintendent Harris, Superintendent Ashley, Treasurer Jenkins, Attorney-General

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Coleman, on the part of the Board of Education; Hon. D. L. Swain, and ex-Governor Manly by invitation; and on the part of the Trustees, Messrs. Tourgée, Ingram, Rodman, John Pool, Russell, V. Barringer, M. Taylor, Thomas, Howze, Lehman, Buxton, Etheridge, Henderson, Wynne, Lassiter, Grimsley, Bynum, Gahagan, Miller, Cantwell, Robinson, Cloud, J. F. Taylor, E. W. Jones, Badham, McDonald, S. Pool, Hayes, Settle, Downing, Reade, Brogden, Long. Total, 41.

        The Executive Committeemen elected by Trustees were Wm. B. Rodman, James F. Taylor, and Thomas Settle, to whom were added by the Constitution Holden, Caldwell, Menninger, Jenkins, Adams, Ashley, Harris, and Coleman.

        The first action of the Board of Trustees was to distribute by lot the counties of the State into four classes. The Trustees from the first class were to hold their office for two years; of the second class for four years; of the third, six years, and of the fourth for eight years.

        Then President Swain, erroneously thinking that he was recognized as President by the new Constitution and therefore entitled to a seat in the Board, moved that the old Secretary and Treasurer, ex-Governor Manly, read his report. This he did with much feeling, closing by a pathetic statement of his pain and suffering from parting with books and papers which had been his companions for 47 years. A resolution was passed thanking him for his efficient services.

        President Swain was then called on to "deliver his address," the mover being too astute to call it a report. It proved to be not a recital of the work of the University or of his own actings for the past year, or of recommendations for the future, but a statement of the progress of the institution, the increase in numbers of students and of buildings, during the thirty-three years of his Presidency. He closed by the assertion that "never had his services been more zealous, faithful and unintermitting." He gave no plan of reconstruction of the institution. His report was identical with that submitted to the old Board in 1867.

        The Board elected Robert W. Lassiter, a member of the Granville bar, Secretary and Treasurer, with a salary of $500 yearly. The most important action, which bears the appearance

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of a "snap judgment," was, on motion of Wm. F. Henderson, the appointment of a committee of five to report some plan for the continuance of the University. The names of the committee were Wm. F. Henderson, Victor C. Barringer, John Pool, Thomas Settle, and Richard I. Wynne. The Superintendent of Public Instruction, Samuel S. Ashley, was added.

        On the next day, in order to negative finally the claim of President Swain that he was still in office, the Board voted to accept the resignations of the President and Professors, made in 1867, and that the chairs be abolished. The reëlection of those officers in June, 1868, were thus ignored as nullities.

        On the report of Henderson's committee it was ordered that the Executive Committee should put into operation a "thorough and efficient organization of the University upon the proper and liberal basis contemplated by the Constitution." They were to have the extraordinary power of electing a President and Professors, devise a system of government, and resume the exercises at the earliest practicable moment, the salaries of President and Professors to be the same as in 1860. They were likewise charged with the duty of inquiring into the state of the funds of the University, with special attention to the mortgage of its property and disposition made of the Land Scrip, and settle the accounts of the late Treasurer Manly. These were subsequently reported as correct. They allowed his claim of $750 for balance of salary as Escheator-General. This overruled the action of the old Board which considered the duties of Escheator-General as appertaining to the office of Secretary and Treasurer, and that the salary of Secretary-Treasurer was sufficient to cover all duties.

        President Swain endeavored in vain to secure a reversal of the decision that he was no longer in office. He claimed his resignation in 1867 was cancelled by his reëlection in 1868. He further contended he held the office legally; that he could not be removed except for "misbehavior, inability, or neglect of duty," grounds mentioned in the charter. No attention was paid to this protest, and further action, if he contemplated any, was prevented by his death. The other members of the old Faculty made no resistance and soon engaged in other fields of labor.

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        In the choice of a President the Board adopted a limitation that no one should be elected who had not an "established national reputation as a scholar and educator." There is no evidence that such a person was sought for, but if the search was made it was inevitably ineffectual on account of the impossibility of paying an adequate salary.

        The unprecedented power to elect all the officers, which had never before been exercised by any Executive Committee, did not meet with the approval of many thoughtful Trustees. Chief Justice Pearson, for example, not to mention others, contended that a matter of so great importance should be passed upon by the whole Board.

        The elections, however, were not then held, although the Presidency was offered to Mr. L. P. Olds, a son-in-law of the Governor. As there was no treasury in sight from which a salary could be drawn, Mr. Olds wisely declined.

        The second meeting of the Board was held November 19, 1868. There were 32 in attendance, so that it appears that there was no lack of interest on the part of the new Trustees. In truth, considering the distance traveled by most of those present, at their own charges, the punctuality was most praise-worthy. There was no diminution of interest for some months. At the January meeting 37 answered to their names, but in June, 1869, they dwindled to 12, mostly State officers.

        The Committee further recommended that the General Assembly be requested to authorize the appointment by the Governor and Council of one student for each Member of the General Assembly, the tuition and College expenses for not exceeding two years to be paid by the State. These students were to be bound to teach in the public schools the length of time they should be at the University. Judge Rodman, Superintendent Ashley, and Senator John Pool were instructed to bring this to the attention of the Legislature. What action, if any, they took, does not appear. Certainly there was no favorable response on the part of the law-making power. The public treasury continued sealed against the University.

        The Governor and Board of Education were requested to protect the property of the institution until the arrival of the Faculty. Under this authority W. N. Harris was employed

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with a salary of $120 per month as Superintendent. The Superintendent of Public Works, Ceburn L. Harris, cared for repairs, there being paid to him from time to time $2,394.19, the account not stating to what objects the money was applied. It is certainly not excessive.

        The Executive Committee also reported the names of the Faculty whom they had selected, a description of whom will be presently given. They were to be supported out of tuition money, but afterwards, as students did not come in, tuition was made free.

        The Committee declared for co-education, but the Board refused to admit females as students. Judges Tourgée and Rodman moved that the appointment of the President and Professors should be provisional only, but the motion was promptly voted down. A motion of Curtis H. Brogden to place the duties of University Treasurer on the Treasurer of the State, and of the Secretary of the University on the Superintendent of Public Instruction, shared the same fate.

        Mr. Victor C. Barringer moved that a school should be established near Raleigh for the instruction of the colored, of equal value as that at the University. Judge Tourgée followed this with a motion which was agreed to that it should be a branch of the University. On motion of Tod R. Caldwell not less than 100 acres was to be bought. It may be as well to state that there never was any proposal to admit the colored youth into the University at Chapel Hill, nor to have co-education of the races in any way. Barringer's proposal, and one afterwards made to give one-third of the Land Scrip money to the colored, were never carried into effect.

        In November (1868) the new Treasurer made his first report. The stay laws and general loss of property, he said, had prevented collection of moneys loaned to individuals and the cash available was only $1,541.08. There was $32,389 due by individuals, most of whom were insolvent, and some municipal bonds, already pledged by the old Board.

        The Treasurer further reported that the debts were about $60,000, including that for $35,712.68 to the Bank of North Carolina. The deed of trust of April 30, 1867, conveyed all

Illustration

        SOLOMON POOL

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the property of the University, including about 1,000 acres at Chapel Hill and a tract of land in Buncombe County acquired by escheat, the extent of which was unknown.

        The land grant of 240,000 acres contracted to be sold by the former Board for fifty cents an acre to G. F. Lewis and his associates, Fisher, Boothe & Co., could not be used to pay debts. Congress had forbidden the location of this land until the State should be admitted into the Union by Act of Congress. By the terms of the contract, if the location should not be allowed by the 4th March, 1869, the sale would be void, in which event it was thought a better price, probably one dollar an acre, could be obtained.

        I will now describe the several members of the Faculty, appointed by the Executive Committee in pursuance of authority granted by the Board.

THE NEW FACULTY.

        In filling up the Faculty the Executive Committee looked first for a President. It was clear that the question of party must be a primary consideration. Rev. Mr. Doherty alleged his loyalty to the Union and to Republican principles, and his services in the Union Army, in addition to his scholarship, as qualifications for a Professorship, or the Presidency. The choice fell on Rev. Solomon Pool, afterwards D.D.

        Solomon Pool, born in Elizabeth City, the new President, and Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy, was a second honor graduate of this University in 1853. He was then Tutor of Mathematics until 1861, when he was made Adjunct Professor. In 1866 he obtained leave of absence in order to accept the more lucrative post of Deputy Appraiser, the Trustees stipulating that they would not be bound to reëmploy him when this office should end. He was a brother of Senator John Pool. Mr. Pool's political animus was shown in a letter written January 23, 1868, transmitting a draft of a proposed Article in the Constitution on Public Education. He charged the University with being governed by the aristocracy and family influence. He urged that "it should be thoroughly loyalized. Better close it than have it a nursery of treason, to foster and perpetuate the

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feelings of disloyalty. Let the present Board of Trustees be superseded by a loyal Board, and the University will be a blessing, instead of a curse." Although narrow in his views he was a man of decided ability and a good writer. His reports and an article published in the newspapers, entitled "The University and the Public Schools," show thoughtfulness and literary power, but at the time of his election he had no State reputation.

        The Professor of Mathematics, Alexander McIver, a native of Moore County, was a first honor graduate from this University in 1853. After serving as Tutor of Mathematics in his Alma Mater for a few months he distinguished himself as a Principal of an Academy in Wadesboro, and then as Professor of Mathematics at Davidson College. In his application he laid stress on the fact that he was the only Republican at that College and was virtually threatened with dismissal if he should vote for President Grant. He was a hard-working, able and upright man. He was afterwards honored with the post of State Superintendent of Public Instruction.

        The Professor of the Greek Language and Literature, Fisk P. Brewer, was in the Class of 1852, one of the best scholars at Yale University; was, when elected, Principal of a school for the colored at Raleigh, founded by Northern charity. He had studied in Athens, Greece, was Tutor of Greek at Yale, had strongest testimonials from President Woolsey, Professor Dana, and others. Was for one year a Professor in Beloit College. He was a brother of Judge Brewer, of the Supreme Court of the United States. His father was Rev. Josiah Brewer, missionary to Turkey, and his mother was sister to David Dudley Field and other eminent men. A contemporary letter to the newspaper says that he ruined his usefulness by boarding with a negro for a short while after reaching Chapel Hill. It was alleged too that he invited negroes to his house when teaching a colored school in Raleigh.

        David Settle Patrick, nephew of Judge Settle, a native of Rockingham County, had been Principal of a school in Arkansas. He was a graduate of this University in 1856. His title was Professor of the Latin Language and Literature. He had not gained reputation as a classical scholar.

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        James A. Martling, Professor of the English Language and Literature, was a resident of Missouri, a brother-in-law of Superintendent Ashley, and was recommended by him. He seemed to have been a man of good parts, but made no permanent impression while in North Carolina. He graduated at the best colleges in Ohio and had been Principal of high schools.

        George Dixon, Professor of Agriculture, was from Yorkshire, in England, a Quaker. He lectured on Chemistry, Botany, and Theoretical Farming and undertook to prepare a model farm. He was elected in consequence of the duty of the University to carry into effect the Land Grant Act of 1862 and seemed to be proficient in his department. He obtained leave in 1869 to visit his native land, the North of England, and promised to bring chemical tables such as are used in that country in agricultural institutions, of one of which he was President. He wished, he said, to promote the immigration of capital to North Carolina. He never returned to Chapel Hill.

        Professor Patrick was Bursar, Professor Martling Secretary of the Faculty, and Professor Brewer Librarian.

        The President and Professors were all Republicans. It was generally understood that applications from those not Republicans need not be sent in. Rev. C. S. Alexander requested a place on the Faculty, but withdrew his application when he found that the treasury was empty. He wrote that he had always been loyal to the Union, and asserted that to his knowledge the soldiers in Barringer's Brigade were for peace, notwithstanding that under compulsion they had passed resolutions breathing war. He was probably a chaplain in the brigade and gave this information in order to ingratiate himself with Governor Holden, to whom his letter was addressed.

        A communication was read from Rev. William H. Doherty, embodying a scheme of reorganization. He was educated at Belfast Institute and had very high recommendations from its professors. He preached for several years in Ireland as a Presbyterian. Embracing Unitarian principles he resigned his pulpit and emigrated to the United States. He was at one time a chaplain in the United States Army and then Assistant Quartermaster and obtained the rank of Captain. He was for

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awhile Principal of Graham College. His scheme was elaborate, drawn up in excellent style, but required generous expenditures of money.

        An application from an alumnus of the University, who thought to make himself acceptable to Governor Holden by proving, so to speak, that he was a follower of the Vicar of Bray, is on file. When at school he had notions of politics, but now he sees it all is foolishness. He would be willing for any party to rule, provided the country prospered. He was a Methodist but tolerated all other denominations much more than formerly. During the war he was Principal of a High School and was befriended by Republicans and Democrats. "I was considered simply a literary man, belonging to no party. The same may be said of me regarding religion." He then naively asks that in case he can not get a Professorship, the Governor will get him a place in the Revenue Department. Never was a character so thoroughly misunderstood. Governor Holden was an uncompromising party man. No "Doubting Thomas" could please him. The bitterest political enemy could become his friend by joining his party.

        It was not long before there was great unrest in the Faculty. It was the old quarrel which in the Acts of the Apostles divided the pure blood and the Grecian Jews. The Professors from abroad complained that they were neglected in the distribution of the Treasurer's checks. They went further and opined that being strangers they should have the preference, but this claim was decided to have no merit. On the contrary President Pool was paid $1,500 for the first year and the others, some a fourth, others a fifth, of that amount.

RESOURCES AND LAWSUITS.

        The funds to make these payments came from a loan negotiated with the Board of Public Instruction mainly on pledge of bonds belonging to the Land Scrip Fund. Of course this was illegal, but was overlooked by the General Assembly as the Faculty were really suffering. Moreover there was a bare chance that the University might have a windfall in the shape of an escheat, or a State appropriation.

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        On motion of Judge Cantwell a committee of three was appointed to inquire into the legality of the debts secured by the deed of trust of April, 1868, and all other alleged debts, with power to employ counsel. The committee was composed of the mover and Judges Reade and Tourgée.

        Ex-Judge Cantwell, chairman, reported that in the opinion of the committee the University was not legally or equitably bound to pay the debt due the bank, for the reason that the University was a corporation of specified powers and that, while it could subscribe for the bank stock if possessed of the cash, as an investment, it could not buy on credit. Such purchase was mere speculation and therefore void. The Cameron and Swain debts should be scaled according to the Act of the Assembly, establishing a scale of depreciation for the settlement of debts contracted during the war. These debts really were incurred in 1859.

        The strange argument too was suggested but not pressed, that the University debts were contracted before the Civil War and due to those who had the status of public enemies. The laws of war declare such debts were the subjects of seizure and condemnation. The University with all its properties was seized and appropriated by the conqueror, and the Constitution of 1868 divested the title of the former owners and vested them, free of incumbrance, in the new State authorities. The chairman (Cantwell) suggested as worthy of inquiry how far the present Board of Trustees are bound by these debts any more than other engagements of their predecessors. He then stated that the question was not before the committee and they offered no opinion on this question. I add that the debts of the University were incurred before there was any depreciation.

        It is difficult to see why the question was not before the committee. The chairman was evidently unable to procure the assent of the committee to this enormous extension of the laws of war to Southern institutions.

        It was further resolved that the Executive Committee report whether any teacher will rent the University buildings and grounds for five years, on condition that the State shall pay tuition for county students. This came to naught. No one

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offered to rent the buildings and the General Assembly failed to make any appropriation. Indeed it is noticeable that even the extravagant Legislature of 1868-'69 showed no disposition to aid the University in any way, although spending money with lavish profuseness in other directions.

        On motion of Judge Tourgée the General Assembly was asked to amend the charter of the University so as to have two departments mutually equivalent in all educational facilities, having the same schools, teachers of equal grade and merit, as near as may be conferring the same degrees, subject to the same rules and under the control of the same Board, one for the whites and one for the colored. Also that there should be Normal and Preparatory Schools for both colors.

        Counsel to defend the University against the claim of the bank were also authorized. Under this the chairman, ex-Judge Edward Cantwell, and Ed. Graham Haywood were appointed. The opinion of these counselors that the University was not legally bound by her subscription to the capital stock of the bank was ordered to be printed.

        With regard to the sale of the Land Scrip, the committee reported that it was fraudulent and should be rescinded. The old Board of Trustees, as appears from papers on file, desired to use part of the purchase money for payment of salaries of the Faculty and other objects. G. F. Lewis, the purchaser, knew of this illegality and could not enforce a contract tainted with this fraud. The committee looked on prices with larger eyes than did the Treasurer. Their claim was that the Scrip was worth $1.40 per acre, as against $1.00 reported by him; whereas 50 cents was the value at the time of the sale to the University.

        Before detailing the organization and work of the University in instruction it is convenient to trace the progress of the litigation under the attorneys, Cantwell and Haywood. They had reported, as has been said, in an elaborate paper prepared by Mr. Haywood, that the University was not bound to pay the bank, because the debt was incurred contrary to law. To sustain this it was pointed out that under the bank charter the stock was to be paid for in gold and silver, and the bank was prohibited from discounting any paper to

Page 15

which a subscriber's name should be either as principal or surety, until the whole of such subscriber's stock shall have been paid. It was contended that this mandate of the General Assembly had been disobeyed because certain citizens, not connected with the University, borrowed the necessary funds from the bank and lent them to the University. With this money the University paid for its stock in full. Then the University borrowed of the bank the same amount, giving the stock as collateral security and paid off the note signed by the individuals. This transaction, it was urged, was a plain evasion of the law.

        The attorneys conceived the idea that the proper way to attack the mortgage of its property to the bank by the University, was for the State of North Carolina to bring suit in the United States Court. This was instituted, but the Court, after full argument, decided that it had no jurisdiction, and the suit was dismissed. The attorneys urged an appeal to the Federal Supreme Court, but the Trustees declined to prosecute it.

        On motion of Chief Justice Pearson, Judges Bond and Brooks were requested to give their reasons in writing for their dismissing the suit, and the attorney, E. G. Haywood, was requested to give to the Board his reasons for considering the opinion erroneous; further that the Attorney-General and Justices Reade and Rodman be requested to examine the subject and report as to the propriety of taking an appeal.

        At the meeting of July 20, 1871, there was no quorum, but the only Trustees present, Chief Justice Pearson, Justices Reade, Rodman, and Dick of the Supreme Court, Judge Cloud, of the Superior Court, and Secretary-Treasurer Lassiter, concurred in the advice to take no appeal.

        It is presumable that the counsel of the University were of the erroneous opinion that the Federal Court would take cognizance of the case under the bankrupt law, but lawyers generally thought the decision against this view correct. Although the court expressed judicially no opinion as to the validity of the subscription to the capital stock of the bank, it was understood the learned judges thought the objection was not valid. It is unreasonable that the University should receive the stock

Page 16

which she paid for and then repudiate the debt voluntarily contracted to obtain means of payment. The corporations, if their charters were broken, might have been punished under quo warranto, and their officers punished for acting contrary to law, but certainly innocent stockholders ought not to suffer.

        Another objection, that the University did not pay for the stock in gold and silver but in a draft on New York, was held untenable, as the draft was equivalent to specie. Nor was the objection fatal that by borrowing money to pay for the stock the University was speculating, the charter conferring no privilege to speculate. It was an ordinary business transaction.

        The effort by the Secretary and Treasurer, R. W. Lassiter, to break up the contract with G. F. Lewis, made in 1867, for the purchase of the Land Scrip, proved equally abortive. Fifty cents an acre was the true market price at the time of the sale. Several Northern States sold at the same price, and one for less. The Secretary of the Interior, Gen. J. D. Cox, of Ohio, decided that all was regular. The postponement of the location by Congress did not deprive the University of the power of sale. Secretary Lassiter visited Lewis in Detroit, employed counsel, and spent some time in New York but accomplished nothing. The fruitless efforts to break up the contract for the sale cost the University over $500 in counsel fees, besides a very liberal sum for the expenses of the Treasurer.

        By virtue of authority conferred by the Board of Trustees Mr. Lassiter purchased $40,000 of old North Carolina Railroad State bonds, $40,000 in new State bonds, not special tax, and $160,000 in special tax bonds. The old bonds he bought at 51 cents in the dollar, the new bonds 46 cents, and the special tax 50 cents, amounting in the total to $119,000. There was much criticism of the purchase of the special tax bonds as the market price began to sink at once and went rapidly down until it became equal to near zero under the Repudiation Act of 8th March, 1870. As the total amount in the Land Scrip Fund was $125,000, there was left $6,000 to be subsequently disposed of by the Board. No interest was paid by the State on either class of bonds.

        Another lawsuit in which the University was interested was

Page 17

the application by Charles Dewey addressed to the Court in Bankruptcy for the sale of the University property. The result of this suit will be shown in narrating the happenings of the year when the decree was made.

        The Trustees were induced by the advice of counsel to bring suit for lands located in West Tennessee under escheated Revolutionary land warrants granted to the University. As fully described in Volume I of this history, the Secretary and Treasurer (Charles Manly), in conjunction with Samuel Dickens, and under instruction of the Executive Committee, had sold all the residue of these real estate interests to Edward Orme and Alden Gifford, agents of a Boston land company, and reported the same to the Board, which confirmed their action. The result of the suit was a signal defeat to the University, the payment of over $400 in fees and costs and the ill name of bringing a false claim, contrary to her solemn agreement. This cost, however, was paid by the Trustees elected in 1874.

        The chief attorney of the University in this case was ex-Judge Robert R. Heath, who emigrated to Tennessee after the Civil War. He agreed to accept a contingent fee of one-half the recovery. After this was discovered by his associate counsel, S. W. Cochran, he called Judge Heath's attention to the fact that such fees were illegal under the laws of Tennessee and subjected the offender to being disbarred--the offense being called champerty. The Judge was greatly troubled, as was shown by his repeated and urgent requests that all his letters in relation to this suit should be sent to him, and by earnest arguments to show that his action did not come within the purview of the law. It was in his favor that the evidence was in North Carolina, among the University papers. At any rate he was not prosecuted and died soon afterwards.

        There was afterwards much consultation about bringing other suits, but it was wisely concluded that, whatever difficulties there were in the titles of many tracts, the University had no claim, having parted with its rights.

Page 18

        We will now see how the University prospered under the new régime.

        Mr. Lewis P. Olds, who declined the Presidency, recommended that there be six Professors to be paid $9,500 per annum. He predicted that "grown gray with years and sacred by the genius of numberless alumni the University halls should speedily resound with the step and voice of youths--and the fountain now dry be made to send out refreshing streams of other days." But alas! the $9,500 was not obtainable. Even if it had been poured into the University treasury, the intensity of disapproval of the new organization on the part of parents able to send students to the University, would have caused a failure.

        There was no income for the first year from the $125,000 Land Scrip money because of the futile efforts to rescind the contract, and the nonpayment of interest by the State, such payment enjoined by the Act of Congress of 1862.

        Owing to the empty treasury a new scheme was devised. The President and Professors were to trust to tuition receipts for their salaries. Promise was held out to apply to the General Assembly for relief. The Faculty heretofore described was made up on this slender foundation.

        The State Geologist, Dr. W. C. Kerr, was looked to for Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Geology.

GOVERNMENT AND CURRICULUM.

        The old plan of government was adopted for the present but a committee of the Faculty was appointed to examine the reports of institutions of this country and Europe and suggest changes.

        The salary of the President was fixed at $2,000 a year, and $120 house rent, that of the Professors at $1,500 per annum and house rent.

        The committee reported that in order to constitute a University in reality, as well as in name, there should be "the University system," viz.: (1) Instruction by lectures; (2) Free choice of studies; (3) Liberty to graduate in any school; (4) Independent character of the Schools. The following chairs

Page 19

or departments of instruction were recommended, the chairs to be filled when the income would justify it:

  • 1. Department of Latin Language and Literature.
  • 2. Department of Greek Language and Literature.
  • 3. Department of Modern Languages.
  • 4. Department of Logic, Rhetoric, Political Economy, History, Ancient and Modern.
  • 5. Department of Mathematics.
  • 6. Department of Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology.
  • 7. Department of Natural and Mental Philosophy.
  • 8. Department of Applied Sciences.
  • 9. Department of Law.

        The Faculty agreed to deliver by turns lectures on Mental and Moral Philosophy, Astronomy, Physiology, Agricultural Chemistry, and Botany, to be open to members of the University and to graduate students. A Preparatory Department was constituted, running over four years. It was agreed that a mark of 75 should pass the student, but the Professor had power to pass on a less mark. The President was to appoint a student to take general supervision of the buildings. The first bell for prayers should ring twenty minutes before sunrise. The second at sunrise and should be continued five minutes.

        On June 10, 1869, a report was made of the work of the first term. The term ran from March 3. There were three students ranking as Sophomores and seven as Freshmen. The Sophomores passed examination in Algebra through Equations of the first degree, 600 lines of the Iliad, nine pages of Herodotus, sixty-four Odes (2 1-2 books) of Horace and ninety-two pages of Whately's Rhetoric.

        The Freshmen passed on Elementary Algebra through Equations of the first degree, and the first book of Milton's "Paradise Lost." Nothing is said of any other Freshman work. If they did any the report is lost.

        Two other students read six chapters of Xenophon's Anabasis and 844 pages of Georgics. Five studied Bingham's Latin Grammar through the third declension and four pages of Whitson's Greek Exercises. All prepared declamations and essays, and read through the Gospel of Luke, whether in the

Page 20

Greek does not appear. The President adds "such labor, though not an occasion of boasting, is evidence of industry."

        The value and interest of the examinations, it was stated, were greatly enhanced by the presence of Superintendent Ashley. All Trustees were desired to imitate his example.

        The degree of Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) was conferred on Abdel Kader Tenny; of Master of Arts (A.M.) on James B. Mason, Prof. D. S. Patrick, Judge Wm. A. Moore, and Judge Samuel W. Watts. That of Doctor of Divinity on Revs. Neill McKay and Samuel M. Frost.

        Tenney was a student of 1863-'65; Mason of the Class of 1867-'68, State Senator; Patrick, an A.B. of 1856; Moore, a student of 1848-'51, a Judge and Speaker of the House of Representatives of this State; Watts a Judge of the Reconstruction period; Dr. McKay a prominent and influential Presbyterian minister of Harnett County, and Frost an able and esteemed preacher of Davie County and then of Pennsylvania--an A.B. of 1852.

        It will be seen from inspection of the report that a considerable portion of the students were in the Preparatory Department. In Mathematics at least the Sophomores were not equal to the Freshmen of the present day. A formal order adopted by the Faculty at the beginning of the next term shows the heterogeneous character of the attendance. "Students now reciting with College students may continue work." Also there were "nineteen entries and no college charges."

        At this time the President presented a complete plan for the reorganization of the University, in order to comply with the Land Scrip Act of 1862. It was as follows:

  • I. College of Literature and the Arts.
  • II. College of Philosophy, Chemistry and Natural History.
  • III. College of Science and the Arts.
  • IV. College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts.
  • V. Business and Commercial College.
  • VI. Normal College.
  • VII. Law.
  • VIII. Medicine.
Page 21

        There were no Juniors or Seniors, though to them were assigned Engineering, Modern Languages, Astronomy, Natural Philosophy, Rhetoricals; to Seniors were assigned Engineering, Modern Languages, Intellectual Philosophy, Optionals and Rhetoricals.

        The last word, used as a noun, is new in our University language. It probably means Rhetoric as taught in the books, and also theses, declamations, and the like.

        For the Normal Department were prescribed: First Year, Advanced Geography, Chemistry, Natural History, Algebra, Geometry, Rhetoricals, including Elocution. The other years are not given.

        A plan of discipline was adopted which was a revival of ancient and obsolete methods. Every Friday afternoon the Professors reported publicly infractions of the rules. All but the guilty were ordered to retire. Excuses were then heard and the offenses graded. Tardiness was marked 1, absences 2, visiting other students or going to the village in study hours 1, being out of one's room after 8 o'clock p. m. 1, scribbling on the walls 1, spitting on the floor or disorder in the recitation room 1, indecorum at prayers 2, improper or boisterous noise in study hours or after prayers 2, other offenses not specified 1 to 10. Offenses repeated or glaring, double or triple the above penalties. The perfect deportment grade was 100, the demerits to be taken from this. If there should be 20 demerits the parent to be notified of the downward steps of his son, if 30 his removal to be requested.

        The Monitors were not bound to report other delinquencies than absences. Each student on entering was bound to sign a pledge not to disobey but to comply with all the rules, regulations and laws of the University, so far as he was capable, during his connection with the institution.

        We have a report of delinquencies which shows that they were principally from absences, one charged with eight, two others with six each, and so on.

        Notwithstanding meager numbers there were cases needing discipline. The old joke of ringing the bell contrary to the regulations was perpetrated. Four offenders were arraigned.

Page 22

There being a deficiency of evidence, a student was called on as a witness. At first he declined to answer, but, being assured that no penalties would be inflicted, he disclosed the names of the offenders. These were at once pledged and pardoned.

        Other troubles ensued. One student did "not wish to live with Yankees," nor pursue the study of Greek. Guthrie shared this odium towards the divine language and irreverently affirmed that he had not learned three cents worth the whole session. Another announced his dislike of Greek though he did not measure the worth of the language in current coin. The disaffected were allowed to change to Chemistry, taught by Professor McIver.

        President Pool reported a new curriculum, as follows:

        School of Literature and the Arts: Freshman--Latin, Greek, Mathematics, and Rhetoricals. Sophomore--Latin, Greek, Mathematics, Rhetoric, and Rhetoricals. Juniors--History, optional, Mixed Mathematics, and Rhetoricals. Seniors--Political Economy.

        For the College of Science and the Arts, the Freshmen had Chemistry, Natural History, Mathematics, and Rhetoricals; the Sophomores, Chemistry, Natural History, Mathematics, and Rhetoric.

        The second session, or academic year, opened in the middle of August, 1869. The number of those entitled to be called University students was still small.

        In January, 1870, there were reported, Sophomores in the Literature and Art Department, 2; Freshmen, 3; Senior Preps (preparatory students), 5; Junior Preps, 8.

        In the College of Science and the Arts, Freshmen, 3, of whom one was on probation in Mathematics; Preparatory, 1. In the Normal Department there were Freshmen 1, and Preparatory 1, and one irregular. It thus appears that there were claimed to be 9 University students, and 15 Preparatory, with one irregular. A resolution prohibiting from joining the University those under twelve years of age throws a sidelight on the proficiency of those whose names were printed. But, while undoubtedly a number of these could not rank with University

Page 23

students there were some good men, whose careers since have shed honor on their Alma Mater. I instance Col. F. A. Olds, editor; Wm. C. Fields, Senator from Alleghany; Isaac E. Emerson, wealthy druggist; Walter H. Guthrie, machinist in Boston; George W. McIver, Captain in the U. S. Army; Walter F. Pool, Member of the Legislature; George W. Purefoy, physician at Asheville.

        In his report made November 12, 1869, Professor Patrick complains that the former Bursar, Professor Fetter, had not turned over to him any of the books or records of his office, the omission caused admittedly, not by delinquency, but by careless bookkeeping. He gave a sad account of the depredations of late on University property. He says that he has been informed that at the time of the suspension of exercises the opinion prevailed in Chapel Hill that the University property belonged to the people. Books were taken from the libraries and all working utensils abstracted. Some have returned their borrowing with the request that "no questions be asked," while others still retain their spoliations under the impression that "something may turn up."

        The efforts to procure Commencement orators were quite discouraging. Gen. S. C. Abbott, then a Senator of the United States, one of the officers of the Union Army who made this State their home, was secured; Dr. S. S. Satchwell, who always talked good sense on medical and allied subjects, was invited but declined. Rev. Dr. Thomas H. Pritchard agreed to preach a serman before the University, Judge Wm. B. Rodman to make an address before the two literary societies. Governor Caldwell, Gen. M. W. Ransom, Attorney-General Coleman, A. Haywood Merritt, R. W. York, Capt. C. B. Denson, and Rev. Dr. Willis M. Miller, found it not their duty to prop up the struggling institution.

        An effort was made to give the University a potential influence among the educational forces of the State by inviting the teachers to exchange views with regard to having a Normal Institution at the University. President Pool appointed a Committee of Correspondence to invite speakers on the subject. The Convention was not held.

Page 24

        It is recorded that "it be placed on record that an invitation to deliver an address had been given to Judge A. W. Tourgée, which seems to imply that the Judge, or his friends, deemed that he had been neglected in the distribution of oratorical opportunities.

        President Pool seems to have found one or more members of the Faculty too free with University property. He therefore procured from the Executive Committee an order that no member of the Faculty can bind the University, and no Professor use part of the University property except what has been assigned him. Professor Patrick protested against the order.

        A catalogue of 1869-'70 was issued. Nominally the students were fifty-five in number, but it is impossible to ascertain the facts in regard to their proficiency. The names are in a list in alphabetical order, those more advanced appearing in the same column with those in the Preparatory Department. There is no differentiation of classes. The tradition is that small boys were accorded places and thus swelled the number. The public evidently did not accept the number as indicating the prosperity of the institution. The catalogue did not delay the closing of the exercises.

        It was stated that lectures had been given to all the students on the Theory and Practice of Teaching, on the Constitution of the United States, Astronomy, Philosophy, Physiology, Botany, and Chemistry. On the whole, doubtless, the Professors performed their duties as faithfully as the difficulties of their position allowed.

        An entry in the minutes seems to imply that there was some friction between the President and his staff. This was that the President may question any member of the Faculty individually. This privilege, since the beginning of the University, has always been exercised without question by the Presidents as appertaining to their office.

        A peculiar arrangement was adopted in the practical work of instruction. A class was assigned solely to each member of the Faculty. The President was responsible for the recitations and discipline of the Junior class; Professor Patrick of

Page 25

the Sophomores; Professor Brewer of the Freshmen; Professor McIver of the Preparatory. Each member of the Faculty was the medium of communication between his class and the Faculty as a body.

        On November 15, 1870, President Pool submitted his annual report. He gives the number as 36 who have received instruction in the Junior, Sophomore, Freshman, and Preparatory classes of the University. The Juniors had studied three books of Juvenal, Tacitus, Ancient History, Trigonometry, Analytical Geometry, Differential and Integral Calculus, and Chemistry. The Sophomores were engaged in the study of the Odes of Horace, Homer's Iliad, and Geometry. The Freshmen devoted their time to Vergil's Georgics and the Æneid, Xenophon's Anabasis, and Algebra. The Preparatory classes studied Cæsar's Commentaries, Bingham's Latin Grammar, Rhetoric, Whitson's Greek Lessons, English Grammar, Arithmetic, and Algebra.

        Bible instruction was given each Sunday afternoon and occasional lectures on literary and scientific subjects were delivered before all the students.

        Two prizes of $20 in gold were offered to the best students, but were not to be awarded until the Commencement of 1871, which was never held. The scholarship of the Collegiate classes was stated to be good as a rule, as was also of the Preparatory Department. The frequent rumors circulated by the enemies of the institution were asserted to be not only untrue but tended to distract the attention of the students, impede their progress, and render discipline more difficult.

        It is noticeable that this report does not give the numbers in each class. It was generally understood at the time that there were very few genuine College students, the majority being what are known as "school boys," or Preparatory students.

        Professor Brewer's report on the Library was scholarly. Extracts from it were given in the first volume. The pamphlets, about 1,000 in number, were classified and tied into bundles. Donations were solicited. The whole number of books added as gifts amounted to over 300.

Page 26

        On the 1st December, 1870, President Pool submitted a plan for continuing the University, ambitious but impracticable, providing that a Committee of Trustees confer with the authorities of the colleges of the State, with the view of bringing them under the State University, they retaining their present chartered rights and to receive such aid as Colleges of the University as may be agreed upon.

        It was further provided that the property of the University at Chapel Hill be leased, the lessee to give bond for its security and its safe return at the expiration of the lease. Free tuition to be given to fifty youths of the State. The leading religious sects of the State to have representation and party politics to be excluded. The affiliating colleges to submit reports of their operations to the Trustees of the University when called on.

        The Board of Trustees appointed a committee of three to carry out the recommendation as to the proposed lease and a committee of five to confer with the colleges and report to a subsequent meeting.

        The first committee were Rev. James Reed and Messrs. James B. Mason and Henderson Adams. The committee to confer with the colleges were President Pool, and Messrs. R. P. Dick, S. F. Phillips, John Pool, and S. S. Ashley.

        The committee on the lease reported on the 1st February that they doubted the propriety of carrying out the plan under the laws in regard to the University, and at their request were discharged.

        President Pool, on behalf of the Committee on Affiliations, reported that he had not called the committee together, because that on the lease had done nothing. It thus appears that he had in mind probably the leasing of the University to a combination of the colleges. The scheme, however intended, was plainly chimerical, as the denominational colleges were wedded to their independent spheres, and it was impossible to induce them to enter into entangling alliances.

        At this meeting was chronicled the donation of a thousand pamphlets and periodicals by Rev. Josiah Brewer, Missionary to Turkey, through Rev. Fisk P. Brewer, his son.

        On October 5, 1870, Mr. Martling obtained leave of absence.

Page 27

Although he hinted at a possible return it was generally felt, and so it proved, that the leave was perpetual. The entry on the records was, that "in view of the financial difficulties we can not refuse consent to any application." It is stated as late in the session as October 10th that Mr. Martling had not heard any class during the entire term except the Junior Preparatory in English Grammar; that he met his classes, assigned lessons and then left the room, his reason being that the textbooks had not arrived. A student would then hear the lesson. After he left Chapel Hill the other Professors divided his work among them.

        On November 2, 1871, the Treasurer reported that the only income for 1870 and 1871 was $1,607.53. As there was no charge for tuition, nothing came in from that source. The Treasurer further stated that of the amounts due by individuals only $1,819.96 was collected or could be collected. This could not be used for present purposes as it was subject to a lien incurred for bonds to pay the former Faculty, and must be applied to those bonds. Of the uncollected debts, some were due by insolvents, some by actual bankrupts, fifty-five bonds of the City of Wilmington, valued at $4,000 (par $5,000); three Virginia State bonds (par $11,200), valued at $6,600, and twenty old North Carolina bonds (par $20,000), valued at $6,000, were hypothecated with the Board of Education for the payment of salaries to the Faculty and other expenses.

        In fine, all the efforts to support the institution resulted in failure. Appeals for legislative aid were not heeded. When the General Assembly of 1868-'69, Republican by a large majority, refused to appropriate money for its relief, it could not be expected that subsequent legislators, of opposite politics, would be more liberal.

        It had now become evident to all that there was no hope of the University to succeed under existing conditions. The General Assembly still refused to pay interest on any of the bonds of the State and declared null and void a large portion alleged to have been fraudulently issued. The Land Scrip Fund was therefore still unproductive. Nothing could be expected from

Page 28

public or private benefaction. A handful of students had been enticed by the promise of free tuition, but even if they had paid tuition it would have liquidated only a small fraction of salary dues. Unable to live on airy promises the Faculty were resigning. The time was ripe for closing the doors and ending the experiment.

NEWSPAPER CRITICISMS.

        There was published at this time a poetical satire on the University as then constituted, particularly pressing the fact of paucity of students. I give part of it. Any one can guess the author.


                         Oh what stupidity,
                         And Old North State frigidity
                         Is it that thus refuses,
                         What Governor Holden chooses
                         To give us as our quantum suff,
                         Of Latin, Greek and all such stuff?
                         The dose is surely small,
                         The pay no pay at all,
                         And yet no man will follow it,
                         Or can be made to swallow it.


                         Now Fortune's wheel revolving,
                         Old ties and links dissolving,
                         The Muses have recorded
                         That when all the good and great,
                         Who so long had served the State,
                         Were compelled by party hate
                         To surrender to their fate
                         And leave the Hall they so long had guarded,
                         Then was Mr. Pool elate,
                         And his services rewarded.
                         With no symptoms of dubiety,
                         Nor sense of impropriety,
                         With no misgiving fears,
                         He claims the vacant chairs,
                         Assumes the god,
                         Affects to nod,
                         And seems to shake the spheres.


                         It surely is a shame,
                         And we're very much to blame,

Page 29


                         That we lose such opportunity
                         To polish our community,
                         For there never was a finer
                         Offered now North Carolina,
                         To send her sons to college,
                         To get a little knowledge.
                         Here's every variety
                         Of the very best society,
                         Among the savants and philosophers.
                         Some of the faculty can spell
                         Very well.
                         Every taste may here be suited
                         Except where prejudice is rooted.


                         Why don't they come to college
                         And get a little knowledge?
                         While all the Sciences,
                         Means and appliances
                         Are lying around loose
                         To rust out for want of use.
                         No misplaced economy
                         Need deter one from Astronomy.
                         All the ologies,
                         Taught in all the colleges,
                         Ancient Latin, modern Greek,
                         Are going a-begging, so to speak,
                         And even Electricity
                         Is in a state of mendicity,
                         While Geology sits idle with her hammer,
                         And yet no scholar will give a dollar
                         For Geography,
                         Orthography,
                         And Bingham's Latin Grammar.

        We find in the Sentinel newspaper of December 1, 1868, an eloquent letter, written under the Old Poplar, evidently by Mrs. Spencer, which touchingly tells the appearance of the University in those days. "For seventy-five years this Old Poplar * * * has spread a benignant shade over the gay throngs that wandered through the Campus, or pressed into the Chapel in the glorious old days.

        "The old tree still stands guard but over grounds that are now empty and forlorn. The dry grass rustles to my solitary

Page 30

footsteps, and a rabbit starts out from yonder tangled and dying rosebush. I look around and see nothing to disturb the profound and melancholy stillness. A negro girl in a pink frock is leaning on the College well and a few of the negro soldiers are passing in the distance towards the village. The sun shines down on the Old East and West, the Library halls, the Recitation rooms; but the doors are all closed--the place is haunted. Strong and ineffaceable memories rush unbidden, and my eyes are dimmed as I gaze on this Niobe sitting thus discrowned and childless.

        " * * * Chapel Hill is the Deserted Village of the South. Nearly twenty of the best families in the place are leaving and their houses are standing untenanted and desolate. The business of the village is at a standstill, while I am told that no fewer than six places have been lately established where liquor is openly sold. Some of our citizens are even now on their way to California. Some are in Louisiana. Of those whose names have been public property for years, Judge Battle is removing his household goods from his beautiful home--dear to him for twenty-five years, to begin life afresh and leave behind him the graves of his children. Professor Martin is in Tennessee, Professor Hepburn is in Ohio, Dr. Hubbard is in New York, Professor Smith is in Lincolnton, Professor Fetter is preparing to move to Henderson. Professor Phillips alone has not decided on his new home. These all leave the houses they have built, the trees they have planted, the flowers they have tended, the cradles of their children, the graves of their dead. Governor Swain was more favored in that he fell on sleep in good time, and rests quietly under the cedars over yonder."

        "Nos patriæ fines, et dulcia linquimus arva.

        Nos patriam fugimus. * * *

        en quo discordia cives

        Perduxit miseros! en queis consevimus agros!"


        Dr. Phillips soon migrated to Davidson College, and many citizens, not members of the Faculty, sought new homes. Of the "Faculty folks" only Mrs. Spencer and her mother remained

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to witness the desolation, the former by her pathetic and caustic writings for the press to keep glowing the love of the alumni for their distressed benignant mother.

        Of course the friends of President Pool, and of the new Faculty, did not take tamely the scoffs and sneers, so liberally bestowed by the friends of the old. An anonymous writer charged that there was a regular conspiracy formed, "conjuring the demon of discord, using the infernal incantation of hypocrisy, falsehood, and envy, in order that the fires of sectional hatred may be let loose over the fairest and most beautiful part of the Southland." "The old University was under the control of oligarchs. Under Pool's administration it will have a brilliant career."

        Another correspondent of the Raleigh Standard affirmed that in three months the University under Swain would have gone to the infernal regions. He attacked the qualifications of the Presidents and Professors. Swain, when at the University, was only a few months in the Sophomore class, was then a lawyer of "small bore," was always a "split-the-difference" man. Dr. James Phillips was an Englishman; was, before coming to Chapel Hill, President or Instructor in a preparatory school; Dr. Hubbard came from Pennsylvania (should have been Massachusetts) to the University, may have graduated in a college of little reputation and notoriety. Professor Fetter was cut out in New York for an Episcopal minister and was "spoiled in the making." Professor Smith was from some Northern State and was likely a graduate of a college. Charles Phillips was a graduate but was the son of a foreigner. The Professors by improvident acts placed the University without students and with a $60,000 debt. They did not apply to the new Board of Trustees for reëlection and are all employed elsewhere, except Dr. Hubbard, who is in Chapel Hill bracing up his son-in-law (Argo) to curse out and whip those who don't agree with him. The writer cautiously requests the public not to mind what Mrs. Spencer writes as she is sister and daughter of those who have received $75,000 from the University, nor what Argo says, as his father-in-law, Dr. Hubbard, received $50,000. The adherents of the old Faculty

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answered such attacks and carried the war into Africa. A correspondent, who signed himself "A Student," says that Pool was for six years a tutor of pure Mathematics and, as Governor Swain said, because he growled about being tutor, was elevated to Adjunct Professor. In 1860 he had a chance to accept a collectorship under the United States and held on to this office six or eight months after being President.

        Only one or two of the new Trustees sent sons to the University under Pool. There were only twelve or fifteen from abroad and they came because free tuition was offered.

        Another writer contends that Pool received from the United States $5,000 a year; two brothers-in-law $1,500 each, and mother-in-law as postmistress $1,000 a year. The property in Chapel Hill had greatly depreciated under his Presidency. Land at tax value of $3,500 had gone to $1,000, and at $2,500 to $500. There were only two students from abroad and they were relatives of Pool. The praiseworthy statement is made that leading citizens of Chapel Hill had requested the editors of prominent papers not to criticise the management harshly until the efforts should be demonstrated to be a failure, and they had in vain called on Judge Pearson, Mr. Lassiter and other prominent Republicans to send their boys to the University.

        A third correspondent makes a special attack on Mr. Pool. "You have seen this beautiful village withering into nothingness through your course; the inhabitants either compelled to leave at the sacrifice of all their property, or remaining in poverty or depression. You have known that the country for miles around was suffering in the decay of their only market. You have walked through the streets, where every eye, save those of your family and political associates, was turned on you with something of hatred and indignant scorn; you have been repeatedly snubbed by your own church members, who have refused, in view of these things, to hear you preach or to receive communion with you, and you have stalked on through it all, impenetrable, in a cold-drawn insensibility, in dumb gravity of demeanor and undisturbed pride of place as the President of the University of North Carolina, that might

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well bid defiance to the light artillery of wit, or ridicule or sarcasm."

        A leading merchant of his own church urged him to resign, pointing out the ruin brought on the business men of the town. His reply was: "I would not resign for $50,000. My course has never occasioned a regret or self-reproach."

        The last correspondent dwells on the evidence of ruin about the buildings. There was no appearance of care. The room doors were open, the closet doors carried off, plastering in South Building had fallen into heaps. An old resident walks through and grieves, repeopling them with friends, many gone above long ago. Familiar faces look out of the windows, but they are in the shadowy past. Everywhere is written Ichabod's, "The glory is departed."

RAILROAD AND COMMENCEMENT.

        In 1869 there was a strong effort to obtain a railroad from the North Carolina Railroad to Chapel Hill. As the Supreme Court had decided that a corporation could not be aided by the State, either by direct grant of bonds or by the State subscribing for stock and selling bonds to pay the same, without first obtaining a favoring vote of the people, another plan was devised. This was for the State to build the road through commissioners, with an issue of State bonds to the amount of $300,000 in order to supply the funds. It was thought that this avoided the prohibition against the State's issuing bonds to or for individuals or corporations. Unfortunately for the promoters of this laudable enterprise the commissioners declined to elect as President the man favored by Governor Holden, said to be T. M. Argo, but chose Henry C. Thompson instead. The Governor thereupon refused to sign the bonds. A suit was instituted by the University Railroad Company against Holden and the court declared the act unconstitutional. The first objection was that no corporation was created--there were no grantees to receive the bonds; second, the proportion of property tax to capitation tax was disturbed; and, third, that a vote of the people was necessary. On the whole it appears to a plain man that the court regarded itself as guardian of the

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State Treasury and credit and were satisfied with arguments of very indifferent strength. Judge Reade dissented and essayed to make it plain that the State can, through commissioners, undertake a public work and that issuing bonds to pay the expense is not lending her credit to others. But, right or wrong, the decision was fatal to the road. Chapel Hill was forced to wait for many years before obtaining connection with the great railroad lines of the State.

        The Commencement of 1869 was sad and painful to those familiar with the grand ceremonies of old times. The Trustees were mainly State officers. Governor Holden, Superintendent Ashley, Judge Buxton, Secretary-Treasurer Lassiter, Judge Rodman, Judge Dick, Judge Settle, Judge Bynum, Judge Watts, State Geologist Kerr, Judge W. A. Moore, being ten Trustees, the number required for a quorum were present. There were seventeen visitors from abroad, it was said, and twenty-eight all together in the audience, counting children. At the beginning Superintendent Ashley made an address, being introduced by his brother-in-law, J. A. Martling. Declamations followed, the speakers being called out by Mr. Martling.

        On Thursday there were seventy-five whites reported with about that number of colored people in the galleries. The chronicle humorously adds, "There was a tremendous crowd of folks--who did not come." Mrs. Ashley and her daughter, and Mrs. Judge Buxton were the only ladies from outside the village. There were two or three Chapel Hill ladies. The reporter adds that "the members of the Faculty were small men from President Pool down. Drop him in the boots of Caldwell and Swain and while he stumbles about in them, he could not peep over the top of them. President Pool made the opening address; he was very solemn, exceedingly dull and nearly inaudible. The burden of his speech was 'Support me and my faculty.' "

        But another correspondent has the following to say of the address of President Pool: "His points were concisely stated, his diction chaste and elegant, and many who came to criticise

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were forced to praise." This account was nearer the truth. Mr. Pool was a man of decided talent. The description by the former writer is accurate as to his manner, for his face bore constantly a melancholy look. His speech was preceded by an Ode to Dr. Mitchell, probably by J. F. Taylor.

        During the morning Governor Holden delivered a carefully prepared written address, evidently his platform of principles on the subject of University Education. He said the evil of the old system was that the children of the great part of the people were practically excluded from the University. The present Faculty is calumniated because some are from other States, forgetting that Caldwell, Mitchell, and Phillips were the same. Most alumni favor the University as constituted. It must not be the theater of politics. The professors must be for the Union. The people will sustain it, "If parents who possess means will not send their sons because of prejudice or resentment towards those who now control, the people will fill the halls with meritorious young men and maintain and educate them at the public charge." Both races must be educated and polls and property taxed for the purpose. The whites must be educated at Chapel Hill, the colored elsewhere, but both in one University. Education knows no color or condition. It must be free like air and as pervading and universal. It is our chief want. Before the rebellion no Southern State had a more successful system than North Carolina, no State had more colleges and academies. If we fail to educate, the immigration will go elsewhere and the penitentiary and jails will be crowded. Practical education will develop our resources.

        In the afternoon, William Blount Rodman, a first honor graduate of 1836, Judge of the Supreme Court, delivered the University address. He was introduced by Mr. Walter Scott Guthrie, one of the undergraduates. He spoke in favor of establishing the University. "His arguments were too deep and strong to be reached by outline." He urged all with State pride to carry out the schemes of Caldwell, Mitchell, and Gaston. He was calm, conciliatory, and rational.

        The Commencement of 1870 was held June the 8th and 9th. Col. John H. Wheeler delivered an address on "The Past,

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Present, and Future of North Carolina." The chronicle states that it was most favorably received by the audience. The music was furnished by the Fayetteville brass band. At eight o'clock in the evening there were declamations by James T. Lyon, Charles J. Suggs, Milton V. Andrews, Charles J. Dorland, and William P. Lyon. The last named and Andrews were pronounced to be the best speakers.

        On Thursday, United States Senator, Gen. J. C. Abbott, delivered the annual oration. His subject was "The Value of Correct Thinking and the Necessity of Accuracy in Scholarship." It was pronounced to be able and eloquent.

        Original speeches by students came in the afternoon. They were: Archie B. Holton on "Enthusiasm," John H. Pitts on "Intemperance," John Q. A. Wood on "North Carolina," William C. Fields on the "Men of the Hour," Walter H. Guthrie on "Mirabeau," W. P. Overman on "Justice May Sleep but Never Dies." The annual report was then read, followed by an oration by Walter F. Pool on "Washington."

        James F. Taylor, of Raleigh, followed with an elaborate paper on President Swain, Dr. Mitchell, and Dr. James Phillips.

THE NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

        Professor McIver was elected temporary President, Robert W. Lassiter clerk, and Messrs. Patrick, Martling, and Taylor a committee to report permanent officers. The President reported was Col. J. H. Wheeler. The Vice-Presidents were Governor Holden, Lieutenant-Governor Caldwell, President Pool, Judge W. A. Moore, Nereus Mendenhall, Judge W. H. Battle, Gen. Thomas L. Clingman, Dr. S. S. Satchwell, Editor W. J. Yates, President B. Craven, E. F. Rockwell, Palemon John, and ex-Governor D. S. Reid. The Secretary and Treasurer was Prof. Alexander McIver. All Trustees were made members ex officio. The following were made honorary members: George Bancroft, Alexander H. Stevens, Gen. Daniel H. Hill, Bishop Thomas Atkinson, Bishop Pierce, Rev. Dr. Thomas H. Pritchard, Rev. Dr. Neill McKay, Hon. Thomas C. Fuller, Gen. R. B. Vance, Rev. Dr. George W. Purefoy, Rev. Dr. B. York, Hon. J. W. Holden, and Mr. Lewis Hanes,

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Superintendent Ashley, Hon. Curtis H. Brogden, and James F. Taylor were appointed a committee to procure from Mrs. Eleanor H. Swain the books and manuscripts claimed by the society.

        It is pleasant to know that during this period there was at Chapel Hill a flourishing school for the colored which had the reputation of doing much good. The teacher was Miss Fannie C. Colver. At its close there was an impressive ceremony. Rev. Green Caudle, colored, offered up a prayer. His fervent supplication for all the people, of all colors and conditions, was deeply impressive and in newspaper language, "attracted the attention of all present." All seemed to appreciate his devout petitions.

        There was not a total stagnation among the whites, not a total cessation of labors for the uplifting of the young. On June 20, 1871, was held a Sunday School celebration in the University Chapel (Gerrard Hall), which was worthy of Chapel Hill in its best days. On the rostrum were the Rev. Messrs. Bobbitt and A. D. Betts, and teachers in the school, Thomas Long, Superintendent, Patterson McDade, and A. S. Barbee, afterwards Mayor. Rev. Mr. Betts in his prayer made "a beautiful and effective allusion to the present condition of the University." Rev. Mr. Bobbitt, then stationed at Chapel Hill, made an interesting and instructive address. A Bible was presented to Superintendent Long. Adjournment was then had to the campus. Hard-boiled partridge eggs were the main edibles.

        On August 7, 1873, the Old Davie Poplar was struck by lightning. The friends of the University were grieved, as if it were ominous of the fate of the University, but, although there was a rent through the bark at least from top to bottom, the noble tree survived the fiery attack. It was measured and two feet from the ground was 14 feet 6 inches in circumference. It was called the Old Poplar, as Governor Mosely, of Florida, testified, in 1818, when he was a tutor here. Its shade was sufficiently abundant in 1793 to shelter the Trustees who located the buildings. Tradition has it that having eaten their

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humble snack, washed down by the bibulous refreshment usual in that day, qualified by pure water from the spring to the south of University Inn, they unanimously declared that it was impossible to find a more suitable plateau for the future University.

        Mrs. Spencer wrote from under the Poplar a touching and eloquent letter to the leading Raleigh journal. She then believed that the lightning would be fatal. I give an extract. The program over which she memoralizes was in Governor Graham's Administration, 1845-'49.

        "I have before me one of three Commencement programs to read which brings back a gush of warm, sweet, spring air, crowds the silent Campus with glowing, ardent youth, lights the halls with the fresh Beauty and Grace that once adorned them, sends the music of drum and trumpets floating through the tree tops, and crowns our riven old Poplar again with bud and bloom. Illustrissimo Gulielmo A. Graham, Armigero, Carolinæ Septentrionalis Reipublicæ Gubernatori.

        "Can we not see him? Certainly the noblest figure there--calm, self-poised, and firm, his dark eye glancing over the crowd, not one of whom but is proud that day of him as a representative North Carolinian.

        "It is no everyday feeling of affectionate pride in the past, of pain in the present, of persistent hope for the future of the once honored University of our State that summons round the stricken and deserted old Poplar today one scene from the many it has waved over of glowing hope and glorious prosperity."

        On November 8, 1873, died a person long associated with the University at Chapel Hill, a notable and meritorious character, Miss Nancy Segur Hilliard. She was described in my first volume and I add only a few items. She was born in Granville County, a daughter of William and Lucy (Walker) Hilliard. They removed to Chapel Hill in 1817. She was well connected, being related to the Segurs, Pannills, Oteys, and Jeffreyses. When Mrs. Spencer made an appeal to the alumni for help for her while in a dying state and for contribution to

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her burial and the erection of an humble monument to her memory, an old student wrote advocating the pious scheme. He said, "We can name a judge, a lawyer, a preacher, and a doctor who carried weekly from her table a dollar's worth of ham and biscuit to eat at night. She made more money and did more work than any one woman in North Carolina." If those who owed her board would have paid their dues to her she would have been in comfortable circumstances. Her cooking was excellent, her fried chickens were known far and wide, their fame being carried by students and transient customers, as travelers were then called. The drivers of the stages would give notice afar off, by the music of their tin horns, as to the number to be provided for, and the meals would be ready and hot. Notwithstanding that she was not gifted with personal beauty there were few women in our State more deservedly popular with all classes than this good hard-working old maid. I do what I can to keep her memory green. Her heart was beautiful.

         Perhaps no community in the South experienced greater losses than the village of Chapel Hill during and soon after the war. The deaths of its sons in battle (thirty-five in number) were exceeded by none. Depending on the payments by students and professors, its merchants, mechanics and laborers had a precarious existence as long as this source of income was not entirely exhausted. But this dwindled into insignificance as the numbers of students diminished and professors, one by one, departed to seek new homes. And then came the death of President Swain, the exodus of the remaining professors and the temporary closing of the institution. For a short time the doors were reopened but invitations to the young men of the State were unheeded. Again were the doors closed and so remained for four years. The receipts of all dependent on the University were extinguished. Those who had no private income were forced to leave their homes. The village lost physicians, merchants, tradesmen, mechanics. It was called and well deserved the name of the "Deserted Village."

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        Throughout it all, notwithstanding it was evident that success was impossible, President Pool held to his office with tenacious grasp. So, without duties, supporting his family by the emoluments of an office in the revenue service, he was still President of the University, until ejected by a decree of the court in 1875. His persistency was not in vain. He obtained from the General Assembly the unpaid principal and interest of his salary, his being a minister of the Gospel and in financial straits materially aiding his application.

        Another effect of the hard times through which the village passed was the removal of many cottages which had been built by the landowners for the accommodation of students of prosperous days, who were unable to procure lodging in the University Buildings. These cottages were torn down, or sold, some reërected a mile or so away on the neighboring farms. Thus disappeared from the map "Pandemonium," "Possum Quarter," the "Poor House," "Bat Hall," the "Crystal Palace," and other places dear to the ante-bellum students.

        A number of dwelling houses were left tenantless, grim reminders of the University's closed doors. Many domiciles, being rented to families in meagre circumstances, had their vegetable gardens turned into cotton fields, and where the growth of the plant was dwarfed by the proximity of lordly trees many of these were felled and converted into firewood. One tenant, a Frenchman, used a room which had been the chamber of a popular young lady for a chicken coop.

        The losses were not confined to the village. The neighboring farmers lost the sale of their produce; the farmer's wife of her poultry, her eggs, and her butter. The financial blight was widespread.

        Of course the patronage formerly belonging to the University was diverted to North Carolina colleges, or elsewhere. Many a youth at greater expense wended his way to the University of Virginia, to Princeton, Cornell, Yale, or Harvard. Others remained at home or went into business.

        The buildings of the University were not in the best of condition when President Swain died. The deterioration, after they had been tenantless for several years, was pitiful. There

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were cases of wanton mischief, there were many more of carelessness and neglect. Many valuable books were scattered, many a valuable piece of apparatus handled to its injury by unskillful hands.

        The greatest depredation was on the woodland of the University, peculiarly liable to suffer near a village where the guardianship of the owner has been withdrawn, still more certainly when the forest belongs to a public institution.

CLOSING OF THE EXERCISES.

        The responsibility of making the motion to suspend the exercises until further orders was taken by Rev. James Reid, of Franklin, at a meeting of Trustees December 1, 1870.

        Sensible action was taken in cutting off salaries of all the Faculty from February 1, 1871. Mr. James A. Graham's motion made November 20, 1870, fixed the date December 1, 1870, but the later date was adopted on motion of Mr. James B. Mason. The record does not show that the President was excepted, but he contended to the contrary.

        Secretary-Treasurer Lassiter and the Trustees residing at Chapel Hill were instructed to provide for the preservation of the University property. The Treasurer was ordered to take steps for paying the Board of Education for its loan and settle with the Faculty, but no means was placed in his hands. A resolution having in it something of the pathetic was that the Treasurer pay Professor Martling one hundred dollars to enable him "to return to his home." The money was raised and Mr. Martling left the State.

        The members of the Executive Committee elected by the Trustees in 1870 were Rev. Dr. Neill McKay, Judge E. G. Reade, and Dr. Wm. D. Whitted. The members of the Board of Education, viz., Tod R. Caldwell, Governor; Curtis H. Brogden, Lieutenant-Governor; Wm. H. Howerton, Secretary of State; John Reilly, Auditor; David A. Jenkins, Treasurer; Silas Burns, Superintendent of Public Works; Alexander McIver, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Tazewell L. Hargrove, Attorney-General, were the other members of the Executive Committee. It is an interesting fact that Auditor

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Reilly was one of the six hundred who made the desperate cavalry charge, at Balaklava, immortalized by Tennyson.

        Of the Committee thus constituted Messrs. McKay, Reade, Whitted, Brogden, Howerton, Reilly, Jenkins, and Burns were not North Carolina University men and at least six of them had not attended any university or college. Only Messrs. Caldwell, McIver, and Hargrove were alumni of this University--three out of eleven. No reflection is intended on the faithfulness of any one by this statement, but it is in accordance with human nature that keener interest is held and more effective work performed by the alumni of the institution than by others. Having more intimate knowledge of its past they know its needs and are more energetic in supplying them. Better work is done by men when their hearts are in it.

        At the annual meeting Treasurer Lassiter made an elaborate report, initiating no new measures, in general terms expatiating on the importance of reopening the University under good auspices, but confessing the hopelessness of success. There was no income. There were some claims of land in Tennessee, he said, to which the bar of the Statute of Limitations was effectually pleaded.

        On the whole, Mr. Lassiter's jeremiad led to no tangible result. The Board showed its want of appreciation of his labors by cutting down his salary to three hundred dollars and electing Dr. W. S. Whitted, of Henderson County, in his place. Mr. Whitted appears, however, not to have accepted the post and Mr. Lassiter continued to act.

        Another pursuit after the ignis fatuus of Tennessee lands was inaugurated. The attorney selected was Hyams T. Johnson, of Humboldt, Tennessee, but nothing was done in consequence, possibly for want of retaining fee. A shadowy claim for an escheat in England was likewise investigated, fruitlessly of tangible results.

        A claim, which seemed to have more hopefulness was inquired into by an able committee, at the head of which was Hon. Samuel F. Phillips, afterwards Solicitor-General of the United States. This arose under the will of Robert Donaldson, a wealthy resident of Hyde Park, New York, a graduate

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of this University, once a resident of Fayetteville. After him Donaldson Academy was named. He bequeathed a handsome amount to the University, to a large extent disinheriting his children, because, it is said, they joined the Roman Catholic Church, whereas he was a strict Presbyterian. It was found on investigation that the will was fatally defective under the laws of New York.

        The Trustees made a fortunate decision in regard to a request for donation of land at Chapel Hill. The School Committee of Chapel Hill, Morgan Closs, W. H. Bunch, and H. C. Andrews, made application to the Board for two acres on the Pittsboro Road, next to the lot known as the Hubbard lot, to be used for a school for the colored. It was stated that it was distinctly understood that divers persons, friendly to education, would make liberal contributions for the erection of a schoolhouse. The Board declined to make the donation because the land was covered by mortgage. The lot so applied for is now covered by pleasant residences occupied by white families, and the village school for the whites is located in the same neighborhood. That for the colored is in a part of the village inhabited by citizens of that race.

INEFFECTUAL EFFORTS TO RESUSCITATE THE UNIVERSITY.

        On January 16, 1871, the Faculty had a meeting, President Pool absent. Professor McIver offered a resolution, stating that no member of the Faculty desired to be in the way of the resuscitation of the University, and that it was evident that the present force did not have the confidence of the public. Professors McIver and Patrick voted in the affirmative and Brewer in the negative.

        Professor McIver, who had a full share of Scotch tenacity, on October 17, 1872, offered a resolution to secure a full reorganization of the Faculty. The preamble recites that the President and Professors elected by the Executive Committee on January 1, 1869, had failed to make the University acceptable to the people of the State, the exercises of the institution have been suspended for two years, and the President and Professors have engaged in other pursuits.

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        The chairs of the members of the Faculty were then to be declared vacant, and the best qualified were to be elected to take their places "without any reference to political party." It was found that nothing could be done. A committee was appointed to confer with leading alumni and ascertain the terms on which they would come to the relief of their Alma Mater. This led to no tangible result.

        But for the help of the Board of Education the institution would have come to an untimely end sooner than it did. In 1869, $6,000 was borrowed from the Board, largely on pledge of State bonds; in 1870, $7,691.15, making a total of $13,697.60. Payments on this debt were as follows: In 1873, $1,424.50; in 1874, $1,070; total, $2,494.50, leaving $11,203. But the Board claimed interest on the loans, making a total debt of $17,296.10. As the North Carolina bonds belonged to the Land Scrip Fund, it was really unlawful to pledge them, but there was no public criticism of the transaction. In 1875 the General Assembly concluded to restore the principal of the Fund.

        An effort was contemplated at this time to obtain relief from the mortgage to the Bank of North Carolina. Action was begun in State Courts. Attorney-General Hargrove and Superintendent McIver were appointed the committee to act with the Governor to secure this end. The movement led to no result.

        An adjourned meeting on the 13th February, 1873, was agreed to, with the intent to consider means for resuscitation of the University. In the meantime Superintendent McIver was instructed to memorialize the General Assembly in relation to the Land Scrip Fund with the view to procure payment on interest on the bonds. The request met with no response.

        At this meeting, the last, as appears by the minutes of the Board, no steps were taken to revive the institution. Mr. Ed. Graham Haywood was heard in advocacy of the legality of the suit, dismissed for want of jurisdiction by Judges Bond and Brooks, and the committee heretofore appointed on the subject were authorized, if they deemed it advisable, to appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States.

        This suit, as has been explained, was in the name of the

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State in the Federal Court to set aside the mortgage to the bank and declare the debt void. Lawyers generally thought that Mr. Haywood's eloquence and learning were exerted to prove a legal absurdity.

        In July, 1873, there was held, at the instance of the State Board of Education, a State Educational Convention in which the resuscitation of the University was discussed. Hon. B. F. Moore was President. The Vice-Presidents were Rev. Dr. Braxton Craven of Trinity College, Professor Stephens of Peace Institute, Judge D. A. Barnes, and Dr. S. S. Satchwell. The secretaries were Professors O. W. Carr and John E. Dugger.

        On motion of Dr. Craven a committee of three was appointed to report: (1) On the school law; (2) the University; (3) Normal Schools; and (4) on a permanent organ of the Convention. He was then called on for an address, which he delivered in good style and with his usual thoughtfulness and ability. He chose as his subject, "The Teacher." He was followed by the Rev. Mr. Doub. Major Robert Bingham then gave an excellent lecture on "Our University." He was followed by Rev. Dr. Wingate. A committee on the University was appointed, composed of Rev. Dr. N. McKay, Rev. A. W. Mangum, Mr. J. H. Mills, Mr. J. G. Elliott, and Mr. J. M. Lovejoy.

        Dr. McKay reported a resolution that the revival of the University at the earliest practicable moment is essential to the thorough improvement of the education of the people. It was supported by Messrs. Lovejoy and Wingate. Dr. Craven expressed himself in favor of a University provided that it should be not in name only and no better than a college. It should be fit to send out broad, highminded men. All denominations too should be represented.

        Dr. Thomas H. Pritchard agreed with Dr. Craven that all denominations should be represented. That to which he belonged, the Baptist, by far the largest in the State, had never been represented. The institution should be administered on fair and just principles.

        This speech aroused Rev. A. W. Mangum, who alleged that

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the Methodists were just as numerous as the Baptists. He contended that the Methodists should have representation. The Board of Trustees should be fair. Mr. J. W. Norwood agreed with Dr. Mangum, but pronounced his remarks out of place at this time. The report was then adopted unanimously.

        Mr. Thomas M. Argo offered a resolution that the University should be entirely removed from the field of political and religious controversy. Mr. Fuller moved its adoption, but Rev. Joseph M. Atkinson and Judge A. A. McKoy opposed it on the ground that it was equivalent to discarding the Christian religion. Mr. R. B. Peebles moved to change "religious" into "denominational," so that the resolution should read, "In the opinion of this convention the early revival of the University and establishment in a position of dignity and usefulness is impossible unless upon a basis entirely impartial in denominational and political representation." This passed unanimously.

        Superintendent McIver induced a number of the Trustees to invite a meeting of the Alumni Association of the University in the Senate Chamber on the 1st of February, 1873, with the object of devising means for the revival of the University. The invitation was accepted, fifty-five being in attendance, among them Mr. B. F. Moore, Judge Battle, Judge Pearson, Col. Daniel M. Barringer, General Clingman, Judge Rodman, Governor Caldwell, Hon. S. F. Phillips, Judge Dick, Col. W. L. Saunders, Messrs. William and Robert Bingham, Professor McIver, Judge Gilmer, Judge McNeill, Mr. K. P. Battle, and others of like weight in the community. Mr. B. F. Moore was called to the chair. Justices E. G. Reade and Nathaniel Boyden were elected honorary members.

        Judge Battle's motion that a committee of five be appointed to confer with the committee of Trustees, who had been appointed and had called this meeting, was concurred in and the chair appointed Messrs. W. H. Battle, W. A. Graham, R. M. Pearson, and R. P. Dick, and the chairman was added by vote of the alumni. Adjournment was then had until next afternoon.

        The committee, through its chairman, made a long report, dwelling on the importance of the University to the State and

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the good that it had done in the past, on the necessity of freedom from party politics and sectarian influences, and concluding that there should be an entirely new Faculty and new Board of Trustees. To this end it was proposed that the appointment of Trustees should be in the hands of the Alumni Association, whose love for the University would always make them act for its best interests. Let the Alumni Association nominate and, as the Constitution requires, let the Board of Education appoint. To effect this let the present Trustees resign their places.

        There were three objections to this scheme, understood to be that of Superintendent McIver. These were: First, the attempt to procure the resignation of the Trustees; second, the necessity of the Board of Education acting as dummies and appointing the nominees of the Alumni Association; third, being founded on comity and not on law, it could not be expected to continue long in working order. There was no formal appeal to the Trustees to surrender their posts. Nothing further was heard of the reorganization.

        In order to be perfectly fair towards the "Pool Administration," I give the following letter from Professor Alexander McIver, who told the truth as he saw it:

CUMNOCK, N. C., June 4, 1900.

HON. KEMP. P. BATTLE.

        MY DEAR SIR:--At your request, I give my recollections of the University under the Trustees of 1868.

        When Mr. Dewey, assignee of the State Bank, gave notice to Governor Caldwell of his purpose to sell the University buildings, etc., under the mortgage to the bank, the Governor requested me to see Mr. E. G. Haywood and get him to attend to the case. I called to see Mr. Haywood at his home and requested him to attend to the case, in the bankrupt court. He asked: By whose authority do you make the request? I answered, By the authority of the Trustees of the University. That Governor Caldwell as president and I as secretary of the Board of Trustees thought that the suits which he had brought for the University contained the defense which should be made in the bankrupt suit, and that, if he would defend that suit, it would terminate his legal services in the suits which he had brought. He agreed to this and did attend to the bankrupt suit without any additional fee. He gained the case, and by the decision

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made by Chief Justice Waite he gained what he had sued for, to wit: the release of the University property from the mortgages which the old Board of Trustees had placed upon it.

        Besides relieving the University property of its mortgages, the Trustees of 1868, in a meeting held in the Executive Office, declared their willingness to resign if the Alumni Association of the University would come to the relief of the University and aid in reorganizing it, by naming a Board of Trustees to be appointed by the State Board of Education, that would restore patronage and confidence. Only four or five of the present Trustees gave their assent to this. Others did not answer. Senators John Pool and General Abbott and Judge Settle voted against it. Chief Justice Pearson made a very able and patriotic talk in favor of it and carried it by a large majority.

        The Alumni Association met in the Senate Chamber, Hon. B. F. Moore, president. The offer of the Trustees of the University was made to them by the secretary of the Trustees. It was received with the utmost good will and a favorable response was given: that they would do all in their power to revive the University and restore it to public favor.

        The State Educational Association, of which your honored father was president, and which he pronounced the ablest body of men that ever assembled in North Carolina, gave its most cordial support to the University. It was the spirit of good will coming from all these sources that breathed upon the dry bones of the University and made them live. These movements all terminated in the larger movement to restore the University by Constitutional Amendment. But they all had their uses as essential parts of the revival in 1875. But for the action of the Trustees of 1868 in preventing the sale of the property it might have passed into private hands. But for the movements of all parties to restore it, it would have become heavy on the public.

        The Trustees no doubt made a sad mistake in electing a Faculty in 1869, and attempting to start the University at a time of so much political excitement and prejudice. The Faculty themselves saw this mistake, and, not willing to hold their places without suitable patronage, tendered their resignations and relinquished more than half their salaries which had not been paid. The Trustees wishing to retrieve their mistake so far as they could, accepted their resignations and closed the University in 1870, and left the different members in the houses which they occupied upon the condition that they would protect the property of the University. The Trustees themselves shortly afterwards offered to resign as Trustees if the Alumni Association would restore it to confidence and good will. But they took care of the property and turned it over to their successors under the Constitutional Amendment, redeemed, regenerated,

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and disenthralled, as Governor Caldwell assured your father in the Convention of 1873 he would do. The great fact to be emphasized is: that good will toward the University from all parties is what restored the University in 1875.

With utmost respect,

ALEX. MCIVER,
Ex-Superintendent of Public Instruction and
Secretary of the Board of Trustees of 1868.


        A few comments are made on Professor McIver's statements. The decision of the Court did not "release the University property from the mortgages." It cleared only such property as was essential to the life of the University as a State institution.

        It remained for the new 1874 Board to obtain a decree defining this exempted property. They succeeded beyond expectation, by the liberality of the Court, as will be seen hereafter. The McIver Board had no part in this. The Professor lays stress on the fact that the old Board had mortgaged the University property. But even if they had not done so the creditors would have obtained a judgment at law, which would have bound the property as strongly as the mortgage. The movement to induce the Trustees of 1868 to resign proved to be chimerical. It led to no result. A majority of the Trustees did not resign. They refused their consent to hold their places in trust for the nominees of the Board of Education. Nor did the friends of the University offer any pecuniary support. There was a settled conviction that the absence of the assent of a large majority of the Trustees of 1868 was equivalent to a defeat of the plan. A change of the Constitution giving the appointment of Trustees to the General Assembly, instead of to the Board of Education, was imperatively necessary to the revival of the University. In this movement many leaders of both political parties, Professor McIver included, coöperated.

        When the mortgage to the bank was executed it was thought to be for the advantage of the University to carry into effect a compromise by which the debt to the Bank of North Carolina was reduced three-fourths, from $90,000 and interest to $25,000 in gold, or $35,700 in currency. It was hoped that

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enough could be borrowed to liquidate the indebtedness. President Swain's futile trip to New York was for the purpose of negotiating the loan. As to the claim that the University's property was saved by the Board of 1868, it is quite certain that the Board of 1874 would have brought the question up for adjudication, if that of 1868 had not anticipated them.

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT. NEW TRUSTEES.

        Finding that the public demanded a number of amendments to the Constitution by the method of legislative enactment, the friends of the University procured in 1871 the passage by the necessary three-fifths majority of an ordinance taking the election of Trustees from the Board of Education and giving it to the General Assembly. This became a part of the Constitution in August, 1873, after a favoring vote by the people and a two-thirds vote of a second General Assembly.

        Public opinion gave the credit of the passage of this measure through the General Assembly in 1871 to two University alumni, brothers-in-law, Montford McGehee of the Class of 1841, and Richard C. Badger of that of 1859, the former a Democrat, the latter a Republican. They united their strength and influence in behalf of the University and thus secured the necessary three-fifths and two-thirds majority. The amendment was afterwards incorporated in the Constitution of 1876.

        The Assembly determined by Act of January 28, 1874, to delegate the management to sixty-four Trustees, elected by joint ballot. Only two of the last Board were reëlected--Rev. Dr. Neill McKay and James A. Graham. Of those deprived of their offices in 1868 were found on the new Board, William H. Battle, first elected in 1833; William A. Graham, in 1834; Charles Manly, in 1838; Bartholomew F. Moore, in 1840; John Kerr, in 1846; Cushing B. Hassell, in 1848; Walter L. Steele, in 1852; Paul C. Cameron, in 1858; Rufus L. Patterson, in 1858; Thomas I. McDowell, in 1858; Rev. Dr. Neill McKay, in 1862; Kemp P. Battle, in 1862; David M. Carter, in 1864; Seaton Gales, in 1865.

        The new Board first met in the Citizens National Bank in Raleigh on the 18th February, 1874. William A. Graham was,

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on motion of Paul C. Cameron, elected temporary Chairman, and on motion of W. L. Steele, Wm. L. Saunders was appointed Secretary pro tempore. A certificate, signed by W. L. Saunders, Clerk of the Senate, and S. D. Pool, Clerk of the House, giving the names of the Trustees elected, was read. The following were present, their names in alphabetical order: James S. Amis, Kemp P. Battle, Paul C. Cameron, John E. Dugger, W. T. Faircloth, B. F. Grady, Wm. A. Graham, James A. Graham, John A. Gilmer, Junior, George Green, Louis Hilliard, John Manning, P. B. Means, W. L. Saunders, Walter L. Steele, fifteen, ten being a quorum. It was then unanimously resolved that a committee, of which Mr. Manning should be chairman, should wait on Gov. Tod R. Caldwell and request him to preside at the meeting. His Excellency declined, because, in his opinion, the General Assembly had no power to elect Trustees, but that they should have been nominated by himself and confirmed by the Senate.

        Notwithstanding this rebuff the Board continued its sessions. On motion of W. L. Steele, Wm. A. Graham was elected President of the Board. Kemp P. Battle was elected permanent Secretary and Treasurer and authorized to demand of the late Treasurer all effects in his hands belonging to the University. William A. Graham, P. C. Cameron, K. P. Battle, John Manning, W. L. Saunders, W. T. Faircloth, and John A. Gilmer were chosen to be the Executive Committee. The Board by lot divided the members into four classes, the terms of those of the first, second, third, and fourth classes expiring on the 30th days of November, 1875, 1877, 1879, and 1881, respectively. The bond of the Secretary-Treasurer was fixed at $20,000, a sum so large as to suggest the hopes of the Trustees as to future incomes rather than the present bank account.

        The next day, on motion of W. A. Graham, Messers. Steele, Cameron, and Saunders were appointed a committee to visit Chapel Hill, and report the condition of the University buildings and other property and of the available funds.

        Messers. W. A. Graham, J. J. Davis, and K. P. Battle were appointed to take steps for bringing the validity of the appointment of the Trustees to judicial determination.

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        Fortunately for the speedy settlement of this question, Secretary and Treasurer Lassiter, being a resident of Granville, had deposited the seal of the University and the books relating to his office in the office of Superintendent McIver. The Superintendent, being in sympathy with the new Trustees, readily consented that suit might be instituted against him for the possession of this property and to expedite the case as much as possible. Consequently one action was brought against him and another against President Pool at the May, 1874, term of Orange Superior Court.

        On motion of W. A. Graham, a committee was appointed to solicit from friends of the University donations outright or in establishment of scholarships and professorships. Owing to the declining health of the Chairman this committee did not report.

        Mr. P. B. Means moved that a committee be appointed to frame a plan of organization, according to the most approved models. It does not appear that this committee reported.

        The following points were made by the defendants against the validity of the new Board:

        1. That the Constitution required that all officers, not otherwise provided for in the Constitution, should be nominated by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate.

        2. That, as the General Assembly in 1873 voted for twenty-six amendments, and after publication, as required by the Constitution of 1868, the following General Assembly by a two-thirds vote submitted to a vote of the people only nine amendments, the provisions of the Constitution of 1868 had not been complied with. It was contended that the identical twenty-six amendments should have been submitted to the people or none at all.

        On behalf of the University, Messrs. John W. Graham and James A. Graham appeared in the Superior Court, refusing to accept a fee for their services. The Judge, Tourgée, decided against them and appeal was taken to the Supreme Court at its June Term, 1874.

        In that Court, in June, 1874, Hon. B. F. Moore and ex-Judge William H. Battle, who had been classmates at the University,

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graduating in 1820, argued the question for their Alma Mater, likewise without charge. At the January Term, 1875, the decision was for the University on all points.

        The possession of the property of the institution was then surrendered to Andrew Mickle, the agent appointed by the new Executive Committee, and the seal, books, and papers in the custody of Superintendent McIver were turned over to Treasurer Battle. Ex-Treasurer Lassiter also surrendered the bonds belonging to the Land Scrip Fund not pledged to the Bureau of Education, with the exception of five, which he had pledged to the State National Bank as collateral security for a loan to pay his own salary. This latter transaction was disapproved by the Board, and suit being instituted on the Treasurer's bond, recovery was duly had.

REPORT OF THE STEELE COMMITTEE.

        The next meeting of the Trustees was on April 9, 1874. Messrs. Fourney George, Mills L. Eure, Thomas D. McDowell, W. W. Peebles, and John H. Thorpe, who were not present at the preceding meeting, took their seats.

        An elaborate report was submitted, prepared by W. L. Steele, Chairman. He was a strong man, not used to give way to his feelings, but in a few words he showed how deeply he felt at the condition of his Alma Mater.

        "In company with P. C. Cameron, on April 3, I visited Chapel Hill on a special mission given us by the Board of Trustees to inspect the condition of the prostrate University. Never shall I forget the sadness that overpowered me when my eyes fell for the first time upon the ruined spot. It was akin to that which swells within my bosom when I stand before the grave of my mother. With dejected hearts we performed the duty assigned us, as well as we were allowed to by those who were then assumed to be in authority there, and left inspired with a firm purpose as far as we could to raise her from the ashes of humiliation and place her once more upon the elevation from which rude hands hurled her, and restore her to her ancient prerogative and power."

        I abbreviate the rest of the report.

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        A written request was made of Dr. Pool for the keys and possession of the buildings. He declined to surrender their custody, on the ground that the Governor had refused to recognize the Trustees as lawfully elected, but allowed the committee the privileges of visitors. Accordingly they inspected all the buildings, except Smith Hall, the key of which was in the possession of Mr. James B. Mason, and made a full report as to their condition. They found that there was need of extensive repairs. The Dialectic Hall and Library were in good order. The books numbered 7,490. The Philanthropic Hall and Library were in worse condition than the Dialectic. The committee were informed that several hundred of the books were scattered among the inhabitants of the village, most of which could probably be recovered; 6,901 volumes were counted on the shelves.

        It may be interesting to our alumni to condense the committee's description of the buildings as they were in 1874, eight in number.

        1. Person Hall, or "the Old Chapel," 36 by 54 feet, one story high.

        2. The "New West Building," 40 by 114 feet, three stories in height. It has 14 dormitories 16 by 18 feet, and the Dialectic Society Hall and Library, 36 by 56 feet. It was in a better condition than any other.

        3. The "Old West," 36 by 120 feet, three stories, with twenty-eight sleeping rooms, 16 by 18 feet, with two halls 30 by 36 feet, lately used by the Dialectic Society for a Debating Hall and for a Library. Besides some broken sashes and many window panes, "the lower rooms in the South end were open, and the passage defiled by the ordure of cattle and horses." (This confirms the statement of an old inhabitant that he had seen horses looking out of the windows of the Old West.)

        4. The Old East is of the same size as the Old West. Doors were broken, mantels fallen, floors covered with broken plaster, one floor badly cut with an axe; all except the outer walls presenting an aspect of neglect and ruin; in many fireplaces the iron supporting the arches had been removed.

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        5. The New East has a size of 40 by 116 feet, four stories high. It has twenty-two dormitories, 16 by 18 feet, and the Debating Hall and Library of the Philanthropic Society, each 36 by 54 feet. It is most illy constructed of all the buildings. Too much inferior mortar was used, resulting in the falling of the stucco in some places. Many window panes were broken. This and the New West were intended to be heated with pipes. The heating apparatus is in bad condition and must be repaired before the winter months.

        6. Smith Hall, usually called the Ball Room, has a length of 122 feet and a width of 35 feet. The committee were told that the chemical and philosophical apparatus and the cabinet of minerals were somewhere in this building, but being denied access to it they could not verify the statement.

        7. The South Building is 50 by 116 feet, with an attic and belfry. It has twenty-four dormitories, 16 by 18 feet, and two only 12 by 15 feet. There are two recitation rooms 28 by 36 and three 20 by 30. The front second story room, known as the Mathematical Room, or, as President Swain loved to call it, the Philosophical Chamber, was open, evidently by a key, and some valuable instruments belonging to the Engineering Department were exposed to damage and removal. The opposite room on the North side, used by the President for his lectures, was locked. Extensive repairs on doors, windows, plastering and roofs are needed. One exception is the old Dialectic Hall. The overhead plastering, where are the gilded name and motto of the Society, look as fresh and bright as they did over forty years ago.

        8. Gerrard Hall, or the "New Chapel," is 45 by 64 feet. The wooden shingles laid on forty years ago need replacing and some sashes reglazing.

        Mr. Foster Utley, the former college carpenter, and now reëlected, estimated the repairs at about $3,000, but this was too low by one hundred per cent. (The opinion of the committee, very experienced men, turned out to be correct.)

        The Campus was in a state of total neglect. The wall was broken in some places, the gates rotted down, the beautiful shrubbery grazed and broken into. The two excellent wells

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were in ruins, the embankment around the Old East and Old West defaced and trodden down, and the old oaks in many places scarred and chopped with the axes of wood choppers. (It must be remembered, in justice to the Pool management, that cattle and hogs were not yet shut up by law and hence, entering by the open gate, they worked their way among the treasured preserves of the Campus.) The committee found it a ground of censure that the drivers of vehicles were allowed to go to the Raleigh Road, passing by the South Building. (It had been the policy of the Faculty to keep the buildings isolated, but this has been abandoned, the road legalized by subsequent administrations, and named Cameron Avenue. It is bordered by beautiful Norway maples, planted by the bounty of the Trustee in whose honor it is named.)

        There were four residences, the report states, belonging to the University, then in the hands of renters. The shrubbery of one or more of the gardens had been cut down and had given place to cotton. There was a generally neglected look. The piazzas were sadly decayed.

        There were eleven vacant lots of size varying from one to eight acres, in the occupancy of various persons, whether paying rent the committee could not ascertain.

        The University owned a large area of land in Buncombe, Henderson, and Madison counties, the particulars of which could not be ascertained. (Information in regard to this tract will be given hereafter, also in regard to the John Calvin McNair tract in Robeson County.)

        It was recommended that suit against Dr. Pool for possession of the property of the University should be instituted at once.

        The committee then gave extracts from the report of Treasurer Lassiter to the former Board, criticising sharply his investment of a large part of the Land Scrip Fund in Special Tax bonds. It was said "he should have known that these bonds bore a suspicious character." Some of the purchases, as the committee were informed, were made even after the General Assembly set upon them its seal of condemnation. (The fact that most of the Special Tax bonds purchased were of a

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peculiarly obnoxious class, having been issued for the Western Division of the Western North Carolina Railroad, of which George W. Swepson was president, might have been mentioned as increasing the injudiciousness of the purchase. All acts appropriating special tax and some other bonds to railroad companies were repealed March 8, 1870.)

        The report is signed by Walter L. Steele, Paul C. Cameron, and William L. Saunders. They were devoted and sagacious friends of the University, Colonel Steele and Mr. Cameron Trustees for years under the old régime; Colonel Saunders was Secretary of State, and soon afterwards was Secretary and Treasurer of the University as well.

        Treasurer Battle reported that he found the creditors of the University, except the assignee of the Bank of North Carolina in bankruptcy, not disposed to harass it. The bank's debt of $35,000, secured by mortgage, could have no more favorable terms because R. Y. McAden and one Wilson had procured an injunction against further compromise. Miss Mildred C. Cameron's debt of $10,000 and ten years interest can be funded into long term bonds at six per cent interest. Mrs. Eleanor H. Swain, the widow of President Swain, holds a note for $3,000, for money lent to aid in building the New East and New West, and about $2,300 bonds issued to pay the Faculty. About $2,000 of bonds issued for the same purpose held by other persons, the owners offer to compromise on the most liberal terms. So it appears that if the debt due the bank can be got out of the way, there would be no great difficulty in freeing the University from pecuniary obligations. The debts could be the more easily settled if the Supreme Court should decide that the property of the University, which belongs to the State as much as the Capitol Building, courthouses and jails, can not be alienated, voluntarily or involuntarily, by the Trustees or by creditors.

        The only solvent assets, counting State bonds not repudiated, are $18,410.64 securities pledged as collateral to pay the Faculty and repay the Board of Education, and also the escheated mountain lands.

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SUIT IN BANKRUPTCY.

        The friends of the University were afterwards greatly encouraged by a decision of the Circuit Court of the United States at the June Term, 1874. A short statement of facts is necessary to make this clear.

        From 1789 it had been supposed by the best legal talent that all the property of the University was subject to sale by the Trustees. When the war ended it had $200,000 worthless bank stock and owed about $20,000 to individuals and over $90,000 to the bank. It was thought to be a good arrangement to compromise this bank debt for $25,000 in gold or $35,700 in paper currency. The bank agreed to this, on condition that a mortgage should be made covering all the property of the University, which was done. When the institution passed into the hands of the new Trustees, in 1868, they employed counsel to contest the validity of the mortgage. By consent of the Attorney-General, Mr. W. M. Coleman, suit was brought in the Circuit Court of the United States in the name of the State, returnable in June Term, 1869, asking for a decree nullifying the mortgage. This bill was dismissed for want of jurisdiction.

        In 1874, Charles Dewey, assignee in bankruptcy, brought suit to have the property of the University sold under the mortgage. This was resisted by order of Governor Caldwell and the Executive Committee on the ground that, as the State Supreme Court had already decided that property of counties and other municipal corporations could not be sold without the consent of the Legislature, the property of the University, being a State institution, was similarly protected.

        At June Term, 1874, the Circuit Court, Chief Justice Waite, Circuit Judge Hugh L. Bond, and the District Judge, George W. Brooks, unanimously decided that the bank debt was valid, but that neither the judgment creditor nor the Trustees themselves had power to alienate such property as constituted the life of the University, as distinct from the endowment for its support. Mr. George H. Snow, a prominent lawyer of Raleigh, was appointed Commissioner to report as to what personal

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and real property should be exempt from sale under the foregoing decree.

        On motion of ex-Governor Graham, Messrs. P. C. Cameron, John Manning, and Kemp P. Battle were instructed to meet the Commissioner and represent the University's interest.

        Although anticipating, it is well to finish the story now. The committee and the Commissioner met at Chapel Hill in the summer of 1874. The impoverished village had no hotel nor boarding house and they were the invited guests of private families, Mr. Snow going to Mr. S. M. Barbee's, Mr. Manning to Dr. Mallett's, Mr. Cameron to Mr. Mickle's, Mr. Battle to Mrs. Spencer's. A careful inspection was made of buildings, apparatus, libraries, Campus, and Faculty residences. The Commissioner reserved his decision and report.

        Before making his final report the Commissioner consulted Judge Bond. The Judge said, "Be liberal, it is for the education of the young men of the country. Be liberal!" The Commissioner replied, "For instance, Judge, some say that the Professors' houses are not necessary, that the Professors could have rooms in the University buildings." "Yes," said the Judge, "they could be hung up on the trees. Be liberal." And so the Commissioner made a liberal report.

        The chief difficulty was about the 700 acres of woodland. Fortunately the most of it was in a solid block from the Durham to the Pittsboro Road. I was able to prove that I applied to President Swain in behalf of friends to purchase lots south of the town, and was peremptorily refused, on the ground that it was the policy of the University to confine sales to the north and west, so as to have no settlements south, southeast, and southwest of the Campus. It was thought that it would be difficult to preserve discipline if the dormitories and lecture halls should be surrounded by a cordon of citizens, with their colored dependents. As Colonel Carter said, in advocating the confirmation of the report, "Why, may it please your honor, Chapel Hill has only one policeman, and he is lame. He could not outrun a student if one pursued him." The result was the Court gave the University the Campus and 600 acres of land, all houses, libraries, and property appurtenant.

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        There is a parcel of seventy acres called the Piney Prospect rectangle, which was ordered to be sold, although it was between the roads mentioned. The Judge was moved to do this because the map showed that it was comparatively isolated, its nearest point being half a mile from the Campus. The loss is to be regretted because it contains the Point Prospect mentioned by Governor Davie, and is often visited by students. At present it is in friendly hands but in unfriendly hands it might be withdrawn from public recreation. "Point," in old times was called "Pi'nt," hence the change of name to "Piney" Prospect.

        When the sale of the lands not reserved to the University was had, Mr. P. C. Cameron, in order to save his sister's debt, bought all the parcels offered. He also bought the mountain lands*

        * The mountain land was an escheat of many thousand acres, the extent of which was unknown until surveyed afterwards.


 and by his various purchases more than paid the debt to his sister. Much of it has been since sold by his executors and the Piney Prospect rectangle is now owned by a Land Company, Prof. Patrick Henry Winston being a large stockholder.

        The decision of the Circuit Court was sustained by the following reasoning: As long ago as 1852, in the case of University v. Maultsby, 8 Iredell Equity, 257, it was decided by our Supreme Court that the University is State property. What is therefore its life as an institution of learning the Trustees can not sell nor mortgage, nor can the judgment creditor seize it, any more than he could the Capitol Square or a courthouse. But property constituting endowment the Trustees control. They can change it from one investment to another. The investment in bank stock was perfectly legitimate. It was made by express permission of the General Assembly. The bank stock was merely an exchange for other funds. The fact of its afterwards losing its value, can not affect the law. The University has yet the $200,000 stock. Why President Swain, who turned his own bank stock into land, and Treasurer Manly, did not urge the Trustees to sell during the war enough stock to pay off the University debts, can only be accounted for by the

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general excitement and unreasoning wrath against public officials exhibiting any particle of distrust of the success of the Confederacy. They doubtless feared that not only themselves, but the institution would become odious to the hotheads of the South. If the Confederacy had been established the Bank would have remained solvent. Besides, the investment having been authorized by the General Assembly it may be that a sale could not be made without the approval of that body.

        The Board of Trustees convened on February 10, 1875, in the Governor's office, Governor Brogden presiding. The Trustees present were Messrs. Amis, K. P. Battle, Cameron, Carter, J. J. Davis, Day, Dugger, Faircloth, Grady, Wm. A. Graham, Jas. A. Graham, Kerr, McKay, Means, Patterson, Peebles, Saunders, Shaw, Steele, and Tate.

        Treasurer Battle reported that ex-Treasurer Lassiter had turned over to him most of the securities of the University. The assets were of a deplorable nature. About $10,000 were either in Confederate bonds, or due by insolvent individuals. The $200,000 stock in the Bank of North Carolina was not worth one dollar. There were $5,500 bonds of the City of Wilmington valued at about $2,200; $10,000 State of Virginia bonds, if at par $11,200 worth about $6,900, and $1,500 of solvent individual securities, all of which were especially pledged for the eight per cents issued to pay the Faculty, and for $8,800 to the Board of Education in addition. There was a $2,500 claim supposed to have escheated but the rightful heiress soon appeared and carried that off--or rather her attorney did, for she never realized a cent for it.

        One hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars in good money, the proceeds of the sale of Land Scrip granted by the United States chiefly for instruction in the principles of agricultural and mechanic arts, was turned over by Treasurer Manly to R. W. Lassiter, holding the same office. What was the condition of that fund in 1874?

        Treasurer Lassiter reported that he had invested this sum in bonds of this State as follows: Forty bonds issued before the war, $40,000; 40 bonds issued under the Funding Acts and

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to the Western North Carolina Railroad Company, not Special Tax, $40,000; Special Tax bonds, $160,000. Total cost, $120,000; leaving $5,000 in the Treasury.

        All should have coupons from January 1, 1869, except $6,000 issued to the North Carolina Railroad Company, which was under the Swazey suit, 80 per cent of coupons from January 1, 1864, to January 1, 1872, paid in cash. Twenty thousand dollars in bonds of the above, belonging to the Land Scrip Fund, were pledged with the Board of Education for $6,000, as already stated. There was also a receipt of the Board of Education for ante-war bonds, pledged for balance of a loan of $14,801.60.

        Treasurer Battle further reported that he had received of Gen. R. Barringer, attorney, $1,516.80 escheat of J. B. Wallace and expended $6.25, leaving cash on hand $1,510.55.

        Mr. Mickle, Bursar, reported books on hand, University Library, 8,394 volumes; Dialectic Library, 6,943 volumes; Philanthropic Library, 6,905 volumes. The mathematical and other apparatus for instruction were much scattered and injured.

        As said heretofore Treasurer Lassiter failed to turn over to Treasurer Battle $5,000 of bonds belonging to the Land Scrip Fund, stating that he had hypothecated them with the State National Bank for a loan wherewith to pay his salary. The new Board of Trustees declined to ratify this and directed a resort to the law.

        The case against the Treasurer well illustrated the danger of "sleeping on a lawsuit." It appeared to the Treasurer, as well as to his lawyers, Messrs. R. H. Battle and S. F. Mordecai, that if the University should sue the Bank, the defendant would take the ground that it was the innocent holder of bonds payable to bearer, with no notice that the ex-Treasurer was without authority to hypothecate them. The safer course, therefore, was to bring suit on the Treasurer's official bond on which was one solvent surety, Mr. C. S. Winstead, of Person County. This surety, although an able and usually prudent man, for some time took no steps to secure himself, but confined his efforts to urging on President Battle the propriety of

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releasing him and looking only to the bank. He became a Member of the Legislature and endeavored in vain to get relief from that body. On his application the Trustees of the University cheerfully allowed him to use its name in suing the bank, which had sold the bonds much below the market value. The Court allowed him the excess of the actual sales over Lassiter's debt to the bank, but decided that he could not recover the excess of the market value over the actual sales because it was barred by the Statute of Limitations. He thus by delay lost hundreds of dollars.

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CHAPTER II.

THE LAND SCRIP FUND.

        Another committee, on motion of ex-Governor Graham, was appointed to memorialize the General Assembly to restore to the University the principal ($125,000) of the Land Grant Fund, which had been impaired by the investment by the late Board largely in worthless special tax bonds.

        The memorial of the Trustees, written by Chairman Graham, was duly submitted to the General Assembly, then in session. The case of the University was strongly argued by the distinguished Chairman and is of peculiar interest as being his last State paper. He showed what the University had done in the past, its forlorn condition then, and the necessity of reviving it. He then sketched the history of the Land Scrip, that it was given to the University on the condition that two professorship to teach the branches of learning relating to Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, should be established, that the Scrip was sold by the Board which expired in 1868, for the market price at that time, fifty cents an acre, the same obtained by Pennsylvania and New York, and three cents less than Ohio and five cents more than Rhode Island; that $125,000 of the amount went into the hands of the recent Board, who had invested it in special tax bonds, and others, though unquestioned, on which the State is not paying interest; that the General Assembly in accepting the Scrip agreed to replace it if lost, if not, to restore it to the General Government. The petitioners therefore ask that $7,500, the interest on $125,000, be paid to the University annually.

        Governor Brogden forwarded the petition, strongly recommending it and lauding the great work of the University since its foundation.

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY.

        In order to increase the effect of the memorial by Mr. Graham, Mr. K. P. Battle made a motion, which was carried, that

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Messrs. W. A. Graham, Carter, Steele, Vance, Kerr, and Patterson be appointed to bring to the attention of the General Assembly the condition of the University and the importance of its restoration, and on motion of D. M. Carter, W. T. Faircloth and K. P. Battle were added. At his own request Mr. Steele was excused and J. S. Amis was substituted. Owing to the sickness of the Chairman there was no meeting of this body, which in plain English might be called the lobbying committee.

        After thanking the attorneys who had rendered such valuable service to the institution in securing without compensation a decision for the constitutional rights of the Board, and Governor Brogden for his patience and courtesy as the presiding officer, an adjournment was had until May 5, 1875, when the chief business would be the adoption of a plan of reorganization.

        The bill to carry into effect the memorial for paying interest on the $125,000 Land Grant Fund was introduced in the House of Representatives on February 27, 1875, by Mr. Nereus Mendenhall, of Guilford, a worthy member of the Society of Friends, a veteran teacher of high reputation. It was referred to the Committee on Finance, of which Col. Samuel McDowell Tate was chairman. Messrs. D. M. Carter and K. P. Battle, in pursuance of their appointment by the Trustees, asked and obtained leave to address the committee on behalf of the bill, and were respectfully heard.

        On March 2 Mr. Tate, chairman, reported the bill with the chilling statement that "the committee were divided, a portion recommending its passage." It was made a special order for March 4, subsequently changed to March 9, when it was again postponed to March 11. These postponements were at the instance of friends of the measure, who were laboring to mitigate the intensity of the hostility threatening to be fatal.

        All familiar with the temper of the public mind at that time towards appropriations, especially towards anything like paying interest on the public debt, or aiding higher education, will realize that if nothing had been done by the Trustees the bill would never have seen the light. Accordingly, with the approval

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of all, and at the request of many Trustees, the Secretary and Treasurer spent several weeks in the unpleasant business of lobbying for the measure. The surviving members of the General Assembly will bear witness that he used no argument, not even to the value of a cigar or glass of lemonade, other than earnest pleading for higher education. His work was chiefly with the friends of the University.

        The most active workers for the bill were Representative William N. Mebane, who exchanged his sophomoric gown in 1861 for the uniform of a Confederate soldier; Col. Paul B. Means of the last class under the old régime, who had always been ready with head and time and purse to press forward his Alma Mater; George V. Strong, a first honor man of the Class of 1845, who on this occasion made one of the most eloquent of his many eloquent speeches during a long and successful career at the bar; and those able lawyers, Platt D. Walker, of 1865-'67, now Supreme Court Judge; John M. Moring, of 1860-'62; W. C. Fields, of Alleghany, of 1869. Good work was done by others, who, mainly on account of the Civil War, were not sons of the University. I recall the strong appeals of Col. S. McD. Tate, of Burke, one of our Trustees and one of the ablest men of the Piedmont country, whose position as Chairman of the Committee on Finance, gave him peculiar power; of Alfred M. Erwin, of McDowell, whose advocacy could not possibly have had any taint of self-interest, because he was a confirmed old bachelor; of Mr. John A. Spears, of Harnett, and of the able chairman of the Judiciary Committee, who had at that day as little idea of ever having a position in our Faculty as he had of being Chief Justice of Porto Rico or the Philippines: our esteemed Professor of Law, ex-Judge James Cameron MacRae, then of Cumberland, who has recently passed into the hereafter.

        On the 11th of March the bill failed to pass the second reading by a vote of 41 to 58. Mr. Norment, who voted with the negative for the purpose, moved to reconsider. The motion to table this failed, 48 to 54, and the motion to reconsider prevailed by 58 to 46, and the bill was made a special order for March 15th.

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        On this day the friends of the measure hoped that they could pass it without a division, but the Speaker decided it was lost on the aye and no vote. A motion to reconsider was at once carried, 61 to 31, and then the bill passed its second reading by the handsome majority of 53 to 43.

        Ordinarily the chief opposition to a measure is put forward on the second reading, but such was the animosity to this measure that every effort was made to defeat it on the third reading, which was set for March 17. Amid breathless excitement, surrounded by crowds in the lobby and galleries, fifty-one Members recorded their votes in the affirmative and fifty in the negative. The fate of the University hung on one vote. Great credit is due to John N. Isler, of Wayne, who gave his support and induced two others to do the same. Judge MacRae, ever watchful, at once moved to make the triumph irreversible, and succeeded, by 59 to 38, twenty majority. After this several Members were allowed to record their votes, so that the journal shows 51 to 48.

        Two incidents, of which I am personally cognizant, will show the perils surrounding the measure. The first was caused by the intense hostility of many Members to the Special Tax bonds. As first drawn the bill ordered the University, as a condition precedent to receiving the State's bond for $125,000, to surrender the Special Tax bonds to the State Treasurer to be burnt by him. The opponents of the bill thundered against this as an implied recognition of the bonds. Some friends were shaken by their argument. A hasty conference of Messrs. Sion H. Rogers, George V. Strong, and myself with these doubting legislators, was had. The bill was altered so as to read, "and the said Special Tax bonds, being unconstitutional and void, shall be burnt by the Trustees of the University." This satisfied the doubters. Without the change the bill would have been defeated. The other danger was of a personal nature.

        The friends of the bill had induced a few Members who felt bound to vote "No," not to do so when their names were called, but after the roll was finished, in the fond hope that some waverers might like to be with those who seemingly were triumphant.

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An excellent gentleman, Mr. A. A. McIver, of Moore, a relative of Superintendent Alexander McIver, said: "Mr. Battle, I wish your bill to pass. My kinsman, Dr. Alexander McIver, has explained to me its merits. If necessary it shall have my support. But my constituents are opposed to it, and in deference to them, if I am not needed, I will vote 'No.' " When his name was called, he kept silent. When the roll was finished the University was five or six in the majority, and Mr. McIver said: "Mr. Speaker, I ask leave to vote 'No.' " Then so many Members, silent at first, followed his example, that there was a majority in the negative. Turning with a comically wry face, before the result was announced, he whispered, "I've got to do it." "Mr. Speaker, I ask leave to change my vote. I vote 'Aye!!' " And I wish to record, in memory of my ancient friend and deskmate, Col. Rufus L. Patterson, of Salem, our Chief Marshal of 1850, and graduate of 1851, then a Trustee, that the Member from Forsyth, Dr. Wheeler, a few minutes before the vote was taken, said: "I intend to support your bill. I have just received a letter from one of my constituents, Colonel Patterson, which convinces me that it is right." And the bill passed by only one vote!

        The measure came up in the Senate on March 17th and was made a special order for the next day. The sons of the University had strong influence in this body, as will be seen from their names.

        C. M. T. McCauley, of Union, grandson of Matthew McCauley, one of the donors of the University site, A.B. 1838; Nicholas W. Boddie, of Nash, a student of 1843-'44; Joseph B. Stickney, of Beaufort, a student of 1847-'48; Leigh Richmond Waddell, of Johnston, A.B. 1852; William W. Peebles, of Northampton, A.B. 1853; William Foster French, of Robeson, 1867-'68; James T. Morehead, of Guilford, A.B. 1858; William A. Graham, Jr., of Lincoln, a student of 1856-'59; Charles Manly Busbee, of Wake, a student of 1865-'68. And as reading clerk we had, then in his prime, Patrick Henry Winston, Jr., A.B. 1867, full of enthusiasm for his Alma Mater.

        Having ascertained their safe majority most of them concluded not to consume time by speaking. Mr. W. W. Peebles,

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of Northampton, however, could not be restrained, and short but strong speeches were made by him and Messrs. E. W. Kerr, of Sampson; Wm. A. Graham, Jr., of Lincoln; W. F. French, of Columbus; Joseph Cashwell, of Brunswick and Bladen; Col. Edward Cantwell, of New Hanover, and last, but by no means least, by one, although an alumnus and trustee of another institution, always our friend, active and efficient, long also a Trustee of ours, Charles Mather Cooke, of Franklin, now a Judge of the Superior Court.

        The bill passed its second reading by the handsome vote of 25 to 14. Senators recorded in the affirmative may be found in the Appendix.

        The bill came up on its third reading on March 20th and passed without a division.

        The joyful news was forwarded by electric wire at once to Mrs. C. P. Spencer, who, with her mother and young daughter, remained at Chapel Hill in all its darkest hours and by her potent pen kept the University and its woes before the public eye. She summoned to her aid Misses Susan G. and Jenny Thompson (now Mrs. J. T. Kerr), Mr. A. D. Mickle, and perhaps others, and repairing to the attic of the South Building, exultingly rang out the glad tidings over the hills and vales for four miles around. The tuneful bell had lost by its slumbers none of its deep-toned sonorousness. It seemed to rejoice to enter on its duties again, and to promise never again to cease "calling from duties done," or, "ringing for honors won," to the end of time.

        The reasons which actuated so many Members to oppose this bill, which it was well understood was proposed for the purpose of reviving the University, were not solely drawn from hostility to the institution. The time was not long after the panic of 1873, and the financial prospects were gloomy. Some Members honestly thought that all increase of expenses should be avoided. Others had become so hostile to the recognition, expressly or impliedly, of the validity of the Special Tax bonds, and were so determined, on account of the immense losses of the war, to pay only a portion of the honest public debt, that they regarded the proposition to give a bond of the State for

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the entire principal of the Land Scrip Fund as a dangerous precedent. But many of the opposition were undeniably adverse to the payment of public money for any institution of higher learning or even to support public schools. Not a cent of annuity had ever been voted for what was called the education of rich men's sons, and they wished to prevent its being done under any pretext whatever. Let the State, they argued, help the public schools, if any shall be aided, but not go into the training of lawyers, doctors, and preachers and the like. The argument in regard to the provision of the Act of Congress, that the State in accepting the Land Scrip had contracted with the United States to keep the principal intact, and that it would be a breach of faith to refuse to restore it, had no weight with them, for they argued that the State, owing to her great losses in the Civil War, must compromise all her debts, and that all her creditors, the United States included, should be treated alike. They were not afraid that the United States would bring suit.

        It will be noticed that I do not mention the names of our opponents in the Appendix. I omit them purposely. Many of them have become our friends. And for those who did not, we relied upon our good work in behalf of education to approve itself to their judgment.

        The Executive Committee met on the 12th of March, which was before the bill passed the House. There were present Messrs. Wm. A. Graham, P. C. Cameron, D. M. Carter, and Kemp P. Battle. Mr. Graham was appointed Chairman and Mr. Battle, Secretary. The Committee entered at once on the work of repairs, Messrs. Cameron, Saunders and Battle being entrusted with the task, the understanding being that Mr. Cameron would kindly take on his shoulders all the supervision and direction.

        As the act restoring the Land Scrip Fund required the Trustees to burn the special tax bonds, Messrs. B. F. Moore, D. M. Carter, and Treasurer Battle were ordered to perform this holocaust. They did so, Major Seaton Gales being a witness, on August 19, 1875. They reported that they destroyed by fire one hundred and forty-six $1,000 bonds issued under act ratified

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January 29, 1869, entitled "An Act Amendatory to an Act to Incorporate the Western North Carolina Railroad Company"; fourteen bonds for $1,000 each, issued under "An Act to Reënact and Confirm Certain Acts of the General Assembly Authorizing the Issue of State Bonds to and for Certain Railroads," ratified December 18, 1868, issued for the Western North Carolina Railroad Company.

REORGANIZATION.

        The Board of Trustees convened in the Executive office on May 4, 1875, for the purpose of reorganizing the University. The Secretary submitted various schemes which had been lodged with him for presentation to the Board. Rev. C. B. Hassell offered one of his own and moved its adoption. On motion of Mr. P. C. Cameron all were referred to a committee consisting of Messrs. K. P. Battle, chairman; John Manning, J. A. Graham, J. J. Davis, and Rev. C. B. Hassell. On the next day their report was unanimously adopted as follows:

        The University doors should be opened for students on the first Monday in September next, and continue until the second Thursday in June. Tuition to be $60; room rent $10 per annum.

        There were to be six colleges.

  • 1. Agriculture.
  • 2. Engineering and the Mechanic Arts.
  • 3. Natural Sciences.
  • 4. Literature.
  • 5. Mathematics.
  • 6. Philosophy.

        I. The College of Agriculture to be divided into Schools of (a) Scientific Agriculture, (b) Practical Agriculture, (c) Horticulture.

        II. The College of Engineering and the Mechanic Arts was divided into Schools: (a) Mechanical Engineering, (b) Civil Engineering, (c) Mining, (d) Military Science and Tactics.

        III. The College of Natural Science was divided into Schools: (a) of Chemistry, (b) Zoology and Botany, (c) Geology and Mineralogy.

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        IV. The College of Literature consisted of Schools of (a) English Languages and Literature, (b) Ancient Languages, (c) Modern Languages.

        V. The College of Mathematics included Schools of (a) Pure Mathematics, (b) Natural Philosophy or Physics, (c) Commercial Sciences.

        VI. The College of Philosophy embraced Schools (a) Metaphysics and Logic, (b) Moral Science, (c) History, (d) Political Economy, Constitutional and International Law.

        It should not be forgotten in considering the scheme that it was necessary to satisfy the people that the Agricultural and Mechanical College Act of July 2, 1862, was honestly carried out. In order that this may be understood I copy its language. The interest of the fund must be appropriated "to the endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the Legislatures may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life." It thus appears that the leading object of the University was to teach, not agriculture and mechanic arts, but the branches of learning relating thereto. Greek and Latin were likewise to be taught, and the students were to have a liberal as well as a practical education so as to be fitted for any profession or pursuit. It seems clear that the report of the committee, which was adopted by the Board, provided for carrying into effect the Act of Congress, as far as the University had means.

        Col. E. G. Haywood, attorney, addressed a communication to the Board designed to prove that the decision of the Circuit Court of the United States in Dewey, Assignee, v. The University, et. al., is erroneous, and suggested an appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States. The matter was referred to the Executive Committee, who declined to follow his advice.

        Mr. Manning, in order to show our good faith in expending the Land Grant interest moved, and the motion was carried, that

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as soon as practicable a farm and workshop should be provided. In this connection it should be stated that the spirit of the law contemplates that such expenditures should be provided by the State or individuals. The eastern part of the Campus, bordering on the Raleigh Road, was ordered to be reserved for athletic purposes and for a parade ground.

        At the same time a committee, K. P. Battle, chairman; B. F. Moore, P. C. Cameron, D. M. Carter, N. McKay, J. Manning, W. L. Saunders, J. A. Gilmer, and J. E. Dugger were appointed on Mr. Moore's motion, to provide for the opening of the University for students.

REPAIRS.

        The University was exceedingly fortunate in the selection of Mr. Paul C. Cameron as chairman of the Committee on Repairs. He had long experience in building and had a sound head for business, perfect reliability, tireless energy and vigilance, and great love of the University, as had his father and grandfather. He spent weeks in Chapel Hill, purchasing material in the cheapest market, North or South, East or West, and supervising and directing the work. Owing to the money received from donations he was able to buy everything needed at lowest cash prices. He dispensed with a contractor and finished the extensive repairs with unexampled rapidity and economy. When necessarily absent from Chapel Hill he substituted his son, Colonel Benehan Cameron, who has since succeeded his father as one of the most faithful Trustees of the fourth generation of such. The Board thanked the father for his wise and economical management. They offered to reimburse him for his expenses, but he declined to receive a penny. It was a labor of love to him.

        When the work was begun only $1,200 was appropriated, the committee being instructed to confine expenditures to making the buildings barely habitable, leaving more full repairs to the future. But when contributions, unexpectedly liberal, were secured, it was decided not to delay, but to do all that was needful as soon as practicable. This left about $6,000 of the contributions to aid in defraying, from year to year, the current

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expenses. A committee was appointed to invest any surplus of subscriptions as a permanent endowment. Money, however, was so urgently needed for expenses that the Treasurer called for it as fast as paid in and the committee were functi officio, and surrendered their trust.

        Another hope of endowment proved to be a castle in the air. The University had $200,000 stock in the Bank of North Carolina, as has been said. The bank was being wound up in the Bankruptcy Court. Mr. Carter moved that the friends of the University holding stock should be requested to donate to it whatever balance might acrue to them in the final settlement. Before voting on this, however, on motion of Mr. James A. Graham application was made to C. Dewey, assignee, for a report, and he gave the information that nothing would remain to the stockholders. It was useless, therefore, to act on the suggestion of Mr. Carter. I once asked the clerk of the Bankrupt Court what was done with the remainder. He smiled and said: "Oh, the lawyers made a 'divvy,' and took what was left."

        It was hoped to realize funds by procuring the passage of a law authorizing unclaimed dividends of corporations to be paid to the University, as derelict property, if unclaimed for five years, but the Supreme Court declared the act invalid. Four hundred and eighty-five dollars had been paid over by the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad Company.

        It is a sad proof of the poverty of the institution that the Executive Committee felt bound to refuse so small a sum as $100 for the purchase of books.

        On motion of ex-Governor Graham, the election of a President was postponed indefinitely, it being the general opinion that one of the Professors might, for a while, act as Chairman of the Faculty.

        K. P. Battle moved that a committee of five be appointed to solicit contributions for the revival of the University, not to be used to pay any existing debt of the institution. This was carried, and the chair appointed Messrs. K. P. Battle, B. F. Moore, W. A. Graham, P. C. Cameron, and John Manning.

        On motion of Mr. R. L. Patterson the Treasurer was authorized

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to borrow $5,000, if necessary, for carrying on repairs of the buildings, and he volunteered to be surety with such others as would join him, for the University.

        The Board then adjourned until the 16th of June.

        The note for $5,000, signed by Messrs. Patterson, Graham, Moore, Carter, Saunders, Manning, Battle, and perhaps others, was never needed, and was duly cancelled.

        His associates on the committee for raising contributions, for the reason either that they were elderly men or that their residences were distant from Raleigh, requested Chairman Battle to take charge of the duty. He cheerfully consented and by personal solicitation and by correspondence succeeded beyond all expectation. He was able to canvass Raleigh, Goldsboro, Rocky Mount, and Tarboro in person. Ex-Governor Vance and Colonel Charles W. Broadfoot secured the subscriptions in Charlotte and Fayetteville, respectively. But most of the sums were obtained by correspondence, the plan being to write a personal letter to each supposed to be willing to subscribe, enclosing a list of the subscribers up to date. The subscriptions were payable in five equal annual installments, without interest, the first payment being on September 1, 1875. The entire expense for amanuensis, postage, printing, and stationery was $62.66. Mr. Battle charged no traveling expenses, as his business carried him to the towns named.

        The result was that in six weeks the Chairman was able to report $18,787. In six weeks more this sum was raised to $20,167, of which $18,685 was eventually paid. To be entirely accurate, however, it is necessary to state that $1,000 of one subscriber was charged with the tuition of three grandsons who entered the University twelve years afterwards and whose tuition then amounted only to $600. But estimating the interest, as is fair, on the cash advanced in 1875, the donation amounted to considerably over $1,000. An advancement was likewise made of $280, and another of $500, to be paid in tuition, which was done in four years. All the other donations were unconditional, except that they were not to be applied to any debt incurred prior to April 1, 1875. It seems proper that the names of donors should be recorded, and they appear in the Appendix.

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        It should be recorded in honor of Professor W. C. Kerr that his subscription of $500, very large in proportion to his means, was on account of gratitude to the University for educating him without charge. He was on the beneficiary list of the Dialectic Society and was one of the best scholars of his class and an able debater.

        When the report was made the Board resolved to request ex-Governor Vance, who was then practicing law, to canvass all parts of this State and elsewhere to raise funds for an endowment, to be paid commissions. The request was declined and no one was nominated in his place. Probably he concluded that while friends of the University in their enthusiastic desire to see its doors opened were willing to make contributions, the impoverished condition of the Southern country would make further appeal barren of financial results.

CONTRIBUTIONS BY LADIES.

        A pleasant feature of the rebirth was the interest taken by the good women of North Carolina. President Swain was fond of relating how the ladies of Raleigh, soon after the beginning of the century, donated to the infant institution a compass and a quadrant, and the ladies of New Bern, a quadrant.

        And so those of Raleigh, three-quarters of a century afterwards, showed that they appreciated the value of higher education in training young men to be good citizens, enlightened sons and lovers, husbands and fathers. Mrs. Spencer, at the request of the Board, on motion of Mr. Cameron, was the mover of this generous act. The following list shows the result of her work:

  • By the pupils of the school of Misses Nash and Miss Kollock in Hillsboro, Plateau's Apparatus.
  • By the ladies of Louisburg, through Mrs. Joseph J. Davis, Parallellogram of Forces.
  • By the ladies of Salem Female School, Fortin's Barometer.
  • By the ladies of Raleigh, through Mrs. Annie Moore Parker, treasurer, Atwood's Machine, Galvanometer and Thermo-Electric Pile.
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  • By the ladies of Hillsboro, in memoriam of the late ex-Governor Wm. A. Graham, Holtz Electrical Machine, giving a 20-inch spark.
  • By the ladies of Salisbury, through Mrs. May Wheate Shober, Hydraulic Press and Turbine Wheel.
  • By the ladies of North Carolina, through Mrs. Mattie A. Heck, Raleigh, Silk Centennial Banner, the Coat of Arms, and Floral Emblems painted by Rev. J. A. Oertel, for exhibition at the World's Exposition in Philadelphia, in 1876.

BY-LAWS AND ELECTION OF PROFESSORS.

        Twenty-eight Trustees met on June 16, 1875, for the purpose of electing Professors. I give their names: William A. Graham, of Orange; B. F. Moore, of Wake; Rev. Dr. Neill McKay, of Harnett; P. C. Cameron, Orange; D. M. Carter, Wake; Mills L. Eure, Gates; J. A. Moore, Halifax; William H. Johnston, Edgecombe; J. E. Dugger, Warren; W. T. Faircloth, Wayne; George Green, Craven; Robert B. Peebles, Northampton; W. L. Saunders, New Hanover; B. F. Grady, Sampson; John McIver, Moore; J. H. Thorpe, Edgecombe; James S. Amis, Granville; John Manning, Chatham; Kemp P. Battle, Wake; J. J. Davis, Franklin; John A. Gilmer, Guilford; James A. Graham, Alamance; W. L. Steele, Richmond; Zebulon B. Vance, Mecklenburg; Paul B. Means, Cabarrus; Rufus L. Patterson, Forsyth; E. Hayne Davis, Iredell. Considering that they paid their own expenses these Trustees, as did those who attended other meetings, showed praiseworthy liberality and enthusiasm. The Governor presided. On account of the unusual number adjournment was had to the Senate Chamber.

        An important question came up on motion of Colonel Steele, that the Professors should hold their offices at the will of the Trustees. This was voted down, but no case is known where the incumbent did not resign when requested by the Trustees. As Professors are entitled to six months' notice, where the resignation is asked for or obtained at once, it is usual to pay salary to the expiration of the six months.

        Some of the older Trustees, particularly Mr. B. F. Moore, were eager for the revisal and reënactment of the by-laws, Accordingly a committee was raised and duly reported the old

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Code with many changes, early in the administration of President Battle, who was opposed to publishing a pamphlet embodying these rules, preferring to make known to the students from time to time such as it was proper for them to know. Availing himself of the emptiness of the treasury, the by-laws and amendments slept quietly in a pigeonhole until it became evident to all that the publication was not needed. In a short while the good old Trustees who had been raised to think printed by-laws were a necessary part of the University, pupils of Caldwell and Swain, went up to the School of the Hereafter, and no one was left to call for the pamphlet. The simple rule is that each man must behave like a gentleman. If he knows how and will not, or if he does not know how, we have no use for him. Let him leave. Necessary notices are printed in the catalogue, announced to the classes or posted on the bulletin board.

        Thus disappeared without any formal repeal many regulations which were a source of annoyance to the students and created hot feeling against the professors and tutors whose duty it was to enforce them. Henceforth a student may call on his friend in study hours whether for conversation or joint study. Henceforth no watchful eye will witness his sitting up beyond 10 o'clock. Henceforth he can go to the village in study hours, whether to buy fruit or call on the barber or his ladylove. It is allowable to sit by a friend in class although not in alphabetical order, and to occupy a chair more comfortable than wooden benches. And monstrous innovation! textbooks can be taken ad libitum into the recitation room. Offenders are not now called before all the Faculty but before the Students' Council or President, subject to appeal in bad cases to the Faculty Committee.

        Other legislation at this and subsequent meetings during 1875 and the first half of 1876 was the offer of a scholarship for $1,000, the proposal of a William A. Graham Professorship, the amount afterwards fixed on being $30,000. This movement failed. The Trustees stood firm on the rule that students not residents of Chapel Hill must occupy University dormitories.

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        On motion of Mr. Moore a committee of nine was empowered, after consultation with the Faculty, to revise the scheme heretofore adopted, and to add, if deemed advisable, Vegetable Physiology and Astronomy.

        Colonel Carter moved that the salaries be $1,500 per annum, that heads of families should have houses rent free, and that the Professor of Mathematics should be Bursar at a salary of $500 per annum, but the motion was defeated by a vote of 13 to 5. The salaries were fixed at $2,000 per annum and house rent.

        Mr. A. Mickle, who had been acting as agent for the University, was elected Bursar at a salary of $400 per annum. Salaries were to begin September 1st following.

        The calculation of those who voted for salaries at $2,000 was that tuition money supplemented by excess of contributions over what was needed for repairs, with the $7,500 paid by the State, would suffice to balance expenses for at least four years. After that it was thought that the increase in the number of students would supply the treasury with the necessary funds.

        Having concluded to postpone indefinitely the election of a President and to have one of the Professors to act as Chairman of the Faculty, the Board caused to be read the testimonials offered for the various chairs and proceeded to elect the Professors by ballot. As a matter of course the loss of prestige consequent on the decline and temporary closing of the University, and the doubt as to its success arising from its slender income; also the vigorous opposition in the General Assembly, coupled with the violent antagonism elsewhere, prevented many teachers from presenting their names as candidates. This made the range of choice as to most of the chairs quite limited.

        For the Chair of Agriculture, Professor John Kimberly and Mr. Wm. A. Allen were nominated. Professor Kimberly was elected.

        For the Chair of Engineering and the Mechanic Arts, the nominees were A. L. Anderson and Ralph H. Graves. Mr. Graves was successful.

        For the Chair of Literature, on motion of Mr. Manning it was resolved to elect two Professors. The following were

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placed in nomination: Professors J. DeB. Hooper and M. Fetter, Messrs. George T. Winston, E. Woodard Hutson, John C. Calhoun, C. H. Martin, Rev. Wm. Royall, Jacob Battle, J. C. Lynes, John P. Weston, G. B. Doggett, John Wilson, Isbon T. Beckwith, Professor Morris, Rev. E. L. Patton, J. W. Fitts, James Southgate. Professor J. DeB. Hooper was declared elected and the election of the second Professor under Mr. Manning's motion was postponed for the present.

        For the Chair of Mathematics Rev. Dr. Charles Phillips and Professor Alexander McIver were nominated. Dr. Phillips was the successful candidate.

        For the Chair of Philosophy the nominees were Rev. A. W. Mangum, Mr. W. J. Solomon, Mr. John H. Wheeler. Mr. Mangum was elected.

        For the Chair of Natural Sciences Messrs. A. F. Redd and Sylvester Hassell were placed in nomination. Mr. Redd was chosen.

        Mr. Carter then moved that the additional Professor in the College of Literature should be only an Adjunct. This was agreed to and Mr. George T. Winston was chosen without opposition. His salary was fixed at $1,500.

        Short sketches of the Professors chosen seem appropriate. Charles Phillips, D.D., LL.D., was the son of Rev. James Phillips, D.D., long Professor of Mathematics in the University. He was born July 30, 1822, graduated here among the best scholars in 1841, then for several years studied in the Theological Seminary at Princeton. He was tutor of Mathematics in this institution from 1844 to 1854, Professor of Civil Engineering 1854-'60, Professor of Mathematics 1861-'68. On the closing of the institution in 1868 he was chosen to the Chair of Mathematics in Davidson College, where he taught that science and for several terms Political Economy. He was a Presbyterian preacher of great power and was likewise eminent as a mathematician. In addition to his talents he was conspicuous for tireless energy and boundless benevolence.

        Professor John DeBerniere Hooper, born in 1811, was a native of Wilmington, in this State. Graduating at this University with highest distinction in 1831, he taught several years

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as tutor. After teaching some years in a classical school in Raleigh, he was Professor of Latin and French in this institution from 1838 to 1848. He then resigned and became Principal of schools in Warren, Fayetteville, and Wilson. He was recognized as one of the most accurate scholars of the old Faculty and as skilled in teaching. His department was Greek and French.

        Rev. Adolphus Williamson Mangum, D.D., was born April 1, 1834, in Orange County, North Carolina. He graduated at Randolph-Macon College in 1854 with highest honor. He then entered the Methodist Episcopal ministry and was pastor, with constantly growing reputation, in various parts of North Carolina, including Charlotte, Salisbury, Greensboro, Goldsboro, Raleigh, and Chapel Hill. He was a Chaplain in the Confederate Army. His department was Moral Philosophy, History, and English Literature.

        Alexander Fletcher Redd was born in Virginia. He was trained at the Virginia Military Institute. He was teacher of Chemistry and Physics in the school of Mr. James H. Horner, who with others warmly endorsed him. When elected he was associate editor of the Biblical Recorder. He had under his charge Physics and Chemistry.

        Professor John Kimberly was a native of New Jersey. In early life he became a teacher in the Albemarle section of the State and gained a wide reputation. Devoting much attention to the study of Chemistry he was in 1856 elected Professor of Agricultural Chemistry in this University. He resigned in 1866 and carried on a farm in Buncombe County near Asheville until his election to the Chair of Agriculture. His instruction was altogether theoretical, as was required by the Act of Congress, unless means was given by the General Assembly, or other agency, for practical work.

        Ralph Henry Graves, born April 1, 1851, son of the widely respected teacher of the same name, was a first honor student at this University in 1867-'68. He then had a distinguished career at the University of Virginia, especially in mathematics, attaining the degree of Bachelor of Science, and Civil and Mechanical Engineer. He was then Professor of Drawing

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and Technical Mechanics in the Polytechnic College at Blacksburg. Afterwards he taught in the school of Horner and Graves at Hillsboro, until elevated to his professorship. In the assignment of duties his department was styled "Engineering and the Mechanic Arts," but his teaching was in the main theoretical, as was required by law, since the University had no fund for building workshops and purchasing machinery.

        George Tayloe Winston was born at Windsor, in Bertie County, October 12, 1856. He was a student of this University with high honor when it closed under the old régime in 1868, being ready to enter the Junior class. Thence he matriculated at the United States Naval Academy, where he remained two years, being No. 1 in his class. Finding from a cruise to Europe that sea life injured his health, he resigned his place and entered Cornell University. After taking a high stand he received his degree in 1874 and for the ensuing year was Instructor in Mathematics. He was then, as has been stated, elected Adjunct Professor in this University, and was assigned to instruction in Latin and German.

        As Professors Phillips, Hooper, and Kimberly were members of the old Faculty and their learning and skill in teaching were fully known to the Trustees, it was not necessary for them to offer testimonials. Professor Kimberly, however, exhibited certificates from leading men in Buncombe County attesting his knowledge of practical agriculture. The others, without exception, laid before the Board testimonials of the strongest character from their professors and prominent men, as to their learning and aptness to teach.

        It was charged by fault finders that conciliation of the leading religious denominations, rather than merit, dictated the choice by the Trustees. An inspection of the list of candidates, as well as the distinct recollection of the Trustees now surviving who voted, shows that this is not true. Of course it was very fortunate that each of the leading denominations had a representative. In the light of the history of the mutations in the Faculty, it will hardly be realized that active efforts were made in many sections to keep students from coming to the University by the charge that it was an "Episcopal concern,"

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because there was a preponderance of members of that denomination, yet it is a fact that such false assertions were widely disseminated. It is conceded that these critics believed that their charges were true, but they were mistaken.

        It was at this meeting that Mr. Cameron made an urgent appeal to ex-Governor Graham to allow the Board to elect him President of the University. An expression of pain passed over his face as he firmly declined. He was thinking of the insidious and fatal disease which was sapping the foundation of his life.

        There are persons other than the Faculty connected with the reopening who must not be neglected in this chronicle. The first is Andrew Mickle, the Bursar, a man of unpretending manners, but of rare intelligence, whose virtues were as solid as the adamantine hills. He was prospering as a merchant when the war began, but during its progress ruined his fortune by acting on the chivalric notion that it was wrong to raise prices of his goods, because it was as difficult for his neighbors to obtain Confederate money as it had been to obtain good money. And so, as the currency depreciated, he sold his merchandise for much less than cost. He bore his poverty with the same dignity which characterized him in his prosperity, and when the Trustees resolved to depart from the old plan of devolving the bursarship on a Professor, it fell by universal consent to him, with whom millions of dollars would have been as safe as in the Bank of England.

        Another indispensable and equally worthy officer of the University was the University carpenter, Foster Utley. He was born in Wake County, on a farm. His mother was a Walton, said to have been of the family of the noted fisherman and author, Isaak Walton. The transparent purity of character, the boundless benevolence, the sturdy honesty, the quiet humor, the love of nature, the delight, on a rare holiday, of sitting for hours on a mossy bank under a beech tree root, with his cork floating on the quiet waters or dancing among the ripples, his devout thankfulness to God, whether the yellow perch yielded to the "eloquent squirm" of bait or passed by in cold indifference, remind us of the sainted father of the art of angling.

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        To complete the personnel of the institution, the Faculty chose, to wait on the students, ring the bell and for other similar services, one who had occupied a similar position under the old Faculty. He had been a slave of President Swain and, therefore, he appears on the records of 1875 as Wilson Swain, though he afterwards preferred the surname of Caldwell, his father having been a slave of President Caldwell. He was an exceedingly intelligent, courteous, faithful man, reliable always, and had the unbounded regard and confidence of the Faculty and students.

DEATH OF EX-GOVERNOR GRAHAM.

        This was the last public meeting attended by Wm. A. Graham. The closing work of his great career was in behalf of the uplifting of the youth of the land, the restoration of the institutions whose halls he had left fifty-one years before.

        William Alexander Graham was so actively connected with the University that he deserves a special notice. He graduated a first honor man in 1824; ten years afterwards was elected a Trustee, and held the office until 1868, was elected again in 1874, and continued to be a Trustee until his death; he was sometimes pro tempore President of the Board and sometimes a member of the Executive Committee. In his long tenure of thirty-five years he seldom missed a meeting of the Board of Trustees, and his handsome and attentive face was seen at nearly all our Commencements--in truth, he never missed unless imperative official business detained him. His five sons were educated at this University.

        Governor Graham, as he was generally called, was one of the most perfect public men we have had--high-toned, honorable, talented, above all tricks and suspicions of demagoguery, a strong but not eloquent speaker, and always well read and prepared on questions under debate. I heard one of our ablest lawyers, Samuel F. Phillips, who served with him on the Judiciary Committee in the General Assembly, when discussing the Revised Code, say "Graham has a broad, statesman-like knowledge of the law." I heard a very intelligent

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member of the Convention of 1861, Wm. S. Battle, of Edgecombe, say: "When I came here I thought you Whigs overrated Governor Graham, but I was mistaken. As a statesman and parliamentarian he is head and shoulders above any man in the Convention." The University lost an able and valuable friend when he died.

        He was honored with the degree of LL.D. in 1849; was Speaker of the House of Commons, 1834-'41; United States Senator, 1840-'43; Governor, 1845-'49; Secretary of the Navy, 1850-'53; Whig candidate for Vice-Presidency, 1852; Senator in Second Confederate Congress, State Senator, and Member of the Convention of 1861. He was born in Lincolnton September 5, 1804, and adopted Hillsboro as his home. Died August 11, 1875.

        He was elected United States Senator in 1866, but was not allowed to take his seat. He was fortunate in his biographer, the address on his "Life and Services," by Montford McGehee, being unexcelled, if equaled, in the annals of this State.

        The Board, at the instance of his old friend, Paul C. Cameron, passed most touching resolutions expressive of their sense of appreciation of his work, certifying that the untiring zeal and great liberality with which Governor Graham devoted his efficient labors to the University, entitle his memory to be enshrined in the hearts of those who love the institution.

REOPENING. CURRICULUM.

        On the 30th of June, 1875, a committee of five Trustees, viz., Kemp P. Battle, chairman, and B. F. Moore, Rev. Dr. McKay, P. C. Cameron, D. M. Carter, and W. L. Saunders, met the Faculty in Raleigh for the purpose of adopting rules for the reopening of the University. The Faculty were called on for recommendations, which were duly submitted and approved. Publication was made by the Secretary of the leading provisions.

        The opening was to be on the first Monday of September, 1875, with two weeks vacation at Christmas, to continue until the second Thursday in June, 1876. Tuition $60, but provision

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would be made for meritorious students who could not pay. With pardonable optimism it was declared that the buildings had been repaired and repainted inside and out and rooms would be ready for several hundred students. The Campus was being placed in order and in a few weeks the College property would be not inferior in beauty and fitness for educational uses to any in the Union! It was of good omen that the Secretary could exaggerate like that. It showed enthusiasm. He believed then what he wrote.

        In order to obey the mandate of the Act of Congress of 1862 instruction in military science in all the classes was ordered. It was found, however, that our people were so sick of war and all likeness to it that there was no demand for military teaching, and it was postponed from year to year.

        It was thought best to notify the public that hazing was absolutely prohibited. It was defined to be teasing, vexing, striking or committing a breach of the peace. The last was called a high offense.

        The titles of the Faculty were then given, their chairs being called Colleges. For example, Charles Phillips, Professor of the College of Mathematics, and so on. Judge W. H. Battle had not then reopened the Law School, and that was not on the list.

        The departments were to be combined into four courses of study, each leading to a diploma. Students not seeking a diploma could obtain certificates of proficiency. This course was called Optional. The degrees to be Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Agriculture, and Master of Arts.

        For admission into the course of Arts the student must have a competent knowledge of the elements of English Language, Geography, Algebra through equations of the second degree, Latin Grammar, Prosody and Composition, four Books of Cæsar, five Books of Virgil's æneid, or the equivalent in Ovid, Sallust or Cicero's Orations; of Greek Grammar and Composition, four Books of Xenophon's Anabasis,

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or Memorabilia, and of two Books of the Iliad. These were called Preparatory Studies.

        For admission into the Science course the requisities to be the same, omitting Latin and Greek. For admission into the course for Bachelor of Agriculture, the requisites to be Arithmetic, the English Language, and Geography.

        The courses of study for Bachelor of Arts to be: First year, four recitations in Mathematics per week, five in Latin and Greek each; second year, four recitations in Mathematics, Latin and Greek each; third year, three in Natural Philosophy, three in Chemistry, French, and German each, and two in Logic and Rhetoric; fourth year, three recitations in Astronomy, three in Mineralogy and Geology, and eight in Mental and Moral Science, International and Constitutional Law, Political Economy, and English Literature.

        For the degree of Bachelor of Science: First year, four recitations per week in Mathematics, three in Chemistry, five in English and two in History. For the second year, four recitations in Mathematics, three in Chemistry and German each, two in Logic and Rhetoric and two in Zoölogy. For the third year, three in Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, Mineralogy and Geology each, and five in Mental Science.

        For the degree of Bachelor of Agriculture the studies were: First year, five recitations per week in Mathematics, five in English, two in History and two in Botany. For the second year, four in Mathematics, three in Chemistry, two in Logic and Rhetoric, two in Zoölogy and three in Agriculture. For the third year, three in Mineralogy, three in Geology, three in Political Economy and Constitutional Law, eight in Agriculture, Engineering, etc.

        The Bible to be taught in all the courses, counting one hour.

        Students to be required to attend one religious service on Sunday at the church of their choice, and daily Prayers in Gerrard Hall, absences from them or recitations to be reported to parents or guardians.

        Students should be at least sixteen years old at entrance. Students to preserve the utmost decorum and courtesy towards

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each other. Secret societies or clubs to be forbidden without the express permission of the Trustees. The Faculty to be authorized to order a student to be removed for neglect of studies or evil influence on his associates.

        Instruction was to begin at 8 a. m. and end at 2 p. m., but Laboratory work in Chemistry to be in the afternoon. The breakfast hour was fixed at 7 a. m.; dinner at 2 p. m., and supper at 6:30. (Until the completion of the State University Raïlroad it was customary to keep these hours nominally winter and summer, moving the College clock and ringing the bell without regard to the true time. The University time was often over half an hour faster or slower than the true time.)

        Unmarried professors were requested to room in the University buildings. Accordingly Professors Graves and Winston selected the third story of the South Building. Afterwards Professors Toy, Venable and Atkinson selected the New West. In pursuance of the policy to trust to the sense of decorum of the students the request after some years was withdrawn.

        The day of the opening was advertised to be September 6th.

        On the 31st August (1875) the Board of Trustees had another meeting; present: K. P. Battle, P. C. Cameron, D. M. Carter, W. T. Faircloth, J. A. Gilmer, John Kerr, Rev. Dr. N. McKay, John Manning, B. F. Moore, and H. C. Thomas.

        Dr. Charles Phillips was unanimously chosen Chairman of the Faculty.

        General Frank H. Cameron submitted a plan for raising an endowment for the University by its friends insuring their lives for its benefit, but nothing resulted from it.

        Authority was given the Treasurer to borrow not exceeding $3,000 at any one time, on pledge of unpaid subscriptions, for the purpose of paying current expenses.

        The Executive Committee for 1875-'76 were B. F. Moore, W. H. Battle, P. C. Cameron, D. M. Carter, Seaton Gales, W. L. Saunders, and K. P. Battle.

        Messrs. Hooper and Mangum were allowed $100 each in lieu of house rent, they not occupying the Faculty houses.

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        A by-law was adopted that the Professors should take rank according to the designation of the Executive Committee. If the Committee failed to act the President or Presiding Professor had the power.

        The Chief Marshal was directed to be selected alternately by the two literary societies, beginning with the Dialetic as that was the first founded. He must be from the Junior class and was to have the power of selecting his assistants, three from each society.

        Colonel Carter offered a resolution, which was adopted, strongly favoring a railroad to Chapel Hill as essential to the growth of the University. At a subsequent meeting, not seeing that a railroad was practicable, he favored a turn-pike to Durham as within our means. If he had foreseen the days of the automobile his scheme would have seemed eminently practical.

        On motion of Judge Battle the winter vacation was ordered to continue four weeks, the term beginning the 6th of January. Mr. B. F. Moore moved that the summer vacation should be six weeks. Mr. K. P. Battle moved that the summer vacation should be extended to twelve weeks and that in winter there should be two weeks holiday, long enough to enable the students to spend Christmas at home and aid their parents in attending to necessary business on the first of January. This was at first defeated but after a year was agreed to. The old-fashioned Trustees were persuaded that chills and fevers would infallibly torment the bodies of those who should abide in the eastern counties after the middle of July. In this notion experience has proven them in error, while the arguments in favor of the change are cogent. The hot months are unfavorable to study. Many of our students are poor and find that in the three months of vacation they can earn funds necessary to enable them to continue their University course. Others by taking summer courses are much advanced in their studies. Many parents, accustomed to leave home for summer resorts, are desirous of having their sons with them. Professors often utilize this period for study in the great Northern Universities and even in Europe. Opportunity

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was given to hold the Summer Schools for Teachers. The change has been found to be very beneficial to all classes. At present, however, on motion of Mr. J. E. Dugger the vacation was six weeks after the first Monday in June and the term was to close four weeks before the first Thursday in January.

        It was enacted that no degree, except honorary, be granted except where there has been residence for at least one year.

        The Committee on Repairs, through Mr. Paul C. Cameron, the chairman, who did practically all the work, reported that he had expended $10,677.76 for repairs generally and $2,249.09 for gas works and piping, and chemical and natural philosophy apparatus. The Board was impressed with the wisdom and economy with which the work had been conducted and passed a vote of thanks to him for the same.

        With a commendable desire to keep down expenses it was enacted that no student should board at a house where was charged over $15 per month. This law was well observed for years, indeed until broken into by the actual or supposed necessities of the athletic teams. There was a general spirit of economy in those early days. Not only did reputable boardinghouse keepers furnish board at $9 and $10 per month, but private tables under the management of messmates enabled them to live satisfactorily at the rate of $7 and $8 per month and in some instances less.

        Rev. Dr. Neill McKay moved that the students in the College of Agriculture should be allowed to study in other departments and the Faculty must lay out courses in the College of Agriculture which may enable the students to receive instruction in the College of Arts. This was referred to the Executive Committee, who declined to grant the motion on the ground that it would trammel the latter department.

        The apportionment of rooms among the students was different from the old. The two East Buildings went to the Philanthropic Society, and the two West to the Dialectic, but the South was divided equally between them by a north and south line, the latter getting the west half and the former the east.

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A committee, of which Col. D. M. Carter was chairman, was appointed to explain this to the students. The ante-war arrangement gave all the north rooms in the South Building to the Phi's and the south rooms to the Di's. This was because the Phi Hall and Library was on the north side, Di Hall and Library on the south. As the halls have been changed to the New East and New West and the libraries consolidated the present arrangement is acceptable.

        The married members of the Faculty took possession of the University dwellings by amicable arrangement. Dr. Phillips, being Chairman of the Faculty, as was right, selected the President's house, occupied by President Swain at his death; Professor Kimberly that next to the Episcopal Church; Professor Redd the house where Dr. Mitchell so long resided. Professors Winston and Graves were in the South Building until in the course of time, they, too, married, when to Professor Winston was awarded the residence which Dr. James Phillips occupied for many years, and Professor Graves bought one for himself. Professor Hooper occupied a private dwelling on Cameron Avenue, owned by Miss Sally Mallett. After Professor Kimberly resigned he removed to the Kimberly house.

        The Faculty met on the 4th of September and organized by electing Rev. Dr. Charles Phillips as Chairman, the fact that the Trustees had already conferred this honor being overlooked. Professor Winston was chosen Secretary of the Faculty and Professor Graves Librarian. Of all these it may be said that there was no question as to the ability of each, but Dr. Phillips was afflicted by repeated attacks of sickness. Professors Winston and Graves were excellent officers, but Graves' Librarianship was a sinecure, the University Library containing no books tempting to the average reader.

        The Faculty had no doubt of their power and duty to enforce attendance on religious exercises. Attendance was required at the Sunday morning services of one of the four denominations having churches in the village, Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, and Episcopalian, and also at the Bible classes

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conducted Sunday afternoons by different Professors. Students were expected to inform the Bible class Professor whether they had attended divine service in the morning. Tradition has it that some irreverent youths, by spending a few minutes in the Church, long enough to catch a glimpse of the ladies, or standing in the Church door, or peering in at the windows, and then hurrying to their rooms, deemed themselves justified in answering, "Yes, Sir! I was at Church!" This tradition is undoubtedly true as to ante-war times, a strong argument against enforcing religion on young men, nearly grown, by disciplinary methods.

        Reminiscence of the old Blue Laws is found in the regulation then enacted forbidding talking and noise at Prayers or other Divine service in the Chapel, a prohibition which a youth having sense enough to find his way to Chapel Hill is now presumed to know, without being told by a by-law.

        The Professors then proceeded to map out their duties. To Dr. Phillips in Mathematics was given sixteen recitations per week; to Professor Hooper fifteen, viz., nine in Greek and six in French; to Professor Redd seven in Chemistry, with laboratory work added; to Professor Graves five in Engineering and five in Algebra, in all ten, with instruction in Arithmetic added because of the possession of the Land Grant Fund. Mr. Kimberly, Professor of Agriculture, had three in Physical Geography with work to be added when students in that department should appear. Dr. Mangum's work was four hours in History, four in Logic, and five in English, a total of thirteen. Professor Winston took charge of five hours in Latin with one class and four with another, three in German and three in a more advanced class, making in all fifteen hours per week.

        To the three courses leading to degrees, the Classical, the Scientific, and the Agricultural, was added the Optional, leading to certificates but to no degree. The students in this course corresponded to the old Irregulars, or "Malish" (Militia), described in the first volume. At first there was only one Agricultural student, but after awhile four others joined

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him. There was a general impression that the department was and would be a failure.

        It was resolved to recommend the Trustees not to grant permits to the Greek Letter fraternities. The question was brought up on the petition of Messrs. Ernest Caldwell, James C. Taylor, Henry T. Watkins, Richard B. Henderson, and R. L. Payne in behalf of the &Dgr; K E Fraternity. The Faculty strongly opposed the application on the ground that all the energies and means of the students should be exerted in behalf of the two literary societies until their debts were paid and they should be reinstated into their ante-war prosperous condition.

        Visiting the State Fair, or any other place, was only to be granted on a written request from parent or guardian.

        The old plan of opening Faculty meetings with prayer was resumed, Dr. Phillips, Professor Mangum and Professor Redd being called on in turn. The latter was not a minister of the gospel, but was licensed to preach under the rules of the Baptist Church. The practice was discontinued after a few years for the reason that the meetings of the Faculty assumed a more business and hurried character.

        The Marshals were to be elected by the two societies, and a sumptuary law was adopted by the Faculty in the interest of economy that they should not wear any regalia, except a rosette or ribbon around the arm, these officers before the Civil War having been decorated with broad, costly silken bands from shoulder to waist. This provision was afterwards ignored as was the prohibition against sitting in a chair during lectures, as learning without hard benches seemed impossible.

        There were other changes. The terms Senior, Junior, Sophomore, and Freshman were replaced by first, second, third, and fourth classes, corresponding to Freshman and so on. But old customs were too strong for this innovation and the time-honored names and abbreviations have been restored.

        The precedent was set of a holiday on the 22d of February, the societies afterwards electing a Washington orator, whose address, however, had often very little reference to the Father of his Country. At the first, or possibly the second of these

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anniversaries, Francis D. Winston, lately Judge and Lieutenant-Governor, at the close of an eloquent laudation of the great patriot, exhibited an ancient and well-worn hatchet which he affirmed was the identical weapon that felled the fabulous cherry tree.

FIRST ARRIVAL.

        There is a tendency in the human mind to be desirous of ascertaining and glorifying the originators of great movements. We wish to know who brought letters to Greece, who founded Rome, who first set foot on American soil, who discovered oxygen, who kicked the first football, and so on. Thus it happens that Hinton James has gained immortal fame by being the first to trudge through the muddy roads of the winter of 1795, and presenting himself to the delighted gaze of the first presiding Professor, Dr. David Ker, exactly four weeks after the session began.

        My readers, therefore, are in a state of anxiety to know the name of the Hinton James of the nineteenth century. I am glad to be able to crown him with honor. I am proud to set him on the pinnacle of fame.

        In thus awarding the honor I am compelled to ignore the claims of Mr. James C. Taylor and Dr. Isaac M. Taylor, because their residence was Chapel Hill, and, being on the ground, they could not possibly, in the graphic language of General Forrest, "git thar first." Not counting them, the glory belongs to the elder of two brothers, who, with Charles Bond, preceded all other candidates by a day's journey. When their conveyance reached the boundary line of Chapel Hill at the hamlet of Couchtown, the hilltop on the Durham road, the elder suddenly leaped from the vehicle and dashed forward with the amazing speed for which duck-legged youths are often famous, shouting, "Hurrah! I am the first student on the Hill!" He reversed the history of Esau and Jacob. Esau was ahead this time. The unsuspecting Jacob (Hebrew for Robert) had no time to offer his mess of pottage. When I tell you that this long-headed--if short-legged--youth went to the Legislature, with about one thousand majority against his party, intent on looking out for the interests of his Alma Mater,

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it will be guessed that his name is FRANCIS DONNELL WINSTON, the Hinton James of 1875.

        The youth, Robert, thus outgeneraled, has his share of the blood of the old Scandinavian vikings. After great searchings of the heart he devised his scheme and bided his time. It was a signal and cruel revenge. Frank's Nemesis came when there appeared to receive the silver cup for the first boy baby of the Class of 1879--James Horner Winston, son of Robert.

        The good old county of Bertie has another honor which should be here recorded. On the opening day one youth only entered the agricultural department. I therefore proclaim that Charles Bond was the first student of the first college of agriculture in North Carolina.

CELEBRATION OF THE OPENING.

        The formal celebration of the opening of the University was held September 15, 1875. It was eminently successful. The numerous visitors were surprised and gratified at the renovation of buildings and grounds effected under the direction of the chairman of the Committee on Repairs, Mr. Cameron. Mrs. Spencer called to her aid the young ladies of Chapel Hill and decorated the Chapel with exquisite taste. The portraits of great men of the University borrowed from the two societies--Davie, Caldwell, and Swain, Mitchell, and Phillips, Hawks and Badger, Ruffin, Graham, and Manly--were hung on the walls. There was a single motto in letters of evergreens: "LAUS DEO."

        The Salisbury band, without charge, furnished excellent music. At 11 o'clock Mr. John R. Hutchins, of the Class of 1852, as Chief Marshal, and Mayor A. S. Barbee, of the Class of 1860, and several of the students as assistants, formed a procession, as in the days of yore, in front of the South Building and marched to the Chapel. The rostrum was occupied by Governor Brogden, Judge Battle, Dr. William Hooper, Governor Vance, Dr. Phillips, and Professors Mangum and Redd. Trustees and distinguished visitors were in the area in front. The Chapel was full, floor and galleries, of worthy men and beautiful women. Among the men were about fifty students

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of the Horner School, near Hillsboro. The band began with "Auld Lang Syne." Prayer was offered by Dr. William Hooper, who matriculated seventy years before. The opening hymn was then read by Professor Redd. It was composed by William A. Betts, a graduate of 1880, late an honored member of the South Carolina Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, now in the Florida Conference, whose father, Rev. A. D. Betts, a graduate and Trustee, married his mother, a beautiful girl of Chapel Hill, while in the Senior Class.


                         Great God of Heaven: condescend
                         To meet Thy servants here;
                         Where once we worshipped, Thee again
                         We gratefully revere.


                         Be present while with joyful hearts
                         We consecrate anew
                         This hallowed spot, in Thine own name,
                         And to Thy service true.


                         Favor again, O God, these walls
                         Where once Thy Spirit shone;
                         Send help and wisdom, and may all
                         The glory be Thine own.

        Dr. Phillips, the Chairman of the Faculty, rose to introduce Governor Brogden. He prefaced his introduction by a few remarks as to the past and future policy of the institution. Among other things he said that it had been sarcastically remarked that the University had "neither politics nor religion." In the broad sense of these words it was false, as we teach the principles of true statesmanship and of Christianity. But in the sense that the professor will rigidly abstain from attempting to influence students for or against any political party or religious denomination, the charge is true. All parties and sects shall be treated with perfect impartiality.

        Governor Curtis H. Brogden then made an address, full of animation, with language ornate and strong, pressing the importance of education, classical, professional, technical, primary and collegiate, as necessary to modern progress. The Governor made many friends. His compliments to the ladies

Illustration

        T. J. JARVIS

        MRS. CORNELIA PHILLIPS SPENCER

        WM. L. SAUNDERS

        RICHARD H. BATTLE

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were very happy, but some of them wondered if he believed all he said why he had not sued for and obtained for himself one of the angelic beings he described.

        Ex-Governor Vance then in his usual felicitous style introduced the orator of the day, ex-Judge William H. Battle, a graduate of the Class of 1820. To quote from a contemporary letter to the Raleigh News: "Judge Battle's was the tender task to awaken the echoes of memory, and bid us remember, resemble, and persevere." He took a survey of the history of the University. He gave sketches of some of its illustrious sons, and an estimate of their influence on the history of the State. Both addresses were highly appreciated.

        Professor Mangum, with a graceful compliment to the author of the hymn, Mrs. Spencer, who had written it for this occasion, gave out the following lines, which were sung to the tune of Old Hundred, the band leading.


                         Eternal source of light and truth,
                         To Thee again our hearts we raise;
                         Except Thou build and keep the house,
                         In vain the laborer spends his days.


                         Without Thine aid in vain our zeal
                         Strives to rebuild the broken walls;
                         Vainly our sons invoke the muse
                         Among these sacred groves and walls.


                         From off Thine altar send a coal,
                         As burning seraphs erst have brought;
                         Relight the flame that once inspired
                         The faithful teachers and the taught.


                         Pour on our path Thy cloudless light,
                         That from Thy constant favor springs;
                         Let heart and hand be strong beneath
                         The shadow of Almighty wings.


                         Recall, O God! the golden days;
                         May rude, unfruitful discord cease;
                         Our sons in troops exulting throng
                         The ancient haunts of white-robed Peace!

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                         So shall our upward way be fair,
                         As that our sainted fathers trod,
                         Again the "Priest and Muse" declare
                         The holy oracles of God.

        The proceedings in the Chapel were closed by a benediction and the audience separated with their hearts full of thankfulness for the new life of the institution they loved so well.

        The venerable Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies were reinaugurated during the evening. The Dialectic was called together by Thomas M. Argo, Esq., the last Secretary, and Judge Wm. H. Battle was made temporary President.

        The Philanthropic Society was called together by Col. Wm. L. Saunders, in whose care its books were placed in 1868 when the last meeting was held.

        It has been shown how the good old University was started again on its career of usefulness and honor. Its friends have been rapidly swelling in numbers, while its enemies are manifestly growing fewer. May its prosperity for the next third of a century increase as rapidly in proportion as it has increased since 1875!

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CHAPTER III.

NEWSPAPER ATTACKS AFTER THE REVIVAL.

        It was at this time that a labored newspaper attack was made on the constitution of the Board of Trustees and the Faculty by Rev. L. S. Burkhead, president of the Board of Trustees of Trinity College. The points made were that, although the Methodists were about one hundred thousand in number and paid their proportion of taxes, yet in the management of the University the Episcopalians and Presbyterians, about one-tenth in number, were the controlling power. Indeed, it was charged that the Episcopalians were about one-half of the Board of Trustees and of course managed things in their own interest. Especial complaint was made that a recent Methodist candidate for the Professorship of Natural History had not been elected.

        Mr. Burkhead favored a University provided that its instruction should be so high as not to come into competition with the colleges and provided that the Methodists should have their share of the Trustees and Faculty.

        Hon. Walter L. Steele, a Methodist of high standing in the church, who was for years one of our most efficient Trustees, thought it best to answer these criticisms. And Rev. Dr. William Closs, a most influential Presiding Elder, took the same side. Instead of making a verbatim report of the points they made I give them as concisely as possible in my own language.

        The Trustees are of high character, chosen by the General Assembly, elected for their attachment to the University, entirely without reference to the denomination to which they belong. They vote for the best interests of the institution and no instance can be given to the contrary. If they had done so there were associates of another faith who would have cried aloud and spared not.

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        If the Professors are to be apportioned among the denominations in proportion to numbers, we will be in a difficulty arising from the fact of there being denominations of like names. For example, there were Methodists South, Methodist Protestants, and Christian Methodists. The Baptists are divided into Primitive Baptists, Christian (Campbellites), and Free Will Baptists. And what is to be done for those belonging to neither of the denominations named and the large number of those belonging to no church? These pay their taxes and are entitled to consideration as much as the large religious organizations.

        Moreover, the University is a State institution, not an institution belonging to the religious denominations. It would be a gross breach of duty to pass by the best man and elect an inferior for ecclesiastical considerations. The case complained of by Dr. Burkhead is in point. The Trustees sought for and obtained an expert in Natural History, who had devoted years to that special branch, whereas the Methodist candidate had no special training, though he was, of course, a man of general intelligence and information.

        It was asserted and could not be contradicted that the Trustees had never voted on denominational considerations, and had never failed to elect a Methodist or Baptist of proper qualifications, whose name was before the Board. Meeting infrequently as they did they confined their attention to those presented to them, in other words to those who applied directly or through their friends.

        It may be true that the Episcopalian and Presbyterian Trustees are more in number than the Methodist and Baptist Trustees, but their church affiliation had nothing to do with their election. They were chosen by the General Assembly as State officers and they represent the State as such. The University is no more a sectarian institution than North Carolina is a Methodist State because Governor Jarvis is a Methodist. The Trustees were chosen because of their honesty, ability, and sincere desire to revive the University. If they should be elected on any other grounds the institution would certainly fail. If they should be chosen merely to equalize the

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denominations, not because of desire to promote its prosperity, its success would be impossible.

        Many claim to be friends of the University provided only that "it be a University indeed"; in other words, shall not compete with the colleges, shall have its courses so high that only the graduates of the colleges shall pursue them. These are really its enemies, or they are thoughtless. To have no undergraduate studies would demand that it have higher requisites than Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and other great institutions. Such a University would not have a dozen students and the General Assembly in disgust would withdraw the appropriation.

        It seems that the argument of Dr. Closs and Colonel Steele prevailed with the members of their church. The opposition soon died out. We hear no more of it.

        Another insidious attack on the University was not infrequently used, and had weight with timid parents--that Episcopal influences would so surround students that they might be induced to desert their religious faith. The answer to this is the fact that no such lapse as that has ever occurred, nor have any such influences ever been exerted. A University officer would be guilty of gross misfeasance if he should become a religious propagandist and numerous eyes, quick to detect wrong-doing in a member of the Faculty, would be ready to expose him. One familiar with college life knows that proselyting is impossible. There is no tradition in over one hundred years of the University life that it was ever attempted.

        One of the most common arguments against the University was that the denominational colleges would be deprived of their students and seriously injured if not ruined by its success. The plainest answer to this is a flat denial. President Battle counted up the Senior classes of the schools that he visited and others which he did not visit, and estimated that there were five thousand youths quite as able to obtain higher education as the eight hundred then in the University and all the colleges. Stir up the spirit of education and the numbers of all will be doubled or trebled. This estimate has been proved to be true and we now hear no more of this objection.

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        It was endeavored to prevent the resort of young men to the University by urging upon parents the danger to the morals as well as religious principles of their sons. Hence arguments were sedulously used throughout the State, not only that the University was "an Episcopal concern," because some of its officers were of that faith, but that it bred infidelity and atheism, in which there was not a word of truth; that it was a hotbed of drunkenness and wildness, because before the war there was a considerable amount of the same, but a minimum amount now; and other statements of the same character. The plan was adopted successfully of not dignifying these charges with answers, and it was not long before our students, settling in various communities, proved by their orderly behavior and high character that the University was a safe place for young men. It was ridiculous to keep up the cry of danger of perversions when not one pervert was ever heard of, while on the contrary students frequently joined their own churches while members of the University.

        Again, it is manifest that if the State is debarred from helping her own institution on account of supposed injury to certain denominational colleges, a serious injustice would be done to the various minor religious organizations, and to persons belonging to no church. It would be forcing them to subject their children to loss of higher training or to influences which their consciences do not approve, a species of propagandism contrary to the genius of our institutions, although pleasing to bitter partisans.

        A prominent preacher published in a much read newspaper an attack on President Battle for besieging the Legislature for "State aid," alleging that Presidents Caldwell and Swain both attained great success without it. The reply was overwhelming, that the State gave the University military land warrants to be located in Tennessee,--that its prosperity under Caldwell arose from the sale of a large portion of these warrants soon after 1820. The sales ceased after the panic of 1825 and the University almost ceased to have life. The remainder of the warrants were sold in 1835 for about $200,000 and prosperity under Swain came from that sale. And when by the results of

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the war the endowment from State aid was lost the University was in sore straits, nigh unto death. Always whenever it had no State aid, arising from the donated escheated warrants, the institution languished. It is impossible to have a successful University on tuition receipts alone under any circumstances, and the impossibility becomes more manifest when there is a large number of free students. The assailant of Dr. Battle then changed his expression from "State aid" to "State aid by taxation," a distinction too absurd for reasonable men.

        It was of the utmost importance that, in the various attacks by the opponents of the University, no acrimonious words should be used nor angry controversy engaged in. My plan was to confine myself to a simple explanation, correcting errors in good temper on the assumption that the adversary was under an honest mistake and would be pleased to know the truth. I was under great temptation to print an angry answer when an editor denounced me for being a lobbyist and "using all the arts of one." I consulted my constant adviser, a very wise man, Colonel William L. Saunders, Secretary of State, a Trustee and Secretary and Treasurer of the University. The Colonel was amused at my excitement. He said, "Where will you publish your answer? If in the News and Observer those who take your adversary's paper will never read it. If you send it to his paper, and if he publishes it at all, he will accompany it with a comment and with innuendos which will nullify or weaken the disclaimer. Better let it alone. The Members of the General Assembly know to what extent you are a lobbyist. Such a preposterous charge will not injure you at all." I saw the wisdom of his counsel and avoided controversy.

        The following statement is made to show the care necessary to conciliate opposition when the fate of the University was trembling in the balance. Some of the University alumni indulged in such bitter taunts against the Republicans for having ruined the institution, that there was danger that party antagonism might be aroused against the new management. I took occasion to interview Judges Settle and Tourgée, Mr. Dockery and others, and to promise faithfully that the University should be conducted strictly without partisan bias. The

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Trustees who were active in the revival of the institution, such as ex-Governor Graham, Rev. Dr. McKay, Colonel Steele, Colonel Carter, Colonel Saunders, Mr. P. C. Cameron, Judge Wm. H. Battle, Colonel Means, Mr. F. H. Busbee, Colonel Kenan, General Carr, Captain Day, Mr. R. H. Battle, and others carefully pursued this policy, and the Faculty did likewise. The students also showed a freedom from party prejudice quite remarkable. I once visited the Dialectic Society when in session. I noticed that out of the seven officers, the presidency and four others were held by Republicans. The students showed little party feeling even in election times.

        Afterwards when the Republican State Convention was about to meet I paid a visit to Judge Settle to interest him in preventing a declaration against the University being made a part of the Republican platform of principles. He and I were members of the Dialectic Society together. He had commanding influence with his party, having been already picked out as the nominee for the Governorship. I can not say how much my visit accomplished, but certainly no attack was ever made by him or his party on the institution. I was able to tell him after he and Vance spoke at Hillsboro that our students, who were allowed to hear the contest, gave the preference to his speech over Vance's as a specimen of oratory. Mr. S. F. Phillips did me the honor of saying that my trying to write a plank in the Republican platform was worthy of Governor Swain.

NEW PROFESSORS.

        In July, 1875-'76, Mr. Carey D. Grandy, of Oxford, was appointed Assistant Professor of Mathematics and Chemistry. He received his collegiate education at the Virginia Military Institute and was an able and thorough teacher.

        In the same summer Mr. Frederick William Simonds was elected by the Trustees Professor of Geology, Zoölogy, and Botany. His training was at Cornell University, where he was Instructor. Soon after his election he obtained a degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Syracuse University, that institution requiring a rigid examination but in proper cases dispensing with residence. He proved to be an expert in his department

Illustration

        ALEXANDER MCIVER

        A. W. MANGUM

        JOHN MANNING

        RALPH H. GRAVES

        T. W. HARRIS

        F. W. SIMONDS

        C. D. GRANDY

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In his instruction he required the pupils to draw the parts of insects, plants, and geologic formations with accuracy and neatness. Being requested to give a lecture in Raleigh before the State Agricultural Society, he made a profound impression on his hearers. An intelligent farmer, who had been for years a teacher, Mr. David Ker, uncle of Prof. W. C. Kerr, remarked as he left for home, "The best thing I saw at the Fair was that Chapel Hill Professor at the blackboard, drawing the figures in his lecture with both hands."

        Dr. Simonds was Professor until May, 1878, when he was unfortunately the victim of a severe attack of pneumonia, his wife being prostrated at the same time with the same disease. They thought it best to live for some years in California. He resigned his chair and became Superintendent of the Graded Schools of Los Angeles. After recovering his health he accepted the Professorship of Natural History in the University of Texas, which position he now holds. Our Faculty passed very flattering resolutions of commendation and regret at his departure from Chapel Hill.

THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

        The Historical Society of North Carolina held a formal session in June, 1876. Judge John Kerr was elected President in place of ex-Governor Graham, deceased.

        The ante-war Historical Society had no charter, was a mere voluntary organization. It was thought best to procure an act of incorporation, especially with the view of receiving the books and papers in the possession of Mrs. Eleanor Swain. This was done March 22, 1875, with the name of the Historical Society of North Carolina. The incorporators named were William A. Graham, William Hooper, Thomas Atkinson, Charles Phillips, F. M. Hubbard, Charles F. Deems, Braxton Craven, William H. Battle, M. E. Manly, B. F. Moore, R. M. Pearson, E. G. Reade, Nereus Mendenhall, John H. Wheeler, Z. B. Vance, Calvin H. Wiley, George Davis, William Eaton, R. B. Creecy, D. H. Hill, S. D. Pool, W. C. Kerr, William S. Harris, K. P. Battle, G. D. Bernheim, George V. Strong, Cyrus L. Hunter, and Cornelia Phillips Spencer. This list contains some of the

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names of those who had the reputation of being interested in historical pursuits. The corporation had the powers conferred in Chapter 26 of Battle's Revisal, as well as those specially named in the charter. The corporation could acquire and hold property, principally books and papers of the late Historical Society of North Carolina. The officer in charge of the Capitol could give the Society the use of a room, provided it would not inconvenience a State officer or a committee of the General Assembly. The corporation was organized under this charter, ex-Governor Graham being chosen President.

        Notwithstanding the distinguished names of the corporators the people of the State could not be induced to become members of the Society. Three strenuous efforts have been made to procure members at the small fee of one dollar, but in vain. Mrs. Swain refused to surrender the books and papers of the old Society, alleging that they were the private property of her late husband. Mrs. Spencer, who was one of her intimate friends, at the request of the Society, exhausted her powers of persuasion in the endeavor to induce her to change her decision.

        At President Swain's death there were in the collection letters of Washington, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Joseph Bonaparte, Baron DeKalb, Edmund Fanning, General Gates, General Greene, Cornelius Harnett, Thomas Jefferson, John Paul Jones, La Fayette, James Madison, James K. Polk, John Rutledge, Count de Rochambeau, Baron Steuben, Talleyrand, Chief Justice Taney, General Wayne, Daniel Webster, General Lincoln, and many others. Some are still on hand. Evidently some came from the papers of Governor Burke and Governor Caswell, and strictly belonged originally to the State. Until the building of the Capitol at Raleigh public documents were kept by officers at their homes and often were not carefully separated from their private papers. Very many were hopelessly lost. President Swain should not be harshly blamed for the loss of manuscripts in his possession as trustee, because his death was unexpected. He had until he was stricken senseless a full hope of recovery, and at the time of his death he claimed to be President of the University. There was

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no other President, Mr. Pool being elected some months afterward. We must suppose that if he had lived that he would have done what was right. He never claimed the papers as his own. On the contrary he had aided in publishing in a forgotten copy of the University magazine the fact that they belonged to the Historical Society. At the date of his death there was no one entitled to receive them. He was petitioning the new Board to recognize him as President of the University and rightful custodian of the property. Mrs. Swain, finding the books and papers in his library alongside his own, and mixed with letters of her grandfather, Governor Caswell, naturally thought that they were vested in her as executrix. President Pool made no claim for them, so she had nearly seven years possession before the new North Carolina Society applied to her for their transfer, and naturally regarded her title as indefeasible.

        Afterwards she found a paper stating that the bound books in the collection were the property of the Historical Society, and she promptly surrendered them. Furthermore she bequeathed by will the unsold papers and manuscripts to the State or to the University as her executors, Judge Walter Clark and Mr. R. H. Battle, should elect. After subjecting them to the inspection of Col. W. L. Saunders to be used in finishing the Colonial Records, they decided in favor of the University, so that the title is not in the Historical Society.

        While the collection is valuable there are lamentable gaps in it. It is stated and believed, though I know not the authority, that autographs were selected and sold to Dr. Thomas Addis Emmett, of New York, for $400. Mr. Paul C. Cameron is authority for the statement that at least one hundred letters, addressed to his grandfather, Richard Bennehan, were loaned to President Swain. Not one can be found. A similar fact is true in regard to the Webb papers from the collections of Members of Congress to Alexander Mebane and Richard Stanford. Mr. John M. Webb, the eminent teacher of Bellbuckle, Tennessee, made a special journey of twenty miles to recover these from President Swain, but was influenced to return home without them. They have all disappeared. The portrait of

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George III, which General Nathanael Greene turned face to wall and wrote on the back, "Oh, George! hide thy face and mourn," was loaned to President Swain. It was sold at the auction of Mrs. Swain's effects and was purchased by Mr. Wm. J. Andrews, of Raleigh.

        A part of Judge Archibald Murphey's collections were once in the custody of the mythical North Carolina Historical Society. They were loaned to Joseph S. Jones, usually called Shocco Jones, the author of "A Defence of North Carolina." When he left North Carolina for Mississippi he deposited the box containing the Murphey papers in the building of the Branch Bank of Cape Fear, at Raleigh. After some years Wm. A. Graham, then Governor, and President Swain induced the bank officers to surrender them to the latter. I think some of these have disappeared.

DEATH OF DR. HOOPER.

        On the 4th July, 1876, Rev. Dr. Wm. Hooper, former Professor in the University, then living with his son-in-law, Prof. J. DeBerniere Hooper, journeyed to Philadelphia to attend a meeting of the descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. The visit was fatal to him. He never recovered from the exposures suffered in the journey. He died on the 25th of August, and at his request was buried by the side of his mother and her second husband, President Joseph Caldwell, in the grave once marked by a crumbling sandstone shaft. In 1904 the remains of the three bodies were transferred to the east side of the new Caldwell monument as is particularly described in the first volume of this history.

        The Faculty passed resolutions, penned by Mrs. Cornelia Phillips Spencer. "Dr. Hooper's life was a bright example of Christian virtue, of rare culture and of singular social excellence." In 1816 he brought his bride, a daughter of Solicitor-General Jones, to Chapel Hill and began his life work as preacher and teacher. He devoted with unselfish aim to the service of his fellow men, talents and attainments which in the academy and in the pulpit, or with the aid of the press, were never idle. "He gave the University his best years, was during

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his whole life its staunch friend, and shed on her the lustre of his ripe and elegant scholarship, his broad and catholic charity, his unblemished career as a most useful and honored citizen and noble Christian gentleman."

MEETING OF TRUSTEES.

        In 1876-'77 Rev. Dr. Charles Phillips was granted a furlough for the purpose of going North in order to consult experts in regard to his disease. The benefit proved to be very slight, if any at all. Professors Graves and Grandy very ably supplied his place.

        Professor Redd, who had under his charge two great departments, Chemistry and Physics, found it impracticable to do justice to them without a large addition to the apparatus for instruction. The $200 heretofore allowed him proved altogether insufficient. He accordingly asked for $600 for General Chemistry, $1,000 for Applied Chemistry, and $1,500 for Physics, in all $3,100. The Board concluded to allow him $2,000, not a large sum, but seriously encroaching on the assets of the University. Professor Redd was not, however, long burdened with Physics, it being thought best, with his concurrence, to place that department under charge of Professor Graves. Professor Kimberly was voted $200 for his department. Mr. Kimberly was nearly as lavish in his requests as Professor Redd. He had been teaching in the basement of Smith Hall, the old laboratory. He asked for $1,500 to remove to the New East Building and $1,300 for the purchase of various utensils. As he resigned his professorship no action was taken, though $200 was voted to his department.

        Messrs. B. F. Moore, Seaton Gales, and K. P. Battle were appointed to raise funds by donation for additional apparatus and Mrs. Cornelia Phillips Spencer was requested to procure gifts of the same kind. The success of Mrs. Spencer is elsewhere shown; that of the committee was inconsiderable.

        Professor Winston offered a prize of $10 for the best Latin student and $15 for the best and $10 for the next best of the students of 1877. Professor Redd offered similar prizes in chemistry.

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        Mrs. Spencer handed over to the Treasurer of the Board $43 contributed by the young ladies of the Misses Nash and Kollock school for the purchase of a barometer. Also a check for $25 sent by Mrs. Jos. J. Davis, paid by ladies of Louisburg, for the purchase of scientific apparatus.

BEHAVIOR OF STUDENTS.

        The first session of the reborn University, ending June, 1876, was harmonious as a rule. The sixty-nine students seemed to feel their responsibility, to realize that the eyes of the State were on them, that apprehension was felt that at Chapel Hill would be a revival of the wild pranks that were played in the days before the war. There were two or three, however, whose spirit of mischief or love of fun could not be repressed. Nocturnal peals came from the University bell, and shouts resounded which were not in the course of elocutionary practice. Some of the old by-laws, reinstated by the Trustees, were exceedingly vexatious and their reasonableness was not apparent to the students. The younger Professors occasionally engaged in races after law breakers and showed fleetness of foot in pursuit of robbers of the repose of the students and villagers.

        On one occasion there was a revival going on in one of the churches of the town. At a mock meeting of a small group of students burlesque sermons were preached, ridiculous exhortations addressed to grinning sinners, pretended mourners called up. This thoughtless desecration steeled the hearts of the Faculty against the offenders, five in number. Efforts were made to procure pardon for them. Ladies in town petitioned for them. The two societies added their petition, offering to be responsible for their good behavior. But the Faculty were unrelenting. When those under condemnation, who were popular among their fellows, entered their carriage to journey over the melancholy road to Durham, the students in sympathetic procession, in some instances deserting their classrooms, escorted them to near the corporate limits of Chapel Hill. Passing the house of Dr. Phillips they were stopped by the

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highly respected Chairman of the Faculty. His solemn and touching address of admonition and appeal, beginning: "Gentlemen, this is all wrong," will never be forgotten by those who heard it. It was instantly and completely successful and the marchers turned back ashamed. There were no further signs of insubordination. Four of those dismissed were later allowed to return and became graduates.

        Three members of the Visiting Committee, viz., Kemp P. Battle, Chairman, Rev. Dr. N. McKay, and John Manning, Rev. Dr. Wiley and Major Gales absent, spent several days at Chapel Hill and made a critical inspection of the condition of the University and the methods of instruction. They concluded that the Agricultural Department, as separate from the others, was a failure and would probably continue to be so. Those taking the branches relating to agriculture could do so in other classes pursuing scientific subjects. The committee therefore recommended that a young man be employed who had paid particular attention to Biology, Botany and kindred branches at an initial salary of $1,000. As Professor Kimberly was an expert in Chemistry only, which was under the charge of Professor Redd, and was not an expert in these subjects, he resigned his chair and returned to Buncombe, where he soon died. The saving of a large part of his salary was of importance to the University treasury.

        The Visiting Committee further reported that, owing to the frequent disability from sickness of the Chairman of the Faculty, Dr. Phillips, the interests of the University required the election of a President. He should not have as onerous duties in teaching as Dr. Phillips had, but should spend much time in making addresses and popularizing the University. The Board adopted the suggestion and agreed to meet on the 16th of June, 1876, in Raleigh, for the purpose of choosing this officer.

        On the 26th of May, 1876, died a very prominent educator, Ralph Henry Graves, the elder, who was an efficient Tutor of Mathematics in the University, 1837 to 1843, and then a

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Principal of classical schools of high reputation, for some years a partner with James H. Horner, in the excellent Horner and Graves School at Oxford and Hillsboro. He was father of Prof. R. H. Graves, of the University. The resolution passed by the University is not at all exaggerated. It was said "His course affords an example of elevated principle in his social relations, of faithfulness and proficiency in the discharge of his professional duties, and of honorable zeal in the cause of education. Of a spirit pure and unselfish he united the firmness of the faith which he professed with Christian humility and meekness. * * * The memory of his virtue will still live and shed a benign influence upon the minds of all who appreciate moral excellence."

        The resolution was written by Prof. J. DeBerniere Hooper, the elegance of whose style was much admired.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1876.

        In preparing for Commencement the Faculty concluded to abolish public declamation, as being beneath the dignity of the University. It was thought best to teach the manner of speaking in the classroom. The two societies were requested to choose six debaters each, leaving to the Faculty to designate out of these three from each. This plan was not acceptable to the electing bodies, so they chose three representatives each and tendered them to the Faculty, who acquiesced in the arrangement.

        Mr. R. H. Smith, of Halifax, a prominent planter and lawyer of Halifax, was chosen to deliver an address on Agricultural Education. He declined and Prof. W. C. Kerr, State Geologist, was substituted. Judge Robert P. Dick accepted the invitation to deliver an address on Education. Mr. K. P. Battle was invited to deliver an address on the Past, Present and Future of the University, but he was unable to comply on account of conflicting engagements. Governor Vance was pressed to deliver an address on the Life and Character of the late President Swain, which he was unable to do until the next year. Rev. Dr. Thomas H. Pritchard, of the Baptist Church, was selected to preach the annual sermon.

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        The Commencement of 1876 revived the memories of the grand ceremonies of old times. The attendance was large, the addresses of the best, and the weather in temperature and shine of sun perfect. The preacher and orators had won wide fame as public speakers.

        The original speeches by the society representatives were voted to be quite equal to the efforts usually heard on such occasions. They were delivered on Tuesday night. Arthur Arrington, of Louisburg, spoke on "The Influence of Great Examples"; William B. Phillips, of Chapel Hill, on "The Ancient German Confederation"; W. J. Peele, of Northampton County, on "Liberty"; R. L. Payne, of Lexington, on "Esse quam Videri"; J. B. Lewis, of Nash County, a Eulogy on Edwin W. Fuller, and John H. Dobson, of Surry County, on "North Carolina."

        On Wednesday morning the address before the two literary societies was delivered by Hon. Alfred Moore Waddell, a Representative in Congress and an alumnus of the University of the Class of 1854. He was distinguished for his eloquence and polished diction and fully on this day sustained his reputation. He was introduced to the audience by R. E. Caldwell, with whom on the stage were J. McNeill and E. J. Hill.

        In the evening the annual sermon was preached by Rev. Dr. Thomas H. Pritchard. He was eminent as one of the ablest preachers in his denomination in the State, the Baptist, and indeed in any denomination. His sermon was full of wise counsel, couched in burning words, directed against the infidelity of the age.

        On Thursday, being Commencement Day, there was an oration by Hon. Robert P. Dick, of the Class of 1843, a Judge of the Supreme Court of this State and afterwards of the United States District Court. The invitation to him showed a determination to have no politics in the management of the institution. His address was so felicitous and eloquent that the Trustees gave him a vote of thanks. The behavior of the students throughout the week was so exceedingly orderly that the Board of Trustees recorded a vote of thanks to them also.

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        While there was general commendation of the speeches of the representatives of the two literary societies, not a few of the young ladies said that the words of Mr. P. C. Cameron in congratulation of and counsel to the young men who had won prizes were among the best things at Commencement. In truth his short speeches were always the most appropriate of their kind.

        At the close of Judge Dick's address, there being no graduates, the annual report was read.

        A contemporary writer makes this note: "Messrs. W. B. Phillips, of Chapel Hill, and R. L. Payne, of Lexington, proved themselves so nearly equal in scholarship in their chemical studies that the Faculty was unable to decide between them, and a medal was assigned to each. The two young rivals in honorable strife walked up arm in arm to receive their prizes."

        The Chief Marshal, Mr. Frank M. Fremont, filled his office with grace and dignity and was well supported by his aids, W. B. Phillips and R. L. Payne, Di's, and Julian Baker and Joseph C. Powell, Phi's. The ladies were present in full force from Hillsboro, Raleigh, Fayetteville, Charlotte, Greensboro, Pittsboro, Louisburg, Durham, Lexington, New Bern, and Chapel Hill. The young people had their usual festivities at the Ball on Thursday night, and everything passed off as merry as a marriage bell.

        The honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity (D.D.), was conferred on Rev. Joseph Caldwell Huske, of Fayetteville, and Rev. Evander McNair, of Arkansas. Dr. Huske was a graduate in 1841.

        In recognition of the ability with which he had conducted his department, George T. Winston was created a full Professor of Latin and German. Professor Hooper was confined to Greek and French.

        At a meeting of the Board of Trustees it was voted that the interests of the University required the election of a President and a special meeting was called for that purpose in the Governor's office in Raleigh on June 16th and that the Secretary should give notice of the same especially to each Trustee.

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        As the time of election of a President approached there developed two parties with their peculiar views on the subject of fitness for the position.

        Some few of the younger Trustees wished for a man who had been strikingly identified on the part of the South in the recent war. They favored Jefferson Davis, Joseph E. Johnston, William Preston, son of Albert Sidney Johnston, or Gen. Matt W. Ransom. The other party thought that the financial and other difficulties required a native of the State known to and acquainted with her people, peculiarly identified with the University and loving it with his whole soul, a Democrat, yet not an active politician, and therefore not offensive to men of the opposite party. He must also be a man with experience in dealing with men and not easily ruffled into loss of temper or vindictive retaliation by opposition however malignant. Above all he must be a "one-idead man," and that idea the University.

        Secretary Battle had addressed all his energies to the revival of the University, the difficulties in the way being more formidable than can be understood at this day. The success of the lovers of the University has already been chronicled, but with only sixty-nine students the first year, a gratifying number, however, under the circumstances, it was manifest that better things must be accomplished. An officer must be chosen who would not only be the directing power at Chapel Hill, but who would keep the University before the public by writings and speeches, and, whenever possible, by obtaining money.

        Several Trustees had from time to time in 1875 expressed to Mr. Kemp Plummer Battle their wishes that he would consent to allow his name to go before the Board for the office, but his answer was that he had a home in Raleigh, of which he and his wife were fond, and that he doubted if he had the temperament of an executive officer, that when he was student and Trustee eight years the duties of President Swain seemed to him the most irksome and unpleasant of any imaginable. But when he saw the failure of the plan of having a Chairman of the Faculty and the urgent need of an active chief officer, and

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that no available man was before the public, he began to have grave "searchings of heart."

        The urgency of an old friend, a deskmate at school when they were ten years of age, determined him to undertake the perilous task. It was Col. Rufus Lenoir Patterson, a Republican, a great-grandson of Gen. William Lenoir, of the Revolution, and son of Gen. Samuel F. Patterson, once State Treasurer. He was a Trustee of the University as were his father and great-grandfather, and had lived in Raleigh when a boy, his father then being President of the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad Company. Mr. Battle took him to ride around the city to see the changes in thirty years. They naturally talked of the University, of which Patterson was a graduate in 1852. He said, "Kemp, you must agree to be President. There are some Trustees in favor of electing a man on the war idea, of perpetuating feelings of hostility, which ought to be allowed to slumber. His influence will inculcate hostility to our party; his election will be considered an insult and the Republicans will be bound to oppose him. We have confidence in your fairness. You are not a bitter partisan. I feel safe in pledging my party to your support."

        Secretary Battle saw the reasonableness of what he said. He knew the strength of the forces antagonizing openly and secretly the University, and that the Republicans held the balance of power. It could not be advanced to a higher sphere without their coöperation. The plan of appealing to the bitter ideas of the Civil War would make the University one-sided and end in disaster. Besides no great man of the Confederacy talked about could be induced to undertake the work for any salary that could be paid him. To offer the Presidency to a second rate man simply for his war services would be a fatal mistake. This was the state of things when the Board of Trustees met on the 16th of June, 1876.

        Little was done on the first day. The Board met the next day in the Governor's office. On account of the number, twenty-seven, adjournment was had to the Senate chamber. The Trustees present were: J. S. Amis, D. M. Carter, W. H. Day, P. B. Means, W. L. Saunders, J. H. Thorp, J. A.

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Gilmer, John Manning, Dr. John McIver, R. B. Peebles, W. L. Twitty, John Kerr, N. McKay, B. F. Moore, R. L. Patterson, W. L. Steele, Joseph Williams, W. H. Battle, K. P. Battle, P. C. Cameron, J. A. Graham, Lewis Latham, Z. B. Vance, C. H. Wiley, P. H. Winston, Jr., J. E. Dugger, and S. M. Gales. After some routine business Judge Kerr moved to go into the election of a President. The motion was carried. His motion to make the salary $2,000 was amended by Mr. Manning so as to read $2,500. In order to throw light on the question whether a President should be elected the Treasurer's report was called for.

        The reports by the Treasurer of the receipts and expenditures during the half-year are pathetic, instructive too, in showing from what small things the new University has grown. There was the interest on the land grant, $3,750. Then there was an extraordinary item and not likely to be repeated, an escheat of $1,516.80. This was liable to be repaid if an owner should appear in five years, which fortunately did not happen. The next item was tuition fees collected semi-annually from the sixty-nine students, which was for the year $1,680. There were temporary loans $1,096, and subscriptions to the revival of the University not needed for repairs $3,320. In all $11,362.80, and of this meagre amount the prospective amount of tuition fees was a totally uncertain quantity, the interest paid by the State would of course remain stationary, the loans and subscriptions would soon disappear, and no escheat would probably again fall in.

        The expenditures for the first term included $6,651.31 for repairs, $3,860 for salaries, $322.02 for apparatus, $300.20 for advertising and printing, and $98.64 for court cost, freight and postage, leaving a balance in the treasury of $405.61.

THE NEW PRESIDENT. 1876.

        Judge Gilmer moved to go into the election of a President, which was agreed to. Secretary Battle obtained leave to retire and W. L. Saunders took his place. The vote was by ballot. Kemp Plummer Battle was nominated by Judge Gilmer

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and received sixteen votes, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, nominated by W. H. Day, five; M. W. Ransom one, and Montfort McGehee three, so that Battle was chosen by over three-fifths majority. Being sent for he accepted the office, making no speech because many Trustees were desirous of taking the train soon to start. Resigning the office of Secretary and Treasurer, Major Seaton Gales was chosen in his stead.

        A newspaper of the day has this to say in regard to the propriety of electing Secretary Battle to the Presidency: "When reorganization was undertaken the first suggestion was the selection of a President who would give character to the institution and attract patronage by the fame of its chief. High scholarship was not so much the desideratum as that brilliant general reputation in arms or in politics, so fascinating to young men. Most fortunately the fortunes of the University were then too humble to attract these shining lights down into the obscure academic groves, and the choice was then narrowed to home and our people. It fell, when narrowed, by common consent upon Kemp P. Battle, to whom the common judgment assigned, and very rightly too, remarkable qualifications. He had been educated at the University, he had served for some years as tutor in the institution, he had become a lawyer and a successful one, he was a planter, and a good and practical one, he had been State Treasurer of North Carolina, and in every position had displayed sound practical sense, enlightened by broad views; and also such perfect integrity and just and fair dealing that every feature combined to make his selection the fittest that could have been made. He accepted with much personal sacrifice, for he surrendered his business and the comforts of his charming home in Raleigh to engage in the arduous work of reconstructing the University, with a certain amount of privation and with unmistakable assumption of very new and very hard labors. * * * To his tact, his judgment, his vast industry and his indomitable energy, his learning, his suavity of manner and his large acquaintance with men, the resuscitation of the University is largely due."

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        To the above considerations moving the Trustees to their choice can be added that from childhood Secretary Battle had been devoted to the University, as had been his near ancestors, his grandfather having matriculated in 1798, and his father having graduated in 1820. He was a resident of Chapel Hill during the most impressible part of his life, from his eleventh to his twenty-fourth year. He was a Trustee of the old and the new University and of the Executive Committee in both. As chairman of a committee in 1867 he had made an elaborate report on reorganization, which was nearly unanimously adopted. And he had been active in procuring payment of interest on the land grant by the General Assembly and contributions for repairs by the alumni and other friends.

        Another consideration in favor of Secretary Battle was, as Colonel Patterson urged, his acceptability to the leaders of the party opposed to his. This was for two causes: First, as State Treasurer, owing to the complication of the revenue laws existing in 1866-'68, he was called on to decide a large number of disputed questions. He thus acted as a Judge and was so fortunate as to gain the reputation of being strictly impartial. In the second place, he had become weary of the excitement of politics, and, from being an ardent partisan, he became a quiet lawyer. The third cause of his having the favor of the Republicans was that when as president he assisted in reviving the State Agricultural Society, in the conduct of the Fair, the first held after the war, he gave the leaders their due weight as judges and other officers. This gave offense to suspicious political leaders of his own party. He was, to his amusement, censured in the leading newspaper for this course, and called "Mugwump" and "Brindle-tail," but he correspondingly gained the favor of opponents. This led to Governor Caldwell's selection of him as Superintendent of Public Instruction, stating that he as such Superintendent might obtain appropriations from a Democratic Legislature for the education of the children of the State, but that one of the opposite party would not be listened to. Although the Supreme Court decided that the Governor had no right to appoint

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the Superintendent, his endorsement of Secretary Battle gained him favor with thinking men.

        By an exhibition of ordinary honesty Mr. Battle happened to gain popularity among the colored people. When president of the State Agricultural Society, a silver trumpet was offered to the Firemen's Company sending up the highest stream from engines worked by human power, and it was won by the colored company of Raleigh. The secretary read out the victory as gained by a white company. It was probably a mistake but the negroes thought otherwise. As soon as the president heard of it he rectified the error, and afterwards presented the trumpet in public to the captain of the company in the presence of his members and of a large assembly of citizens gathered to witness the ceremony. He accompanied the gift with a short speech certifying to the skill and energy always shown by the colored people in fighting fires in the city. They were at that time suspicious of the fair dealing of the whites in public matters and gave the president of the Agricultural Society the credit of obtaining their rights.

        Moved by this kindly feeling, when there was a vacancy on the Board of Commissioners of Raleigh, the Republicans being in the majority, the colored members united with the Democrats and elected Mr. Battle to the place. He found the finances of the city in apparently inextricable confusion, but availing himself of the experience gained in the office of State Treasurer, he soon untangled the knot and placed the money matters of the city in satisfactory shape. A Sinking Fund was placed in his charge, a position he held until he removed to Chapel Hill.

        When Johns Hopkins University, with its ample endowment, was inaugurated, President Gilman and his Professor of Greek, Dr. B. L. Gildersleeve, made a tour of the Southern colleges in order to gain information useful in carrying out the will of the founder in regard to scholarships. They sought an interview with President Battle, who happened to be in Raleigh. In the course of the conversation Dr. Gildersleeve asked "What is the income of your institution?" He replied, "Seven thousand five hundred dollars from the State and tuition

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fees." With a sympathizing look he said, "I am sorry for you." The gloominess of the existing conditions was admitted, but the University had been in worse straits in former days and had emerged with flying colors.

SESSION OF 1876.

        There was much interest felt in the opening of the new session in July, 1876. It showed a healthful increase from sixty-nine to one hundred and twelve, and the friends of the institution took heart.

        Before his election President Battle had agreed to deliver on the 4th of July, 1876, an address on the early history of Raleigh in commemoration of the selection of the site of the city in 1792. There was required much research and nothing could be done with his University duties until the discharge of this engagement. As soon as that was finished he journeyed to Chapel Hill. The mode of conveyance from Durham was very primitive. The strength of the horses was exhausted when they had arrived at the bottom of the long hill ascending to the village, and the newly elected head of the University, instead of arriving on the scene of his labors with the stately ceremony befitting such an occasion, with alacrity walked a mile up the hill, but, unlike the "mighty King of France," did not walk down again.

        He at once plunged into his new duties. In addition to those pertaining to the executive department, he gave instruction in Constitutional and International Law, Political Economy and, to the Land Grant students, Business Law. In order to obtain if possible a knowledge of the character of the students he informed himself of the histories of their fathers' and mothers' families. He copied these into a book which the students soon called the "Pedigree Book." To the best of his ability he carried out the policy of making them self-respecting gentlemen. He gave credence practically to their words even if he had doubts as to the statement. He adhered to this natural manner of treating them familiarly as friends and no one became in consequence presumptuous.

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        By the Act for the creation of the Agricultural Department the Scientific Department of the University was strengthened, the State Geologist being required to lecture two months on such subjects as the Faculty might prescribe. They chose the Geology of North Carolina.

        As it was absolutely essential to deal fairly with the Land Grant appropriation the President sought and obtained leave to visit some Agricultural and Mechanical colleges which had the reputation of being successful. Fortunately Prof. W. C. Kerr, State Geologist, whose wide acquaintance with scientific men much facilitated the investigations, accompanied him. They visited Tuft's College at Boston, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Sheffield Scientific School, under control of Yale University, the Wesleyan University, where experiments were being carried on by Prof. W. O. Atwater, the Connecticut State Fair, Williams College, the New Jersey Agricultural and Mechanical College under the charge of Rutgers College, and at a subsequent time the President alone visited the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Virginia, at Blacksburg, now Virginia Polytechnic Institute. His observations led him to the conclusion, and he so reported, that this University was carrying out the Act of Congress of 1862, by theoretical teaching of the branches of learning relating to Agricultural and the Mechanic Arts. The cultivation of fields and orchards and the rearing of cattle, together with experiments on all such subjects, could not be undertaken unless special funds should be given for the purpose.

        In this year it was thought best to strengthen the teaching in the branches relating to Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts by the employment of William H. Smith, of Michigan, a Doctor of Philosophy, as Professor of Natural History. He proved to be a teacher of decided merit, quite an accomplished expert in his department. A pamphlet was prepared by him for general distribution instructing in the art of taxidermy, probably the first attempt of this kind in the State. The circular was issued October 30, 1876, in pamphlet form. It contained minute directions, such as had never been given before in this State, for skinning and preserving the skins, feathers

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and eggs of birds and mammals, for the preservation of reptiles, fish, insects, plants, crabs, lobsters, starfish and sea urchins, corals and sponges. Instructions were also given in regard to specimens of minerals, rocks and fossils, soils and well borings. If the directions given by Professor Smith had been more generally followed throughout the State the University Museum would have been greatly increased in value, and a practical acquaintance with it would have enlightened our people. For personal reasons Professor Smith resigned in the spring of 1877.

        In the fall of 1876 the executive committee of the State Grange made inquiries of President Battle as to the work of the Agricultural Department of the University. On November 1st he made an elaborate reply, which was extensively published and quieted criticism for nearly ten years. After reciting the Act of Congress he called attention to the catalogue which showed that the "branches relating to Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts" had especial attention. "For example, Chemistry, including the composition and analysis of soils, manure, etc.; Botany, Zoölogy, including domestic animals and their foes; Geology, including character of soils; Mineralogy, especially the minerals of our State; Mechanics, including agricultural implements; Physics, light and heat as influencing plant life; also Meteorology; Engineering, including road making, land surveying, etc.; Mathematics necessary for Mechanics, Engineering, etc. All this is in addition to the English Language and Literature, Political Economy, Constitutional and International Law, and the Greek and Latin and the German and French languages needed to make our students intelligent citizens."

        The sequel, however, shows that, moved largely by the example of Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges of other States, who had supplemented the Congressional grant by large donations from the public treasury, the public came to demand an education more largely practical than the words of the Act of Congress required. For the present, owing to the expense necessary, the construction adopted by the University was allowed to stand. The details of the instruction offered were

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left to the Trustees and Faculty of the University. Theoretical and not practical instruction was employed. When at a later date the practical mode of instruction was adopted by the State the costly buildings and apparatus of the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at Raleigh show that President Battle was correct in the position that all this could not be done on the slender means of the University, $7,500 per annum. In 1887 the transfer of the $125,000 Land Grant Fund was made to the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

ELECTION OF TRUSTEES IN 1876-'77.

        As has been explained, by Act of 1873-'74, it was provided that there should be sixty-four Trustees of the University elected by joint ballot to be divided into four classes, sixteen in each class, so that every two years that number, increased by vacancies for any cause, must be elected. At the election in 1876-'77 the Senate appointed a committee to recommend nominees. The committee consulted with friends of the institution and reported a faultless list. In the House of Representatives a motion was made and carried to adjourn for a short while and let the Members from each Congressional District select the nominees. The result was that good and true men on the Senate list were omitted and, owing to the more numerous voters in the House, its ticket was chosen. Unfortunately two of the most active and useful members of the Board, identified with the reopening of the institution, Colonels W. L. Saunders and D. M. Carter, were omitted. They immediately sent in resignations of their unexpired terms.

        Knowing that this oversight was accidental, and being unwilling to part with such valuable officers, realizing too that the plan adopted by the House, if continued, would result in a Board of Trustees whose members would be too remote from Chapel Hill for efficient business, President Battle proposed that sixteen additional Trustees should be elected "from points conveniently accessible to the University" and to be classified as was the existing Board. The bill was passed in 1877, Colonels Carter and Saunders were reëlected and consented to serve.

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        The plan of election of Trustees now usually adopted (1912) is to have a joint select committee of the two Houses, who investigate and report to their bodies the names of those who ought to be chosen. The nominations are invariably ratified. At first effort was made to give the minority party a fair representation. Recently complaint has been made that the dominant party is disposed to take more than their share. There has been no charge, however, that the spirit of party has been evident in the choice of Professors or in the practical management of University affairs. Of course the General Assembly can change at will this mode of selection. It is praiseworthy that there never has been any symptom of "packing" the Board in order to carry into effect any measure.

THE UNIVERSITY SECRETARY AND TREASURER.

        When President Battle was elected President he had been borrowing, as Treasurer, considerable sums for annual expenses from the Citizens National Bank of Raleigh on his individual credit, pledging as collateral the expected receipts from donations. These loans were negotiated more readily because he had been a director and attorney for the bank from its organization. Major Gales continued to hold both offices of Secretary and Treasurer until April 1, 1877, when he resigned the Treasurership and President Battle took his place, declining any part of the salary, which was all paid to Gales, his object being to obtain money from the bank more easily. On the death of Gales in 1878 Col. W. L. Saunders was chosen Secretary under the same arrangement, but when all the solvent subscriptions were collected, President Battle gave up the Treasurership and Colonel Saunders held both offices. Ordinarily it would have been dangerous to endorse a note in bank with only a subscription paper as collateral, but President Battle well knew the subscribers and his trust in their faithfulness was not in vain. By the arrangement the Professors and other officers were regularly and promptly paid until the exhaustion of the subscriptions.

        The Secretary and Treasurer held ex officio another office, that of Escheator-General. His duties were to appoint a

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lawyer in each county to keep watch on all escheats, that is, roughly, land having no owner. For many years, when aliens could not inherit land in North Carolina, substantial benefits were derived from escheats, but a change in the law renders them of little value and the emolument to the officer of five per cent on receipts by no means corresponds to the grandeur of the title of Escheator-General.

LAW SCHOOL INAUGURATED.

        The Law School of Judge Battle was reopened in January, 1877, under the stipulations laid down on October 3, 1845, and recited in the various catalogues since. A striking feature of the same was that his Independent students were not subject to the usual University discipline, nor was he responsible for the conduct of any but the law students. There were two classes, the Independent, having no connection with the University, and the University class, consisting of students of the University. Particular attention was directed to preparation for obtaining license to practice law, and it was sought in addition to give a broad general knowledge of the law. The degree of Bachelor of Laws, ordinarily obtained after two years of study, was granted. The fees were: for the Independent class, $50 per term or $100 a year; for the University class, $35 per term or $70 a year. On the payment of $150 the student could attend four terms.

        At the meeting of the Board of Trustees Mr. P. C. Cameron strongly urged that the University should use every effort to secure the construction of a railroad from Chapel Hill to the North Carolina Railroad.

        On his motion likewise the Board tendered its thanks to Mrs. Cornelia P. Spencer for her unflagging interest in the University, her able efforts in its behalf and for her clear and intelligent reports of transactions in connection with one of its most important adjuncts. This was the Summer Normal School.

        Thanks were offered to Governor Vance for his able, eloquent and instructive address on President Swain. And to

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Col. D. M. Carter for his strong and effective argument for the University in the Circuit Court of the United States, involving the quantity of land to be allotted to it, as necessary to its existence as a State institution.

        On February 6, 1877, Person Hall was destroyed by fire. The Faculty concluded that it was caused by the pipe of a large stove being located too near a rafter in the roof. The walls were so thick that the only loss was the interior woodwork and the tin, aggregating about $1,000. This was one of the earliest buildings, finished in 1798. For a long time it was fitted for and used as a Chapel. In 1838 Gerrard Hall was completed, called the New, and the other the Old Chapel. About 1840 it was divided into four rooms for the use of the Professors of Greek, of Latin, of Logic and Rhetoric, and of the Tutor of Ancient Languages. Shortly before the fire the partitions were removed and the building given to the department of Chemistry. By the aid of contributions from Professor Redd, J. S. Carr, S. F. Phillips, John W. Fries and others the building was speedily restored to its original shape.

        A ludicrous circumstance happened at the fire. While the flames were raging in the attic a ladder was produced and a student, Engelhard, started to mount it. Professor Redd excitedly shouted, "Come down, Mr. Engelhard, that is dangerous. The walls may crumble." Then turning to a negro, he said, "I will give you $10 if you will go up." The negro thought he was worth to himself as much as Mr. Engelhard was to himself and declined the bounty. There was no danger, however, as the walls were so firm that they were not taken down in the rebuilding. A sketch of General Person may be found in the first volume.

        In the next month the time honored speeches of Latin Salutatory and Valedictory were abolished, though by an odd inconsistency the best scholar in the graduating class was for several years termed the Valedictorian, his speech, however, not at all flavored with farewell ideas. As explained in Volume I, up to 1838 the Salutatory oration was the prize of the highest distinction. After that year it was reduced to the

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second rank and the Valedictory was first. Then, on the initiative of President Swain, because serious difficulties had occurred from the conflicting claims of ambitious honor men, they were grouped in three classes. Those who were in the first class, at one time as many as eight, cast lots for the Salutatory and Valedictory orations. The memory of former precedence made the latter the most prized, while the drawer of the other frequently exchanged it with one entitled to an English speech. Rarely a student was so preëminent that the Valedictory was conceded to him by the Faculty. General Pettigrew was one of these.

VISITING COMMITTEE AND BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

        The second Visiting Committee was P. C. Cameron, D. M. Carter, W. S. Saunders, Calvin H. Wiley and Rev. Dr. Neill McKay. They made an oral report which was very favorable to the management, after a visit to the University in the spring of 1877.

        At the June, 1877, meeting of the Board the Faculty made an earnest report on the subject of beneficiaries. The present system led to a serious injury to the independence of students, to the culture of the University and to the finances. It resulted in a majority being on the nonpaying list. They recommended that all, save the county appointees, should pay $30 at the beginning of each term. The recommendation was adopted with an amendment offered by Mr. R. H. Battle, that the Faculty by a two-thirds vote could admit without payment. This provision to some extent checked the movement towards free admission of nonpaying students.

        On account of the continued ill health of Dr. Charles Phillips, Carey D. Grandy, an accomplished mathematician, was added to the Faculty with a salary of $700.

        It is sad proof of the poverty of the institution that the Executive Committee felt bound to refuse the Librarian so small a sum as $100 for the purchase of books and periodicals.

        Mr. Cameron moved that President Battle, if he should think proper, should be allowed at the expense of the University to canvass Northern cities for subscriptions. After

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inquiries of Dr. Deems and other friends at the North it was concluded that such solicitations were not likely to be successful. The liberal people had been already so importuned that there was a feeling of disgust. Many college and school presidents had made the effort and returned in despair. Moreover it seemed not compatible with the dignity of the State to beg among strangers for a State institution. The money heretofore raised was nearly all from our own citizens, principally alumni. An elaborate appeal to Mr. W. W. Corcoran for aid to the University of President Polk, Vice-President King, Senator Mangum and others of his personal acquaintances, was forwarded by our Congressman Steele. He replied very courteously, but declined a donation.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1877.

        The Commencement of 1877 was pronounced by many to have had a larger attendance than any of its predecessors except the Buchanan Commencement of 1859. The farmers were present in great numbers and manifested peculiar interest. The village was crowded, but the packing powers of the hotels and boarding houses and the hospitality of the citizens provided for all.

        The accustomed procession was formed on June 6, 1877, and marched to the hall, under the order of George McCorkle, Chief Marshal. After music by the Salem Band the President made a short statement of the history of the University, and then ex-Judge Daniel G. Fowle, soon to be Governor, at the request of the Philanthropic Society, delivered a strong address on the Principles of Civil Liberty. He drew many of his illustrations from the occurrences during the administration of Governor Holden. The speech was earnest and eloquent and was very forcibly delivered.

        A short meeting of the Historical Society was held. Col. John D. Cameron called attention to the death of the President, Dr. William Hooper, and moved that Judge Kerr take the chair. Mr. P. C. Cameron, after a short and touching eulogy, moved for a committee to draft resolutions in regard to Hooper's career, which motion prevailed.

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        He was for years a distinguished Professor of the University, generally of Ancient Languages, but for awhile of Rhetoric and Logic. Some of his addresses and sermons were published and show much literary power. A further sketch of him is given in Volume I.

        President Battle called attention to the fact that the treasury of the association was empty. A committee appointed on his motion proceeded to collect one dollar from each member, and a considerable sum was raised.

        In the afternoon of Wednesday, Rev. Dr. Charles Force Deems, of the Church of the Strangers, New York City, delivered the Baccalaureate sermon. He had been pastor of many congregations in our own State, and then had achieved greatness in the great metropolis. Much was expected of him and his hearers were enraptured. His text was, "I am not mad, most noble Festus!" and he showed that the opponents of Christianity are the true madmen.

        On Wednesday evening the representatives of the societies delivered their original addresses. The subject of Francis Donnell Winston was, "The Union and the Century"; of Alfred Daniel Jones, "The Teacher Must First be Taught"; of John Moore Manning, "Patrick Henry"; of Julius Johnston, "There is No Utopia Here"; of William Lanier Hill, "Man Has Done Nobly; Will Do More Nobly Still"; of Henry Thomas Watkins, "Eulogy on William A. Graham." There were strong men in this list and the speaking was good.

        At eleven o'clock on Thursday a procession was formed to escort Governor Vance to the Hall, where he delivered his address on President Swain. Never did a speaker have a more congenial theme.

        I give his estimate of the character of President Swain, from which may be caught a glimpse of Senator Vance's style.

        "In many senses of the term Governor Swain was a great man. As an author, though a man of letters, he neither achieved nor attempted anything lasting. As a politician, though he rose rapidly to the highest honors of his native State, he did not strikingly impress himself upon his times by any great speech nor by any great stroke of policy. In this respect he was inferior to many of his contemporaries who constituted, perhaps, the brightest cluster

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of names in our annals. As a lawyer and a judge he occupied comparatively about the same position; and as a scholar he was not to be distinguished, being inferior to several of his co-laborers in the University.

        "But in many things he was entitled to be called great, if we mean by that term that he so used the faculties which he possessed that he raised himself beyond and above the great mass of his fellows. In him there was a rounded fullness of the qualities, intellectual and moral, which constitute the excellence of manhood in a degree never excelled by any citizen of North Carolina, whom I have personally known, except William A. Graham. If there was in Swain no one grand quality of intellect which lifted him out of comparison with any but the demigods of our race, neither was there any element so wanting as to sink him into or below the common mass. If there were in him no Himalaya peaks of genius piercing into the regions of everlasting frost and ice, neither were there any yawning chasms or slimy pools below the tidewater of mediocrity. * * * If there be those who singly tower above him in gifts or attainments or distinction, there is no one whom as a whole we can contemplate with more interest, affection and admiration, no one whose work for North Carolina will prove to be more valuable, or more lasting, or more important to future generations, no one to whom at the great final review, the greeting may be more heartily addressed, 'Servant of God, well done!'

        "No estimate of Governor Swain's walk through life could omit the consideration of his Christian character. It was especially marked by catholicity of feeling towards all good men of whatever name. He was accustomed to refer this to the circumstances of his bringing up. He would say: 'My father was a Presbyterian elder, and an Arminian; my mother was a Methodist and a Calvinist, who loved and studied Scott's Commentary. Their house was the home of preachers of all sorts west of the Blue Ridge. Bishop Asbury blessed me when a child. Mr. Newton, a Presbyterian, taught me when a boy, and Humphrey Posey, a Baptist, used to pray for me when a youth. So I love all who will show that they are Christian.' * * * He was a decided Presbyterian. * * * In private life he was most upright, kind, social and hospitable. * * * He had a proper conception of the value of wealth, and all his life practiced a judicious economy, but he knew well how to lend and how to give.

        "His remains lie buried in Oakwood Cemetery, near Raleigh, close beside the sleeping soldiers of the Confederacy, and the soil of our State holds the dust of no son who loved her more or served her better. Peaceful be his rest as he waits for the clear breaking of the day over the brow of the eternal hills."


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        Senator Vance closed with a poetical extract so beautiful that I must needs record it:


                         "The daisies prank thy grassy grave,
                         Above, the dark pine branches wave;
                         Sleep on.
                         Below, the merry runnel sings,
                         And swallows sweep with glancing wings,
                         Sleep on, old friend, sleep on.


                         Calm as a summer night at rest,
                         Thy meek hands folded on thy breast;
                         Sleep on.
                         Hushed into stillness life's sharp pain,
                         Naught but the pattering of the rain,
                         Sleep on, dear friend, sleep on."

        Governors Vance and Swain were born and raised in the same country and in the same lovely mountain air. They had both occupied the highest State offices and there were personal ties to stir up the enthusiasm of the orator. It was by President Swain's assistance, a loan freely given and soon repaid, that Vance was able to obtain his legal education at the University. Governor Vance's talent and literary ability were freely given to this task. The result was a captivating pen picture of a most interesting and unique personage. A correspondent writes, "It was a tribute of the noblest order. It was chaste in style, grand in thought, and couched in language of singular vigor, terseness and beauty."

        At the conclusion, Mr. Paul C. Cameron, on the part of the ladies of Hillsboro, presented to the University a Holtz's electrical machine. His speech was couched in eloquent language, in praise both of Governor Vance and President Swain. He stated that the former was as much an object of interest and good will to the people of the State as when he led his regiment to the field, or as when from his first Executive chair he sent out salt and meal to feed the hungry, and distributed cotton cards to clothe the naked. No man is more nearly equal to all that he assumes, no man can wear with more force and truth as his motto, "semper paratus." The ladies of Hillsboro made this offering in commemoration of William A. Graham.

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No one was so richly rewarded for his well spent life of virtue and labor. On no monument may be inscribed with more virtuous purpose the Latin maxim, Labor ipse est voluptas.

        At three o'clock in the afternoon Hon. Walter Leak Steele, a Representative in the Congress of the United States, delivered the address before the Alumni Association. Senator A. G. Thurman had been invited to perform this duty, accepted the invitation and then failed on account of sickness. Colonel Steele had only twenty-four hours' notice, but delivered a most instructive address. His reminiscences of University life and of the old Professors were extremely interesting, his defense of the University strong and true, and his prediction of future success was that it was not only probable but certain. His reminiscences were a happy combination of pathos and humor. The audience seemed delighted to have an address on University topics, past, present and future, sandwiched among political or literary subjects.

        On Thursday came the orations of the graduates. Frank Murray Fremont led, his subject being "Foreign Immigration." He advocated immigration from Europe but prohibition of that from China, the people of that country being, he said, the most corrupt and immoral race on the face of the globe, slavish, cringing, and powerful. Then came Joseph Clay Powell on "The Philosophy of Crime." Julian Meredith Baker read an essay on the Spectroscope. Then followed an oration on "The Progress of Japan," by James Cole Taylor, and the speaking was concluded by what the correspondent called "the gem of this branch of the Commencement exercises," an oration by William Battle Phillips on "Woman in Politics." It sparkled with humor and abounded in good sense. The judges decided that for combined polish of style and force of thought Mr. Fremont was entitled to the Mangum medal, the prize in oratory established by his daughter in honor of Willie P. Mangum.

        The degree of Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) was conferred on Rev. George Patterson, Rev. W. J. C. Hiden, and Rev. Jacob Henry Smith. That of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) on Rev. Charles F. Deems and Judge John Kerr.

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        The recipients of medals were:

  • LATIN--Thomas H. Battle, Isaac H. Long.
  • PHYSICS--Julian M. Baker, Frank M. Fremont.

        The Graduates were:

    BACHELORS OF PHILOSOPHY (PH.B.):

  • William Battle Phillips, Chapel Hill.

    BACHELORS OF SCIENCE (B.S.):

  • Julian Meredith Baker, Tarboro.
  • Frank Murray Fremont, Wilmington.
  • Joseph Clay Powell, Tarboro.
  • James Cole Taylor, Chapel Hill.

        Of these Phillips is (1912) a mining engineer of high standing, Professor of Geology in the University of Texas; Baker is a very prominent physician in Tarboro; Frank Fremont was an insurance officer in New York--lost his life in a railroad accident; Powell, who died recently, was a very successful planter, and Taylor cashier of the Bank of Chapel Hill.

        In order to obtain a degree the applicant must have attained a mark of at least 70 in all studies, perfect being 100. Under the old régime the honor men being grouped into classes, their names were read out in public at Commencement. After the reopening in 1875 for some time the names of those who achieved honors, viz., from 95 to 100 the highest, from 90 to 95 the second, and from 80 to 90 the third, were read from the rostrum, but this after a few years was discontinued. I will not therefore attempt to record those attaining 80 and upward as the reader would find them tedious.

        The Chief Marshal, George McCorkle, and his aids, E. B. Engelhard, J. B. Lewis, and D. M. Williams, fully sustained the traditional reputation of the University for the grace and dignity of its officers.

        And the Ball Managers, led by the Chief, Fernando G. James, with assistants, J. H. Faison, N. H. Street, R. H. Davis and F. T. Barrow, prepared some of the most beautiful dances ever seen at the University. The practice of following up the dances by a supper was discontinued on account of financial

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and other reasons. The tradition was that they led to disorder. An incident of one of the oldtime feasts should be recorded. It was the rule that no gentleman could attend the first table without a lady. A Freshman of fourteen summers gallantly offered his arm to an old maid of forty years and weighing two hundred pounds, and under protection of the rule marched boldly by the doorkeeper into the hall where the dainties were spread. The youth who had the pluck to do this has been president of two great universities and one great college.

UNIVERSITY DAY INAUGURATED.

        In 1877, at the request of President Battle, seconded by Governor Vance, the Executive Committee established the 12th of October as a perpetual holiday to commemorate the laying of the cornerstone of the Old East Building on that day in 1793. For the first celebration ladies of the village with some students, headed by Mrs. Spencer, gave Gerrard Hall a lovely decoration. The entire length of the interior was festooned with wreaths of pines and other evergreens. Over the rostrum was an arch bearing the inscription, "Virtue, Liberty, Science." On the right and above the word "Phi" was the portrait of the first President, Dr. Joseph Caldwell. On the left and above the word "Di" was the portrait of the "Father of the University," William Richardson Davie. Within the recess of the rostrum was suspended the portrait of David L. Swain. Opposite the rostrum were the words, "North Carolina" and suspended in the gallery was the beautiful banner exhibited at the Centennial Exposition of 1876 at Philadelphia by ladies of the State and then presented by them to the University. The rostrum was artistically decorated with flowers, and the whole scene was strikingly picturesque.

        The Glee Club sang "The Old North State" and President Battle followed with an address of an hour on the incidents connected with granting the charter and laying the cornerstone. He sketched the characters of the leading men who spent time, talent and money in starting the institution, such

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as Davie, Treasurer John Haywood, Judge Alfred Moore, Alexander Mebane, Thomas Blount, and William H. Hill, the last three Representatives in Congress. Being called out Rev. Dr. Charles Phillips, Rev. J. A. Mason, Prof. A. F. Redd, and Professor Winston responded very happily and received hearty applause.

        On August 31, 1877, the Faculty, and the Executive Committee on their recommendation, again denied the application of Fraternities to be admitted into the University. But Phi Kappa Sigma first and later others existed sub rosa for some years until prohibition was removed and now (1912) the list includes Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Kappa Alpha, Beta Theta Pi, Delta Kappa Epsilon, Pi Kappa Alpha, Sigma Nu, Phi Delta Theta, Alpha Tau Omega, Kappa Sigma, Phi Chi (Medical), and Omega Upsilon Phi (Medical). After their admission there naturally followed the erection of handsome houses, with sleeping rooms for members and other conveniences. The clubs applied to the Faculty and Trustees for permission to build on the margin of the Campus. But it was concluded that the fee simple of the ground should be owned by the fraternities, so that funds could be raised by mortgage. Therefore lots were bought of citizens of Chapel Hill, most of them just outside the northwest portion of the Campus. The principal halls are those of the Zeta Psi, Beta Theta Pi, Delta Kappa Epsilon, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Sigma Nu, Beta Theta Pi, and Alpha Tau Omega. On the whole the fraternity men and the nonfraternity men have worked together amicably, but in the course of time jealousies arose, partly among one another but mainly among the "frats" and the "nonfrats," which will hereafter be related.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ESTABLISHED.

        President Battle became impressed with the evidence that our farmers suffer immense losses in the use of fertilizers: first, in buying the kind of fertilizers that the crops do not need; and second, in being defrauded by the manufacturer or the middleman, or both. He prepared a speech, which he delivered

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at fairs and many other appropriate places, also before the General Assembly, showing that the farming class would be benefited by the establishment of an Experiment Station at Chapel Hill. He offered, as he was authorized by the Trustees to do, to afford all proper laboratory facilities. He also obtained a joint meeting of the State Grange, of representatives of the University, of the several Agricultural Societies of the State, of the Patrons of Husbandry, and the State Geologist. Dr. Columbus Mills, Master of the State Grange, was called to the chair. The conference was addressed by President Battle, Professor Redd, Professor Kerr and Col. J. M. Heck. On motion of President Battle a committee was instructed to lay the matter before the General Assembly. The chairman appointed President Battle, Dr. W. C. Kerr, Col. L. L. Polk and Gen. R. F. Hoke, and on motion the chairman was added to the committee. President Battle wrote their report. The General Assembly passed an act carrying into effect their recommendations. They created a Board of Agriculture and levied a tax on commercial fertilizers, providing among other things for an Experiment Station and analysis of all such fertilizers, the station to be located at Chapel Hill, the chemist in charge to be elected by the Board of Trustees of the University.

        The Superintendent was employed by the Board of Trustees with the approval of the Board of Agriculture. His duty was to analyze the fertilizers and products required by the Department of Agriculture and aid in the suppression of fraud, carry on experiments on the nutrition and growth of plants, to ascertain what fertilizers are best suited to the crops of the State. He was to ascertain whether other crops may not be advantageously grown on our lands, and in general make such investigations as the Agricultural Department should prescribe. His salary was paid by the Department.

        In accordance with this law Albert R. Ledoux, of New York City, a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) of Columbia University and of Goettingen, a most capable chemist and judicious man of business, was elected, in 1877.

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        I give the results of two years' labor in this branch of University work, in order to show its character and efficiency:

        1. Every fertilizer sold in the State analyzed and the results published.

        2. All chemicals purchased for composting and home use analyzed.

        3. The quality and germinating power of all seeds sent to the station tested.

        4. Analysis of soils, marls, mineral waters, etc., made free of charge, when sent with the approval of the State Geologist or the Board of Agriculture.

        5. Sugar beets and other products analyzed when directed by the Board.

        6. Insects injurious to vegetation identified and the means of exterminating them pointed out--all free of charge.


        The liberality of the Board of Agriculture and the Trustees of the University fully equipped the Station for this work. Besides the necessary furnaces, apparatus and reagents, there was secured partly through donations by Mr. Warnecke and partly, at a small expense, from Germany, the most complete collection of seeds in any Agricultural College in the United States, embracing samples of the seeds, the grains, grasses, and weeds, exclusive of the "Centennial Collection" in the University Museum, over one thousand samples.

        The publications of the Station were of great value to farmers and were sent free of charge on application, such as Directions and Formulas for Composting, Directions for Utilizing Bones, Formulas for different crops, Analysis and Valuation of Fertilizers.

        The work of the Station was entirely acceptable to the people of the State, no complaint being made officially or otherwise. The assistants in addition to Messrs. W. B. Phillips and J. C. Taylor being W. Warnecke, of Germany, and A. D. Mickle, of Chapel Hill. It occupied four rooms in Smith Hall, one large laboratory for general work, a balance room, an assay room, and a dark room for work with the polariscope, and also two large store rooms in a neighboring building. In 1880 it was reported that there had been made 900 analyses, requiring 3,000 quantitative determinations. There had been written 5,000 letters on subjects bearing upon the work. In

Illustration

        ALBERT R. LEDOUX

        CHAS. W. DABNEY

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addition to the work heretofore detailed, the following was regularly undertaken: Search for poisons, sent by order of coroners and county superintendents of health; analysis of mineral waters, sent by the State Geologist; directions for making vinegar, for growing sugar beets; the determination of the value of pine straw; of the cowpea, etc.

        In 1880 Dr. Ledoux resigned his office in order to become the head of a flourishing Chemical Laboratory in New York City. He carried with him the reputation of consummate skill and ability as a chemist, an able and keen-sighted organizer of the Experiment Station, of a lofty, generous character, and a most courteous gentleman. He was succeeded by Charles W. Dabney, Jr., a Doctor of Philosophy of Goettingen, a most able and skillful officer, of acute initiative, of unimpeachable uprightness of conduct, in truth a most worthy successor to Dr. Ledoux, who carried forward the work under his charge to constantly expanding usefulness. In addition to the Assistants in the Department already mentioned were afterwards Wm. F. Bruggman and Herbert B. Battle.

        By Act of March 14, 1881, the Board of Agriculture was authorized to erect a suitable building in Raleigh wherein to carry on its rapidly growing work. Naturally it was desired to have the operations of the Experiment Station conducted under the same roof, and by permission of the General Assembly this removal was effected in that year.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESSES.

        The address which President Battle delivered on the subject of the Relation of the University to the Farming Interests did not by any means exhaust his elocutionary labors. He spoke, by invitation, at the closing exercises of many schools, at Agricultural Fairs, before the Members of the General Assembly, and on many other occasions in this State and South Carolina; but his address showing how the farmers were benefited by a University education was most noticed by the press and by individuals. He was greatly flattered by a unique compliment paid him by a plump, gray-haired farmer at Walhalla, South Carolina. He was humorously satirizing the agricultural

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class for want of discretion in the purchase of commercial fertilizers and the use of those not adapted to the needs of the crops. He said that they acted as unwisely as would a physician who would prescribe calomel or quinine, ipecac or strychnine without seeing the patient or inquiring whether the trouble was fever or rheumatism, pneumonia or heart disease. The old gentleman laughingly observed to his neighbor, "Don't he call us d--d fools nice."

        He accepted every invitation to speak within the range of possibility. Once he was able to address schools at Wilson, Newton and at Yadkin College, in Davidson County, during the same week. Nor did he confine himself to addressing schools and Agricultural Fairs at their invitation. He met the people of a number of counties at their courthouses, alumni of the University advertising the meetings. It was while waiting for his time to begin at the courthouse in Asheville that he chanced to hear the first prisoner testify in her own defense under a recent Act of the Assembly. It was the case of a woman indicted for retailing spirituous liquors without license. She soon convicted herself. During the examination she had a baby in her arms, who clamored lustily for the sustenance for which he tugged vainly from her skinny breast. Judge Dick ordered her to get rid of the child. She handed him to the Judge who rejected the gift most hastily. She then motioned to some one in the crowd who relieved her of her burden. In passing sentence the Judge said: "I am doubtful what to do with this woman. If I imprison her I must imprison the child and he has not broken the law. Let judgment be suspended on the payment of costs." The woman went on her way rejoicing and then it leaked out that the child was not hers. It was borrowed to play on the notable kindheartedness of Judge Dick.

        Besides these speeches directly connected with the University, President Battle was called on to deliver others, which he thought might at least keep it before the public. Among these were "The Early History of the City of Raleigh"; "Fifty Years of the Episcopal Church in the United States," at the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the ordination of

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Bishop Lyman; "Life and Services of Brigadier-General Sumner," at the Guilford Battle Ground Celebration; "Laymen of the Church of England in the Province of North Carolina"; "Early History of the University of North Carolina," before the Wilmington Historical Society; "The Importance of the Teacher's Calling," before the State Teachers' Association; "The Character of George E. Badger," before the Siler City Academy; "The Constitutional History of North Carolina," at the Commencement of Davidson College; "Trials and Judicial Proceedings of the New Testament," before the American Institute of Christian Philosophy in New York.

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CHAPTER IV.

NORMAL SCHOOL OF 1877.

        The General Assembly by Act ratified March 9, 1877, authorized the State Board of Education to establish a Normal School in connection with the University for the purpose of teaching and training young men of the white race for teachers of the common schools of the State. Two thousand dollars a year for two years was appropriated and a like amount was authorized for colored teachers at other places.

        Governor Vance called a meeting of the Board, requesting President Battle to be present and submit such recommendations as the Faculty and himself chose to make as to the constitution of the school. Two plans were suggested. One was to add to the Faculty a Professor of Normal Teaching. The other was strongly recommended by Dr. Barnas Sears, Superintendent of the Peabody Fund, of worldwide fame as an educator, once the head of the public school system of Massachusetts. It was to have a free Summer School at the University, throwing open its halls and lecture rooms, and also its dormitories, and employing the best experts obtainable in all the branches taught in the schools. Such was his faith in this scheme that he offered to aid by giving $500 out of the Peabody Fund to pay the expenses of poor teachers. The Faculty almost unanimously endorsed it, President Battle being strongly in its favor. When it was recommended to the Board of Education Governor Vance said in substance, "Why! with such a project we can electrify the State from Cherokee to Currituck."

        The organization of the school was placed by the Board under the charge of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, Hon. J. C. Scarborough, and President Battle, who always worked in entire harmony. It was resolved to open it on the third of July, to continue six weeks. President Battle, on account of Mr. Scarborough's duties calling him elsewhere,

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had general control, including the employment of lecturers and disbursement of the fund for the expenses of poor teachers.

        An important question came up at the outset. The Act authorizing the school confined its benefits to male teachers and those desiring to be teachers. It was exceedingly important that females should be included. The Board of Education took the ground and the University concurred, that while the public money could not be paid to females, there could be no objection to their attending the sessions, and they were accordingly invited to take advantage of all the exercises. Their presence contributed much to the success of the school, and Dr. Sears gave them their share of the $500 appropriation for poor teachers. The Act by its terms only lasted two years, but at the end of the time it was renewed until repealed and the restriction as to sex was removed.

        The object of the school was to teach the latest and most improved methods of managing classes, arousing interest, imparting knowledge, and developing the minds of the pupils, at the same time giving instruction in the subjects usually taught in the schools. Only acknowledged experts were employed, whether residents of North Carolina or elsewhere.

        The Superintendent employed was recommended by Dr. Sears, Prof. John J. Ladd, of Vermont, a graduate of Brown University, who had worked in the public schools of New England and lastly was Superintendent of the Graded Schools of Staunton, Virginia, a man of large experience in such work. He had the general management and each morning delivered lectures of singular point and common sense, with clear and appropriate illustrations. No one could listen to his instruction without having his enthusiasm aroused and having hints as to how wisely to arouse enthusiasm in others. Prominent inhabitants of Chapel Hill, not connected with the schools, attended regularly these lectures.

        He was assisted by a staff of teachers chosen solely for their skill in their special lines, no matter in what locality they resided, disregarding denominational and college affiliations. The branches taught are Arithmetic, written and mental; Grammar, Analysis, Geography, Reading, Orthography, Phonics,

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Penmanship, Vocal Music, School Discipline, Methods, Organization, Qualifications, Legal Relations of Teacher, Parent, and Child. The instruction was by recitation and lectures occupying seven hours a day. Prof. S. H. Owen, late Superintendent of the Public Schools of Petersburg, Virginia, and late President of Deshler Female Institute of Tuscumbia, Alabama, had charge of Geography. Prof. Alexander McIver, formerly Superintendent of Public Instruction in North Carolina, Professor of Mathematics in Davidson College, and now Principal of the Graded Schools of Greensboro, was chief of the department of Mathematics. Prof. Julius L. Tomlinson, former Professor of Santa Barbara University and late Professor in Central Teachers' Institute, had charge of the English Language and Literature. Mr. Eugene H. Wilson, assisted by his brother, Mr. Charles L. Wilson, both accomplished musical instructors, gave lessons in singing. Prof. George T. Winston, Professor of Latin and German in the University, organized a class in the Latin Language. Mr. John E. Dugger, Superintendent of the Graded Schools of Raleigh, was Secretary.

        The number of pupils enrolled was two hundred and thirty-five, of whom one hundred and twenty-eight were men, one hundred and seven women. One hundred and seventeen were actual teachers, the rest as a rule designing to teach. Forty-two counties were represented.

        In addition to the regular instruction, public lectures were delivered by prominent men at night before the school and all comers. They were very instructive and inspiring, especially to those students who were residents of places far from the centers of population. The following list will show the character of these addresses, which were listened to with the most intense interest.

        His Excellency, Governor Vance, on "America the Granary of the World." Prof. W. C. Kerr, State Geologist, three lectures, on the "Formation of Coal," on the "Climatology of North Carolina," and on "Iron and Iron Ores." These lectures were illustrated with maps, diagrams, and stereopticon views. The third was at the mouth of the iron mine near Chapel Hill, to which the school made an excursion. Prof. A.

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W. Mangum on "The Sufficiency of the Bible for the Religious Needs of the World." Prof. J. N. Moffatt, two lectures on "What is Education?" and on "Poets and Poetry." Hon. F. H. Busbee on "The Correlation of Forces." Hon. A. M. Waddell on "Two Americans--Morse and Maury." Dr. R. H. Lewis, of Raleigh, on "The Eye as Affected by School Life." Dr. George W. Graham, "The Ear, Its Structure and Functions." Judge A. S. Merrimon on "Our Public Evils and Their Remedies." Dr. Eugene Grissom on "Mental Hygiene for Pupil and Teacher." Judge John Kerr on "Public and Private Education." Major Robert Bingham on "The Anglo-Saxon Race." Hon. Paul C. Cameron on "Agriculture and Its Changed Condition." Prof. George T. Winston on the "Historic Value of Words." Prof. S. H. Owen, several lectures on "What is Normal Instruction?" Prof. A. McIver, several lectures on "Physiology." Prof. J. S. Tomlinson, two lectures on "California." President Battle on "The History of the University and Its Relation to Agricultural Training." In addition to the regular instruction the male teachers were encouraged to form a Debating Society. They entered into it with spirit. The meetings were public and largely attended.

        In order to promote mutual acquaintance and sociability a weekly meeting of all the school, reinforced by citizens of the village, was had in the University Library, which was then free of alcoves. Here couples, introduced to each other by the energetic tact of Secretary Dugger, promenaded and chatted until the prescribed hour for breaking up, eleven o'clock p. m. Singing and recitations were features of the gathering, so that the "Cold Water Walk Arounds," as these meetings were appropriately called, gave much pleasure and incidentally profit in the practice of easy manners.

        Another pleasant and significant feature of the school was the visits of prominent teachers and other intelligent persons, who came to inspect the novel and much-talked-of enterprise. They did not hand in their names to the Secretary for enrollment, but they gave to the school their approval and spread abroad its prestige. Many of the inhabitants of Chapel Hill were regular attendants upon the exercises. Among the visitors

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from abroad was the Superintendent of Public Instruction of South Carolina, Hon. Hugh Thompson, afterwards Governor, who was so pleased that he inaugurated a similar school in his own State.

        The following lines were found on the breakfast table of President Battle and were recited with great applause at the Normal Concert on the night of Wednesday, the 8th of August. The author was Mrs. C. P. Spencer.

ODE TO THE NORMAL SCHOOL.


                         Let us sing to the Normal School,
                         Where Nature, not Art, is the rule,
                         Where the teacher is brought
                         Like a child to be taught,
                         What is that we call Education?
                         That not all the knowledge
                         He gains in a college,
                         Not the problems that vex,
                         Nor the laws that perplex,
                         Nor the strongest reliance
                         On what he calls "Science,"
                         Are all he needs in his vocation.
                         But he learns that the teacher,
                         As well as the preacher,
                         Must raise his thoughts higher
                         Than selfish desire
                         Of wealth, or of fame, or mere worldly well-doing.
                         That to hear the "Well done,"
                         When his race he has run,
                         He must labor and "tho' faint, be pursuing."


                         'Twas with very much wondering,
                         And laughing and blundering,
                         To the famous old Hill
                         We came with a will,
                         By way most informal,
                         To look at the Normal,
                         Not dreaming of what would befall,
                         And oh! it is past telling,
                         The reading and spelling,
                         The grammar and the writing,
                         And the lectures we delight in,
                         And the kindness that we met withal.
                         Time would fail should we tell
                         Of the campus and well,

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                         Of the walks
                         And the talks,
                         And the tuneful college bell.
                         What a treasure
                         Is the pleasure
                         That the six weeks have brought us.
                         Our hearts will ever burn
                         When our memories we turn
                         To the thoughts of the lessons they have taught us.
                         When each of us became
                         As a little child again,
                         And sat low at the feet of a master.
                         Our pulse will beat faster
                         As we think of the long summer days;
                         When all the good and the great
                         Who adorn our native State,
                         Came to help and to cheer and to praise.


                         And now ere we go,
                         Let us pay the thanks we owe
                         To the college and the President,
                         And every Chapel Hill resident,
                         For the kindness and the grace
                         That have so endeared the place.
                         Never was there such a Ladd,
                         As this Normal School has had
                         To point them to their duty,
                         And show them all the beauty
                         Of a self-denying labor
                         For the welfare of their neighbor.
                         Such instruction makes us glad,
                         Every lass must love a Ladd.
                         And what true and hearty gratitude
                         We shall ever be Owen
                         To him who has been showin'
                         Us his notions
                         Of the ocean,
                         Of climate, dry and wet,
                         And of longitude and latitude.


                         In Professor A. McIver,
                         His quotients and his fractions
                         And other such distractions,
                         We are, each, a firm believer,
                         For though he teased us much,
                         He pleased us much.
                         And though Prof. Winston*

        * Pronounce the name Wine-stone by poetical license.
                         Kept our noses on the grindstone,
                         In a brave attempt to grind
                         A bit of Latin into our mind,
                         Yet our thanks must be sent,
                         For we know 'twas kindly meant.
                         And as for Mr. Wilson,
                         We are sure that Madame Nilsson,
                         Though the world is ringing
                         With her singing,
                         Never draws
                         More applause
                         Than our master's skilful rule
                         Merits from his grateful school.
                         Now when all is said and done,
                         Here's Professor Tomlinson--**

        ** Professor Tomlinson was a Quaker and a bachelor.
                         For such a Friend indeed
                         We have verily a need,
                         As many a kind glance will confer;
                         Yet with every disposition
                         To suggest
                         That a change in his condition
                         Would be best--
                         Alas! is all we can express.
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                         And now, friends, fare ye well!
                         Our pen will never tell
                         Of our heart's true and lasting emotion.
                         Never more,
                         As heretofore,
                         Shall we rove
                         Through the grove--
                         But in that Higher School,
                         Where Christ Himself doth rule;
                         And there we may believe
                         The faithful teacher shall receive
                         The reward of his life-long devotion.

        Of course among so many young people gathered together in the beautiful Campus, there was some love making, but never a scandal or harsh criticism. Some happy marriages owe their beginning to the social attraction of the University of North Carolina Summer Normal School. Among them for

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example the eminent Father of higher female education by the State, Dr. Charles D. McIver, gained his life partner here.

        It is difficult to understand at the present day the amount of interest and enthusiasm created by this Normal School throughout this State and elsewhere in the South. It was imitated by the University of Virginia, South Carolina, Mississippi, and perhaps other States. It was the fons et origo of many graded schools. Dr. Sears affirmed that it was the first summer school in the Union connected with any university or college. On account of his connection with the Peabody Fund he watched with deepest interest all efforts tending to advance public education. He was greatly pleased with the success of our school, and wrote President Battle as follows:

PEABODY EDUCATION FUND.
STAUNTON, VA., Aug. 18, 1877.

PRESIDENT BATTLE.

        MY DEAR SIR:--I write a word to congratulate you on the splendid success of your Normal School. Many things and many men seem to have contributed to this result, but I know enough of such matters to know that he who has had the marshalling of all the forces has been the chief agent. I feel greatly obliged to you for the wisdom, energy and great labor on your part, which has made the whole movement so auspicious.

Yours truly,

B. SEARS,
General Agent.


        In another letter, dated September 10, 1877, Dr. Sears wrote: "I expected some measure of success, but nothing like what has been realized. I am happy to see this new evidence of what I knew before, that all grades of instruction are reciprocally dependent on each other. The University men are to throw their light on all the lower schools, and these in turn are to be feeders of the higher. * * * You are now doing a great thing for the State. It is fortunate that we can work together with so much mutual confidence."

        Mrs. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, ever on the lookout for means to advance the success of the University, was a most efficient co-worker, in increasing the prestige of the Summer School. With the aid of her daughter Julia, now the wife of Professor James Lee Love, of Cambridge, Mass., she sent

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full reports of the lectures to the public press. They were duly published and turned the attention of thousands of readers to the important work going on at Chapel Hill.

BURGLARS.

        During this year was organized a band of four burglars, whose crimes seriously threatened the prosperity of the Normal School and alarmed the inhabitants of the neighborhood. Six houses in different parts of the village and in its neighborhood were entered, the miscreants aiming for rooms in which were sleeping young ladies. On one of them rude hands were laid, but her screams frightened them into a rapid retreat. At last it became known that a widow, Mrs. Margaret Hendon, had received a remittance from her Southern plantation, the amount of course greatly exaggerated, and a little before midnight two of them, leaving two on the outside, boldly forced her front door and then her bed chamber. She rushed to the window and screamed for help. A blow was aimed at her head with the blade of an axe which gave her a deep scalp wound. Other blows followed with a small club. Fortunately her screams were heard by Mr. John Mallett and his father, Dr. Wm. P. Mallett, and the son, quickly followed by the father and some colored boys sleeping in an outhouse, rushed to her help and the robbers fled without obtaining the money. Their victim languished for some weeks, but recovered.

        This transaction aroused the village to fever heat. Patrols were appointed to watch the town at night. An expert detective from Richmond was employed. Leading citizens acted as voluntary detectives. Almost by accident one Albert Atwater, colored, was detected in a minor offense. While a prisoner he became frightened and confessed that he, with two white men and one colored had committed all the burglaries, one or more watching on the outside while the others entered the houses. They were tried in Orange Superior Court and convicted of burglary and three were hanged on the 16th of April, 1878--all except Atwater, who, allowed to turn State's evidence, escaped with a period of imprisonment, but died soon afterwards. The condemned admitted that they had a fair trial and that the

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jury was justified in finding a verdict against them on the evidence, but asserted that some of the evidence was false. The Governor (Jarvis) was importuned to grant a pardon or commutation, but after thorough investigation refused. The chief ground pressed on the Governor was that a white man should not be hanged on the evidence of a negro, but it was shown that there were corroborating circumstances pointing to guilt. The Judge, the Solicitor, and lawyers assisting the Solicitor, including Thomas Ruffin, Jr., late a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, had no doubt of guilt.

        The execution had a wonderfully good effect. There was not a burglary in this neighborhood for many years afterwards, and in the limits of Chapel Hill not one to this day.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1878.

        In 1878 the Committee of Visitation, Hon. John Manning and ex-Judge Wm. H. Battle, and General Julian S. Carr, reported most favorably on "the character and thoroughness of the instruction and the good behavior and morals of the students."

        The Commencement of 1878 was very brilliant. As an index to the attendance it may be mentioned that at the annual ball, held after the regular exercises were over, the reporter interviewed and described the dresses of seventy-eight ladies, stating that there were others that he was not able to meet. The seventy-eight were from Alabama, Virginia, and from Raleigh, Hillsboro, Fayetteville, Wilson, Richmond County, Greensboro, Yadkin County, Pittsboro, Charlotte, Pitt County, Halifax, Wilmington, and other points. Of course gentlemen attended these ladies, and there were numbers who were not in their service. On the last day large numbers came in from the country within a few miles of Chapel Hill. The reporter counted one hundred and seventeen vehicles between Commons Hall and the Chapel. There was also in attendance the Orange County Guards, a fine company, under Captain Halcott Jones.

        The Baccalaureate sermon was preached by Rev. Dr. George Patterson, then of Wilmington, afterwards of Memphis, of the

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Episcopal Church. He was by descent half Greek, his father named Papatharkes, but becoming an American missionary, changed his name to the equivalent, Patterson. His mother was of Massachusetts. He was a man of eloquence and power, not diminished by some harmless eccentricities. He preached on the "Race of Life," prefacing with a vivid description of the Grecian games and the regulations governing it.

        The address before the two Literary Societies on Wednesday morning was by Major Joseph A. Engelhard, an honor man of the graduating class of 1854, then Secretary of State, an Adjutant-General in the Confederate Army. His subject was "The Duty of Young Men of the South at the Present Time." The discourse teemed with sound and patriotic advice, all the more appreciated because he had served four years in the Confederate Army, mainly under Lee. His peroration was much admired. "My young friends! I ask you to look into your hearts and commence there the exalted work I have proposed for you and the youth of the country. Your hearts are the altars on which must burn the fires of our country's liberty and honor. These altars are no longer made of stone and brass. They are composed of immortal emotions and thoughts. As the best means of preserving our country's honor watch and guard your own: 'it is the immediate jewel of your souls.' Let the life of each of you be the record of your country and humanity, and next to, and part of, your duty to your God; preserve your own characters, always remembering that honor is the armor of the true gentleman. Keep yours as bright as the diamond and the jewel that adorns your breast will be the shield that defends it."

        Hon. James Grant, ex-Judge of the Superior Court of Iowa, delivered a most interesting and instructive address before the Alumni Association. He graduated here in 1831, taught school a year and concluded to seek his fortunes in the then far west. Leaving Raleigh on horseback and alone he stopped at Chicago, then a mere hamlet, but not liking the place he continued his journey and settled at Davenport, Iowa. Here he engaged in the practice of the law, and, according to the custom of the members of the bar of that region, in land speculation.

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He was very successful, rising to the dignity of Judge and accumulating a handsome fortune. In the early part of his address he gave sketches of our old Professors, and then launched into a description of the wonderful progress of the age, especially of the United States. The address was so full of instruction that a copy was asked for publication.

        The original orations of the representatives of the two societies were pronounced to be most creditable. In the choice of these the Faculty had no part. The speakers were as a rule fair specimens of the best society orators, but occasionally afterwards one triumphed mainly because of his being a leader in one of the "Factions" as they were called. Of these among the Di's there were three, the South Building, the West Building, and the New West Building parties. Among the Phi's they were East and South Buildings. It is difficult to explain the difference between these parties. Probably they were not divided on account of any matter of principle, but by the accident of rooming in separate dormitories. The South Building faction, roughly speaking, corresponded to the subsequent fraternities. Although these parties had only a loose organization, with no by-laws or permanent place of meeting, University public opinion held the students very firmly bound and much rancorous feeling ensued from one claiming the privilege to renounce his faction and join another.

        The speakers of the Philanthropic Society and their subjects were: David Bell, Enfield, "The Voice of the People"; James Smith Manning, Pittsboro, "Communism in America"; Robert Watson Winston, Windsor, "Chivalry." From the Dialectic Society there were: Robert Strange, Wilmington, "What Shall be Done With the Turk?"; Edward Benson Engelhard, Wilmington, "Does Defeat Make Treason?"; James Madison Leach, Jr., Lexington, "Philosophy and Effects of Popular Election."

        The audience seemed to favor Mr. Leach, next to him Mr. Strange, and then Messrs. Engelhard and Winston. The first named and the third died early, the second became a Bishop. Winston is an able lawyer and has been a Judge.

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        Thursday, Commencement Day, was perfect as to weather and there was a large company and much enjoyment. There was a procession led by the Salem Cornet Band, at the head of which was the Chief Marshal, Charles B. Aycock. Behind them were the Orange County Guards. After them came students, alumni, citizens of Chapel Hill and vicinity, visitors, teachers, parents and guardians, clergy, Faculty, Trustees, State officers, and lastly Governor Vance and President Battle. The custom of baring the head passing the grave of President Caldwell was kept up. At the Chapel the procession paused, opened ranks and entered in reverse order.

        The exercises began with the singing of the following hymn, attributed to Mrs. Spencer:


                         Oh God, our father's God, whose care
                         With blessings fills the circling year,
                         Rememb'ring Thee in all our ways,
                         We bring our annual song of praise.


                         We bless Thy name, Almighty God,
                         Who giv'st us here a sure abode,
                         For all the favor Thou hast shown
                         The State and age we call our own.


                         Here Freedom spreads her banners wide,
                         Here learning and religion guide,
                         By heavenly Truth's unfading ray,
                         Our youth in Wisdom's narrow way.


                         "Eternal source of every joy"!
                         Well may Thy praise our life employ,
                         And all our powers unite to bless
                         The Lord, our strength and righteousness.

        A prayer led by Rev. Frank L. Reid, President of the Louisburg Female College, followed the hymn. Then came the speeches of the Seniors. Their names and subjects are given:

  • William Pinckney Cline, Newton, "The Anglo-Saxon."
  • James Mann Nicholson, Enfield, "The Dollar of Our Fathers."
  • Nathaniel Heath Street, New Bern, "Be Men, Live Men, Die Men!"
    Page 155

  • Henry Thomas Watkins, Henderson, "Utah and the Mormons."
  • Edward John Hill, Faison, "Other Worlds."
  • John Bryan Lewis, Raleigh, "None but True Americans on Guard."
  • Arthur Arrington, Louisburg, "Choosing a Vocation."
  • Charles Wilcher Gallaway, Mt. Airy, "The Real in the Mythical."
  • George McCorkle, Newton, "Why Leave North Carolina?"

        In the afternoon Colonel John H. Wheeler, author of Wheeler's History, delivered an interesting historical address on Theodosia (Burr) Alston. He inclined to the opinion that the portrait recently discovered in the cabin of a fisherman is that of Aaron Burr's daughter, Theodosia, and that she was either lost in a shipwreck or was made to "walk the plank" by a pirate. After discussing this question Colonel Wheeler narrated the principal events of Burr's life, especially after the killing of Hamilton.

        The services were concluded by singing a Psalm to the tune of "Old Hundred," and the benediction by Rev. Dr. Patterson.

        The graduates of 1878 were:

    BACHELORS OF ARTS (A.B.):

  • Arthur Arrington, Louisburg.
  • James Hicks Faison, Faison.
  • Charles Wilcher Gallaway, Mt. Airy.
  • Edward John Hill, Faison.
  • George McCorkle, Newton.
  • James Mann Nicholson, Enfield.
  • Henry Thomas Watkins, Henderson . . . . . 7

    BACHELOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PH.B.):

  • William Pinckney Cline, Newton . . . . . 1

    BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.S.):

  • Nathaniel Heath Street, New Bern . . . . . 1

        Henry Barber Nixon, graduated in the College of Mathematics; Charles Brantley Aycock, Robert Ernest Caldwell, Alfred Daniel Jones, and John Bryan Lewis in the College of Philosophy, and Marcus Cicero Stephens Noble in the School of Latin.

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        The following medals were granted:

  • LATIN--Frank Battle Dancy.
  • CHEMISTRY--Ernest Haywood.
  • ORATORY--Arthur Arrington.
  • GERMAN--James Smith Manning.

        The following honorary degrees were conferred on the recommendation of the Faculty:

        Doctor of Laws (LL.D.): Ex-Judge James Grant, of Iowa, graduate of 1831; ex-Chief Justice Thomas C. Manning, of Louisiana, alumnus of 1843.

        Doctor of Divinity (D.D.): Rev. James M. Sprunt, Duplin County; Rev. John J. Roberts, New York, a graduate of 1838.

        Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.): Hon. J. B. Killebrew, of Tennessee, graduate of 1856.

        Master of Arts (A.M.): Prof. W. M. Brookins, Ohio; W. J. B. Wesson.

        The Marshals were as usual efficient and well supported the dignity of the occasion. They were Charles B. Aycock, Chief, with John M. Manning, Joseph E. Ransom, and Frank K. Borden, of the Philanthropic Society, and John C. Angier, Thomas I. McNeill, and Charles C. Covington, of the Dialectic. The Philanthropic Society at first elected a law student, Neil A. McLean. The members of the opposition party protested before President Battle that he was ineligible as the law passed by the Trustees confined the office to undergraduates of the Junior Class, and at that time law students were not subject to the ordinary University discipline and classification. Mr. McLean gracefully retired. But the party to whom the Society had already given the three Assistants also coveted the place of Chief. Their candidate was, however, defeated by Mr. Aycock. Mr. McLean, by his ready acquiesence in the adverse ruling of the Faculty, was entitled to and received their approbation. If he had insisted on his claim of right to the office it is certain that he would have been sustained by the majority of the Philanthropic Society, and we would have had a repetition of the trouble of 1852. He was excellently qualified for the position, having talent and goodly appearance and having learned how to manage men when Captain in

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the Bingham School. He afterwards became a State Senator and a prominent lawyer.

        The first chosen Chief Marshal of this notable Commencement was Frank Wood, a member of the Philanthropic Society, but he was prevented from accepting the office on account of a trip to Europe.

        The Ball Managers were Alva C. Springs, Chief, of the Dialectic Society; Joseph C. Dowd and Thomas Edmundson, Phi's, and Charles C. Cobb and Lucien H. Walker, Di's.

        In 1877-'78 Professor Redd took General and Analytical Chemistry; Professor Graves, Engineering and Physics; Frederick Wm. Simonds, M.S. (Cornell), succeeded Professor Smith, resigned--his department was Geology, Zoölogy, and Botany; Professor Grandy became Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Botany; Professor Simonds became Librarian; Professor Grandy, Secretary.

NORMAL SCHOOL OF 1878. KINDERGARTEN.

        The Normal School was opened June 18th and closed July 26th. Before enrollment the teachers were addressed by President Battle, Rev. Dr. Charles Phillips, Rev. J. F. Heitman, and Rev. Dr. A. W. Mangum, of the Methodist Church, and Rev. A. C. Dixon, of the Baptist Church. These all gave a hearty welcome to Chapel Hill and urged strongly the importance of a teacher's calling. They were followed by Prof. J. J. Ladd, who expressed his pride in being engaged in this glorious work. He regarded his connection with the Normal School of North Carolina as a crowning event of a long life as a teacher.

        President Battle had general charge; Prof. John J. Ladd was Superintendent and Lecturer on Methods, School Management, Discipline, etc.; Mr. S. H. Owen had charge of Geography and Reading, Phonetics, and Penmanship; Alexander McIver had charge of Mathematics, English Grammar, and Physiology; Major Jed Hotchkiss lectured on Geography and the methods of teaching it; J. Madison Watson lectured on Elocution; Walter H. Page was Professor of English Philology;

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George T. Winston and M. C. S. Noble were Professors of the Latin Language; R. H. Graves was Professor of Algebra; C. D. Grandy lectured on Chemistry; Messrs. E. M. Wilson and C. L. Wilson were teachers of Vocal Music; Prof. J. E. Dugger was Secretary.

        So much attention had been given in recent years to the training of children it was thought best to employ an instructor in the Kindergarten system. An accomplished exponent of the system was found in Miss Emily M. Coe, of New York City, who regularly taught a special class of teachers, and also delivered lectures on the subject before the whole school. Fifty-three children of various ages were daily drilled under her guidance by the members of the Kindergarten Class. This is thought to be the first Normal Kindergarten class in North Carolina.

        In addition to the regular instruction by the Faculty of the school lectures on important subjects were delivered by prominent gentlemen of this State and elsewhere. A list of their names and subjects are given.

  • President Battle: "History of the Selection of the Site of the University."
  • Maj. Robert Bingham: "The English Bible."
  • General Thomas L. Clingman: "Follies of the Positive Philosophers."
  • Major Seaton Gales: "The Nineteenth Century."
  • Hon. S. F. Phillips, Solicitor-General U. S. A.: "Influence of the Normal School on Education in North Carolina."
  • Prof. A. W. Mangum: "History of Church Customs."
  • Hon. J. C. Scarborough: "Defects of the Public School System in North Carolina."
  • Governor Vance: "Practical Education and Its Importance to North Carolina."
  • Major Jed Hotchkiss: Three lectures, on "Geography" and "Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign."
  • Prof. John R. Blake: "Natural Science: Its Importance."
  • Dr. Thomas W. Harris: "The Circulation of the Blood."
  • Miss Coe: "Color and Form."
  • Prof. J. Madison Watson: Four lectures, on Teaching Reading, on Spelling and Letter Sounds; two on Elocution.
  • Rev. Dr. J. Henry Smith: "The Importance of Little Things."
    Page 159

  • Judge R. P. Dick: "The Bible as a Textbook."
  • Prof. W. C. Kerr: "The Geology of North Carolina."
  • Prof. C. D. Grandy: "The Spectroscope."
  • Rev. Dr. C. H. Wiley: "The History of Our Public School System."
  • Rev. Dr. T. H. Pritchard: "The English Language."
  • Rev. Dr. N. B. Cobb: "Phonography."
  • Hon. L. L. Polk, Commissioner of Agriculture: "What Are the Demands of Our State and How Shall We Meet Them?"
  • Prof. George T. Winston: Two lectures, on "The Character of the Romans" and on "Latin Pronunciation."

        This was a brilliant session of the school. The total number in attendance was four hundred and two, of whom one hundred and ninety were women. The number of counties represented was fifty-nine. Among the new features were the novel and suggestive lectures of Major Hotchkiss, of Staunton, Virginia, particularly his illuminating story of the Valley Campaign of Stonewall Jackson; the lectures of Mr. Watson, writer of popular school books and teacher in the schools of New York; the teachings on English Philology by Mr. Page, illustrated by extracts from the great authors, particularly Shakespeare; the best methods of teaching Algebra, Latin, and Chemistry, by University Professors, Messrs. Graves, Winston, and Grandy; the introduction into the State of kindergarten instruction, by the accomplished Miss E. M. Coe, of New York, while the vocal music was further extended by the addition of Mr. Charles Wilson, who formed choirs and glee clubs while his brother taught the school at large. The singing added liveliness and happiness to the school and enabled the teachers to secure the same result among their classes.

        An inspection of the list of lecturers will enable one to realize what intellectual advantages were enjoyed during this school. General Clingman was then in his prime and discussed his subject in a way to delight all orthodox hearers. Major Bingham handled his great subject in his usual able, thorough and unconventional style. Rev. Dr. J. Henry Smith and Judge Dick were, as always, strong and eloquent; Professor Kerr was the greatest then living authority on the Geology of North Carolina, and Professor Grandy explained lucidly the wonders of the spectroscope. Dr. Wiley's history was highest authority,

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as it might be said to him, "quorum magna pars fuisti." Rev. Dr. Pritchard was considered one of the ablest speakers in his church, the Baptist. Dr. Cobb showed how easily a bright mind could acquire shorthand writing. Colonel Polk's office gave him full opportunity to know the needs of the State and he well illustrated his subject. Dr. Winston's lectures showed much thought and impressive delivery. President Battle's History of the Selection of the Site of the University was listened to with great interest. Major Gales was considered one of the best speakers in the State and his lecture was one of his most admirable. Solicitor-General Phillips proved what we claimed, that the Normal School was almost revolutionizing education in North Carolina. Rev. Dr. Mangum was at his best in the History of Church Customs. Mr. Scarborough's long service as Superintendent of Public Instruction gave him full insight into the defects of the Public School system and he most forcibly pointed them out. Governor Vance showed his usual strength and forcible style in pointing out the advantages to individuals and to the State of practical education. Prof. John R. Blake, of Davidson College, gave a charming exposition of the importance of Natural Science, and Dr. Thomas W. Harris a lucid exposition on the Circulation of the Blood. And finally Miss Coe, in the graceful style for which women are conspicuous, lectured on Color and Form.

        The teachers in attendance organized a State Teachers' Association, and took steps toward the formation of County Associations. President Battle was elected President.

        The Normal students were allowed free use of the University Library, and by the courtesy of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies, of their libraries. The University Museum and Laboratories were likewise open for their use.

        The Normal School Debating Society, formed the previous year, was continued and was of great advantage in training how to speak and how to write. The orations and essays on the closing day by Messrs. C. W. Howard, R. P. Pell, J. M. Bandy, C. B. Aycock, R. S. Arrowood, J. H. Small, R. E. Caldwell, and W. R. Slade, were much praised by the large audience, both for matter and manner.

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        The fund placed in President Battle's hands by Rev. Dr. Sears, $500, supplemented from the State appropriation, for the payment of the expenses of indigent teachers, was carefully expended and was a blessing to many. By this aid eighty-three indigent teachers were enabled to attend the school. The fund was devoted almost entirely to defraying traveling expenses. The railroad companies of the State and the Blackwater line of steamboats likewise increased the attendance by granting reduced fares.

        Every exertion was made by giving the free use of the University dormitories, and the loan or rent of bedding, etc., as well as by supplying facilities for cooking for those desiring to board themselves, to reduce expenses to a minimum. Many persons of small means lived at a cost of only $4 or $5 per month, while others, from Orange and adjoining counties, and even from counties as remote as Randolph, Johnston, and Harnett brought their supplies and lived almost as cheaply as at home. The business agent of the school, Mr. Andrew Mickle, was indefatigable in counseling and assisting those needing his services.

        President Battle reported to the Board of Trustees that "the industry and efficiency of the instructors of the school, the enthusiasm, order, and devotion to duty of the students have achieved results of lasting benefit to the cause of education in the State." There were teachers in attendance who had spent years in their calling; there were teachers only beginning their work; there were those seeking to become qualified to take charge of schools. But, one and all, over four hundred of the best material in the State gave unanimous and earnest approval of the Normal School. They declared that they had their minds enlarged and quickened, their stores of information and power to acquire other stores, increased. They of their own accord united in a memorial to the General Assembly for the continuation of the school in the future, expressing the decided conviction that "the discontinuance would be a great misfortune to the State." The memorial was submitted to the Board of Education, who indorsed it and transmitted it to the General

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Assembly. The appropriation of $2,000 per annum was continued until repealed and its benefits were extended to females.

        The closing exercises of the school were of exceptional interest. They were preceded on the day before by the kindergarten class of nearly sixty children, many, quite young, exhibiting the perfection of their training under Miss Coe and her coadjutors. The same evening was the enjoyable concert, mostly vocal, but with guitar, piano, and violin music, very pleasurable. On the closing day Mr. A. J. Jones, President of the Debating Society, called out the speakers. Rev. J. F. Heitman, of the Methodist Church, offered prayer. The speeches and the essays were considered to be quite up to the standard of those of the average college graduate. Then Prof. John A. Woodburn, on behalf of the students, presented Professor Ladd with a gold headed cane, and Miss Nettie Marshall to President Battle a beautiful mantel clock, ornamented with a figure of the Genius of Education, a graceful woman pointing a boy at her side upward to Heaven. Both the presenters made very appropriate speeches, which met with impromptu replies, as the secret had been perfectly kept,--disproving the hoary gibes on woman for non-reticence.

        In the absence of the Governor, Mr. P. C. Cameron, President of the Board of Trustees of the University, in his usual forcible and happy style, closed the school. A hymn, composed by Mrs. C. P. Spencer especially for the occasion, was sung with spirit.

        Mr. John H. Mills, traveling with a Concert Class of the Oxford Orphanage, he being the Superintendent of the Asylum, met the Normalites going home as they spent the night at Durham. He wrote, "The Normal School is closing and these are the most affectionate students we ever saw. Such delicious promenades and tender adieus! They have enjoyed a Chapel Hill Commencement six weeks long. * * *Everybody was as happy as an old woman at a campmeeting. Long live President Battle, Governor Vance, the gifted Professors, and Brother Dugger! * * *Farewell, happy Normalites!"

        Rev. Dr. Thomas H. Pritchard, President of Wake Forest College, addressed the school, and on his return home gave his

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impressions in the Biblical Recorder. I give some quotations from his article:

        "It may not be inappropriate to say that Professors Grandy, Watson, Owen, and the Brothers Wilson are Baptists. The School continued six weeks wanting two days, and rarely has so much work been accomplished in so brief a period of time. There was an air of business about the whole thing that struck every one--everybody seemed to know everybody and to feel perfectly at home, and resolved to realize all the good they could out of the school while it lasted.

        "Did space allow I should like to describe in detail the exercises of a day, the morning worship, the lecture in Geography from Professor Owen; the striking system of instructing the very young, known as the Kindergarten System; the very wise and practical lectures of Professor Ladd on the discipline of school and the best methods of teaching; the classes for studying Arithmetic, Grammar, analyzing English, Latin; the Shakespeare class of Professor Page, and his lectures on the English language; the rare skill in singing, and the training of the Professors Wilson; all was interesting and must have been profitable in a high degree.

        "Almost every night there was a lecture on some important and interesting topic by prominent men from this and other States. Besides Major Hotchkiss, of Virginia, and the Hon. Samuel F. Phillips, of Washington, D. C., Governor Vance and Messrs. Polk, Wiley, I. H. Smith, Gales, Dick, Bingham, Pritchard, etc., addressed the school.

        "It would be difficult, I think, to estimate the good that must result from this school. The teachers were greatly benefited. Not only did they learn much as to the best methods of teaching and managing schools, books, etc., but they were obliged to be intellectually stimulated and quickened in a high degree, and besides this they formed valuable friendships, they came to appreciate their calling more highly; there was necessarily and naturally awakened in them an esprit de corps, which has already manifested itself in the formation of a State Teachers' Association. Then they, as well as the hundreds who visited the school, will take to their homes a quickened interest in the

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cause of education, to be felt, I trust, throughout the State, and exert an influence upon the coming Legislature by which our system of common schools will be greatly improved.

        "Of course, the Normal School is a splendid advertisement to the University. Dr. Battle and everybody else at Chapel Hill were so pleasant to all these strangers, and all the associations of the place were so delightful that very many of these teachers will feel very much like saying a good word for the University when they see a boy who wishes to go to college."

        Scores of eminent men of the State visited the school and their testimony coincided with that of Dr. Pritchard. Major Bingham said in a public address, "The establishment of the Normal School was the greatest event in the history of North Carolina of the past one hundred years. Its successes are more direct and affect the future of the State more than any event which has occurred or is likely to occur.

        "Again, this State is the first to connect the Normal School with her University, and put it under the control of the same. In this the State has done wisely. President Battle has done more for North Carolina in his efforts for education than any man in the State. This is the first time in the annals of the State that females have enjoyed the benefits of the public money." He eulogized the Normal School and stated that had he attended a Normal School many of his own defects would have been remedied. " * * * It will be a sad day in the State when the sun of the Normal School shines for the last time on the University Campus."

        These views from one of the most distinguished educators the State has, or ever had, are entitled to the utmost respect.

        Governor Vance made several addresses before the school. He congratulated in tones that gave depth and earnestness to his emotions the teachers present, and their teachers, and their friends, and the Faculty of the University, and the residents of Chapel Hill on the wonderful and most gratifying results of this experiment. And his messages to the General Assembly reiterated this view.

        Rev. Dr. A. D. Hepburn, the scholarly President of Davidson College, was as emphatic in his laudations. He congratulated

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President Battle "on being called by God's good providence to inaugurate this new movement in education; this effort to popularize culture, to show that the University was for all the citizens of the State."

        The commendations of scores of our best people, especially teachers, were equally strong. It can not be affirmed that the press of the State was unanimous in the same direction, but it is true that no contrary comment was ever heard of, and the leading newspapers endorsed the movement in strong terms. For example, the Raleigh Observer said, "The opening of the Normal School at the University inaugurated a movement the beneficial results of which will continue to be felt for all time to come, in fact we regard it as the actual dawn of a new, brighter, and better era in North Carolina."

        Solicitor-General S. F. Phillips said, "This Normal School is giving to the future of North Carolina a light possessed by no other movement since the war."

        University Day was in this year held for convenience sake on October 11th. The rostrum was beautifully decorated by ladies, above it the legend "Sicut patribus, 1776-1878." The Glee Club sang "The Old North State." President Battle then continued his History of the University, by giving an account of the several buildings, beginning with the Old East. The University Ode was sung and President Battle then introduced Hon. John W. Norwood, of Hillsboro, of the Class of 1824, who proceeded to give a most interesting history of his class. Out of eighty Freshmen only thirty-six took their degrees. After a lapse of twenty years only five were left in the State. Some great men belonged to the class, among them Wm. A. Graham, John Bragg, Matthias E. Manly, Edward D. Simms, Daniel B. Baker, James W. Bryan, A. J. DeRosset, Thomas Dews, Augustus Moore, David Outlaw, Blomfield L. Ridley. Only Judge M. E. Manly and Dr. A. J. DeRosset and the speaker were then surviving.

        The exercises were closed by a hymn sung by the Glee Club, and the benediction by Rev. Dr. Roe, of New Jersey, a relative of Dr. Charles Phillips.

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        It was remarked that Judge William H. Battle, who had been a Trustee since 1835, except for the interval from 1868 to 1874, and who had attended almost every public exercise of the University during that period, was present on this occasion, his last attendance on a public exercise. Fifty-eight years ago he had at his graduation delivered the valedictory oration from the rostrum in Person Hall. His interested face was seen at almost every Normal School exercise.

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.

        On February 12, 1879, the Medical School was established by the Executive Committee in accordance with a scheme considered after consultation with Dr. Thomas W. Harris, late of Chatham County, a first honor graduate of 1859, an M.D. of Paris, a Captain in the Confederate Army, a physician of recognized skill and ability. Dr. Harris was elected Professor of Anatomy and Dean of the School. Prof. A. Fletcher Redd had charge of General and Analytical Chemistry, Frederick W. Simonds was Professor of Botany and Physiology. The design of the school was modest--to prepare students for attendance on the lectures of the leading medical colleges. For the first year's course instruction was given in the above named studies. For the second year instruction was by Dr. Harris in Anatomy, Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and the Practice of Medicine. Anatomy was taught by dissection of human subjects and by models, of which the Professor had a large collection of the make of the celebrated Auzoux. Then followed a short course in the operation of Surgery, in which Dr. Harris was well skilled. Free clinics were given once or twice a week and opportunity afforded to the students of seeing diseases at the clinic and at other times, and, under the direction of the Professor, of treating them. The Professor of Anatomy was not subject to University regulations and received no salary.

        Dr. Harris had exceptional advantages as Dean of the Medical School. He graduated at this University in 1858, being one of the first honor men in a class of ninety-three. He obtained his medical diploma at the University of New York.

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He then spent two years in hospital work in the famous Ecole de Medecine of Paris, France, devoting himself especially to Anatomy. He was medical attendant for nine months under the distinguished Velpeau. He studied diligently the latest French and other works and was abreast with the newest discoveries of his profession. He was very active and industrious, with a decided genius for his science.

        Dr. Harris was an able man and a good teacher, but the necessity of engaging in general practice resulted in such frequent absence from his classes that they continued very small. This caused his resignation and removal to Durham in 1885. The School of Medicine was then suspended for five years.

        While he was at the head of the department the body of a woman disappeared from a country graveyard. Shortly before bedtime an aged colored woman, once Judge Battle's cook, called on President Battle. She said, "Mars Kemp! them people are mighty mad about that body being stolen. They have got the right from the Mayor and are going to search the University and I thought you ought to know it." I suitably thanked her and went in the rain nearly a mile to the residence of Dr. Harris. He said simply, "They will not find anything," and they did not. It was never known who robbed the grave.

        There was much indignation and anxiety in the neighborhood. One man had the graves of his two daughters guarded by an armed watch for the nights of three weeks. It led to the passage by the General Assembly of an act making grave robbery a misdemeanor. The Professors gave their assurance to the people that no such act should be perpetrated by their students. For nearly thirty years the promise has been faithfully kept and the fears and anxieties of those whose relatives and friends lie in the ground have completely passed away.

JUDGE BATTLE.

        Judge William Horn Battle, on account of increasing infirmities, resigned his professorship in January, 1879, and died March 19th of the same year. He had been an enthusiastic and efficient Trustee for thirty-eight years, beginning with

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1833, and much of that time a member of the Executive Committee. He had been Professor of Law for twenty-three years. While he was not charged with enforcing the discipline of the University, after his removal to Chapel Hill in 1843 until the death of President Swain, in 1868, it was the constant habit of the President to consult him on all matters of difficulty connected with the government of the institution, and by invitation he attended Faculty meetings when not attending his courts.

        Judge Battle was born October 17, 1802, graduated at this University in 1820, among the highest honor men. He studied law with Chief Justice Henderson in Granville County, where he met the lady who afterwards became his wife, Lucy Martin Plummer, daughter of Kemp Plummer, a leader of the bar of Warrenton, N. C. He settled at Louisburg as a lawyer, was a Member of the Legislature; was joint Reporter with T. P. Devereux of the decisions of the Supreme Court; largely aiding in the extensive necessary copying. He was then sole Reporter until appointed in 1840 Superior Court Judge. In 1848 he was appointed by Governor Graham a Judge of the Supreme Court, but was not elected by the General Assembly, because there were already so many high officers from Orange County, and because he refused to solicit votes from Members of the Legislature. He was reinstated in his position as Superior Court Judge. In 1852 he was elected by the General Assembly to the Supreme Court and so continued until 1868, when he was not reëlected because he was opposed to the party dominant under the Reconstruction Acts of Congress. He then practiced law in Raleigh until 1876, for one year being president of the Raleigh National Bank. The next year he removed to Chapel Hill and was elected Professor of Law.

        In addition to his labors as lawyer, Reporter, Professor and Judge, he edited and annotated some of the early North Carolina Reports, republishing two volumes with copious notes. He also published four volumes of Digests. In 1836, with Chief Justice Nash and ex-Governor Iredell, he prepared and published the Revised Statutes, residing in Boston some months in order to read proof. He also prepared at his own charge

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Battle's Revisal, which was accepted by the General Assembly. Judge Battle, though without prejudice against the other denominations, was a faithful member of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He attended as a Delegate all of the Diocesan Conventions and was a Delegate to all the General Conventions, in the United States and in the Confederate States, from shortly before the War of Secession to his death. In 1865 he assisted Bishop Atkinson in reuniting the Episcopal Church.

        The Faculty attested that Judge Battle was "eminent for all the virtues and endowments that ennoble one's nature." "His career is an admirable instance of well poised intellectual and moral powers, under the influence of right principles, steadily applied to the accomplishment of high purpose and noble ends." These words were penned by Prof. J. DeBerniere Hooper, who had been an intimate friend for a third of a century.

        Chief Justice Merrimon of the Supreme Court Bench said: "I shall not say that Judge Battle was a great man in any single respect, but he was great in the unity, symmetry, goodness and beauty of his character. His whole record is stainless."

        A writer in the University monthly says: "The period of his death is a memorable one and will ever be vivid to the students of 1879. On Sunday morning as the sun was rising the old College bell rang out for the students to do the last honor to the old man, the Judge, who had gone to his well earned rest. They escorted the remains to the edge of the village, and their committee went on to Raleigh to lay the body in state in the Capitol. Three days later, in the darkness of the night, the bell rang out again. At the dreary summons the students once more gathered. This time it was to perform the same service to one of their comrades, one who a short time before had been as happy and as thoughtless as any one. In double file they followed the corpse slowly and sorrowfully to the edge of the town. They thought as they separated of the strangeness of death--of the old man taken in the fullness of years, of the young man taken in his prime."

        Judge Battle's teaching in the University was from 1845 to 1868, and from 1877 to 1879. He was a Trustee from 1833

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to 1868 and from 1874 to 1879. While a resident of Raleigh, 1840 to 1843, he was an active member of the Executive Committee. He was an ardent lover of the University and infused that love into his wife and children. I give an incident of his early manhood, as indicating his temperate habits and as a lesson to young men to avoid spirituous liquors. Being in poor health his physician prescribed the old fashioned remedy, a toddy before breakfast. One morning while dressing he said, "Old Woman!" (a playful name he gave his wife), "Old Woman! I will not take another toddy!" "Why?" said she, "I think it is doing you good." "Well, I think so, too, but I found myself dressing fast in order to get to it. Don't make me another." And so he lived with mens sana in corpore sano.

        He was buried in Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh, by his wife of forty-nine years, near children, parents, and other relatives. The young man above mentioned, Maurice H. Wilcox, found a resting place among his kindred in the cemetery of Warrenton.

ACTION OF TRUSTEES ON CAMERON AND SWAIN DEBTS.

        The Visiting Committee for 1879 were Rev. Dr. C. H. Wiley, Messrs. J. D. Cameron, J. S. Carr, John Manning, and Will H. Battle. Their report was very favorable. The Executive Committee were Governor Vance, B. F. Moore, Wm. H. Battle, Paul C. Cameron, William L. Saunders, and George V. Strong.

        Mr. P. C. Cameron brought before the Board the claims of his sister and President Swain. They were of high dignity, for money lent to the University for finishing the New East and New West Buildings. The principal of the former was $10,000, and accrued interest brought it probably to $15,000. The latter was at first $3,000 but increased to about $5,000. After discussion of the claims, the matter was referred to the Governor, K. P. Battle, and D. M. Carter. The committee after investigation found themselves unable to pay the debt for the reason that everything owned by the University, and whatever was given by the General Assembly or by private donors, were for the special purpose of carrying forward the

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work of the University and could be used for no other purpose. The Swain debt was left unpaid. Mr. P. C. Cameron determined to save his sister's claim by buying all the land sold under the decree of the court. This embraced some two hundred and fifty acres at Chapel Hill, decided by the court not to be necessary to the life of the University, and a large tract, whose extent was unknown, of escheated lands of David Allison, in the counties of Buncombe, Henderson and Transylvania. This tract after survey was found to be much larger than was expected and Mr. Cameron by a fortunate resale more than paid his sister's debt. The Trustees of the University took no step towards ascertaining the value of this land for in no event was it deemed possible to pay out of the proceeds the debts due the banks and all others. It was not deemed wise to expend out of the small amount in the treasury sums merely to increase the dividend on liabilities totally beyond their power to meet.

        The lands about Chapel Hill bought by Mr. Cameron have been mostly resold by him or by his executors. Part of this land is about seventy acres reaching to and comprising about one-half of Piney Prospect. It is to be hoped that means may be found to save this for the University. To lose Piney Prospect with its extensive vistas, described by Davie and resorted to by students and visitors for over a hundred years, would be a disaster. From it can be seen hundreds of square miles of the old Triassic Sea, with the spires and factory chimneys of Durham, the Main Building of Trinity College conspicuous above the trees. It gives the University the advantage of semi-mountainous scenery.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1879.

        The Seniors of the reconstructed University dearly coveted the privileges of their predecessors of the old régime, constantly petitioning for the same, never daunted by yearly refusals by the Faculty, until their stubborn denials were found to be final.

        They had heard of the Senior vacation of old times, giving the Seniors a month's holiday before Commencement. The

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reason assigned was that time was necessary to enable the speakers to prepare their orations. As these constituted only about one-third of the class there must have been another reason. It was in accordance with the policy of President Swain to aggrandize this class. It was a favorite maxim of his, "As is the Senior Class so is the University." Hence was granted this coveted holiday, and hence the "grave and reverend Seniors," besides this vacation, were required to attend only two-thirds of the hours of lectures, being exempted from the recitation before breakfast, a boon dear to the somnolent youth, and of real value to those of the diligent who devoted themselves to general reading.

        Such was the meagreness of entertainment of visitors at Commencement that the Secretary and Treasurer took the responsibility of expending $91.36 for purchasing bedding and other furniture for the accommodation of the Trustees. His action was ratified and the articles purchased were afterwards sold to students.

        The Chief Marshal was James M. Leach, Jr. His assistants were J. C. Dowd, J. H. Hill, E. P. Maynard, Philanthropics; R. D. Reid, C. A. McNeill, and C. D. McIver, Dialectics, the Chief belonging to the same society.

        Rev. Dr. Moses D. Hoge was on his way to the University to preach, by invitation, the sermon to the graduating class, the Baccalaureate sermon. At Durham he met President Battle, who informed him that Senator Thurman, who had agreed to deliver the annual address, was unable to carry out his promise. The Philanthropic Society, whose turn it was to choose the orator, requested Dr. Hoge, instead of a sermon, to take the Ohio Senator's place. He kindly consented and delivered without notes an address of great power and appropriateness on the "Nobility and Beauty of an Unselfish Life." He was introduced to the audience by Henry E. Faison, of the Philanthropic Society.

        At the meeting of the alumni, which took place after Dr. Hoge's address, Major J. W. Graham announced the death of ex-Judge Wm. H. Battle, president of the Association, and nominated Prof. J. DeBerniere Hooper, as president pro tem.,

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in his place. Being unanimously elected he took the chair, and Mr. Fabius H. Busbee introduced Hon. Samuel Field Phillips. Solicitor-General of the United States, the meeting being public. His address was of great excellence. Graduating in 1841 at the University, one of the first honor men, he soon was regarded as one of our ablest lawyers and ultimately attained the eminent dignity of Solicitor-General of the United States. Among other topics he eulogized in glowing terms three of our graduates, who had recently died, B. F. Moore, William H. Battle, and David M. Carter, whose lives shed lustre on the University. He also eulogized Lewis Bond, of Tennessee, and Hugh Waddell, of the Class of 1818, once Speaker of the Senate, both of whom had died during the year. He gave many reminiscences of the past of the University and wise suggestions as to its future and that of the society. General Phillips' tongue, pen, and purse were always at the command of his Alma Mater.

        On Wednesday night the society representatives delivered original orations. In introducing them President Battle alluded to the colors of the two societies. "A man who wears a white ribbon never says Die, and no one cay say Fie to one who wears a blue."

        The Dialectics were Roderick Belton John, his subject being "Three Necessary Elements of National Prosperity"; James Wiley Forbis on "The South Shall Yet be Free"; and Robert Paine Pell on "The Present Demand for a Southern Literature."

        The Philanthropics were Marcus Cicero Stephens Noble on "National Unity"; Locke Craig on "The Philosophy of the Strength and Progress of Islamism"; and Charles Randolph Thomas on "The French Revolution."

        On Commencement Day, after the usual procession, well conducted by James M. Leach, Jr., Chief Marshal, a very large company assembled in the Chapel. The exercises were begun by a prayer by Rev. Dr. Theodore B. Whitfield, of the Class of 1854. Then followed a hymn led by the Salem Band.

        The first speaker was John Moore Manning on "Capital and Labor as Affected by Government." The next was Robert

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Watson Winston on the "Effect of Modern Inventions on Politics and Morality." Next came a strong speech by Robert Strange on "Compulsory Education." The fourth speaker was Richard Bullock Henderson and his subject was "Call Things by Their Right Names." This oration was peculiar in having much humor. Francis Donnell Winston followed on "National Character as influenced by Agriculture." The audience pronounced this speech as "replete with brilliant ideas, and abundance of old fashioned hard horse sense." James Smith Manning received the praise of having "an excellent speech" on "Influence of Individual Character." "Some beautiful and valuable gems of thought" were attributed to Willliam Joseph Peele, his theme being "Philosophy of Reform." William Lanier Hill in a forcible speech on "The Chinese in America" advocated bringing them to America for the purpose of building our railroads and other works.

        The Mangum Medal was won by R. W. Winston. It was presented by Gen. James Madison Leach.

        The annual report was then read by Prof. C. D. Grandy. The following Degrees were conferred:

    BACHELOR OF ARTS (A.B.):

  • Kemp Plummer Battle, Jr.
  • Richard B. Henderson.
  • William Lanier Hill.
  • James Smith Manning.
  • John Moore Manning.
  • William Joseph Peele.
  • Alva Connell Springs.
  • Robert Strange.
  • Francis Donnell Winston.
  • Robert Watson Winston . . . . . 10

    BACHELOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PH.B.):

  • Isaac Montrose Taylor . . . . . 1

    BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.S.):

  • Gaston Ahi Robbins . . . . . 1
  • Total . . . . . 12

        Battle, Springs, Robbins, and Taylor were allowed to present theses instead of speaking.

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        The Honorary degrees were as follows:

        Doctor of Laws (L.L.D.): Thomas Samuel Ashe, 1832, and John Henry Dillard, 1839, then Judges of the Supreme Court, and Samuel Field Phillips, 1841, then Solicitor-General of the United States.

        Doctor of Divinity (D.D.): Rev. F. H. Kerfoot, of Baltimore; J. F. Pickett, of Mississippi, 1859; Daniel S. Henderson, of Alabama, and Aristides S. Smith, of North Carolina.

        Master of Arts (A.M.): Fabius H. Busbee, 1868, of North Carolina, and John M. Webb, 1868, of Tennessee.

        The winners of Medals and Prizes were:

  • GREEK MEDALS--Charles Duncan McIver, John Alton McIver.
  • CHEMISTRY MEDAL--Robert Ransom.
  • LATIN MEDAL--Louis Morehead Patterson.
  • BINGHAM MEDAL (Entrance)--Albert Sidney Grandy.
  • GERMAN PRIZE--Alexander Lacy Phillips.
  • MANGUM MEDAL--Robert Watson Winston.

        After the graduates had been called up to receive their diplomas at the hands of the Governor, as President of the Board of Trustees, he gave them sound advice and fairest wishes for success and happiness in life. He reminded them that "Success in arms in the acquisition of territory gives temporary renown, but after the lapse of a few centuries everything but the great thoughts of a people perishes." The reporter adds, "How true! We speak of the age of Dante, careless of what Julius or Nicholas or Gregory might occupy the Papal chair."

        Judge Ashe gave an amusing account of the reception of his doctorate by Judge Dillard. The Supreme Court was puzzling over the question whether an old lady, Mibra Gulley, was a necessary party in an action. Judge Ashe walked into Judge Dillard's room before breakfast and found him poring over his books. "Good morning, Dr. Dillard!" "What do you mean?" said Dillard, looking up from his work. "I mean what I say. The University has made us Doctors of Laws." "The Dickens you say. A mighty sorry Doctor of Laws am I, when for the life of me I can't decide whether under the Code of Civil

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Procedure old Mibra Gulley should be joined as a plaintiff in this action."

        The graduates of 1879 have, as a rule, done well in life. Battle an eye, ear, and throat specialist; Henderson and Manning, J. M., prominent physicians; Manning, J. S., ex-Supreme Court Judge, State Senator, and Representative; Peele, lawyer and author; Strange, Bishop of East Carolina; Winston, F. D., Judge, Lieutenant-Governor, and State Senator; Winston, R. W., Judge and very prominent lawyer; Taylor, long assistant physician of the Western Hospital for the Insane, and now Principal of the Broadoaks Sanitarium, at Morganton; Robbins, a Representative in Congress, now dead; Hill, a prosperous lawyer, and Springs, a bank president.

        On Thursday night an effort was made by means of a lawn party to provide amusement for the large number of nondancers present, engineered by a most worthy man, Eugene L. Harris, whose useful career in a few years was cut short by pulmonary consumption. Chinese lanterns were hung on the trees in the Campus, light refreshments were provided and seats distributed where "sweet nothings" could be whispered. The experiment was not successful. The absence of the gay dancers was severely felt and it was found that those who did not participate in the mazy whirl preferred the brilliant lights of the ballroom, where they could gaze on the flashing diamonds, the radiant costumes, the graceful figures of the evolutions. A Methodist, writing for the Christian Advocate, gave his impressions as follows: "The ball, as usual, was, as I am told, largely attended, and continued all night until morning light. Many members of the different churches visited the enchanting scene, some going just to meet their friends, some to accompany their visiting friends, some to hear the music, some to see the ladies' dresses, and some to hear the woman play on the fiddle, but I have heard of none who went to see the dancing! Perhaps they ought not to be blamed too much for going, for the thing is equal to a circus to draw the curious and the impressible."

        It may be well here to explain the attitude of the University towards dancing. On one hand there are people of excellent

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piety and good intentions who think it wrong, as inciting to licentiousness. They also think that the tenets of their churches, as expounded by their clerical leaders, are against it. On the other hand there are people of equal piety and good intentions who think it a harmless amusement. They point to the undenied fact that young men and women of the highest character and conduct participate in it and are encouraged to do so by godly parents. Moreover, the preachers and leaders of other denominations of Christians countenance it, at any rate they do not object. Under these circumstances the University takes sides with neither. It is a social question about which there is difference of opinion. The authorities can not think it a crime or leads to crime for experience shows that the ball managers and other student participants are and have been among our most hightoned and free from vice, and the wildest malignity dares not to cast suspicions on the conduct and purity of their partners.

        The allowing the use of a room on the Campus, not needed for instruction at the time, was not considered a violation of neutrality. But even this was forbidden when the increase of the library required that its floor should be taken up with alcoves.

        The Chief Ball Manager was B. C. Sharpe, the assistants C. D. Hill, J. P. MacRae, W. E. Philips, and R. W. Winborne.

        One of the most agreeable features of Commencement was the Reunion of the Class of 1854. Death by disease and battle had made sad inroads in its ranks. The members present were Hon. Richard H. Battle, Rev. Dr. Needham B. Cobb, Captain Elnathan Hayne Davis, Colonel Ivey Foreman Lewis, Captain Richard B. Saunders, and Rev. Dr. Theodore B. Whitfield. They had their social meeting and in the Chapel had reserved seats together. The class contained sixty members and many of them have been distinguished in Church and State.

        A novel incident of the Commencement was the bringing of the members of the Masonic Order, then in session in Durham, by Messrs. W. T. Blackwell and J. S. Carr, to Chapel Hill to witness the Commencement exercises. There were seven four-horse

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and five two-horse vehicles, all gaily caparisoned. Each Mason was puffing away at a long reed and clay pipe. A bounteous picnic dinner was had on the lawn.

        Solicitor-General Phillips, Hon. John Manning, and Prof. W. C. Kerr were appointed by the Alumni Association to procure funds for erecting on Mount Mitchell and at Chapel Hill monuments to Dr. Elisha Mitchell. That on Mt. Mitchell was provided for by the will of Mrs. Eliza Grant, his daughter. It was in due time placed in position after much difficulty and labor by the energy of Dr. Wm. B. Phillips. A marble slab in a conspicuous place in Memorial Hall, by order of the Trustees, and a similar slab in the Presbyterian Church, keep alive the memory of the learned doctor.

        There were only a few changes in the Faculty of 1878-'79. Professor Grandy was given the Chair of Natural Philosophy. The Chair of Law, vacant by Judge Battle's death, was temporarily filled by President Battle. Thomas W. Harris, M.D., became Professor of Anatomy and Materia Medica. W. C. Kerr, Ph.D., State Geologist, was Lecturer on Geology of North Carolina. Isaac E. Emerson was Instructor in Chemistry. He has since used his chemical education to such advantage that he has become one of the most prosperous druggists in the United States. He is numbered among the millionaires of the land, now of Baltimore.

RELIGIOUS EXERCISES.

        It was in this year that Professor Redd, a strong Baptist, authorized by his church to be a lay preacher, and often exercising this liberty, took the ground that it was against principle to require students to attend Prayers. He contended that enforced religious practice was especially against the tenets of his church. The Faculty concluded to yield to his arguments and to try the experiment. It resulted as some predicted. For a short while there was a respectable attendance and then the numbers present dwindled almost to the vanishing point. It was determined to resume the marking of absentees. For some time the roll was called and the absent thus noted. When by the generosity of Mr. David G. Worth, of Wilmington,

Illustration

        BAPTIST CHURCH

        METHODIST CHURCH

        PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH

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the interior of Gerrard Hall was remodeled and chairs replaced the uncomfortable benches, numbers were attached to the chairs, each student having his own number. Two students, one for each aisle, are employed to report the numbers of the vacant chairs. The penalty for nonattendance is, first, the loss of character as an orderly student, and second, being reported to superiors at home. The result is good, especially as public prayers are not held on Saturday and Sunday mornings, nor at any time during the examination period. As for attending divine worship on Sundays, there is no obligation as a University duty. Experience shows that the removal of compulsion promotes the cause of religion. The number of professing Christians has largely increased. While a considerable number shirk the Sunday services, if they should be forced to go, by inattention and positive misbehavior they would not only derive no benefit to themselves, but be of injury to others.

        For years the meeting for Prayers was held a half hour after the breakfast hour, but now (1911-'12) it is after the first morning lecture. To give greater inducements to attend, after Prayers are over a five minutes' talk on an interesting subject is given by some selected person. The seats placed in the Hall by the donation of Mr. D. Worth, were found to occupy so much space that only one-half of the students could be accommodated and the gallery benches were too uncomfortable for use. Both these troubles were afterward remedied, so that the Seniors and Juniors can join the Sophomores and Freshmen in the worship of their Maker.

        For one year, in accordance with a vote of the Faculty, the giving of Bibles to graduates was dispensed with. One of the Trustees, Rev. A. D. Betts, D.D., of the Methodist Church, was so hurt at this omission that the practice was resumed. As this is a literary institution having no theological department, and as Bibles are commonly owned throughout the land, the Faculty surrendered their judgment only in deference to religious sentiment, as voiced by Dr. Betts.

        The University has never made a continuous effort to introduce the study and the practice of instrumental or vocal music. In 1877 Mr. Eugene Wilson, a very competent man, was employed

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for one year to teach singing to those desiring to learn. In 1879 a member of the Senior Class, Rev. Wm. A. Betts, although entitled as the son of a preacher to free tuition, preferred to pay it by giving similar instruction with consent of the Faculty to a class in singing, and to lead a choir at Prayers. And President Battle, who believed in the efficacy of singing as a mode of recreation and culture, as well as aiding in discipline, procured song books of Yale University, in the hope that some of the stirring odes of that institution, slightly altered, would be popular here. He had a temporary success. A Glee Club was formed, led by Mr. Betts and Mr. James M. Leach, which showed considerable enthusiasm, but it soon died away. Since then Glee Clubs have been formed from time to time. They have even given concerts here and elsewhere. And at match games of football and baseball we hear rollicking songs to cheer the players, or at other times a carol from an untaught group on the Campus. But there is a deplorable absence of systematic practice among the students generally. The Superintendent of Public Instruction of Connecticut stated to me that the Superintendent of the high schools in Berlin informed him that the 6,000 pupils under him all sang. Said he: "Any one who can talk can sing." I saw two German students once at a private house requested to give specimens of their University songs. Each pulled from his pocket a well worn note book, one took his seat at the piano and they proceeded to comply with the request of the hostess. I can not conceive of two Chapel Hill students always prepared for singing by note as those Germans were. We have generally had in recent years one or two sufficiently skilled to lead a choir by playing the tune on the piano, but as a rule he has been insufficiently supported.

        The foregoing criticism does not apply to the various Glee Clubs, who, after proper instruction, here and elsewhere sustained the honor of the University.

        Besides the Glee Club, at various times companies of students have acted in dramas with as large a measure of success as could be expected of novices. Some of them had never seen a theatre.

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        The Faculty asked that Person Hall should not be rebuilt and the money thus saved should be spent on equipment, but the Trustees resolved otherwise. They were, however, as liberal in this regard as the state of the treasury justified.

        The Faculty kept a vigilant eye to prevent people of bad character from pandering to the vices or evil habits of students. Boarding with such at tables prepared by them was broken up and all except visitors were forbidden to frequent the Campus unless licensed by the President or Faculty.

        The habits of the students were much influenced by the condition of old times, when the forest stretched for miles from the buildings towards the South. The question of how to introduce the decencies of modern life was often discussed and proved to be insoluble until the General Assembly gave funds for the construction of water works. At one time water closets of planks, having every appearance of being of a temporary nature, were constructed near the old dormitories, Old East, Old West, and South, but it was not long before the larger was burned as a public nuisance by students who roomed near it, and the Faculty had the others torn down. The primitive status of things is indicated by the grave law of the Faculty that no dead animal should be deposited within a half mile of the Campus or on the premises of any citizens. As the University had no control over any other than a Professor the enactment could not protect the Faculty from the odors of the unsavory prey of those useful birds, whose comeliness and graceful flight can only be appreciated when "distance lends enchantment to the view."

        Cognate to this provision of law was the prohibition at or near Chapel Hill of lager beer saloons. Whatever argument was used for them, by those who declaimed about the small percentage of alcohol in this popular beverage, was rendered futile by the potent fact that the beer could be, and would be, adulterated with additional measures of alcohol, even as harmless cider often becomes an intoxicating mixture. But even without this liability to become stronger the license would have been refused.

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        The Secretaries of the Faculty from the reopening to 1886 are here given: Prof. George Tayloe Winston, 1875-'78; Prof. Carey D. Grandy, 1878-'79; Prof. Frederick W. Simonds, 1879-'80; Prof. Carey D. Grandy, 1880-'81; Asst. Prof. Robert P. Pell, 1881-'82; Bursar William T. Patterson, 1882-'84; Prof. and Registrar J. W. Gore, 1884-'86; Asst. Prof. and Librarian James Lee Love, 1886.

MOUNTAIN CLIMBING.

        Four of the graduates of 1879, Robert Strange, Kemp P. Battle, Jr., Alva Springs, and James S. Manning, determined to take a pedestrian tour over our mountains. For the information of those inclined to follow their robust example I give their itinerary. They journeyed to Icard's Station, now Connelly's, in Catawba County, by rail, then began their walking, first to Lenoir, visiting Hibriten peak; thence to the top of the Blue Ridge, Blowing Rock, and Raven's Rock. Crossing the Ridge they visited Valle Crucis and Dutch Creek Falls, then climbed Grandfather Mountain, camping on top to see the sun rise. They next visited Linville River to the Falls, then Table Rock, Hawk's Bill, and the neighboring cave. Again crossing the Blue Ridge they went down Plum Tree Creek to Toe River, thence up the river to the Yellow Mountain, where they spent the night in a deserted cabin. They then followed the ridges to the Roan and its points of interest; thence to Bakersville. Their itinerary then led to Sink Hole mica mines, Black Mountain, Swannanoa Gap, Hickory Nut Gap and Falls, and Cæsar's Head, then around the headwaters of the French Broad to Mt. Pisgah, then to Whiteside Mountain, then to the Macon Highlands, to Tallulah and Toccoa Falls in Georgia, thence by rail home. Their entire outfit consisted of a few articles of clothing carried in knapsacks.

        The Bakersville Republican, from whose columns the foregoing points are gathered, adds, "Their gentlemanly deportment and social manners won the admiration of our citizens, and they left with many heartfelt good wishes for their safety on their trip. If these young gentlemen are a fair sample of

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the students at Chapel Hill, North Carolina may well be proud of her State University." The editor then goes into poetry, probably the refrain of a mountain song,


                         "They strapped their knapsacks on their backs
                         And started off for Georgia."

        They carried no fishing tackle on their journey, nor firearms of any sort, but occasionally borrowed instruments for fishing or hunting. They met with kindness everywhere, enjoyed the mountain food, as a rule, gloried in the scenery, and grew stronger every day. There was only one mishap, a sprained ankle, but this did not detain them long. There came near being a serious trouble. Borrowing a gun Battle went grouse hunting. Stepping on a log in a place where the laurel was extremely thick he felt something writhing under his feet. Looking down he saw a huge rattler. The rapidity with which he leaped back and shot the snake was a credit to the first baseman of his team at Chapel Hill. This was the only rattlesnake seen on the whole trip.

        Some particulars of the experience of these walkers may be of interest to those contemplating a similar vacation tour. They walked in all about 530 miles. They made no effort to cover much distance in a day, except once towards the close when they made thirty-four miles. They crossed the Blue Ridge eleven times during their journey. They met with great hospitality except when, in one instance, they asked for lodging after bedtime and were requested to try the next house. Let us hope that the occupants had good reason for this exceptional treatment. Sometimes there was no charge for entertainment. Once it was ten cents for supper, lodging, and breakfast. More often it was twenty-five cents. The whole trip cost about $75 each. They were never required to pay for the use of guns or fishing tackle. The fishing luck was sometimes good and sometimes bad; one of the party caught about thirty small trout one day on the Grandfather reaches of the Linville. Mr. Galloway, the guide of the Grandfather, who lived on the dividing line between the Watauga and the Linville, instructed them in the art of tying flies for trout; they

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did not fish for bass or other fish. One incident of their trip is memorable. On the flanks of the Big Yellow they experienced the hospitality of a couple who lived in a log cabin of one room about twelve feet square. The children were ten in number, some sleeping on trundle beds and some on the floor. The four travelers spread themselves on the floor in front of the fire, "And all lived happily together," as children's stories go.

        Our trampers returned rich in health and strength, with pleasant memories to last a lifetime, and ready to begin with stout hearts the business of life.

        It was in this year that a short physical struggle took place between two Professors, which created much amusement. The poverty of the University was such that Chemistry and Physics had been placed in charge of the same Professor. As this did not have good results, the Professor of Pure Mathematics was induced to add Physics to his charge. The two Professors proceeded to divide the apparatus. All went on amicably until they reached the air pump, which was mounted on a temporary tripod for convenience of lecturing. A vigorous dispute ensued over the possession of this article. Finally temper was lost. Mathematics forcibly pushed Chemistry against the wall, seized the bone of contention and darted for the door. Recovering from his surprise Chemistry made a lunge for the retreating air pump, caught the tripod and held it triumphantly, while Mathematics carried to his lecture room the spolia opima, the air pump.

        Of course this little ebullition of temper, which was witnessed by three students who chanced along, was seized on by all the satirists and wits in the University. Next morning at Prayers, on the wall behind the pulpit appeared two broadsides--two locomotives about to crash into one another. One was colored red and the other gray. The engine drivers were frantically objurgating one another and demanding in opprobrious terms the right of way. The other caricature showed two game cocks, one red and the other gray, valiantly fighting for the honors of the ring. Dr. Charles Phillips conducted

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Prayers that morning and by promptly tearing down the offending papers put a stop to the fun.

        These were the best caricatures I have seen of University happenings, said to have been the work of a very orderly and successful student, Frank B. Dancy. It was nearly equalled by a series of pictures on the belfry about 1852, done in black on the white wall, pleasantly ridiculing the names and other peculiarities of the old Faculty. President Swain, by promising the merchant who furnished the paint that he would not prosecute the offender, ascertained that he was Frederick Henry Cobb, of Alabama, a fine manly fellow and a fair student, who had acquired skill in drawing and penmanship.

        After the ill health of Dr. Charles Phillips prevented his attention to the duties of his chair, which was evidenced by the report of a committee of which Mr. P. C. Cameron was chairman, the Trustees liberally allowed the employment of a mathematical substitute at $800 annually and Dr. Phillips to receive the residue of the salary. Afterwards his physician, Dr. Wm. P. Mallett, gave it as his opinion that his patient should resign permanently his professorship in order to obtain freedom from responsibility, and avoid the nervous wear and tear consequent on holding an office the duties of which he could not perform. This advice was taken and Dr. Phillips ceased to be a working teacher of the institution he loved so well. The Trustees voted him to be Professor Emeritus, a position without pay and without work. The Executive Committee adopted unanimously resolutions of regret for the resignation and its cause, and their sense of the great value he had been to the University. He lived for ten years longer, never recovering his health but keeping to the last his deep interest in the affairs of the University and rejoicing in its upward march. He said to me one day, "Kemp! it is a sore dispensation to me to witness the efforts made by you and others to advance the University while I am chained by sickness, so that I can not work for its advancement, but God's will be done!" He made no complaint, but left his case in the hands of his Maker.

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        Prof. Ralph H. Graves married Julia, third daughter of Prof. John DeBerniere Hooper. When their eldest child was born Rev. Dr. Charles Phillips published the following in a local newspaper (The Ledger.) It shows a remarkable association of one family with the University.

A NEW PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY.1

        He arrived Thursday morning. His ancestors to the fifth generation have been officers in the University of North Carolina. His father2 is now a Professor. His paternal grandfather3 was a Professor. His maternal grandfather4 is now a Professor. His mother's maternal grandfather,5 his own great-grandfather, was a Professor. His father's maternal grandfather,6 his own great-grandfather, was Steward. His maternal grandmother's paternal grandfather7 (by marriage), was the first President of the University. He has been represented in the Faculty by his father, his two grandfathers, two great-grandfathers, and one great-great-grandfather. His great-great-great-grandfather signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and his great-grandfather was present at the Centennial in Philadelphia in 1876. At present he is in the department of Literature, his specialty being Elementary Sounds. Weight, ten pounds.

        Explanation of the above:

        1 Ralph Henry Graves, Junior.


        2 Ralph H. Graves, his father.


        3 Ralph H. Graves, father of (2).

        4 John DeBerniere Hooper, Professor of Greek and French.


        5 Rev. Dr. Wm. Hooper, Professor of Ancient Languages.


        6 John Taylor, the first Steward.


        7 Rev. Dr. Joseph Caldwell, who married the mother of Dr. Wm. Hooper.



NORMAL SCHOOL OF 1879.

        The Normal School of 1879 was opened June 17th and closed July 24th. Some of the officers were the same. President Battle retained the general authority with the coöperation of Superintendent Scarborough. Prof. John J. Ladd was Superintendent and Lecturer on Methods, School Management, etc.; Alexander McIver was Professor of Mathematics, English Grammar, and Physiology; Julius L. Tomlinson took charge of English Grammar and Geography; J. Allen Holt was Professor of Drawing and Penmanship; Dr. Wm. B.

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Phillips of Chemistry, M. C. S. Noble of Latin and Algebra, John E. Dugger of Reading and Phonetics, Wm. G. Gaither of Grammar and Geography, Benjamin W. Hatcher of Arithmetic and Reading, Wilbur F. Tillett of English Philology, N. C. English of Grammar and Geography, Franklin S. Blair of Arithmetic and Grammar, Wm. A. Bridges of Geography and Reading, John W. Thaxton of Arithmetic and Grammar, Miss Emily M. Coe of the Kindergarten System, Misses Marshall, Lawrence, and Wilkinson of Calisthenics; Messrs. Eugene H. Wilson and Chas. L. Wilson of Vocal Music. Captain John E. Dugger was Secretary. Inspection of the foregoing list will show that some of the pupils were employed to drill the classes and thus were classed with the Faculty. The Secretary in addition to his teaching and secretarial duties was of inestimable value in cultivating harmonious relations between the students, thus making them feel at home.

        Lectures and addresses were delivered by prominent men and were of great value:

  • Prof. Jed Hotchkiss gave eight matchless lectures on Geography, one on Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign, and one on Arithmetic.
  • Rev. A. W. Mangum, on "The Best Lights are Those that Shine From Above," and one on Elocution.
  • Rev. N. B. Cobb, on "How Shall We Develop North Carolina?"
  • Hon. J. C. Scarborough, "Public School System of North Carolina."
  • Prof. J. H. Horner, "Language as the Instrument of Thought."
  • Prof. W. H. Pegram, "Nostrorum, Nostrarum, Nostrorum."
  • Prof. W. C. Doub, "Some Essentials to Success in Elementary Instruction."
  • Miss E. M. Coe, "The Teacher's Work; Its Rewards."
  • Dr. S. S. Satchwell, "School Hygiene."
  • Maj. Robert Bingham, "A Method of Teaching English Composition."
  • President K. P. Battle, address, "Education for Farmers," and four lectures on Palestine and Jewish History.
  • Dr. F. W. Simonds, five lectures on Natural History.
  • Prof. Walter H. Page, "How Shall We Get to be a Reading People?"
  • Prof. J. A. Tomlinson, "California."
  • Dr. Thomas W. Harris, "The Vocal Organs."
  • Gen. Wm. R. Cox, "The Duty of Teachers to the State."
  • Rev. A. C. Dixon, "Mental Gunnery."
  • Capt. John E. Dugger, "Graded Schools."
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  • Prof. W. G. Gaither, "Relations of Teachers to Church and State."
  • Prof. Allen McIver, "Aims and Methods of Instruction."
  • Prof. A. F. Redd, "Poisons and Their Detection."
  • Prof. W. B. Phillips, "Water."

        These addresses and lectures were generally at night and were in addition to the regular instruction.

        The whole number of pupils enrolled was 290. The average daily attendance 207. There were fifty-four counties represented. There was much enthusiasm among teachers and pupils. Miss Coe may be considered the introducer into North Carolina of Kindergarten instruction. She was not only extremely skillful with her class of children but formed an advanced class of teachers and imparted the system to them. To those of us who remembered how odious the monotony and confinement of school were to us in our boyhood it was a marvel to see children of all ages eager for Miss Coe's school to begin and regretful of its ending.

        The lectures of Professor Hotchkiss were novel and illumining. His explanation of the causes of deserts, rainfalls, and other phenomena were not only entertaining but of lasting value. His lectures on Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign gave a vivid idea of the wonderful strategy and tactics of that great soldier. And so the learned instruction of Ladd, McIver, Tillett, Phillips, Holt, Noble, and the others have borne excellent fruit in the schools in which their pupils were teachers.

        A most valuable feature was the instruction and practice of vocal music by the Messrs. Wilson. They had not time to enter on the niceties and refinements of the art, but aimed successfully to enable their pupils to introduce singing as a part of school exercises.

        A writer in the Raleigh Observer gives a truthful account of the general worth of the Normal School. "The teachers attend lectures and recitations all day, except at proper intervals for meals, listen eagerly to two lectures at night, return home to compare notes, indulge in criticisms, etc., and appear next morning fresh and ready to undergo the same arduous routine. Such indeed is the daily program of the Normalites. Every one looks cheerful and happy. Dr. Mangum says it is a

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marked feature of the school that it obeys the Apostolic injunction to 'rejoice always.' Mr. President is cheerful, the Professors are all cheerful, the ladies are all cheerful, the gentlemen are all cheerful, and the sun shines cheerfully upon them all."

        The exercises at the close were very interesting, and a short description is given. They began with a chorus by the Music Class, followed by a prayer by Rev. A. C. Dixon. Mr. Edwin Anderson Alderman made an address on the subject "Thoughts on our Professors." Mr. Henry Horace Williams read an essay on "Select Teaching." The query was debated by Cyril T. Wyche and Adolphus G. Faucette in the affirmative and James P. McNeill and Benjamin F. McMillan in the negative, "Ought the Ability to Read and Write be Established as a Qualification of Voters?" Mr. Alexander L. Phillips read an essay on the "Responsibility of Educated Men to Society." Mr. Henry Elias Faison then delivered an oration on "A Normal Department in connection with the University." The speeches and essays were followed by music.

        Governor Jarvis was unable to be present and Professor Ladd formally closed the school, which he did in chaste language. After him came a hymn and benediction. At night there was a concert by members of the school admitted to be notably harmonious and in excellent taste. The leaders were Misses Faison and Clinton, Mrs. Tankersley and Miss Milliken. There were solos by Miss Bessie Whitfield and Miss Merry, which were received with enthusiasm.

        The ladies of the school, through the Secretary, Captain Dugger, caused to be read the following graceful resolutions adopted by them.

        "We, the ladies of the Normal School of North Carolina, desiring to express our appreciation of the benefits accruing to us therefrom,

        "Resolve, first. To the honorable body, the Legislature of North Carolina, we tender our sincere thanks for giving us such an opportunity of elevating and improving our standard of scholarship.

        "Second. To President Battle, and the professors and teachers of the school generally, our grateful appreciation of a wisdom, kindness and courtesy which 'like the sun has shone on all alike.'

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        "Third. To the distinguished lecturers who have honored us since the commencement of the school, our thanks are due for a feast of reason rarely vouchsafed to us before.

        "Fourth. To the citizens of Chapel Hill an acknowledgment of a kindness which has made us feel that we were indeed at home.

        "Finally, to the Giver of every good and perfect gift, the homage of our praise and prayer that this school and every effort to promote the good of our State, 'may be so ordered on the best and surest foundations that peace and happiness, truth and justice, religion and piety may be established among us for all generations.' "


        The school was marked by polishing influences of calisthenics, drawing, and music, by severe drilling in the usual branches taught at schools, by the best experiences of discipline and methods, by instruction in the elements of chemistry and other sciences, in public speaking, in higher literary culture by Professor Tillett's lectures on Shakespeare, and in the inestimable advantages of the association of old and young, from different grades of society and far removed localities, all intent on self-improvement in one of the most useful and important professions of life.

        The proceedings of the school and abstracts of the lectures and addresses were fully and lucidly reported by "R. P. P.", known to be the initials of Rev. Dr. Robert Paine Pell, now the able president of Converse College in South Carolina.

UNIVERSITY DAY OF 1879.

        University Day was celebrated in 1879 on October 13th, the 12th, the eighty-sixth anniversary of the foundation of the University, falling on Sunday. President Battle gave another chapter of the history of the University. He described the excellent men who assisted in the ceremony of laying the corner stone, beginning with the illustrious Davie. He also commemorated the first President of the Board of Trustees, William Lenoir, who was also the last survivor, dying fifty years after his appointment, and expressed gratification that two of his descendants, Louis Morehead Patterson and Thomas Ballard Lenoir, were then among the students.

        Short ex tempore addresses of a most interesting nature were made by Rev. Joseph Blount Cheshire, afterwards bishop,

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one of whose ancestors was Lawrence Toole, who changed his Christian name to Henry Irwin, in honor of the gallant officer who was killed in the battle of Germantown; by Rev. James Pleasant Mason, a Baptist minister; Rev. Mr. Heitman, the Methodist minister at Chapel Hill, and by Professors Winston, Simonds, and Redd. The University Glee Club of students, assisted by ladies of the village, sang two odes composed for the occasion by Mrs. Spencer, one of them being the University Ode, given elsewhere, the first verse being,


                         Dear University,
                         Thy sons right loyally
                         Thy praises sing.
                         For thee, our Mother dear,
                         May every coming year
                         Fresh crowned with joy appear,
                         Fresh honors bring.

DEEMS FUND.

        December 20, 1879, Rev. Dr. Charles F. Deems, former Aujunct Professor of Rhetoric and Logic in this University, and then Pastor of the Church of the Strangers in New York City, sent to the University $300 as the beginning of a fund to be lent to the students on good security with interest. He wrote, "I wish the sons of the members of the North Carolina Conference to be preferred. I was once a member of that body and many of my most cherished friendships have been with good men, some living, some dead, who were my co-laborers therein. After this class, let the money be lent to the sons of any ministers of the Gospel. If there be none of them who desire it, let it be at the discretion of the President of the University." He requested that Professor Mangum be associated with the President as long as both are members of the Faculty. The fund is a memorial to his first-born, Theodore Disosway Deems, who was born in Chapel Hill and fell at Gettysburg. Dr. Deems adds, "The Lord bless you and the University." He closes his letter by a characteristic evidence of feeling.

        "With great respect, I am affectionately your old preceptor, CHARLES F. DEEMS."


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        President Battle wrote compositions and studied Horace under Dr. Deems in 1848.

        This gift is unique, in that it provides that the principal as well as interest shall be loaned to students on their giving security. A Trustee on hearing this said that they could get money at home on giving security, but the result proves that he was wrong. The Faculty decided that not exceeding $200 should be lent to any one during the year of his membership.

        Subsequently Dr. Deems increased the loan fund by $400, making his donation $700, and then Mr. William H. Vanderbilt added $10,000 through him. He then made several changes in the machinery of administration: First, putting the loan into the hands of the Faculty; second, allowing loans to nonresident students; third, removing preferences of sons of ministers of the Gospel.

        The fund has been of conspicuous benefit to indigent youths and to the University. Very little has been lost. The worthy find no difficulty in getting friends to become their sureties. There is a constant stream of outflow to borrowers and of inflow of repayments. From $10,700 the fund has grown to nearly $30,000. The plan prescribed by the donor of lending the principal, instead of the interest on an investment, secures more firmly the perpetuation of the memorial intended by the giver. Single investments are often lost by panics, misfortune or fraud. The annihilation of the values of all the numerous secured notes given by rising young men of all parts of the country seems practically impossible.

THE NO-FENCE LAW.

        A great grievance not only to the University but to the village was the running at large of cattle, including hogs and goats. On the streets, often, daintily dressed ladies were forced to the option of taking to the middle of the street in order to avoid the ponderous beasts sprawling on the sidewalk or to wait until by repeated urging they rose from their lair and opened the way. About the University buildings there was a constant noise, accompanied by a pungent odor, especially in fruit and watermelon time. A favorite joke in ancient days

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was to throw a slip knot around a half-grown pig and draw him up amid loud porcine lamentations to the third story.

        Of course gates were erected to keep the Campus sacred from intruders, but with so many careless young people passing and repassing the effort was practically fruitless. The annoyance continued, with an occasional worry of a bovine pulled and pushed up three flights of stairs and fastened to the bell rope. This would not have been thought of if the aforesaid bovines had not been running around the buildings and disturbing the inmates with unacademic lowing.

        Another evil of the cattle running at large was the practical diminution of the Campus. The Trustees had passed a law making that extend from the line of Dr. Battle's fence to that of Prof. A. H. Patterson, late Professor Gore's, and of the same extent north and south. As it was impracticable to close the Raleigh Road, the stone wall was built west of this road, cutting off temporarily from the Campus a very beautiful territory.

        The experiment was tried of having a small space of the Campus enclosed and called a pound, in which the cattle trespassing on the Campus could be confined. This succeeded to a limited extent, but with the ill will of the owners. After some years the General Assembly passed a law allowing a majority of the voters of Chapel Hill Township to decide by ballot whether cattle should be kept confined. A majority was against the proposal. Then a law was procured requiring the County Commissioners, on the affirmative petition of one-third of the landowners of the township to place it under what was called the "No-fence Law." This method secured the confinement of cattle, and no complaint is ever heard of its operation.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1880.

        On Tuesday of Commencement Week, at eleven o'clock, was the address before the Young Men's Christian Association by Rev. F. C. Woodward, of Elizabeth City. He showed more than ordinary gifts of oratory and made very successful this the first participation of the Association in the exercises of Commencement.

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        On Wednesday at eleven o'clock an address was made before the two literary societies by Judge Augustus S. Merrimon. His subject was "Some of the Duties of a Young Man to the State." He spoke from a heart in sympathy with the rising generation and from deepest love for his native State.

        At four o'clock came the Baccalaureate sermon, which was preached by Rev. Dr. H. H. Tucker, of Georgia, author of works on religious liberty and other subjects. His sermon was strong and peculiarly appropriate to young men.

        On Wednesday night the representatives spoke. The chronicler noted that "The sweet music served the double purpose of welcome and of strengthening the nerve of the young men, upon whom the success of the occasion depended." The first speaker was Allen T. Davidson on "The Present Demand for Political Culture." He showed a high appreciation of the duties of a true statesman. Next came James D. Murphy on "Centralization, the General Tendency of the Age." In eloquent style he made plain how the ideals of the fathers of our government have been thrown aside and a stronger government substituted. "The Importance of a Congress of Nations" was then discussed by Lycurgus E. Mauney. His argument for peace was so strong that a member of the Society of Friends, who was in the audience, presented him with a Bible. Then came William J. Adams on "The Present Duty of North Carolina in Regard to Education." Education causes material advancement and our State would be made richer and more happy by fostering higher culture. He was succeeded by Donnell Gilliam on the "Progress of Society." Mr. Gilliam was an accomplished orator. He gave the causes that have changed the manners of a barbarous age into the refined society of the present day. Robert B. Albertson spoke on "The Negro and the South." As he was known to be a Republican his views commanded all the more attention. He contended that the South needed the Negro's labor, and harmony between the two should be the rule.

        The next day at ten o'clock, after a hymn and a prayer by Rev. Dr. Joseph M. Atkinson, Senior speaking began. As

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usual at this time the number of speeches was not limited, as the classes were small and it was desired to interest the parents and friends of the speakers in their efforts.

        Robert Ransom began with "Republicanism in France." He spoke with force and developed his interesting subject well. He was followed by Thomas C. Brooks on "Agriculture as a Vocation." He pleaded for agricultural education and the beautification of country homes and in general making life in rural districts more agreeable. Then came Locke Craig on "Catholicism in the United States." His subject was treated in an exhaustive and tolerant style and the speaker showed the traits of a true orator. Both he and the Faculty were censured in a public print because he criticised the Roman Catholic Church. The Faculty could not think that the speech could injure this powerful organization and it was felt to be important that the students should discuss subjects in which they were interested.

        He was followed by Thomas H. Battle in a strong and rather pessimistic discussion of the question, "Will Russia be Dangerous to Europe?" He predicted that it will be--has he changed his opinion since the Japanese War? Alexander L. Phillips came next, his subject being "Protection Necessitates Protection." His arguments were cogent in proving that high rates press heavily on other business. "The Late Commercial Depression of the World" was discussed by Charles C. Cobb in a thoughtful way. "Why have we no Southern Literature?" was a question which Roderick B. John essayed to answer. He showed an extensive knowledge of general literature as well as that of our Southland. "The Irish Question" was the theme of Ernest Haywood. He handled it with his usual thoroughness and with a sympathetic spirit. Next came William B. Slade on "Empire Against Republic." His address was worthy of this great question. Then Charles B. Aycock delivered a discourse on "The Philosophy of New England Morals." The audience predicted for him the reputation as an orator which he has since attained. Then came Albert L. Coble on the great theme, "The Unification of Germany." Latimer C. Vaughan followed with a discussion of a profession which he

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embraced for several years in the distant State of Florida, "Journalism in North Carolina." Henry E. Faison closed with a thoughtful speech on "Science, the Benefactor of Mankind."

        The judges thought that Aycock was best, and the audience generally concurred. He was awarded the Wiley P. Mangum medal for oratory.

        The diplomas were delivered to the graduates by Governor Jarvis, who addressed to them very appropriate counsels as to their duties in life.

        There were Bachelors of Arts (A.B.), eleven; there were Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.), four; a total of fifteen.

        The members of the class, as a rule, have been successful. Battle is president of a bank and manager of a large cotton mill; Craig a State Senator and able lawyer; Coble has been a Judge; Haywood a successful lawyer; John a Presiding Elder in the Methodist Church; Phillips, a Presbyterian Doctor of Divinity; Slade, president of a bank; Aycock, Governor of North Carolina; Betts, late president of Mansfield Female College in Louisiana; Cobb, a thriving lawyer in Texas.

        The degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) was conferred on Wm. N. H. Smith, Chief Justice of North Carolina, and on David Schenck, Judge of the Superior Court and an author.

        The degree of Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) was conferred on Rev. David McGilvary, missionary in Siam; Rev. Thomas G. Starr, of Richmond, Virginia; Rev. Joseph M. Atkinson, of Raleigh, and Rev. Edward Rondthaler, of Salem.

        The Medals and Prizes were awarded as follows:

  • GREEK MEDAL--Frederick Nash Skinner, Henry Horace Williams.
  • CHEMISTRY MEDAL.--John Morehead Avery.
  • LATIN MEDAL.--Charles Watts Smedes.
  • GERMAN PRIZE.--Robert Paine Pell.
  • MCCAULAY PRIZE.--Donnell Gilliam.
  • BINGHAM ENTRANCE PRIZE.--Hugh Paris Markham.
  • BINGHAM ENGLISH MEDAL.--Charles Brantley Aycock.
  • MANGUM MEDAL.--Charles Brantley Aycock.

        The Marshals of 1880 were Frank Battle Dancy, Chief; Charles E. McLean, Edward E. Richardson, Thomas T. Covington,

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Dialectics, and Frank H. Stedman, James P. Joyner, and Noah J. Rouse, Philanthropics.

        In 1879-'80 there were no changes in the Faculty except that Rev. Charles Phillips, D.D., LL.D., having resigned the Chair of Mathematics, was made Professor Emeritus. His resignation was on account of ill health.

        The Ball Managers were John M. Walker, Chief, and Thomas D. Stokes, Frank G. Hines, L. B. Eaton, A. W. McAlister, assistants. The reporter becomes enthusiastic: "The decorations were exceedingly tasteful and beautiful. Every part of the handsome hall seemed fairly ablaze with light. The striking contrast between the sombre black of the dress suits and the brilliant hues of the ladies' costumes afforded exquisite grouping of colors, while the merry chatter of the gay couples made a very contagion of merriment. Every section of the State had sent forth its fairest to grace the scene."

        The reporter then gives the dresses of thirty-nine ladies and states that the ball broke up at four-thirty o'clock "amid a perfect pandemonium of those peculiar unearthly yells in which the college boy delights and excels."

TREE PLANTING, 1880.

        In the spring of this year the Senior Class originated the custom of planting a class tree. This and the Class Day exercises were held together and the affair was at first successful. A large audience of students, Faculty, and villagers was gathered in amphitheater shape in the open space in front of the College well. The class then marched out from the front door of the South Building, led by its President, Thomas H. Battle, carrying the class tree, a fine sugar maple, on his shoulders.

        After forming in line in front of the audience they sang their class song, written for them by Mrs. C. P. Spencer. A class history, a class prophecy, etc., were then delivered. Charles B. Aycock, whose fame as an orator and great educational Governor is now so well known, was one of the chief speakers. Others were Robert Ransom, of Northampton County, Secretary

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of the Class and now a large planter; Alexander L. Phillips, now in charge of the Sunday School work of the Presbyterian Church in the South; William B. Slade, now a banker of Columbus, Georgia, and Locke Craig, now a well known lawyer of Asheville. The tree was then planted on the edge of the "Forbidden Ground," where it now remains--a harbinger of the ever increasing value of the good Class of 1850 to its Alma Mater.

        By the way, this "Forbidden Ground" was a curious relic of North Carolina conservatism and respect for ante-bellum traditions. It was originally planned to preserve the great quadrangle between the East and West Buildings and Main Street as a section for foliage, etc. The two societies were enlisted in the attempt to make the students "keep off the grass," and imposed a fine of fifty cents for each transgression. Offenders were reported by the society monitors and fined without mercy. This was carried on effectively for several years. During the spring in question, 1880, a rabbit was once started up and pursued by a crowd of students across the "Forbidden Ground" and every soul that a monitor could locate was fined fifty cents. The restraint that the societies then exercised in this and other matters was really unique. At times it almost amounted to Blue Law persecution. For instance, a prominent member of the Class of '80 was actually fined two dollars for "reading matter in a church not connected with the service," the matter being a note just received from his best girl. This member is now a well known clergyman.

NORMAL SCHOOL OF 1880.

        The Summer Normal School of 1880 extended from June 24th to July 29th, President Battle having general charge. Major Jed Hotchkiss, of Staunton, Virginia, was Superintendent until July 6th, when he had engagements elsewhere. He was likewise Lecturer in Geography. He was succeeded in the office of Superintendent by Prof. Henry E. Shepherd. LL.D., of Baltimore, Maryland, Superintendent of the City

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Schools, who was also Lecturer on the English Language. The other members of the Faculty were as follows:

  • Alexander McIver, once Professor of Mathematics in Davidson College, afterwards Superintendent of Public Instruction: Teacher of Mathematics, English Grammar, and History.
  • Prof. J. L. Tomlinson, of Baltimore, Md., late Teacher in Graded Schools of California: Teacher of English Grammar and Geography.
  • Dr. Richard H. Lewis, of Kinston, once Doctor of Medicine, late Principal of Kinston College: Physiology and Hygiene.
  • Prof. Robert O. Holt, Oak Ridge, N. C., Teacher in Academy of Oak Ridge: Teacher of Drawing and Penmanship.
  • Prof. Wm. B. Phillips, Chapel Hill, N. C.: Teacher of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy.
  • Albert L. Coble, Graham, N. C., since Judge of the Superior Court: Teacher of Algebra.
  • Alexander W. McAlister, Asheboro, N. C.: Teacher of Latin.
  • Prof. Robert T. Bryan, now President of Baptist University at Shanghai, China: Teacher of Latin.
  • N. C. English, Superintendent of the Graded Schools of Greensboro: Teacher of Grammar and Geography.
  • Capt. John E. Dugger, Superintendent of Graded Schools of Raleigh: Reading and Phonics.
  • Prof. Benjamin W. Hatcher, Principal of High School of Selma: Arithmetic and Analytical Geometry.
  • Prof. Robert P. Pell, Instructor in English, University of North Carolina: English Philology and Shakespeare.
  • J. M. Weatherly, Principal of High School: Teacher of Reading and Mental Arithmetic.
  • Mrs. Louise Pollock, head of a Kindergarten School, Washington, D. C.: Teacher of the Kindergarten system.
  • Miss Susie Pollock, Washington, D. C.: Teacher of Kindergarten system.
  • Miss Jane F. Long, a teacher of the Public Schools of New York: Teacher of the Model Class.

        These teachers were as a rule at the head of their profession and indoctrinated their pupils with the latest and best modes of instruction and of the conduct of schools. Prominent men delivered lectures and addresses before the whole school in Gerrard Hall:

  • Prof. Jed Hotchkiss, thirteen lectures, including two on Palestine and one on Africa.
  • Prof. W. C. Kerr, six lectures on North Carolina.
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  • Prof. Sylvester Hassell, one on Astronomy.
  • Major Robert Bingham, "The English Speaking People."
  • Prof. F. W. Simonds, two on Zoölogy and one on Curious Flowers.
  • Bishop Theodore B. Lyman, "Egypt and the Nile."
  • Rev. Dr. Edward Rondthaler, "German Schools."
  • Rev. Dr. T. H. Pritchard, "Education in North Carolina."
  • Supt. J. C. Scarborough, "School System in North Carolina."
  • Rev. Wm. B. Royall, D.D., "The Happy Teacher."
  • President Battle, "The History of the University"; also a lecture on Sacred History.
  • Robert T. Gray, Esq., "Progressive Education."
  • Eugene Grissom, M.D., LL.D., "Evolution and Science."
  • Prof. W. B. Phillips, nine lectures on Natural Philosophy, with experiments.

        The whole number of pupils enrolled was 241, representing fifty-five counties. The average daily attendance was 167.

        President Battle in the course of one of his lectures made some interesting statements showing lineal descent of friendship for the University. One of the Committeemen, who reported the first scheme of instruction in the University, was Samuel Ashe, one of the three first Judges of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1776, afterwards Governor. One of his grandsons, Thomas Samuel Ashe, a high honor graduate and a Trustee, was one of the first three Judges of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1876.

        Two great-grandsons of David Stone, afterwards Governor, another Committeeman, were lately students in the University, David Stone Cowan and John L. Phillips (now, 1912, a Surgeon in the United States Army, with the rank of Major).

        The first President of the Board of Trustees, Charles Johnson being only chairman of a called meeting, was William Lenoir, a hero of Kings Mountain. One of his descendants was Rufus Lenoir Patterson, Chief Marshal of 1850, and a leading spirit in the revival of the University in 1875, and a son of his, Lenoir Morehead Patterson, and his cousin, Thomas Ballard Lenoir, were descendants of the noble man who called the Trustees to order on the morning of November 15, 1790.

        Again, the county of Mecklenburg, indignant because those of the Presbyterian faith were excluded from teaching in

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Queen's College, demanded a public institution bound by no such trammels. Waightstill Avery, one of the delegates, was on the committee which reported the Constitution. He was author of the clause commanding the establishment of the University. The line of Averys was represented by John Morehead Avery, a first honor man, son of the lamented Colonel William Waightstill Avery, who lost his life in the Civil War.

        Another coincidence was noted. The delegates from Edgecombe to the Constitutional Convention of 1776 were William Haywood, Elisha Battle, Jonas Johnston, Isaac Sessoms, and William Horn. Each of them had lineal descendants in college at that time. From Col. William Haywood came Ernest Haywood; Frank G. Hines represented Col. Jonas Johnston; Frank Battle Dancy represented Isaac Sessoms and Elisha Battle; Alexander L. Phillips and Kemp P., Junior, Thomas H., Herbert B., and Henry L. Battle were descendants of Elisha Battle and William Horn. This old patriot, Elisha Battle, State Senator throughout the Revolutionary War, in addition to being the ancestor of the six students named, and of President Battle and of two Trustees, had also the good fortune of being the progenitor of five generations, students of the University he indirectly aided in founding.

MARKING AND CURRICULUM.

        In 1880 the Executive Committee was unexpectedly aroused to interference in a matter generally thought to be peculiarly within the province of the Faculty. It was enacted that Professors should mark each recitation and make a weekly report. In the final marking of the pupil these recitation marks must have a controlling weight. The Faculty afterwards decided that they should have a two-thirds weight. It is obvious that this might be practicable in Mathematics but in History and other like subjects, this close attention to recitation is incompatible with arousing enthusiasm by the Professor. It seems that final examinations create and test a broad acquaintance with the subject taught during the session and should be the controlling influence.

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        The Scientific Course was revised and printed in the catalogue. The studies relating especially to the practical pursuits of life, e. g., the "branches relating to Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts," being emphasized. An inspection of this course will show that there was an honest attempt to earn the $7,500 a year granted on account of the Act of Congress of 1862, often called by the name of its author, the Morrill Act. As it is very desirable to show the good faith of the University in this regard I give a list of studies of the Scientific Course in 1881-'82.

  • FIRST YEAR.--Algebra and Geometry, English, Natural History Laboratory, Bookkeeping, and any one of the following: Latin, Greek, French, German.
  • SECOND YEAR.--Trigonometry and Analytical Geometry, Chemistry, French or German, Rhetoric, History, Physiology, Zoölogy, and Botany.
  • THIRD YEAR.--Physics, Industrial and Agricultural Chemistry, Qualitative Analysis, Agricultural Botany, Business Law, Logic and Rhetoric, Surveying and Engineering, or Calculus.
  • FOURTH YEAR.--Mechanics and Astronomy, Geology and Mineralogy, Political Economy, Constitutional Law, International Law, English Literature, and two electives, one out of each of the following groups: (a) Calculus or Surveying and Engineering or Quantitative Analysis; (b) English Literature, or Psychology, Moral Philosophy, Essays and Orations.

        The Teachers' Course was:

  • FIRST YEAR.--English, Reading and Elocution, Arithmetic, Algebra, Geography (Physical and Descriptive), Physiology and School Hygiene, Drawing and Writing, Latin or Greek, Theory of Teaching.
  • SECOND YEAR.--Rhetoric, History, Reading and Elocution, Bookkeeping, Surveying, Algebra, Geometry, Natural Philosophy, Business Law, Composition, Theory of Teaching.

        This Teacher's Course was for those preparing to be teachers, either in public or private schools. It embraced the studies required by law and some others indispensable to excellence. Students in this course could take free of charge studies embraced in the other courses.

        With the consent of the Faculty in each case students might pursue any studies they pleased, provided they had fifteen

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hours of class exercise a week. By this means a purely agricultural education was possible.

        A beginning was made in the collection of best models of plows and other agricultural implements. Handsome donations were made by E. H. Plummer, Belcher & Taylor, B. F. Avery & Sons, South Bend Iron Works, A. B. Farquhar.

PHARMACY.

        On the 23d of September, 1880, the College of Pharmacy was added to the University, with the following professors:

  • Kemp P. Battle, LL.D., President.
  • Thomas W. Harris, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy.
  • Frederick W. Simonds, M.S., Professor of Botany.
  • Francis P. Venable, Professor of General, Analytical and Applied Chemistry.

        During the spring term three lectures a week were given on Structural and Physiological Botany. Special attention was required for analysis of plants and the making of herbaria. In Chemistry there were three lectures per week for nine months, written examinations in December and May, oral quizzes often, and six hours required in the laboratory each week. The well appointed laboratories of the University gave every facility for work, which included the reactions of drugs, tests for their impurities and the detection of poison.

        Dr. Harris in Materia Medica and Pharmacy gave instruction in the description of the articles of Materia Medica, their physical properties, their impurities and tests for the same, the action of poisons and their antidotes.

        The pharmacy and medical students had free access to libraries and museums, including cabinets of minerals, plants, and medicines.

HONOR SYSTEM.

        From the beginning in 1875 the honor system in examinations was adopted. Each student signed a pledge that he neither gave nor received aid during the examination. Short absences from the classroom, not over a quarter of an hour,

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were allowed, the examination paper not to be removed. At one time the Faculty proposed that there should be no retiring, but finding that there was a general objection to this, it was dropped. On the whole the honor plan has worked wonderfully well. For some time accusations of cheating, which have been very rare, were tried before the members of the class as judges, but of late years before the Student's Council. Before 1868 cheating on examinations was not frowned upon by the student body; indeed, unless the perpetrator was "running for an honor," was pleasantly condoned. The reason for this was explained in Volume I of the History, briefly that there was a well founded belief that President Swain desired a large graduating class and that the diploma was no evidence of scholarship. There was no punishment for cheating, but now, on conviction, the offender must leave the University. The very few trials have been conducted fairly and wisely. According to the agreement of the students in mass meetings, any student detecting the offender is in honor bound to report him to the Student Council. The jurisdiction of the Council has been extended and now (1912) includes all accusations of serious breaches of discipline. Recently eight students have been reported to the Prsident as worthy of dismissal for hazing and they were dismissed accordingly.

ATHLETICS.

        The games of this period consisted of baseball and football. The first was much like the present but not altogether. Pitching by the pitcher was abandoned and throwing substituted. No gloves were worn and the hands of the first baseman were generally blue in spots from bruises. The ball was usually taken on a bound far behind the batter. There were no catcher's masks nor mitts; "taking them off the bat" by the catcher was resorted to only seldom, for example, when there was a man on base.

        Football was played pretty much as is described in "Tom Brown at Rugby," i. e., by as many as were willing to engage in it, the players being chosen by captains on both sides. The eleven on a side came afterwards. As played at this time the

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game was very animated, and gave exercise to a much larger number than at present. The "rooters" instead of sitting on benches and occasionally giving their college yells were active participants in the running, dodging, and kicking.

        In 1880 the Agricultural Experiment Station was very active and did good work. Among the employees was a skilled analyst from Prussia. After doing efficient service for some months his work became irregular and his actions abnormal. He devoted himself to a Fayetteville lady at the Normal School, followed her home and manifested his love by extravagant attentions. Then we heard of his resignation, probably at the request of his chief, Dr. Ledoux. He transmitted a few dollars to the doctor, saying it was to pay for alcohol which he had used as an intoxicant out of the Department stores. He then determined to return to the old country to visit his father. While in mid-Atlantic on his return trip, he suddenly leaped overboard and was swallowed up in the mighty ocean--a victim to the drug which poisons mind and body. He was a man of uncommon force, had the thorough training of a German University, bore on his face the scar of a student's sword duel. In manner he was courteous and agreeable. It is unnecessary to give his name.

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION IN 1881.

        A meeting of the Alumni Association was held in the evening of January 26, 1881, in Raleigh, in pursuance of a resolution of the Association in June preceding, at the instance of President Battle. A number of alumni paid the annual fee of one dollar and became members. Mr. Paul C. Cameron was elected President, W. L. Saunders Secretary, E. B. Engelhard Assistant Secretary, F. J. Busbee, J. S. Carr, and J. R. Hutchins Executive Committee. The Association assembled in the Hall of the House of Representatives. A very large and intelligent audience showed by earnest attention their appreciation of the proceedings. President Cameron delivered a most interesting address. He began by praising the ladies

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for the value of their presence to the University exercises. It had been an inspiring sight to see such men as Wm. H. Battle, Wm. A. Graham, B. F. Moore, and David M. Carter engaged in resuscitating the institution. He called over some of the older surviving alumni: Mark Alexander, of 1808; Matthew R. Moore, of Alabama, 1815; Rev. Dr. Robert Hall Morrison, Bishop W. M. Green, General Edward J. Mallett, of New York, of the Class of 1818, and Wm. H. Hardin, of 1819. We should keep in mind James K. Polk, 1815, Willie P. Mangum, 1815, Wm. A. Graham, 1824, and John Y. Mason, 1816, as having a national reputation.

        Mr. Cameron then paid a glowing tribute to Governor John M. Morehead, 1817. Commencing life as a Tutor in the University, he ended it with the highest honors of the State and the richest rewards of a practical utilitarian and man of all work. Then there was Judge Archibald Murphey, 1799, who went into life from a Professor's chair, able lawyer and master of English, very kind to young men. He wrote once to the speaker a letter giving fatherly advice and closing with an entreaty never to wear a ring, walk with a gold headed cane, or ride a pony. Then we should remember R. M. Pearson, 1823, Thomas C. Manning, 1843, and Walker Anderson, 1819, Chief Justices of North Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida respectively. There were mentioned the astute lawyer, B. F. Moore, 1820, and the orators W. P. Mangum and Zebulon B. Vance, 1852. And there were the great pulpit orators, Francis L. Hawks, 1815, and William Hooper, 1809. Two of the most prominent graduates, J. J. Pettigrew and M. W. Ransom, were competitors for honors in the same class, 1847, while Wm. R. Holt, 1817, was a pioneer in improved agriculture and cattle breeding.

        For nearly seventy years the fortunes of the University were in the hands of President Caldwell and David L. Swain, 1822, who managed its affairs with good judgment and success. On the reorganization in 1875 ex-Governor Graham was urged to become the chief officer of the University, but he shook his head and said "it can not be." He was in the grasp of a fatal

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malady. He gave his earnest sanction to the election of Mr. Battle a year afterwards.

        Mr. Cameron gave his endorsement to the Summer Normal School "the wisest provision, the best blow struck in North Carolina for general education--to teach the teachers how to teach." Lastly he praised the establishment at the University of the Agricultural Experiment Station as full of untold blessings to the farmer. He then introduced to the audience President Battle, who delivered the annual address as the substitute of Rev. Dr. Thos. E. Skinner, who had been chosen but was called off to the bedside of a sick son. As President Battle's address was on the early history of the University, and as that is given in detail in the first volume of his History, it will not be repeated now. After mentioning the benefactors of the University in the past he closed, "Every one of these good men and women of the old time have gone to their silent homes, their bodies resting in the bosom of the green earth, not one of all that noble band looking forth with benignant eyes on their beloved North Carolina and the many changes flashing over its surface. But not dead. They live in their worthy descendants, whose character they aided by transmitted influence to mould, the true transmigration of souls, in the beneficent institutions which they inaugurated, in the capacious structures, whose corner stones they laid, in the children of the land they assisted to educate. The University buildings and noble grounds, its libraries and apparatus for instruction, long lines of useful and honorable citizens in all the walks of life, in all the States from the Potomac to the Rio Grande, their mental panoply supplied from her armory, these are alike their work and ever enduring monument."

        "The thanks of the Association were tendered to Messrs. Cameron and Battle for their very able, instructive and interesting addresses."

        Adjournment was then had subject to the call of the President or Executive Committee. Messrs. Paul B. Means, F. H. Busbee, and J. S. Carr were appointed a committee to prepare an address to the alumni. It does not appear that the committee ever reported.

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        After the conclusion of the meeting in the Hall of the House of Representatives the Association and its guests partook of an elegant banquet at the Yarborough House, care being taken to have no wine nor strong drink. Rev. Dr. Neill McKay asked the Divine blessing. Mr. Cameron was president of the feast. There were sundry toasts called and responses made, short abstracts of which are given.

        1. North Carolina and the Federal Union. Governor Thomas J. Jarvis said, "Great as North Carolina is, dear to our hearts as she is, dear to us as the blood which so many of us have shed, and which so many more are willing to shed in her defense, she is but an integral part of this mighty Union, with which heaven and our forefathers have blessed us. North Carolina and the Federal Union: Long may they go on prospering and to prosper, one and inseparable, now and forever."

        The second toast was The General Assembly of North Carolina. Responded to by the President of the Senate, Lieutenant-Governor Robinson, and the Speaker of the House, Charles M. Cooke. We have only the speech of Mr. Cooke. "The groundwork of every system of government is the voice of the legislative power as expressed in its laws. The idea of this age in our State is in higher mental and moral culture. In this General Assembly are found representatives of that idea. To the members of the Alumni Association I would say in behalf of the General Assembly, we have the kindest feelings for your Alma Mater. We appreciate her for what she has done. We value her for what she is still to do, and we shall help her to extend her usefulness."

        To the third toast, The Judiciary of North Carolina and the Bar, Col. John N. Staples, Senator from Guilford County, responded: "Who of us, the most humble of the legal profession, that is not stirred to the very depths when we read of those great judges and eminent advocates, whose fame and glory fill the earth, and whose names like great stars in the world's firmament, shine through the gloom of centuries with a brilliancy and a splendor which time can not efface nor the ages obscure. * * * The pages of history do not disclose the time when the lawyers and the judges, as a class, were not

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the truest friends of good government, wholesome laws and popular rights." Colonel Staples continued for some minutes in eloquent style and closed as follows:


                         " 'The skies are painted with unnumbered sparks;
                         They all are fire and every one doth shine,
                         But there's but one in all doth hold his place,
                         Unchanged of motion, immovable.'

        "So let it be with the State. Let the hills and the valleys and eastern plains be studded with colleges and schools and seminaries of learning, and let each send forth a bright and beautiful light, but among them all let there be but one unchangeable and immovable, always resplendent with a never failing brightness, and let that one be our State University."

        The next toast was The University and the Board of Trustees. Responded to by Hon. John Manning, Representative from Chatham, and Dr. Eugene Grissom, Superintendent of the Central Asylum for the Insane.

        Mr. Manning said, "From the walls of the University has issued annually for more than three-quarters of a century a steady stream of generous, intelligent, well bred gentlemen, who have done much to formulate a healthy public opinion, and to elevate the standard of morals and politics. In 1875 the College curriculum was expanded and now the University stands abreast with the modern colleges or universities." The speaker gave details of the work of the University, awarding especial commendation to the Summer Normal School. He stated that the friends of the University have always been champions of the public schools. The Trustees have endeavored to carry out in good faith the provisions of the Land Grant Act. If anyone thinks otherwise they will be grateful for friendly criticism.

        Dr. Grissom said, "The influence of this institution of learning has extended throughout every portion of our Common-wealth, and its usefulness has pervaded every interest of our people. Its mission has not been hemmed in by State lines nor its blessings 'circumscribed within the same narrow limits.' Let it grow and flourish and bear fruit to feed the hungry

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thoughts of the rising generation, soon to fill our ranks. Its past history is secure, its career has been covered with renown, its present and future is as bright and full of praise. The Athenian pointed to the splendid Acropolis with exulting pride, because he believed that there in the matchless Parthenon was enshrined the palladium of his country--the symbol of heavenly knowledge. But were I asked to declare the preserving charm of our beloved country and its glorious liberties, I would direct the inquirer, * * * to our public schools, academies, colleges and universities. Here the minds that rule our land are fashioned. Here, under God, the destinies of the nation are determined."

        The next toast was The Clergy, responded to by Rev. Thos. E. Skinner, D.D. "True education is under the guidance and control of the Great Teacher sent from God. Its two great factors are Nature and Christ, and the design of both schools is the training, growth and salvation of the human family. In all the colleges of the State let a friendly emulation stimulate to the highest success. Let not the University underrate the denominational colleges as sectarian nor should the latter antagonize the University, the mother of high education in North Carolina."

        The sixth toast was Our Sister Institutions--Davidson, Wake Forest, and Trinity. Major J. G. Morrison, Representative from Lincoln, spoke for Davidson. He said that his father, Rev. Dr. Robert Hall Morrison, eighty-two years old, is one of the three oldest living graduates of the University. "No one will cherish more esteem, or who will be more ready to extend to it a helping hand than myself."

        Senator H. R. Scott, of Rockingham, for Wake Forest, said, "There is really no conflict of interests between the University and the colleges of the State. The liberal patronage extended to the University, and the increased matriculation of the colleges since its revival confirm this belief. Alike the advocates and inculcators of the great principles of moral and intellectual development, the colleges, with the University at their head, should march shoulder to shoulder against the twin gorgons, illiteracy and vice."

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        Representative D. B. Nicholson, of Duplin, for Trinity College, said, "Our University and her 'Sister Colleges' are the fountains from which flow, and from which must continue to flow, the crystal streams of knowledge and culture from which the manhood of our grand old Commonwealth may quaff the waters of refinement, of honor and distinction. Long live and flourish our grand old University! Long live and flourish her 'Sister Colleges.' "

        The seventh toast was The Common Schools of North Carolina. Senator A. Haywood Merritt, of Chatham, responded. "We are bound to extend a support to the University and the Common Schools, not only by the Constitution, but by the stronger ties of patriotic affection. The Common Schools and the University, two but inseparable, the handmaids of virtue and intelligence, which bear their welcome blessings alike to the cottage and the palace, and bring up the poor to the level of the peer. May they live forever!"

        Representative J. R. Webster, of Rockingham, responded to the same toast, "There is nothing I so much desire as the prosperity and happiness of the whole people of the State. The education of the masses is the only enduring basis upon which permanent prosperity and happiness can rest. The University's history constitutes the most brilliant and useful chapter in the splendid history of our grand old Commonwealth. I assuredly wish the University long life and abundant prosperity."

        Representative J. S. Bradshaw, of Randolph, responded to The Press, "Of all oppressed, depressed, and hard pressed, overworked, overtaxed, and unappreciated mortals between heaven and the new county of Durham, the Press stands foremost. I am not too envious not to exult with you over the resuscitation of your Alma Mater, nor can I be too selfish or too narrow souled not to rejoice with you over the greater and more glorious future that yet awaits her. The Press claims a share in her redemption and the honor of her success. While the Press has built up the University I could point you to other monuments on every hand that will perpetuate its honor and tell its power in the years to come. In the Press you will have

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always the strongest ally, the warmest advocate and the truest friend of your own beloved Alma Mater, the gem and the pride of North Carolina."

        The ninth toast was The Agricultural, Commercial, Manufacturing and Mining Interests of the State. Responded to by Hon. Montford McGehee, 1841, Commissioner of Agriculture, Major Rufus S. Tucker, Gen. Julian S. Carr, and Prof. W. C. Kerr. Mr. McGehee said, "The medical and law brethren, who have preceded me, seem to claim that the supreme good of society is dependent on the proper exercise of their professional functions. But let us not forget that the leaders of these professions have often in one generation reversed the opinions and practices of their predecessors. But if deprived of their breakfasts and other meals furnished by agriculture, what would become of the learning of our Executives, Legislators, and Judiciary? Our dear mother, ever fair and ever young, looks from her far famed hill with as much complacency upon those of her children who excel in agricultural as upon those who excel in professional pursuits. We hold in peculiar honor the men who established our University and those who maintained and supported her. Agriculture is reverenced as the calling of the good and wise of every age. It is revered as the true theater of peace, virtue, and independence."

        The speaker regretted the absence of the other sex "who, in the language of the great Cicero, 'Delectant domi, non impediunt foris, peregrinantur, rusticantur, pernoctant nobiscum.' Does the field of literature furnish a finer climax than that embraced in the above passage?"

        Major Tucker, taking Commerce as his subject, gave a rapid history of trade from the Jews, PhŒnicians, Carthaginians, Romans: "In our day the volume of exchanges has enormously increased, aided by ocean steamers, railroads, the telegraph." The dates of the charters of the various railroads in North Carolina were given. He then adverted to the delightful days spent at Chapel Hill in the old days. He paid a warm tribute to the ladies of Chapel Hill. He then gave a glowing description of the mineral and other resources of the State

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and exhorted the young men to prepare to develop them. He then reversed the advice of Greeley and urged them to "stay at home, young men."

        General Carr spoke on Manufactures. He urged the General Assembly to encourage manufacturing in every way possible. He asked pardon for stating that the mills, with which he was connected, since the first of January of the present year (1881), made sales to or had bona fide inquiries from, every State and Territory, perhaps, in the Union and besides from South America, West Indies, England, Germany, Norway, Australia, Japan, and China, and the "far-off isles of the sea." Though


                         "The heathen in his blindness
                         Bows down to wood and stone,"
in their lucid moments they cry, "Give us Blackwell's Durham tobacco and cigarettes, none genuine unless they have the trademark of the Durham Bull stamped on each package."

        Professor Kerr then responded, his subject being Geology. "The University has included in the scope of her plans and work, with a true University spirit, the whole circle of scientific culture and development. She built the first astronomical observatory on the continent, and not only recommended the establishment of, but actually conducted through a series of years, the first State Geological Survey in America. And the President of the University, Caldwell, sketched out a ground plan of internal improvements which the present generation is just beginning to comprehend and soon to realize."

        Col. Duncan K. MacRae coming in was called on and responded in a very witty and sensible speech, which was not reported.

        The last speech was not made until after midnight. The alumni and their invited guests went to rest, the former more enthusiastic than ever over their intellectual mother and the latter with more friendly feelings towards the institution which had become better known to them.

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MOVEMENT FOR FIRST ANNUAL APPROPRIATION.

        In January, 1879, the Treasurer reported that the collections from contributions were exhausted and that the receipts from tuition were insufficient to pay expenses. The numbers had increased to an extent greater than the most sanguine had anticipated. During the session 1877-'78 there were one hundred and ninety-eight in attendance. It had been the calculation, as has been stated, that the tuition receipts and contributions not needed for repairs, with the $7,500 by the State, would suffice to pay all bills until the tuition receipts should increase to the needed amount. Unfortunately this was not the case. If all the 198 students had paid their $60 tuition and $10 room rent the receipts would have been $13,180. The actual receipts were $6,987, very little over one-half. The prediction as to the increase of numbers was correct; the prediction as to the tuition receipts was incorrect.

        What was the cause of the increase of nonpaying students? Mainly the county student feature. By some it was considered a mark of distinction to be chosen by the Commissioners to represent their county. A few received the county appointment who were not strictly entitled to it.

        The evil to the University treasury did not stop here. Other youths, their parents naturally assenting, compared themselves to the county students and thought that they were entitled to the same privileges, claiming that financially they were in no better condition. Also the sons of clergymen were entitled to free tuition and those intending to become clergymen. And all who were indigent were allowed to give their notes for their University dues. These considerations diminished largely the number of paying students. And probably Trustees and Faculty, partly from pure charity and partly to increase the prestige of the institution, naturally leaned to liberality in granting free admission.

        The University, while willing to aid the bona fide indigent in all cases, would have been glad to abandon the county student feature, but was unable to do so, because the obligation had been imposed by the General Assembly as one of the conditions

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on which the grant of the land scrip had been made in 1867. It added very few students. Most of those who availed themselves of it would have entered the University without it.

        It may be asked why the Faculty did not refuse those county students whom they considered able to pay. Simply because the law gave the decision of the question to the County Commissioners, who were supposed to know the pecuniary condition of their people. The applicant was a resident of their county, the Faculty could know nothing about him except from hearsay and hearsay was often wrong or only half right. For instance, there was a county student whose father owned four hundred acres of good land, but the land was under a heavy mortgage. This, of course, the Commissioners knew, but the Faculty had no means of knowing. They had no authority to overrule the Commissioners. If they had done so bitter enmities would have resulted.

        The charge that rich boys were appointed county students, true or untrue, aroused sharp hostility in certain quarters. It was charged that this free tuition was intentionally used to gain students designing to go to other colleges. Rev. Columbus Durham insisted on getting and publishing copies of the University accounts and sharply criticised President Battle for the large amount of free tuition. His attack had little weight as the sympathies of the people were with indigent young men struggling for a higher life.

        At the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees the situation was carefully discussed. Rev. D. A. Long moved that all salaries should be reduced twenty per cent, and tuition fees increased by ten dollars. This was voted down and the Trustees settled upon ten per cent decrease of salaries as long as it should be necessary. It is to the credit of the members of the Faculty that they accepted this unpalatable action without a protest or a murmur. They did not even ask that scrip should be given for the amount so cut off, to be paid when more prosperous times should arrive.

        President Battle then proposed that he should appeal to the alumni and other friends of higher education for aid, and, if

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this should not meet with success, application should be made to the General Assembly for an annual appropriation. The whole matter devolved on him. Fortified by a strong letter from Governor Jarvis he accordingly proceeded to seek interviews with leading alumni in the chief cities and towns of the State and asked their counsel and their gifts. The unanimous answer was that it was not wise to rely on voluntary donations, but that the University, like all other State institutions, should be regularly supported out of the public treasury. As his opinion concurred with theirs, he turned his energies to procuring an appropriation.

        Strange to say no annual appropriation had ever been asked for and of course had not been granted. In 1790 a loan of ten thousand dollars for building the Old East was voted and afterwards it was converted into a gift. About seventy-five years afterwards, in 1867, President Swain procured seven thousand dollars for one year to pay part of the unpaid salaries of the Faculty. Large sums were obtained from time to time from escheats, including soldiers' land warrants located in West Tennessee, which that State claimed as her property, but there was no money from the State Treasury. The seven thousand and five hundred dollars annually from the Land Grant is no exception to this statement because that was paid to fulfill a contract with the United States, specified in the Act of Congress of July, 1862, in lieu of the investments made under the Pool administration.

        After consulting with Governor Jarvis, Colonel Saunders, and other wise friends it was concluded that, as we had $7,500 per annum coupled with the obligation to receive one free student from each county, that the proposed bill would be more acceptable if, coupled with an additional $7,500, there should be another free student from each county.

        This provision was bitterly fought by friends of other institutions, who alleged that the county student feature was used to take away their students. This allegation was probably true in one or two cases. Some County Commissioners possibly reasoned that a young man, while his father lived, had

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no property of his own. There was, however, only one case known where a student was induced to desert his college for the University, but it was charged that there were many.

        In order to get the bill in any shape through the Legislature we had the help of Governor Jarvis, Secretary of State Wm. L. Saunders, and other enlightened statesmen, including alumni of the University in the General Assembly.

        Colonel Saunders, graduate of the University of 1854, in a very strong paper, published in the Sentinel newspaper as an editorial, pointed out that the memorial of the opponents to the General Assembly opposing the appropriation was an attempt by the churches to control the State, contrary to the genius of our institutions.

        Rev. Dr. J. D. Hufham, a sincere and influential Baptist, a friend of Wake Forest College and also of the University, of which his father was an alumnus, journeyed to Raleigh from his distant home and sought an interview with President Battle. He stated that he was not opposed to the University but that he was unalterably an enemy to doubling the county student feature. He proposed that if the friends of the University would ask for $5,000 annually only and strike out the additional county student feature, he would cease his own opposition and would advise his friends to support the bill. Believing it to be the best policy for the University, with the approval of Governor Jarvis, Colonel Saunders and other Trustees, the proposal was accepted.

        The bill then passed without serious trouble.

        When passage of the bill was reported to Colonel Saunders he was much pleased, saying, "That settles the principle--more will follow."

        What caused the change in public sentiment which led to this beginning of annual appropriations to the University? It was partly from the judicious conduct of the President and Professors in working hard and often making educational addresses throughout the State, partly to the admirable behavior of our students, and the high stand in their communities of

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our alumni, but chiefly to our Summer Normal School. Teachers from two-thirds of the counties returned to their homes full of love for the University and demonstrating its usefulness to the public schools. Friends of education everywhere had their attention turned hitherward.

        Connected with this success of the University was an incident which was so distorted in the telling as to be offensive to some who had opposed us. The students, on Washington's birthday, through Mr. A. W. McAlister, a Junior, presented President Battle with a gold headed cane. The secret was so well kept that the President knew not what was coming until the orator was half through his speech of presentation. He replied in a conciliatory tone, giving credit to all who supported our bill, expressing gratification at the withdrawal of opposition, and explaining that the opposition was chiefly directed against doubling the number of county students. There was nothing said in a boastful way but probably the public presentation of the cane was regarded in that light. Over that President Battle had no control whatever. His uniform practice was to say nothing which could leave a sting. Doubtless, too, some thin skinned opponent of the University was guilty of misunderstanding or distorting the speeches and endeavored to make mischief.

        In order to satisfy the public that the county student law of 1867 would be honestly administered, it was materially strengthened by the Act of 1881. The applicant was required to prove that neither he, nor guardian, nor parent, had the requisite means to pay his tuition and room rent at the University, that he was a citizen of the State, a resident of the county, of good moral character and capacity for usefulness. The appointment was revocable if the alleged facts were found to be untrue, or the applicant, his parent or guardian, should become able to pay. The Faculty were allowed to bring the question of ability before the Board of Commissioners. And if any student should obtain the appointment, he should still be liable for tuition and room rent, if he should afterwards be able to pay. It was made the duty of the Trustees to require

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that students receiving free tuition should promise in writing to teach in the State for a period of time half as long as they should be at the University under such tuition.

        This law continued until 1887, when the Land Scrip was taken from the University and the county student feature was abolished. This abolition, however, does not prevent the aiding of the indigent to obtain a University education.

        Of course, although not altogether satisfactory in its workings, the law did much good. Many valuable youths were brought from their obscure surroundings and trained for an honorable life. President Battle was careful to send printed copies of the law to the counties and thus poor young men were informed how to obtain a University education, which would not have otherwise been made known to them.

        The report of President Battle for 1881 was placed before the General Assembly. Some statements in the report should be recorded.

        The President bears testimony to the high standard of honor, sobriety, economy, and deportment of the students. He acknowledges the great indebtedness of the Faculty to them for their invaluable coöperation through the Literary Societies in preserving so elevated a standard of decorum and morality.

        The Faculty are studious and ambitious. They have performed their work with cheerfulness, harmony, energy and thoroughness.

        The income does not meet expenses. It is impossible to curtail our expense without serious injury to the institution. For example, curtailment of salaries would drive off some of our best Professors, while diminution of our teaching force will cause to be untaught subjects of vital importance.

        The Act of Congress does not allow buildings to be put up out of the fund, or cattle or machinery bought. It requires the teaching of Latin and Greek and also the "branches of learning relating to Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts," not "Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts." The farmer's son should have a general training, so that he can hold his own in all circles. It is the intent of the Act to elevate the business

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of the farmers and mechanics to take rank with the professional men of law, medicine, theology and the like.

        We were assailed for not having stables and barns and blooded cattle, for not having workshops and costly machinery, and the like plants necessary to the efficiency of a complete institute of technology. The answer is plain. In the first place, how is it possible to provide these expenditures, running into many thousands of dollars, out of $7,500 a year? Could the ablest financier provide for the demands on his budget to this extent out of an empty treasury--in truth out of a deficient treasury?

        In the second place, the diversion of the Land Scrip Fund to permanent structures is against the Act of Congress. The second paragraph of section five of said act is explicit. "No portion of said fund nor interest thereon shall be applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings."

        It is confidently submitted that no fair man can accuse the University of not carrying out its obligation. It established not only two but several more professorships designed to teach the branches of learning relating to agriculture and the mechanic arts. It was impossible to do more with only $7,500 a year.

        It is possible that if the Trustees had cut off from its past and turned the University into an Agricultural and Mechanical College, the General Assembly would have shown greater liberality. But they wisely determined to develop it along the ancient lines, embracing, however, a much greater scope of scientific teaching. Surely it was right to have our institution of the type of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, University of Virginia, a character that this University has always had, with a reputation wide and enduring.

MEMORIAL OF COLLEGES.

        A memorial in behalf of the denominational colleges of the State was submitted to the General Assembly and published in the newspapers, against the passage of the bill. While the

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memorialists especially attacked the county student feature on the ground that it would take students from the colleges and was not fairly administered, the paper contains arguments against any State appropriation to the University. They say "we oppose the measure because such a large sum as $7,500 should not be given to collegiate education, when common school education is especially needed. Now only one-third of the children are at school, the State is so poor that it can only open the schools ten and one-fourth weeks in the year, and the appropriation for each child is only eighty-one cents, it seems unreasonable for the State to pay eighty dollars a year for each student sent to Chapel Hill."

        Again, they said, the number of really poor who will be aided will not be materially increased as the colleges are aiding, in whole or in part, one hundred and sixty-five needy young men. The tendency of the State student system is to have all University students free, as is the case in Virginia (and many other States), thus forcing by involuntary taxation the education of well to do and even the richest families.

        It was charged that the University was doing no better teaching than the colleges. "In fact even the high schools were injured because the University 'receives students of almost any degree of preparation.' In truth the development of the past few years shows that the colleges possess a value and vitality as factors in the great work of education, which do not belong to 'the State School at Chapel Hill.' Chapel Hill, with its illustrious alumni, its buildings and its endowment of $125,000, is unable to sustain itself, while the colleges are in a prosperous condition."

        Finally, deeming the measure violative of their most sacred rights as citizens, the memorialists entered their solemn protest against it as inexpedient, unfair, and unjust, and they would resist its passage by every legitimate measure.

        The memorial was signed by Rev. Drs. T. H. Pritchard, B. Craven, and L. M. McKinnon, presidents respectively of Wake Forest, Trinity, and Davidson Colleges, Rev. J. D. Hufham and Mr. L. L. Polk, of the Baptist, Mr. John L. Brown of the Presbyterian, and Rev. F. L. Reid of the Methodist Churches.

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        Many members of these denominations made known that they had no sympathy with the movement.

        The temper of the paper is indicated in several ways. First, the institution under discussion is belittled by calling it "the State School at Chapel Hill," and "Chapel Hill." Nowhere is it called "the University."

        Second, in throwing up to the University its paucity of numbers in recent years, when it was struggling under much opposition by the petitioners and others to regain the prosperity lost by the disasters of war and unfortunate legislation.

        Third, that it had no standard of admission. The only ground for this accusation is that the Land Grant Act required the University not to require Latin and Greek for applicants desiring to study the branches of learning relating to Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. The possession of $7,500 a year made it imperative to obey the act, but very few students availed themselves of the offer.

        Fourth, that the colleges without an endowment were flourishing. On the contrary their numbers were small, and they were seeking and ultimately obtained endowments. Their prosperity then increased. The rise of the University has helped them all notably.

        Fifth, while some of the arguments are only against free State students the spirit of the paper is against having any State University at all--a question settled in 1776 by constitutional enactment, and with few exceptions cherished throughout all civilized countries. The argument was that members of denominations which support their own colleges ought not to be called on to help public institutions, an argument which does not satisfy their own members, as is shown by the large attendance of their sons at the University.

        Sixth, the reflections on the work of the University come with a bad grace from men who never visited it and know not whereof they affirm. The Visiting Committees, able men, who annually inspect the institution, certify to faithful and sound work. The standards were as high as most of the best institutions in the land, as high as the standard of the preparatory schools allowed.

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        Seventh, the statement that $7,500 a year is a large appropriation, with the necessary inference that it is burdensome on the taxpayer, shows a lamentable ignorance or forgetfulness on the part of the memorialists. Institutions in many States get ten, twenty, thirty times as much. Those with even $1,000,000 to $2,000,000 annually complain of lack of means to provide for instruction in important branches of learning.

        Eighth, the authorities of the University preferred not to be burdened with this second obligation of county students. But they thought that the General Assembly would require it as a condition of a second appropriation of the same amount. They welcomed gladly the compromise to eliminate this feature, and reduce the appropriation to $5,000. It did not occur to them, however, that such respectable bodies as the County Commissioners, very fair representatives of the integrity and good sense of the people, would violate their duty by breaking a plain law and appointing students not entitled under its provisions.

BRIEF FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA.

        The following brief for the grant of additional aid to the University was prepared by President Battle and Professor Winston, and submitted to the Members of the General Assembly, in 1881. It is said that it had a good effect in conciliating opposition.

THE UNIVERSITY: ITS ORIGIN, ITS HISTORY, ITS WORK, ITS NEEDS, AND
REASONS FOR ITS EXISTENCE.

        Constitution of 1776--"All useful learning shall be duly encouraged and promoted in one or more universities." Section 41.

        Charter granted in 1789, one month after the State entered the Union. The Legislature declared that "in all well regulated governments it is the indispensable duty of every Legislature to consult the happiness of a rising generation and endeavor to fit them for an honorable discharge of the social duties of life, by paying the strictest attention to their education, and whereas an university, supported by permanent funds and well endowed would have the most direct tendency to answer the above purpose," etc. etc.

        The Convention of 1835 left the requirement of the University in the Constitution.

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        The Convention of 1861 did the same.

        The Convention of 1865 reënacted the provision.

        The Convention of 1868 did the same.

        The people, by an immense majority, ratified the University by separate vote in 1873, and gave the management to the General Assembly.

        The Convention of 1875 reënacted the University provisions, and the people ratified their action in 1876.

        So that the people have imposed it on the General Assembly, at seven different epochs, to support and maintain the University. Art. IX, sec. 6, of Const.

        The General Assembly are sworn to carry out the provisions "wherever practicable":

  • 1. To give free tuition to the poor.
  • 2. To establish College of Agriculture.
  • 3. To establish College of Mechanics.
  • 4. To establish College of Mining.
  • 5. To establish College of Normal Instruction.

        All the Legislature has done is--

    I. To pay interest on the Land Scrip Fund, $7,500 per annum. This they agreed with the United States to do or pay back the whole amount to the United States.

  • (a) In return for this $7,500 the University grants 94 free scholarships, one from each county.
  • (b) The University agrees to establish at least two professorships, whose professors shall "teach the branches of learning relating to Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts."

        As a matter of fact the University has organized all its departments with special reference to carrying out the Land Grant Act.

        The present work of the University:

    • I. Instruction to beneficiaries and county students. Over 270 since 1875.

    • (a) These free students have all the advantages given to the richest.
    • (b) They are taught not only branches relating to Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, but also all the studies usually taught in universities. They have really--
      • 1. The instruction demanded by Congress.
      • 2. The best university education.
      • 3. Both free of charge.
    • (c) These students are among the best students in all respects; many of them represent their Societies at Commencement.
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    • (d) Thus the University is educating the poorer classes and furnishing teachers for public and private schools, educated citizens for the civil offices and duties of the State.
    • (e) These poor students are not required to study Latin and Greek, but they can do so if they desire.
    • (f) They are not excluded on account of poor preparation; the Professors, by extra labor, provide for them.

    • II. Economy is the order of the day at the University.

    • (a) About half the students board at $7 to $8 per month, less than ten cents a meal.
    • (b) The Faculty interdict expensive boarding houses.
    • (c) Extravagance in all shapes and forms is banished.

    • III. The standard of graduation is higher than ever before.

    • (a) The range of studies is wider.
    • (b) Various courses of study are arranged to suit the tastes and necessities of individuals.
    • (c) The several studies are pursued further than ever before.
    • (d) The most improved methods of instruction are used.
    • (e) Idlers and poor scholars are sifted out of each class by searching final examinations.
    • (f) The scientific instruction is given not only by lectures and recitations, but also and especially by actual practice and experiment in the field and in the laboratory.
    • (g) The highest testimony has been given in flattering terms to the character of the institution: e. g., by Major Bingham, Rev. Dr. McKay, Hon. John Manning, Rev. C. H. Wiley, Major A. M. Lewis, Rev. Dr. Huske, and others, who have visited the class rooms.

    • IV. The instruction is largely practical.

    • (a) Land Surveying and Plotting.
    • (b) Bookkeeping and Commercial Arithmetic.
    • (c) Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry.
    • (d) Mechanics.
    • (e) Geology and Mineralogy.
    • (f) Botany.
    • (g) Zoölogy and Physiology.
    • (h) Constitutions of United States and of North Carolina.
    • (i) Rights and Duties of Citizenship.
    • (j) Laws of Business, Notes, Bills, etc.
    • (k) The University needs money to extend its usefulness in this direction.

    • V. The University is educating a great many teachers.

    • (a) Manning at Pittsboro, Noble with Bingham, Phillips with Lynch, Coble at Graham, Bryan at Cary, Craig at Chapel Hill, etc., etc., etc.
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    • (b) Many students study during the session and then remain during the Normal School, to learn the theory of teaching.
    • (c) The University needs money to secure a regular Professor of the Theory and Art of Teaching the Common School Branches.

    • VI. The number of the students shows the University's merits.

    • (a) The number has risen to 200 since 1875.
    • (b) This is more than the University ever had up to 1850.
    • (c) We have 50 per cent more from North Carolina than the University had up to 1850.
    • (d) The students from other States were diverted elsewhere when the University closed. They are returning.
    • (e) Many native students went abroad when the University closed.

    • VII. Shall the University live, or shall it die?

    • (a) The Constitution commands the University to exist.
    • (b) The State owns a great deal of University property; e. g.:
      • 1. Eight buildings, five spacious, all brick.
      • 2. Laboratories.
      • 3. Museums.
      • 4. Libraries.
      • 5. Scientific apparatus.
      • 6. Four professors' houses and lots.
      • 7. Six hundred acres of land.
    • (c) This belongs to the University forever by decision of the Circuit Court of the United States and Supreme Court of North Carolina.
    • (d) Shall the deaf, dumb, and blind be educated and not the seeing and hearing sons? Shall the insane be cared for and not the sane?
    • (e) The University is essential to the Common School System--the fountain of education.
    • (f) It saves annually from $75,000 to $100,000 to the State by educating our boys at home: e. g., Princeton, once the resort of students from North Carolina, now has only one. Hampden-Sidney has now none. University of Virginia, once the favorite, with forty or fifty or more, now has only twelve, counting the professional students in the Law and Medical Schools, etc., etc. Before the war the University had 185 from other States, who brought into North Carolina at least $100,000 every year. It had besides 272 from our own State, most of whom would have left it for education. The University therefore gained and saved together, to the State, about $200,000 per annum. From 1850 to 1860, there were 3,626 matriculates. At an average of $400 each, this netted the State $1,450,400 in ten years. Strengthen its hands and it will bring back the ancient numbers. Supposing
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      that of the present numbers, only half would leave the State for education, say 100, they would spend out of North Carolina $50,000 at least per year.

    • (g) The University alone can do its work. Trinity College claims to do as good work as the best institutions, and it is not denied; Wake Forest makes the same claim, and so does Davidson. For this reason it is said by some that the University, which was started fifty years before either of these, must desert its old work and get out of their way. Where shall it go? Must it go above Harvard, above Yale, above the University of Virginia, above Cornell, above Vanderbilt, above the University of Georgia, above Johns Hopkins? Such demands can not be complied with, for the simple reason that to do so would cut the University off from its connection with the great mass of poor young men in the State struggling to acquire liberal education. The University is not intended alone for the benefit of graduates of other institutions and the rich, but for the poor and needy as well, whose narrow fortunes will not permit them to go elsewhere. It is, and ought to be, emphatically a State institution, doing the State's work, and the real question at issue is not whether young men shall go to Chapel Hill or to other institutions, but whether they shall go to Chapel Hill and there acquire a liberal education, or remain at home without one. No institution in North Carolina, other than a State institution, can do the beneficiary work that the University has done, and desires to do. But let us not quarrel about this, for Heaven knows that in the field of education there is work enough for us all; that there are, and will always be, boys enough in North Carolina seeking higher education to fill all of our institutions of learning. So far as the University is concerned, it knows full well that the poor are always with us, and it desires always to open its doors to those who, for lack of fortune, can not go elsewhere.

    • VIII. With a little more money the University can vastly increase its usefulness.

    • (a) It could give more and better instruction as to--
      • 1. The theory and art of teaching.
      • 2. House building.
      • 3. Mining.
      • 4. Machinery, tools, etc.
      • 5. Surveying, drainage, and irrigation.
      • 6. Road making and bridge building.
      • 7. Carpentry.
      • 8. Draughting and drawing.
      • 9. Agriculture.
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    • IX. The University is doing more for the $7,500 than any similar institution in the United States that has as little money.

    • (a) It is teaching all the sciences relating to Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts.
    • (b) Its instruction in these sciences is as extensive as the funds allow.
    • (c) It has gone in debt to support the Professorship of Natural History, relating solely to Agriculture.
    • (d) But for said professorship it would now be out of debt and self-supporting.
    • (e) It has fitted up three large and valuable chemical laboratories for agricultural students.
    • (f) It has purchased valuable and costly apparatus for students of Chemistry and Mechanics.
    • (g) It teaches the analysis of soils, marls, manures, foods, etc., the principles of Agriculture and Mechanics, etc., etc.
    • (h) Its work needs extending in these branches.
  • X. What appropriations do other States make? The list of appropriations by other States may be found in President Winston's report in 1892.

    • XI. Money contributed by individuals to revive the University and intended to pay Professors' salaries, has been applied to improving the property of the State.

    • (a) Individuals contributed over twenty thousand dollars.

      • (b) Of this sum nearly fifteen thousand dollars was spent in--

      • 1. Repairing the buildings.
      • 2. Constructing scientific laboratories.
      • 3. Buying scientific apparatus.
    • (c) But for these expenses the University would be out of debt.
    • (d) The State ought to refund this money by making an annual appropriation.

    • XII. The past history and work of the University entitle her to the patriotic support of the State.

    • (a) Over five thousand students educated.

      • (b) Public men and business men.

      • 1. Presidents, Vice-Presidents, Senators, etc., etc.
      • 2. R. S. Tucker, J. S. Carr, T. M. Holt, J. T. Morehead, R. R. Bridgers, W. S. Battle, and hundreds of other business men.

    •         (c) Work of Caldwell, Swain, Olmstead, Mitchell and others of the Faculty.

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        Objections to the University and answers:

    • I. It takes so many beneficiaries.
      Answer. Guilty and proud of it.

    • (a) The Constitution (Art. IX, sec. 7) demands it.
    • (b) If the present law is faulty, whereby those able to pay get in free, amend the law. The principle is all right.
    • (c) But certainly very few, if any, county students are able to pay.
    • (d) Ninety-nine out of one hundred are certainly needy.
    • (e) These ninety-nine would certainly not have been educated, except as beneficiaries somewhere. Their education is due to the University.
    • (f) Some of them will be strong and valuable men.

    • II. By taking beneficiaries it hurts denominational colleges.
      Answer. Not true. The opening of the University has helped them.

    • (a) It has aroused a deep interest everywhere in education.
    • (b) Wake Forest had 91 before the University opened; it has now double that number. The others have increased also.
    • (c) Of the 2,500 to 3,000 boys in the State that ought to be at college, only 600 to 700 are there.
    • (d) The other colleges want paying students.
    • (e) The Constitution (Art. IX, sec. 7) requires the University to receive poor boys. It is the duty of the State to educate them, and the University is the proper medium.

    • III. The University should raise its standard of scholarship so high as to be out of the way of the colleges.
      Answer. How can this be done? What institution in America does it?

    • (a) The colleges publish that they teach Latin, Greek, Mathematics, Chemistry and everything which our people want to learn, as well as any institution; they claim that their graduates are equal to those of Yale, Princeton, Cornell, etc.
    • (b) What is left for the University to do? Shall it go up into the skies?
    • (c) Suppose the University received only graduates of the colleges; it would not have ten students.
    • (d) It is hard to induce students to stay at the colleges to graduate. It is chimerical to expect many of them to go higher.
    • (e) The standard of admission at Chapel Hill is as high as at Princeton, the University of Virginia and other colleges of the same rank. (See paper annexed, "Requisites for Admission Into the University of Virginia.")
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    • (f) The University of Virginia has a high reputation for her degrees by granting them only to the best scholars. The best scholars at Chapel Hill are equal substantially to those of the University of Virginia.
    • (g) Graves, Jacob Battle and others, among the best at Chapel Hill, went to the University of Virginia, and were equal to the best there. Gildersleeve told President Battle that Jacob Battle was one of the best Greek scholars he ever had. Graves' reputation was equally high, as Professor Davis and others say.
    • (h) True, we receive county students not possessing the qualifications to enter on the regular classical curriculum, but we are required by law so to do, and we ought to do so. We should be applauded for it.
  • IV. The University does not meet the requirements of the Land Grant Act.
    Answer. This has been explained by President Battle in his report sent to the Legislature by the Governor.

REQUISITES FOR THE ADMISSION OF VIRGINIA STUDENTS INTO THE UNIVERSITY
OF VIRGINIA.

(Catalogue of 1879-'80.)

        All students are required to pass entrance examinations in English and arithmetic. The examination in English includes spelling, parsing and writing. The examination in arithmetic includes addition, substraction, multiplication and division, vulgar and decimal fractions, proportion and denominate numbers.

        After passing these two examinations, Virginia students may receive instruction in any school of the University, except four. If they wish to study Latin, Greek, Mathematics, or History and Literature, they must be examined on these studies respectively.

        In Latin the examination covers two books of Cæsar's Gallic War and Cicero's Four Orations against Catiline.

        In Greek the examination covers two books of Xenophon's Anabasis.

        In Mathematics, Algebra (through Quadratics) and three books of Plane Geometry.

        In History and Literature, Modern Geography and an elementary knowledge of the history of Greece, Rome, England, or the United States.

        It will be noticed that the University of North Carolina has as high a standard of admission as the University of Virginia.


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REPORTS FOR 1881.

        President Battle in substance described the work of the University as follows:

        The University after being closed for a few years previously was reopened in 1875. Its progress since then, considering the financial disturbance and the shattered fortunes of the people of the South, has been rapid. It has more students than it ever had prior to 1850, from all the States. It has many more from North Carolina than it ever had prior to 1850. It was inevitable that when its doors were closed, the patronage from other States should be diverted to other channels. New universities have been opened in the States south of us which have the confidence of their home people. Most grant free tuition. But there is full scope in North Carolina. If all those who are able will send their sons to the universities or to the colleges, we would have five hundred and the colleges double or treble their numbers. There are large counties that have very few if any students at any college. The revival of the University has not decreased the number attending other institutions--some have increased. The University has also called back students from distant States. Princeton, once frequented by North Carolina youths, has only one, and few can be found in any institution outside our limits.

        Besides the Academic Department the University has special schools.

  • I.--Law, fitting students to obtain license to practice in this State.
  • II.--Medicine, in which they are fitted to attend the great medical colleges.
  • III.--Pharmacy, fitting them to be practical druggists.

        The Faculty are ready to furnish postgraduate instruction. Hereafter the degree of Master of Arts (A.M.) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) will not be conferred except upon rigid examination on prescribed courses.

        The Normal School, giving instruction for five weeks during summer vacation under eminent experts in Normal methods, is

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continued. Thus far seven or eight hundred teachers have reaped this educational harvest, and their testimony is unanimous as to the benefits realized.

        The Fertilizer Control Station, established by the General Assembly in a building of the University, is greatly helping the farmers and others by analyses of fertilizers, drinking waters, ores, minerals, soils, etc., and publishing the results.

        Rev. Calvin H. Wiley, D.D., the former able Superintendent of Public Instruction, was Chairman of the Committee of Visitation. He wrote and signed their report which certifies to "the existence of certain primary conditions necessary to the success of such institutions, namely, sober and quiet living, unity in counsel, and hearty coöperation among the Faculty, and kindness and sympathy between the teachers and pupils.

        "The range of studies is very broad, and has necessarily been extended beyond the usual University course by a proper compliance with the conditions imposed by the Land Scrip Grant of the Federal Government. The method of instruction is simple, careful, and thorough, evidently designed for the improvement of the pupils and not for display. * * * The recitations exhibited the teachers as full of their subjects rather than of themselves. While there is an air of neatness and self-respect among the students there is little extravagance * * * and none of the odious characteristics of caste."

        Dr. Wiley then, as specimens of the character of the teaching, gives a syllabus of a lecture by Dr. F. P. Venable, Professor of Chemistry, on "The Natural Gums," and one by President Battle, which brought in review important facts and precedents in the experience of the Federal Government, exhibiting in an impressive way its genius and tendencies.

        Dr. Wiley gave as an appendix to his report a tabulated statement of the work of the University in 1881, showing concretely that the meagre resources of the University at that time were fully realized.

        After the grant of $5,000 per annum, in 1881, in addition to the amount already had, the Trustees requested the opinion of

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the Faculty as to the best mode of expending it. The Faculty strongly opposed the creation of new professorships, urging the purchase of books, journals, and apparatus in aid of the existing departments. Of course they properly asked as a matter of justice that their salaries should be restored to the amounts originally promised. Their advice was substantially complied with.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1881.

        The Commencement of 1881 was largely attended by representative men of the State. On Wednesday, when the speaking in public began, there were on the rostrum Senators Ransom and Vance, Rev. Drs. Patterson and W. P. Harrison, Governor Jarvis, Gen. E. J. Mallett, President Battle, of course, and the "Introductory Orator," J. M. Walker. The quadrangle, or "bull pen," contained, among many others, Judge Albertson, Gen. W. R. Cox, Hon. John Manning, and Hon. J. J. Davis, soon to be Supreme Court Judge.

        A prayer was offered by Rev. Dr. Geo. Patterson. Mr. F. G. Hines introduced the orator, Gen. M. W. Ransom, who always attracted admiration by his striking presence, his sonorous voice, the gracefulness of his gesticulation, the eloquence of his language. His theme was "The Duties of the Young Men of the State to the State." He exhorted his hearers to cultivate patriotism, education, and justice. Many were delighted that he counseled them to stand by the religion of their fathers and not listen to the siren wooing them with the song of science. The speech was enthusiastically received, all the more because the General stated that he had left his manuscript in Durham and made his address "without rest."

        Although it interrupts the narrative I must state that some time after this, on the occasion of a visit to Chapel Hill, he called on President Battle and for two hours they talked over University incidents of 1843-'47. The General showed that he had forgotten no material points of his college career and preserved brightly in his heart its memories. Five of his sons were of our boys and most of them were distinguished for scholarship.

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        After General Ransom's address the Historical Society had a meeting. President Battle was elected President and Rev. J. F. Heitman Secretary and the usual business transacted.

        The Baccalaureate sermon was preached in the afternoon by Rev. Dr. W. P. Harrison, of Washington, D. C. It was a discourse of marked ability. He described the seven great religions of the world--that of the Egyptians, Buddhism, Confucianism, Parseeism, Mohammedanism, the Polytheism of Greece and Rome, Christianity--and showed the perfection of the latter. He sharply criticised evolution and closed with a glowing tribute to moral courage.

        At night the representatives of the two societies delivered their addresses. The first speaker was Thomas Malvern Vance, on the theme, "Has the Time Come for Universal Suffrage?" Of course he decided against the claims of negroes and women.

        It is interesting that the speaker, son of Governor Vance, was born not long after the disastrous fight at Malvern Hill in 1862 and was named after the battle, the Governor, then Colonel of a regiment stationed in sound of the cannon, but not near enough to participate in the fight.

        The next speaker was Albert Sidney Grandy, whose Christian name recalls a hero of the Civil War. He discussed "The Present Demand for Political Reform." He compared the political problems of the leading nations of Europe with our own, and advocated trenchant changes.

        Mr. Edward Thomas Greenlee came next and advocated national education as the solution of "Our National Problem."

        Mr. John Randolph Uzzell spoke on "Literature as a Profession." The company welcomed this subject and its interesting discussion as a relief from politics.

        Thomas William Mayhew then discussed "The Discontent of the Age." He attributed it to the misdirection of educational influence.

        Edwin Anderson Alderman followed with a glowing tribute to Ireland and fierce denunciation of her treatment by the English. His subject was "Ireland and Her Woes." Of

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the above Vance, Greene, and Alderman were Dialectics, the others Philanthropics. Alderman was considered best speaker.

        On Commencement Day the speakers, chosen by request of the Faculty by the Senior Class out of their number, were:

  • William J. Adams, "The Character of Lee."
  • Robert B. Albertson, "The Philosophy of the Decline of Persecution."
  • John M. Avery, "Nihilism."
  • James Y. Joyner, "Self-Government."
  • James M. Leach, Jr., "The Passing Century."
  • James D. Murphy, "The Laboring Classes of America."
  • Robert P. Pell, "The Influence of the Scientific Movement Upon Literature."
  • Charles R. Thomas, Jr., "The Philosophy and Retribution of History."
  • Lucian H. Walker, "The Chosen Race."
  • William B. Stewart, "The Records of Human Influence."
  • Robert W. Winborne, "The Influence of Free Thought on American Society."
  • Noah J. Rouse, "The Reform Needed."

        The judges of the debate awarded the Mangum Medal to James M. Leach, Jr. It was presented in an eloquent address by Gen. Robert B. Vance.

        The candidates for the Degrees in Course were then presented by President Battle to Governor Jarvis, who handed to each a diploma and Bible, and then gave wise words of counsel to all. For their names see Appendix.

        
Bachelors of Arts (A.B.) 18
Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B) 10
Bachelors of Science (B.S.) 3
Total 31

        Those of this class who had conspicuous success in life are Adams, lawyer and State Senator; Avery, eminent lawyer in Texas; Brady, Professor of Greek in Smith College, Massachusetts; Dancy, general agent of the Royster Fertilizing

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Company; Charles D. McIver, D.D., President and Founder of the State Normal College for Women; Pell, President of Converse College, South Carolina; Thomas, Representative in Congress; Albertson, Judge in State of Washington; Joyner, State Superintendent of Public Instruction; Ruffin, who accumulated a large fortune as manager of cotton mills; Battle, Director of State Experiment Station and State Chemist; Nixon, Sheriff and Superior Court Clerk of Lincoln and writer of historical monographs; Winborne, lawyer and Member of Virginia Legislature; Murphy, a strong lawyer and Judge; Rouse, a good lawyer and president of a bank.

        Two of the class of high promise whose names are together on the list lost their lives by drowning, one in a North Carolina river and the other in the ocean, Harris and Hines.

        At this Commencement there appeared a visitor of more than usual interest, General Edward J. Mallett. He was a native of Fayetteville but had made his residence in the city of New York. He had been Consul-General to Italy and during the Civil War Paymaster in the United States Army, which fact did not in the least diminish the warmth of his reception. President Battle introduced him to the audience as a classmate of President Polk, a graduate of 1818, who had never once in sixty-three years partaken of ardent spirits and therefore appeared before us with mens sana in corpore sano, and with the still higher attribute mens sibi conscia recti. When this utterance was made Gen. Robert B. Vance, of whom his brother the ex-Governor said, "I am a Calvinist and do not believe in falling from grace, yet am always falling, while Bob, a Methodist, believes in falling from grace, yet never falls," an ardent prohibitionist, rose and proposed three cheers for General Mallett, which were given with great enthusiasm. The General then delivered a short address, which was a gem of its kind, showing that long absence had not diminished his love for Alma Mater, nor his extreme age his interest in young men. I quote some sentences:

        "The most miserable and useless position a man can be placed in is when he has nothing to do. An idle man is a sponge on his fellowman and a blight on society. * * *

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Every man who is idle, or gets a living without work, is adding so much to the misery of the world and is really injuring the morals and the happiness of the human family, and he should be held responsible for it. * * * There are now living hundreds, yea thousands, who are physically, mentally, morally, and financially bankrupt, and who can trace their first step of error to an idle hour. * * * Humanity requires a lifetime for its development, and a long tale of years for its bloom, its fruitage and its death. Sometimes the harvests are sudden, sometimes (as in my case) they linger. * * * Sooner or later there will be an eternal uprising, when the bloom will know no harvest, when it will be perennial spring, when brightest stars will glisten on the mantle of night, and a more effulgent sun will sparkle on the dewdrops of morning. * * * Let me suggest four cardinal points, and believe me, if you adhere to them you will float over the ocean of time with never a ripple or a wave. Be sober, be honest, always speak the truth, and fear nothing but God."

        Our old friend two years after ended life's journey. His classmate, William Mercer Green, Bishop of Mississippi, lived four years longer.

        The recipients of the prizes were as follows:

  • GREEK MEDALS.--James Everett Brady, Numa Fletcher Heitman, Henry Erwin Thompson.
  • CHEMISTRY MEDAL--Alexander Worth McAlister.
  • REPRESENTATIVE (ORATORY) MEDAL.--Edwin Anderson Alderman.
  • BINGHAM ESSAY MEDAL.--James Madison Leach, Jr.
  • MANGUM (ORATORY) MEDAL.--James Madison Leach, Jr.
  • BINGHAM ENTRANCE MEDAL.--Marion Charles Millender.
  • PRIZE IN MATERIA MEDICA.--Jesse Bynum Triplett.

        The Chemistry Medals were presented by Mr. Paul C. Cameron. The Bingham Entrance Medal by Gen. J. M. Leach and the Medical Prize by Hon. W. L. Steele. Others by Hon. John Manning, E. R. Stamps, Esq., Major John W. Graham. While all the speeches of presentation were appropriate the audience gave the palm to Mr. Cameron as being peculiarly happy in such deliverances, short, strong, to the point and full

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of sense. If nature had given him a good voice he would have been a conspicuous orator.

        Honorary Degrees were awarded as follows:

        Doctors of Laws (LL.D.), Right Reverend William Mercer Green, Bishop of Mississippi, Chancellor of the University of the South, a former Professor of the University.

        Thomas Ruffin, Judge of the Supreme Court of North Carolina, whose father of the same name was Chief Justice, a graduate of 1843.

        Reverend Andrew D. Hepburn, D.D., President of Davidson College and once Professor of Logic and Rhetoric in the University.

        Matthew Whitaker Ransom, Senator of the United States, a first honor graduate of the Class of 1847; Brigadier-General C. S. A.; appointed Major-General just prior to Lee's surrender.

        Doctor of Divinity (D.D.), Reverend Calvin H. Wiley, once State Superintendent of Public Instruction, who put in operation the system of public schools; an author; graduate of 1840.

        Reverend Joseph H. Foy, eloquent preacher, of St. Louis, Missouri, once of North Carolina, belonging to the Campbellite or Christian Church.

        Master of Arts (M.A.), Reverend Robert W. Boyd.

        Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Frank M. Deems, M.D., New York.

        Changes in the Faculty in 1880-'81 were that Francis Preston Venable, Ph.D. (Bonn), was made Professor of General and Analytical Chemistry. Charles W. Dabney, Junior, succeeded Dr. A. R. Ledoux as State Chemist and Director of the Agricultural Experiment and Fertilizer Control Station. Rev. A. W. Mangum was made a Doctor of Divinity by his Alma Mater, Randolph-Macon College.

        Changes in 1881-'82: Professor Graves' department was confined to Mathematics. Professor Grandy was charged with Natural Philosophy and Engineering. Joseph Austin Holmes, of South Carolina, B.Agr. (Cornell), took charge of Geology and Natural History. Hon. John Manning filled the Chair of

Illustration

        J. W. GORE

        THOMAS HUME

        J. A. HOLMES

        F. P. VENABLE

        W. B. PHILLIPS

        J. L. LOVE

        GEO. F. ATKINSON

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Law. Robert Paine Pell was Assistant Professor of English, Latin, and Mathematics. Angus R. Shaw, Assistant in the Chemical Laboratory. Numa F. Heitman, Instructor in Greek. Henry Horace Williams, Librarian. R. P. Pell, Secretary.

LAW DEPARTMENT IN 1881.

        In this year Hon. John Manning, of Pittsboro, by unanimous election became Professor of Law. He had the advantages of a high degree of learning, of extensive practice in the State and Federal Courts, and service in the Convention of 1861 and in the General Assembly. He was during the Civil War for some months an Adjutant of a regiment and then Sequestrator of confiscated property under the Confederacy. When elected he was one of the Commissioners to codify the Public Laws of the State. He was a thorough and sympathetic teacher and the Law School flourished under his guidance.

        He prescribed two courses. (A) that laid down by the Supreme Court for license to practice law, and (B) leading to the degree of Bachelor of Laws (B.L.) The textbooks in course A prescribed by the Supreme Court were, Blackstone's Commentaries, four books, Stephen on Pleading, Smith on Contracts, Bigelow on Torts, Washburn or Williams on Real Property, Greenleaf on Evidence, first volume; Schouler on Executors, Adams' Equity, the Constitutions of the United States and of North Carolina, the Code of North Carolina, particularly the Code of Civil Procedure. For course B in addition to the foregoing were Angel and Ames on Corporations, Pierce on American Railroad Law, May on Insurance, Darlington's Williams on Personal Property, Starkie on Evidence, Pollock on Contracts, and Russell on Crimes.

        In addition to the regular session of forty weeks, Dr. Manning inaugurated a Summer Session in vacation lasting about twelve weeks. In this he was assisted by one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the State, James E. Shepherd. One class studied all the books in A and B. Another those in A only.

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        The fees in the Law School were not the same as those in the undergraduate courses, nor did free scholarship exempt from payment.

        
For regular session, Course A $90
For regular session, Course B 90
For summer session, both classes 60
Matriculation fee for regular session 10
Medical fee 5

        While all the books in the two courses were required to be read, lectures were regularly delivered to the classes and Dr. Manning published a book, entitled Commentaries on First Blackstone, all changes in First Blackstone by judicial decisions and legislation being clearly explained.

        In 1881 the two societies entered into a joint agreement to put a stop to hazing. Under a heavy penalty it was forbidden to enter the room of another against his will, to lay hands on him, to touch him with any object, to throw at him, or commit any act of indignity or annoyance. This prohibition by the societies succeeded in its object for several years, but a new set of students came in, who either were ignorant of the law or had no sympathy with it, and so the unmanly practice was resumed, often, however, with effort, by masks and otherwise, to conceal the identity of the perpetrators. But the intersociety agreement remained on the statute books.

NORMAL SCHOOL OF 1881.

        The Normal School of 1881 began on June 16 and closed July 21. President Battle, as heretofore, had general charge, having the coöperation of Superintendent Scarborough. Prof. J. L. Tomlinson, then of Baltimore, was superintendent until July 4th, when pressing engagements called him elsewhere; Dr. Henry E. Shepherd, Superintendent of the Baltimore City Schools, succeeded. Dr. Shepherd was likewise Lecturer on the English Language.

  • Prof. A. McIver, as heretofore, had charge of Mathematics, Geography, and History.
  • Prof. N. Y. Gulley, of Smithfield, late of Wake Forest College, was Teacher of English Grammar and Arithmetic.
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  • Rev. Wm. S. Long, of Graham: English Grammar.
  • Mr. Eugene L. Harris: Writing and Penmanship.
  • Dr. Thomas W. Harris: Physiology and Hygiene.
  • Dr. James J. Vance, of Wisconsin, was Lecturer on Elocution and Vocal Culture.
  • Prof. Wm. B. Phillips: Chemistry and Natural Philosophy.
  • Rev. Wm. R. Atkinson, of Charlotte: Algebra and Geometry.
  • Prof. Frederick N. Skinner: Latin.
  • Prof. Robt. T. Bryan: Latin.
  • Prof. Robert P. Pell: English Philology.
  • Prof. Charles L. Wilson: Vocal Music.
  • Prof. Wm. I. Marshall, of Massachusetts: Lecturer on Geography and Arithmetic.
  • Miss Jane F. Long, of Greensboro: Teacher of "Model Class."
  • Miss Mary T. Pescud, of Raleigh: Calisthenics.
  • Capt. John E. Dugger, of Raleigh: Phonics and Calisthenics.
  • Capt. J. E. Dugger, Secretary.

        

The students represented sixty-two counties.

Males 170
Females 168
Total 338

        Conspicuous among the teachers from abroad was Prof. William D. Marshall, of Massachusetts. His lectures on "Gold Mines and Mining," "The Yosemite Valley and the Yellowstone Park," also the "Structure and Climate of the Western Half of our Country as Affecting its Settlement and the Occupations of Its People," were singularly clear and full. They were illustrated by views of wonderful beauty, the photographs taken by himself. His explanation of the pictures as thrown on the screen were so lucid that the listeners felt that they had learned as much as if they had traveled in person to the regions displayed. His advice to teachers in regard to instructing in penmanship was singularly reasonable and wise. "There are a few pupils who are endowed with peculiar aptitude for drawing and wish to become skilled teachers. These may be taught the mysteries of caligraphy, illuminated manuscript, Old English, German texts, and the like. But all that the great majority need is legible and rapid writing. Therefore let the beginner be taught first how to hold his pen, so as not to pain or fatigue the fingers, then to make the letters as distinct

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as possible, at first slowly, then increasing in speed, but always carefully retaining legibility. Discard all the fancy or the newly invented styles. The pupil by gaining what ought to be the object of all penmanship, capacity of being easily read, forms his own style, and has the valuable accompaniment of speed.

        There were, as heretofore, frequent valuable addresses by eminent men, not connected with the school.

        University Day in 1881 was celebrated by an address by Major (now Colonel) Robert Bingham, which was greatly admired for its wisdom and sound instruction. His subject was the "Practical Value of Education." He spoke of the practical value of university and college training and the necessity of personal power in order to secure and profit by it.

        At the conclusion of Major Bingham's address, the students called out President Battle, Dr. John Manning, and Professors Venable, Holmes and Winston, who responded in brief speeches, which met apparently hearty appreciation.

SENIOR SPEAKING.

        On March 15, 1882, the Seniors were called on for original speeches, delivered in public. Their names and subjects are as follows:

        J. W. Jackson on "Immigration and Its Results." He advocated more stringent naturalization laws, because of the immense influx of men who can not and will not understand our institutions.

        David S. Kennedy asked, "Why Study Law?" Literature, manufactures, medicine, offer greater fame, wealth, usefulness.

        Mack M. Thompson spoke on the "Philosophy of Nihilism." The Nihilists, although often wrong in their methods, are working for reform in the Russian government.

        "The Golden Industry of the South" was treated by Emile A. de Schweinitz. The golden industry is the production and manufacture of cotton.

        G. G. Wilson described a "Representative American Statesman." In his opinion it was Daniel Webster.

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        The "Opium War and Its Results" was handled by Frederick N. Skinner. The war was because of the seizure of opium smuggled into China by the English. The Chinese violated treaties made with England.

        A. W. McAlister discussed the fruitful subject, "The Puritan and Cavalier in England and America." The Puritan was conservative, the Cavalier an innovator. The Puritan settled Massachusetts, the Cavalier, Virginia. The fortitude of the Cavalier after the ruins of the Civil War is worthy of all praise.

        "The Railroad Problem" was the subject of E. A. Alderman. The railroads are claiming some of the attributes of sovereignty. They are public plunderers, "hard as steel and pitiless as the storm." Liberty is in danger. The National Government must check and control this new power.

        G. W. Whitsett spoke on "Drifting With the Tide." Civilization and religion are threatened by a new crusade of infidelity headed by Ingersoll and others. The forces of truth must organize to resist this evil.

        A. W. Allen selected a great theme, "True Heroism." In his view conspicuous examples are found in the fifty-one signers of the Declaration of Independence and those who labored with them.

        Charles W. Worth spoke on "Our Newspapers." They promote reforms, but are too much given to politics. Their reciprocal wrangling is disgraceful.

        Albert S. Grandy's oration was "The Insanity Plea." Too much abused. Human life is unsafe. The atrocity of a murder is deemed proof of insanity.

        The Senior Class Day celebration of 1882 was held on the 31st of March. The University choir furnished the music. A thriving young water oak was planted not far from the Old Poplar and the exercises were under the Poplar's shade. The President of the class, Charles W. Worth, made a short introductory speech. Then the Orator, A. W. McAlister, followed. The Historian, Fred N. Skinner, gave a faithful record of the class from its callow "Freshmancy" to the lordly "Seniority."

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Edwin A. Alderman, the Prophet, convulsed the listeners with his humorous and sometimes satirical description of the future fates of his classmates. It was interesting to witness the extreme gravity with which his preposterous predictions were made, and the good humor with which the sharp satire was received by the victims. There was no effort to make the prophecy fit the man but rather the reverse. For example one of the most pious and steadfast men would be depicted as in the future engaged in conducting a low-down groggery, being his own best customer, beating his wife and dying in a ditch. To use the words of a contemporary "he told candidly whether they would be henpecked by their wives, marry an heiress and spend their lives quarreling with their mothers-in-law, study law, run for town constable, or help their wives run a bakery, and pull teeth in the backroom, 'three jerks for a quarter.' "

        It is of some interest to know that the average weight of the class was one hundred and forty-six and one-half pounds; the oldest member twenty-six, the youngest eighteen years of age, the average twenty-one and one-half years. Four were Methodists, five Baptists, six Presbyterians, two Episcopalians, one Lutheran, and one Christian Methodist. Eight proposed to be lawyers, two preachers, one a teacher, three physicians, three merchants, one a dentist, and one hesitated between law and farming.

        The report of the Committee of Investigation, as they call themselves, properly termed the Visiting Committee--viz., Hon. Walter L. Steele, Chairman, and Hons. C. M. Cooke and Robert B. Peebles, Rev. Dr. N. H. D. Wilson and Wm. J. Yates, Esq.--mentions the fact that all the assistants in the State Agricultural Bureau are recent graduates of the University * * * The Professors and Instructors are not only learned in their several departments but devoted to their work and understand the art of practical rather than mere theoretical teaching. * * * The students feel that their teachers are men fully endowed with human sympathy, ready to assist in leading them up to knowledge, and to treat them with the courtesy and kindness which is a moral duty.

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        The committee expressed sincere pleasure in commending the general good conduct and gentlemanly bearing of the students. The seeds of kindness sown by the Faculty have yielded most excellent fruit, and the young men themselves deserve credit for the assistance which they have given in the production of this result. Strong praise was given to the new Professor of Law, Hon. John Manning, and to the Professor of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dr. Thomas W. Harris. The committee felt gratified in saying that the University has met, and is meeting, all the obligations which just men will say it owes the public.

        They report that the moral tone pervading the institution is worthy of all praise and parents may feel, with entire confidence, that their sons will be as free from temptation to do wrong as they would be at any similar establishment, either within or without the borders of the State.

        The report was penned by Chairman Steele. Appended to it are extracts from the reports of members of the Faculty showing their work during the year.

THE STATE UNIVERSITY RAILROAD. 1882.

        All the customary forms were adopted in inaugurating the State University Railroad. Being the first named in the list of corporators I called them together on April 12, 1879. Mr. P. C. Cameron was called to the chair and Seaton M. Barbee was elected secretary. The following were present, P. C. Cameron, K. P. Battle, Julian S. Carr, John R. Hutchins, James B. Mason, and W. F. Stroud. Messrs. R. F. Hoke, Thomas M. Holt, David McCauley, and Jones Watson were absent.

        Books of subscriptions were ordered to be opened, under supervision of proper persons, at Chapel Hill, Durham, Patterson's Mill, Morrisville, Pittsboro, Bynum's Factory, Hillsboro, University Station, Cary, Apex, Oaks, and Raleigh. Three commissioners at each place were appointed to solicit subscriptions. It was voted that no conditional subscriptions should be received. The Board adjourned to meet on the 17th of May.

        The failure of one attempt to build a railroad from the North Carolina Railroad to Chapel Hill has been heretofore narrated.

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In 1873 a new charter was obtained from the General Assembly under which the work was eventually accomplished. Considering the poverty of the people of Chapel Hill and of the University, only wise and careful management could have succeeded. The prime mover was General Robert F. Hoke. The University, through its President, coöperated with him, but their joint efforts would have been naught without the powerful assistance of Governor Jarvis and of Colonel A. B. Andrews, then superintendent of the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company, now first vice-president of the Southern Railway Company, of which the Richmond and Danville railroad is a part. General Hoke owned the greater part of the Iron Mountain, one mile north of Chapel Hill. In 1880 the price of iron was so high that it was profitable to ship the ore to the furnaces in Pennsylvania. Hence the General desired the railroad.

        Colonel Andrews agreed that if we would grade and crosstie the road his company would iron and provide the rolling stock. Governor Jarvis obtained for us the hire of convicts at a very moderate figure because it was chiefly for the benefit of a State institution. The North Carolina Railroad Company agreed to subscribe $5,000 for buying the crossties. Only one stockholder, D. F. Caldwell, objected to this, alleging that some thirty years of its lease to the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company had expired, and his company had little interest in the enterprise. Care was taken to make him president of the meeting of stockholders, so that the proposition passed unanimously, or at any rate nem. con. About $4,300 was secured from Chapel Hill and the Iron Mountain Company subscribed $6,000. President Battle was made president of the road without salary and General Hoke was superintendent on the same terms. The manager of the hands was the efficient Mr. John Holt, whose theory was to feed them well, clothe them well, give them good sleeping quarters, and then require a good day's work. The civil engineer was Captain Fry, a man of noted skill.

        It was desired to run the road to Durham, about three miles further than the route adopted. Owing to the scantiness of

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our funds, to secure this result it was necessary for people of that city to subscribe enough to pay for the excess in distance. As chairman of the commissioners for procuring subscriptions to the capital stock I spent a day in the endeavor to persuade them to do this, but met with no response. General J. S. Carr's $500, given with no stipulation as to the route to be adopted, was the only subscription that could be secured. One merchant replied, "Your road is against the interests of Durham. Trade would stop at Chapel Hill." A meeting of the stockholders was called and the shorter line selected: that to what is now called University Station or simply "University." It had the advantage over the line to Durham not only of being shorter, but of easier grade, and of being nine miles nearer to Greensboro, through which the iron ore was to be transported to a northern furnace.

        The road was graded, by the favor as to convicts granted by Governor Jarvis, by buying all supplies for cash and by having no salaried president and superintendent, for about $1,100 per mile. It was necessary, however, to leave the ravines over which the line ran to be covered by wooden trestles. Colonel Andrews and his company looked upon this at first with a doubting eye, having expected the State University Railroad Company to prepare all parts of the roadbed ready for the iron, but they magnanimously waived the objection and finished the trestling. The road has been a safe one, except in one winter, when the settling of the track caused locomotives or cars occasionally to leave the rails. Although some passengers were well shaken up--in one instance a passenger car was completely turned over, Dr. Winston for the fraction of a second standing on his head--no lives were lost. The brakeman rejoiced at being awarded $500 for an injury, without suit.

        The road has been of great benefit to the University and the town. The University could not possibly have increased so fast without it and valuable factories and new buildings owe their origin to its facilities.

        The iron mine has not been successful. The expense of transportation of the ore is too heavy to make its mining profitable, and there is not fuel adjacent to it to enable it to be

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smelted on the spot. The market price of iron ore was high when the road was being built, but fell soon after it was finished.

        It is a proof of the estimation of the citizens as to the value of the road that when it was proposed to dispense with it in order to obtain a trolley line to Durham, the proposal was declined.

        The original corporate name was "The Chapel Hill Iron Mountain Railroad Company," but, under a clause in the charter giving the privilege, the name was changed to "The State University Railroad Company."

        By agreement the expenditures incurred by the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company were to be charged to capital stock. Owing to the number and depth of the ravines trestled, the high price of rails, and other expenditures, when a settlement was made that company was found to have the controlling interest. The organization of the State University Railroad Company is still kept up, but is under the control of the Southern Railway Company.

        When the grading was finished the ladies of the village gave the employees and convicts an excellent dinner. The daughter of Mrs. C. P. Spencer, Miss Julia J., now Mrs. James Lee Love, was induced to come up from Raleigh, where she was teaching in Peace Institute, in order to drive the last spike. Speeches were made by President Battle, Mr. Jones Watson, and others. The first speaker (Battle) ventured on a parody of Daniel Webster on the Falls of Rochester. "Egypt has her pyramids, Athens her Parthenon, Rome her Colisseum, but neither Egypt, nor Athens, nor Rome in all their glory had a railroad ten and two-fifths miles long." He also defended President Swain from the charge of keeping the North Carolina Railroad away from Chapel Hill. But Mr. Watson, who followed, combated this defense vigorously, alleging that the charge was true of his own knowledge.

        President Battle recalled an incident strikingly illustrating the rapid growth of the railroad system. Shortly after President Caldwell's return from Europe in 1825 he was called on to address the citizens of Chapel Hill and vicinity on their

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favorite subject, internal improvements. Among other things he stated that he had seen a load as heavy as could be drawn by four four-horse teams carried without horses, mules or oxen at a speed of ten miles an hour. One of the auditors, after the speaking was over, gave it as his opinion that Dr. Caldwell was in his dotage--that the story was incredible. The new railroad ran near the home of this man, who was still living. Dr. Battle told of having once in the old days consumed nine hours in the journey from Chapel Hill to Raleigh.

        Miss Spencer, whose love for our University, its village and the lovely scenery around it, is equal to that of her mother, tapped the last spike with becoming grace, and the hammer, with gilded handle, especially prepared for the occasion, was presented to her as a trophy. Afterward, when she moved to Cambridge, she transferred it to the University Museum.

        The following stirring song, the words written in honor of the completion of the road, was sung:


                         A song, my boys, for Chapel Hill,
                         And for the N. C. U.,
                         And three times three the echoes thrill,
                         And keep them ringing, too.
                         Away with study, toil and care;
                         Our hearts, with pride elate,
                         Shall crown in joy without alloy
                         The day we celebrate.

CHORUS:


                         Farewell, old wagon,
                         Jolting hack and phaeton,
                         Farewell forever,
                         We're going to take the train.


                         With hill and valley smiling 'round,
                         In vernal robe arrayed,
                         We are summoned by a grander sound
                         Than cannon ever made--
                         The whistle of the engine, boys;
                         The cars are here at last.
                         So, fellows, let us all rejoice,
                         For jolting days are past.

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CHORUS:


                         Farewell forever,
                         Old road to Durham,
                         Farewell forever;
                         We'll travel now by train.


                         And all along the coming years
                         That time for us may fill,
                         We'll bless the men that brought the road
                         To dear old Chapel Hill.
                         So cheers and thanks we join to give
                         For what we all do see;
                         The railroad, boys, has reached up to
                         The University.

CHORUS:


                         Three cheers for the whistle,
                         The grand old whistle,
                         The loud sounding whistle,
                         That blows for the train.


                         Now that the ending rail is laid,
                         The last hard spike is driven,
                         Some special tribute should be paid,
                         Some names with honor given.
                         Thank Battle, Jarvis, Andrews, Hoke,
                         Caldwell and Coley strong;
                         Holt, Raiford, Cooley, Witherspoon--
                         We'll bless them all in song.

CHORUS:


                         Hurrah for the builders,
                         The brave hearted builders,
                         The hard working builders,
                         And the crew that run the train.

        Two disasters occurred in the progress of the work. The first was the shooting of a convict, a bad white man, near University Station. He entered into a conspiracy with the negroes in his cabin, all agreeing to run on the march to their work, when he gave the word. Either because their hearts failed them or because they did not understand the signal he was the solitary fugitive. Several of the guards nearest to him missed their aim, but as he was entering a forest about one hundred

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yards off, one, who had been a Confederate soldier, fired and killed him instantly. He was acquitted of the homicide as he was in the performance of official duty.

        The other was when a negro convict died soon after being whipped by the railroad authorities. Those engaged in the whipping were at first bound over by Judge Seymour to appear at the next term of the court on the charge of manslaughter. A coroner's jury, after hearing the evidence, found that "the man, Fries, came to his death from gangrene, caused by a combination of circumstances, among them his treatment in the town of Winston prior to his being brought to the State penitentiary, and his being compelled to work on the University railroad while in a depleted state, and that said death was hastened by whipping, inflicted at the hands of Charles H. Motz, instigated by John A. Holt." Of course Motz and Holt contended that they were not physicians, that they had a right to presume that the penitentiary authorities would not have sent a diseased man to work on the road. They further proved that the punishment by them was not unduly severe. The Solicitor of the Circuit, Hon. Fred N. Strudwick, reviewed the facts carefully, and decided that there was no evidence of a legal crime and declined to send a bill to the Grand Jury. It is well to add that Fries was not whipped until he had been caught in two falsehoods as to what was the matter with him, and after an attempt to escape; moreover, that re reputable physician employed to examine him did not report that he had gangrene.

        On the whole the convicts were humanely treated. They had good quarters and good food. Visits were made to the camps by experienced employers of labor, without notice to the officers, and their report was very favorable. General Hoke and myself repeatedly examined into the management and saw nothing wrong. It seems to be certain that the whipping of Fries was not such as would have been of permanent injury to a healthy man, and that those who punished did not know of his precarious condition. The action of the Solicitor quieted all complaints.

        At Commencement a special hour was set apart to celebrate in Gerrard Hall the coming of the railroad to Chapel Hill.

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President Battle made the introductory speech. He called attention to the letters from Professor Harris to Dr. Caldwell informing him how he might travel from Princeton to Chapel Hill in thirty days, if he should not be impeded by high waters. Now the journey is made in less than twenty-four hours.

        He then gave a history of the building of the road. Col. John M. Robinson, president of the Seaboard Air Line, came by invitation to Chapel Hill, but after examination declined to aid a branch to his lines. Fortunately Col. A. B. Andrews took a different view. He, Governor Jarvis, the University, and the stockholders of the company who subscribed without expectation of dividends, were efficient aids in procuring this benefit to Chapel Hill and to the University, but in truth Gen. R. F. Hoke is fons et origo of the enterprise. He may be called the Father of the State University Railroad Company. I was his willing coadjutor.

        A letter of Col. Thos. M. Holt was read expressing his love for the University and gratification at being of service in building the road. Governor Jarvis spoke, as he always does, strongly and pointedly. He explained the great value of branch lines and advocated the policy of employing convicts in building them whenever needed. Mr. A. W. Allen, a student, was then called on and made an admirable address.

        Mr. Paul C. Cameron began with a gloomy description of Chapel Hill when Col. W. L. Steele and he visited it as committeemen in 1875, before the reopening. There was no hotel nor boarding house and he acknowledged with thanks the hospitality of the citizens who entertained them. His speech was eloquent and was much applauded. Mr. F. H. Busbee felicitated the citizens of Chapel Hill and friends of the University on obtaining a railroad so cheaply, stating that the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company had defrayed four-fifths of the cost. Colonel Andrews and Colonel Buford, President of the last named company, deserve our hearty thanks.

        In response to the call of the President Col. W. L. Steele made a short talk, full of humor and love of the University. His description of Professor Manning and himself as survivors of the old Mound Builders created much merriment.

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COMMENCEMENT OF 1882.

        The Commencement of 1882 began as usual with the meeting of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Literary Societies held in their halls, only members of the societies being admitted. The chief business was short speeches by the old members and presentation of prizes for victories in competitive speaking and debates. On one occasion Rev. Dr. C. F. Deems was asked as he entered the door to present a medal, the distinguished visitor selected for the purpose finding it impossible to be present. His short speech was wonderfully appropriate and in beautiful language. After concluding, the good Doctor, one of the kindest hearted of men, for the encouragement of his auditors said, "Young men! doubtless some of you, knowing that I had no time for preparation, may give me credit for extraordinary readiness. But the speech you have just heard is no exception to the rule that labor is necessary to success in speaking as in everything else. I have had that speech 'in soak' for fifteen years and have been waiting for the opportunity of getting it off. I am thus egotistical because I wish to encourage my young friends. Some may possibly conclude that because they can not discourse so elaborately they will not try at all."

        Kesnich's First Virginia Regimental Band furnished delightful music.

        This eighty-seventh Commencement was the first when visitors came to Chapel Hill by railway. The correspondent of the New York Herald praises bountifully the beauty of the place and the attractiveness of the lady visitors. Of the latter he says, "The type of beauty is delicate and high bred. There is a lack of color to a Northern critic, but the eyes are bright and full of spirit, the forms well rounded, the hands and feet wondrously small and beautiful. These bright and sparkling creatures make the best wives and mothers in the country. I remember to have heard an old Alabamian say twenty years ago, 'Go to North Carolina for a wife if you want a good one.' "

        At ten o'clock on Wednesday came an address before the two societies by Hon. Wm. M. Robbins, of Statesville, an orator of

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wide reputation in this State. His subject was in substance "The world moves on and we must keep pace with it educationally, industrially, politically."

        At 4 p. m. was the Baccalaureate Sermon by Rev. J. G. Armstrong, D.D., a distinguished Episcopal divine of Richmond, Virginia. His text was from Ecclesiastes, "Strive for the truth unto death, and the Lord God will fight for thee." It was a powerful sermon, especially valuable to young men seeking to build an upright character.

        After supper the society representatives delivered original addresses:

        Livingston Vann on "Florida," of which State he was a native.

        John W. Hays, Jr., made a plea for "Freedom of Thought and Discussion."

        T. A. Wharton spoke on "The Peace Victories of the Nineteenth Century."

        Thomas Radcliffe discussed "Labor Unions," having good purpose but sometimes wrong.

        J. T. Strayhorn discussed "Southern Development." Abolition of slavery will be succeeded by rapid increase of wealth.

        T. A. Wharton's speech on "The Peace Victories of the Nineteenth Century" was so cogent that a preacher of the Society of Friends (Quakers) presented him with a Bible.

        Mr. Strayhorn was decided to be the best speaker.

        A graceful feature at the Commencement was the bringing over of the Masons, then in attendance at their annual meeting, by Messrs. Julian S. Carr and W. T. Blackwell, at their own expense. Their presence was of great interest and value to the institution. In addition to this liberality Mr. Carr donated to the fund for rebuilding Person Hall, one-half of the expenses of the expedition, including a handsome dinner to the company. The cavalcade as the visitors entered and left the Campus was quite imposing.

        The speeches by the graduates were confined to ten, chosen by members of the Faculty:

        Jonathan W. Jackson discussed "The Relation of Law to Justice in American Society."

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        Allen T. Davidson, Jr., uttered a "Plea for Reform in Federal Taxation."

        Emile A. de Schweinitz handled the subject of "Legislators and Legislation."

        David S. Kennedy's subject was "Modern Culture."

        George G. Wilson gave his views of "The True Hero in the Light of History." He eulogized Daniel Webster as entitled to this distinction.

        Frederick N. Skinner spoke on a very live subject, "The Inter-oceanic Canal." He preferred one through Lake Nicaragua.

        Alexander W. McAlister's address was less practical, "The Philosophy of American Civilization."

        Charles W. Worth spoke on "The Relations of the Executive." He thought that his powers were becoming so widespread as to be dangerous to liberty.

        Albert Sidney Grandy's subject was "Civilization and Poverty." He contended that poverty and crime go together.

        Edwin Anderson Alderman spoke on "Corporate Power," predicting direful results if it should not be placed under legal restraints.

        The judges of the debate had no hesitation in giving the palm to the last speaker.

        In the afternoon the diplomas were delivered, medals awarded, reports read and degrees announced.

        The graduates, whose names will appear in the Appendix, were:

        
Bachelors of Arts (A.B.) 9
Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.) 5
Bachelors of Science (B.S.) 2

        Medals and prizes:

  • GREEK MEDALS.--William Donald McIver, Samuel Bryant Turrentine.
  • REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL, FOR ORATORY.--John Thomas Strayhorn.
  • MANGUM MEDAL.--Edwin Anderson Alderman.
  • PHILLIPS MATHEMATICAL PRIZE.--James Lee Love.
  • FIRST ENGLISH MEDAL.--John Robert Herring, Jr.
  • PRIZE IN MATERIA MEDICA.--Joshua Montgomery Reece.
  • CHEMISTRY MEDAL.--Emile Alexander de Schweinitz.
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        Honorary degrees were conferred upon the following:

        Doctor of Laws.--Hon. Thomas L. Clingman, Representative and Senator in United States Congress, Brigadier-General C. S. A.; Hon. George Davis, Attorney-General C. S. A.

        Doctor of Divinity.--Rev. Jethro Rumple, Presbyterian minister, author of History of Rowan County; Rev. E. Rockwell, minister of the Lutheran Church; Rev. Robert Burwell, Presbyterian minister, Principal of Advanced School for Girls.

  • Master of Arts.--Rev. D. A. Long, Dr. Nelson M. Ferebee.
  • Master of Science.--A. R. Ledoux, Ph.D.

        In 1882 the Chief Marshal was M. C. Millender. He had as aids W. T. Dortch, J. A. Bryan, and C. W. Smedes from the Philanthropic, and G. A. Mebane, J. F. Rogers, and Edmund Ruffin from the Dialectic Society.

        J. F. Wilkes was elected Chief Ball Manager by all the students, and J. Wood, T. R. Ranson, P. Stamps, and J. R. Beaman were the submanagers.

        The editors of the monthly for the ensuing year were Thomas M. Vance, Turner A. Wharton, and Walter W. Vandiver, of the Dialectic Society, and Frank S. Spruill, M. C. Millender, and J. U. Newman, of the Philanthropic Society.

        In August, 1882, the University had the misfortune to lose by resignation, on account of sickness, Professor Carey Dempsey Grandy, an exceedingly promising man. He was trained at the Virginia Military Institute and was one of its best students. He was an excellent teacher, and with the highest virtues as a man. His disease, tuberculosis, soon carried him to his grave. His specialties were mathematics, engineering, and physics. His chair at the time of his resignation was Natural Philosophy and Engineering.

        The changes in the Faculty were few: Professor W. C. Kerr's lectureship was vacated by his death. Thomas Radcliffe was appointed Assistant in the Chemical Laboratory. He was a promising student in science, but was cut off in early manhood.

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        In place of Carey Dempsey Grandy, Professor of Natural Philosophy and Engineering, the Board unanimously chose Joshua Walker Gore, C.E. He was a native of Virginia, about thirty years old, a graduate first of Richmond College. He then gained the degree of Civil Engineer at the University of Virginia. He then won a Fellowship at Johns Hopkins University by a paper on the cycloid, and spent two years at that institution in the study of mathematics and allied branches. He was for three years Professor of Physics, Astronomy, and Chemistry in a Baptist institution, the South-western University of Tennessee. Wishing to confine his energies to mathematics, physics, and engineering he became an assistant in the department of Mathematics in the University of Virginia. He showed himself a skilled teacher. He was endorsed as to scholarship and character by President Gilmer, Professors Sylvester and Story of Johns Hopkins, by Colonel Venable and Professors Peters, Cable, Mallet, Davis, and Minor of the University of Virginia, and Professor Simon Newcomb of the United States Astronomical Observatory, in addition to the authorities of Richmond College and the South-western University of Tennessee. He proved to be in all respects worthy of his endorsements--an excellent man and an accomplished and useful officer.

NORMAL SCHOOL OF 1882.

        The Normal School of 1882 began June 15 and ended July 20. President Battle had general charge and had the coöperation of Superintendent Scarborough. The Superintendent of the School was Hon. M. A. Newell, Superintendent of the City Schools of Baltimore.

  • Prof. Edward P. Moses, Superintendent of the Graded Schools of Goldsboro, was Assistant Superintendent, and teacher of Geography, History, and Calisthenics.
  • Prof. N. Y. Gulley, Franklinton, was teacher of Mathematics.
  • Prof. Eugene L. Harris: Penmanship and Drawing.
  • Prof. Robert P. Pell, Chapel Hill: Grammar and English Literature.
  • Prof. J. H. Rayhill, Illinois: Reading and Elocution.
  • Capt. John E. Dugger, Raleigh: Phonics.
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  • Dr. R. H. Lewis, Kinston: Physiology.
  • Prof. William B. Phillips, Chapel Hill: Physics.
  • Prof. E. H. Wilson, Chapel Hill: Vocal Music.
  • Prof. M. C. S. Noble, Wilmington: Algebra.
  • Miss Jane F. Long, Raleigh, trained the Model Class.

        The number of students enrolled was 352, of whom 177 were women. The number of counties represented was sixty-two. There were many addresses by eminent men.

UNIVERSITY DAY.

        University Day, October 12, 1882, was celebrated with due dignity and to the gratification of a large audience. Rev. Mr. Stone, of the Methodist Church, opened the exercises with prayer. Then the Foundation hymn was sung by the University Glee Club to the air of "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, The Boys Are Marching." The words were by Mr. A. D. Betts, of the class, adapted from a similar hymn at Cornell University. It is in honor of the University bell.


                         To the busy morning light,
                         To the slumbers of the night,
                         To the labors and the lessons of the hour,
                         With a ringing, rhythmic tone,
                         O'er hill and valley blown,
                         Come the voices, mellow voices, from the tower.

CHORUS:


                         Cling, clang, cling!
                         The bell is ringing;
                         Hope and health its chimings tell, chimings tell!
                         O'er the halls of N. C. U.,
                         O'er the quiet village, too,
                         Come the voices, gentle voices, from the tower.


                         By our Otey's famed Retreat,
                         Where the loved and lovers meet;
                         By the laurel bank and glen of dreaming flower,
                         Where the groves are dark and grand,
                         And the oaks majestic stand,
                         Come the voices, mellow voices, from the tower.
                         CHORUS--Cling, clang, cling, etc.

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                         When the gentle hand that gave
                         Lies beneath the marble grave,
                         And the daisies weep with drippings of the shower,
                         Oh! believe me, brother dear,
                         In the future we shall hear
                         Guiding voices from our angel in the tower.
                         CHORUS--Cling, clang, cling, etc.


                         Not afraid to dare and do,
                         Let us rouse ourselves anew,
                         With the knowledge that is victory and power;
                         And arrayed in every fight,
                         On the battle side of right,
                         Gather glory from our angel in the tower.
                         CHORUS--Cling, clang, cling, etc.

        President Battle continued his history of the foundation of the University. He described the Committee on the Curriculum, Rev. Dr. S. E. McCorkle, David Stone, Alfred Moore, Samuel Ashe, John Hay, and Dr. Hugh Williamson. The curriculum reported was a marked advance in the direction of industrial and scientific studies. He further sketched Dr. David Ker, not given the office of President but that of Presiding Professor, afterwards a Federal Judge in the Territory of Mississippi. It is possible that his throwing off his Presbyterian principles and embracing the then fashionable infidel or atheistic notions commended him to Jefferson, who appointed him on the recommendation of David Stone. He had no reputation as a lawyer before entering on his judgeship.

        In accordance with custom short speeches were called for. Talks in excellent taste were made by Hon. John Manning, newly elected Professor of Law; Rev. Dr. Jeffreys, of the Baptist church; Professors J. W. Gore and George T. Winston. All of these speeches were full of spice, humor and good advice.

        "Roaring Fountain" was a lovely spring, so called because the water trickled into it with a gentle sound! In old times it was a favorite spot to which girls and boys were fond of walking. After spending much coin on an artesian well, Professor Winston concluded to have a hydraulic ram force water from

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the spring into his dwelling. After full-trial it was given up on account of the frequent stoppage in the flow of water and its unpleasant warmth after reaching the summit of the hill. Mrs. Spencer penned the following exulting ode, parodying an old English song, Twickenham Ferry:


                         Oho ye ho! ho ye ho! who's for the Fountain?
                         (Well-a-day for the Ram and the Spring's flowing free.)
                         Come from the Valley, or come from the Mountain,
                         And 'tis but a step to felicitate me.


                         Oho ye ho! ho ye ho! who's for the Fountain?
                         (Well-a-day for the Ram and the Spring's flowing free.)
                         Fireflies are glancing and Naiads are dancing
                         With Fairies of the Glen and Dryads of the tree.


                         Oho ye ho! ho ye ho! who's for the Fountain?
                         (Well-a-day for the Ram and the Spring's flowing free.)
                         Oho, ho ye ho! Dame Nature willed it so,
                         That Science should be foiled and victory with me.


                         Oho ye ho! ho ye ho! who's for the Fountain?
                         (Well-a-day for the Ram and the Spring's flowing free.)
                         In my heart is no malice, I fill a brimming chalice,
                         Wishing well, well, well, to the man who scorns me.

        The following account of an abortive combat, found in a number of the University Magazine of 1882, shows literary skill superior to the ordinary attempts at humor.

        "The thrilling encounter between a Fresh and a Junior last month, which would have resulted in a sanguinary struggle but for the exquisite calmness and extraordinary presence of mind in one of the combatants in retreating promptly, has, we are proud to say, been amicably adjusted. Though the retreat was not one which, in strict military parlance, might be termed orderly, yet it was conducted with such astounding celerity and earnestness of purpose--two military requisites, that we are surprised and delighted to see among us such undoubted military genius in one so young."

        The names of the parties to this Parthian duella have not come down to us.

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        The Eagle Hotel, so long under the efficient management of the kindhearted old maid, Miss Nancy Hilliard, was after her régime leased by Colonel Hugh B. Guthrie. He was a good, kindly man and capable of an interesting and humorous speech. He was afterwards postmaster of the village. His wife, Miss Jane Cave, a descendant of "a land giver," Christopher Barbee, left a son, John Guthrie, one of the very few of the blood of the old donors of the site of the University residing in Chapel Hill. The hotel next went into the hands of Mrs. Rowe, daughter of old Postmaster McDade, and afterwards to John H. Watson, an excellent man, a Justice of the Peace and often Mayor of the village. The property was then bought by a New York lawyer, Wm. G. Peckham, and was leased to W. W. Pickard for several years. Peckham sold it to Prof. H. H. Williams. He transferred it to the University, whose plans in regard to it have not yet been formed. At present the buildings are used for dormitories and for table board.

MUSEUM.

        During this period the cabinets of the various departments were brought together in a large hall on the third floor of the north end of the Old East Building, once the Philanthropic Library. The Geological and Mineralogical collection includes the "Vienna Cabinet," which alone comprises over two thousand specimens from many parts of the world. There is also a large number of minerals, rocks and fossils, collected by the late Dr. E. Emmons, when State Geologist, donated to the University by the State, and much material secured through the energy of the State Geologist, Dr. W. C. Kerr, illustrating the practical application of Geology to the arts, among others a number of jars of pigments of various colors, donated by John Lucas and Company, a set of North Carolina marls, samples of mica, gold and other minerals, and of building stones found within the State.

        The Zoölogical Collection includes a cabinet of insects found in the vicinity of Chapel Hill, containing rare species, reptiles preserved in alcohol, and skins of species of birds found in and near the village, collected by Professor Atkinson.

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        In Botany, besides an herbarium of the local flora, there is a fine set of native woods, and a large collection of seeds, grains and fibres from many countries.

        During this year the good order was broken by a ludicrous combat which came near having a serious termination. A student, A. B., had a grievance against another, C. D. A friend of A. B., a meddlesome, Ransy Sniffle sort of a fellow, persuaded him to take a pistol and demand an apology. Learning this C. D. borrowed a pistol. They met near a large oak tree, when C. D. ran around the tree, shooting wildly and aimlessly as he ran. Accidentally a bullet grazed A. B.'s neck; but the wound was not dangerous. On examining into the matter the Faculty concluded that the man most blamable was Ransy Sniffle, and dismissed him; that A. B. did not intend to use his pistol, but only to intimidate, but that C. D. did not know this and acted in self-defense, as he thought. The Faculty concluded that the dismissal of Ransy was sufficient. C. D. was an exceptionally faithful student.

        During the year the University lost the services of one whose name has long been a synonym for active and faithful discharge of duty and for fearless and conscientious devotion to right, our Bursar, Andrew Mickle. He removed to Texas to live with his children and carried with him the love and admiration of the entire Faculty and of the community. He has since died.

        Mr. Willie T. Patterson, an experienced bookkeeper, and of rare business talent, entered on the duties of Bursar, with intelligent zeal which had no impairment by the loss of a leg at Sharpsburg. Although a private in the Confederate Army he was generally called Major Patterson.

        The wish expressed by the Board that the Professors should, as far as practicable, make addresses in different sections was met by frequent excursions of the President in all parts of the State, and by Professor Winston, who delivered speeches of great force and eloquence in Oxford, Salem, Winston, Raleigh,

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and at the Bingham School. He aroused the spirit of education and gained favor to the University.

        As there is much curiosity on the subject of the actions of the Ku Klux Klan I state that there is no tradition of their invading Chapel Hill except on one occasion. They rode in at midnight, searched for a man who had criticized the organization, but not finding them, they rode out again. They were fully disguised.

REPORTS OF PRESIDENT AND VISITING COMMITTEE.

        February 1, 1883, President Battle submitted his report. The number of students had reached two hundred and five, the largest since 1860. The new members were ninety-seven in number. The behavior had been very good, testified to by all visitors to Chapel Hill. The standard of scholarship was continually raised and, as so many of our graduates became teachers, the preparatory schools were being multiplied and their pupils better taught. The society elections were still affected by party spirit, resulting in occasional choice of inferior men and arousing bad temper among the minority of the voters. The health of the students had been, as usual, good. A gymnasium was sadly needed for bad weather. Efforts were being made to remedy this defect.

        A department for the education of teachers was needed. The University was already a potent influence among the educators of the State. Four-fifths, thirteen, of the last graduating class became teachers and their work was of the best. There was a constant demand for others. The Faculty had arranged a course to prepare young men for this important calling, embracing all the studies required by law, with liberty to pursue the other studies free of charge. By attending in vacation the Summer Normal School the student could become an expert in this grand profession. With $3,000 annually could be organized a permanent Normal Department.

        Hon. Joseph J. Davis was chairman of the Visiting Committee in 1883, the other members being Col. Paul B. Means, Rev. J. L. Stewart, Messrs. F. P. Johnston, and D. P. McEachern. Their report was eminently favorable. "The President

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and Faculty have discharged their duties faithfully and are entitled to the confidence and commendation of the public for the zeal and ability with which they have labored in the interests of the University and the cause of education in the State. The training and instruction has been as thorough and complete as at any time in the history of the University. The students and the Faculty seem inspired by love and devotion to the University."

        The committee recommended assistants in various departments as soon as the means of the institution would admit, especially in that of Dr. Mangum, and a larger salary to the Assistant in Chemistry. The class in Mathematics especially needed division and an able instructor secured to aid the Professor.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1883.

        The Commencement of 1883 began on the 6th of June, the annual meeting of the two societies having been on the evening before. The visitors were struck with the orderly conduct of the students. The press correspondent heard repeatedly the remark, "Never has the University had better behaved students." He gave much of the credit to the "Christian and gentle bearing" of the officers.

        The address before the two literary societies was by the Hon. Thomas Courtland Manning, LL.D., Chief Justice of Louisiana. He had been Brigadier-General C. S. A. and was afterwards United States Minister to Mexico. He was an alumnus of the University from Edenton in 1842-'43, then settled in Louisiana. He gave in a clear and comprehensive way the requisites of success in a public career and was much applauded.

        In the afternoon the Rev. Andrew Doz Hepburn, President of Davidson College, once Professor of Rhetoric and Logic in this University, delivered the Baccalaureate Sermon. He was a strong and graceful orator and able preacher.

        His text was "I have written unto you, young men, because you are strong." Strength is necessary to persevere, to avoid falling into temptation. * * * In the dark hours of waiting

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the decisive hours of the battle are fought. Manly strength is shown in firmness and courage. * * * Blended courage and moderation is the royal virtue. * * * Man lives to work. Only God and the angels are created to look on. The excellency of the thought and the language was equaled by the appropriateness of the delivery.

        At 8 p. m. representatives of the two societies delivered original orations.

        John Robert Herring, Jr., spoke on "The Mission of the Jews in Europe."

        James Alexander Bryan on "The Benefits of Organized Charity."

        John Charles Slocumb on "The Destiny of the Indians."

        Jesse Bowden Hawes on "The Perils of Infidelity."

        Wm. Theophilus Dortch, Jr., on "The Rebounds of Public Sentiment."

        Zebulon Baird Walser on "Shall the Land of Washington Survive?"

        The Philanthropics were Herring, Bryan, and Dortch. The Dialectics were Slocumb, Hawes, and Walser. The judges of the contest decided in favor of Hawes as the best speaker.

        The Commencement exercises opened with the following hymn, led by the band:


                         Oh God, our fathers' God, whose care
                         With blessings fill the circling year;
                         Remembering Thee in all our ways,
                         We bring our annual song of praise.


                         We bless Thy name, Almighty God,
                         Who giv'st us here a sure abode,
                         For all the favor Thou hast shown
                         The State and age we call our own.


                         Here Freedom spreads her banner wide;
                         Here Learning and Religion guide,
                         By heavenly Truth's unfading ray,
                         Our youth in Wisdom's narrow way.


                         Eternal Source of every joy!
                         Well may Thy praise our lips employ;
                         And all our powers unite to bless
                         The Lord, our Strength and Righteousness.

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        There were seven graduates selected by a committee of the Faculty to deliver original orations. Henry Horace Williams spoke on "England's Middle Class."

  • Charles Urquhart Hill on "Influence of the Crusades on Modern Civilization."
  • Preston Stamps on "The Final Verdict on the Character of the Regulators."
  • Ira Thomas Turlington on "The Immoral Influence of our Literature."
  • Charles Lucien Riddle on "The Priceless Haritage of our English Blood."
  • Thomas Radcliffe on "The Ideals of the Great Civilizations."
  • Numa Fletcher Heitman on "Liberty and Law in North Carolina."

        The judges gave their preference to Mr. Heitman for the Mangum Medal.

        The degrees conferred were: Masters of Arts (A.M.) two, Bachelors of Arts (A.B.) eight, Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.) three, Bachelors of Science (B.S.) three, Bachelor of Law (B.L.) one, a total of fifteen. (For names see Appendix.)

        The following Honorary Degrees were conferred:

        Doctor of Laws, LL.D.--Hon. John Manning, graduate of 1850, Professor of Law in this University, member of the Convention of 1861, Representative in Congress, U. S. A., Code Commissioner. Rev. Albert Micajah Shipp, D.D., graduate of 1840, Professor of History in the University of North Carolina, Professor of Theology and Dean of the Theological Department, Vanderbilt University, author. Rabbi S. Mendelsohn, Wilmington, N. C., author of Jewish Jurisprudence Dr. Henry E. Shepherd, President of College of Charleston, Superintendent of City Schools of Baltimore, author of the Life of Robert E. Lee and other works.

        Doctor of Divinity, D.D.--Rev. J. E. C. Smedes, President of the St. Augustine Normal School and Collegiate Institute.

        Master of Arts.--Prof. Alexander Graham, Superintendent of the Graded Schools of Fayetteville and then of Charlotte.

        The Marshals performed their duties with great assiduity

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and grace. They were Missouri R. Hamer, of South Carolina, Chief, and Assistants Tilman B. Cherry, James H. Bobbitt and Alexander C. Tate, and William H. McNeill, Silas A. Holleman, and Samuel B. Turrentine. Of these Cherry, Bobbitt and Tate were Philanthropics, and the others, including the Chief, Dialectics.

        Medals and prizes were awarded as follows:

  • GREEK MEDALS.--Berrie Chandler McIver, Solomon Cohen Weill.
  • REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL.--Jesse Bowden Hawes.
  • MANGUM MEDAL (ORATORY).--Numa Fletcher Heitman.
  • PHILLIPS MATHEMATICAL PRIZE.--Edward Daniel Monroe.
  • WORTH PRIZE.--Numa Fletcher Heitman.
  • CHEMISTRY MEDAL.--James Lee Love.
  • MATERIA MEDICA PRIZE.--James Clifford Perry.

        The Class Day officers of the Senior Class of 1883 were Henry Horace Williams, President; Robert Percy Gray, Vice-President; J. Urquhardt Newman, Orator; Thomas Radcliffe, Prophet; Numa Fletcher Heitman, Historian; Edmund Ruffin, Poet; J. F. Wilkes, Marshal.

        The tree selected for planting was the white pine. The feature of all the class smoking the Pipe of Peace under the Old Poplar was introduced for the first time.

NORMAL SCHOOL OF 1883.

        The University Normal School of 1883 was opened June 21 and closed July 26. President Battle had general charge as before.

  • Prof. E. P. Moses was Superintendent and teacher of Arithmetic.
  • Prof. A. Leazer, of Mooresville: English Grammar.
  • Prof. A. Wilborn, Salisbury: Geography.
  • Prof. E. L. Harris: Penmanship and Drawing.
  • Prof. E. W. Kennedy, Durham: Algebra and Natural Philosophy.
  • Dr. R. H. Lewis, Kinston: Physiology and Hygiene.
  • Prof. James C. Meares, Raleigh: Vocal Music.
  • Capt. John E. Dugger, Rocky Mount: Phonics and Reading.
  • Prof. E. V. DeGraff, Paterson, N. J.: Lecturer on Science and Art of Teaching.
  • Prof. George Little, Washington, D. C.: Freehand Drawing in Crayon and Charcoal.
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  • Mrs. Mary O. Humphrey, Goldsboro: Teacher of Model Primary Class.
  • Miss Lillie W. Long, Charlotte: French.
  • Miss Jane C. Wade, Monroe: Calisthenics.
  • Mrs. Charlotte D. Murrill, Lynchburg, Va.: Reading.
  • Mr. Willie T. Patterson, Chapel Hill, Business Agent.
  • Capt. John E. Dugger, Secretary.

        There were:

        
Men 123
Women 194
Total 317
Children in Model School 29

THE BURSAR'S DUTIES.

        In June, 1883, the Executive Committee adopted fifteen rules in regard to the Bursar's duties. Among others he was bound to keep a list of the students, apply to them for University dues, if the same have not been paid; if not paid notify parents and guardians; make monthly reports to the Faculty, oftener if requested. He must furnish the Faculty once a year with a list of all delinquents, shall have charge of the University Grounds and Buildings, and keep from the Campus hogs and cattle; shall keep the keys of the rooms and let the rooms to students, requiring a written agreement to restore them in as good condition as when taken possession of, shall keep the buildings in good order, and exclude from the Campus all idlers, loafers, vicious, immoral, and suspicious persons; shall keep the College servants to their work. If a student shall fail to repair damages to his room, the Bursar must have the repairs done at the student's expense. His office must be in the University Buildings and his hours from 10 to 12 a. m. and 3 to 5 p. m. He must give the new students information concerning board, furniture, books, etc. It must be admitted that this is a formidable burden put on an officer with $350 salary. As a matter of fact the Bursar was never physically able to perform them all with equal fidelity.

        President Battle resigned the Treasurership August 15, 1883, and W. L. Saunders was elected in his place.

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        The offices at Commencement and those in the societies were as much prized apparently as those of President, Governors and Judges in the larger world. Parties, called "factions," were formed and, soon after admission into the University, the new men were pledged to vote with one or the other. Generally the fraternity men formed the bulk of one faction, sometimes, in the early days, occupying the South Building. In the Philanthropic Society there were usually two factions, the South Building and the East. In the Dialectic there were generally three, South, West and New West Buildings. Outsiders could with difficulty understand the differences between them but to the students it was a serious reality. The weakest would endeavor to hold the balance of power between the other two. Now it sometimes happened that when the election came, the members in the parties were equal or nearly so. Then ensued angry discussions as to who were entitled to vote. Proxies were allowed and it would be contended that the man who gave the proxy was absent because he had "quit college." Students were obliged to be in the University so many weeks before joining the societies. It was contended that this had not been complied with strictly. In truth the technicalities brought forward would have done credit to a criminal court.

        In 1884 much bad feeling was engendered in the societies, including charges of fraud and snap judgments. It caused a secession of some good members of the Philanthropic Society, and came near causing a similar secession from the Dialectic.

        The cause of this secession is a good example of the perplexing questions that would come up for settlement. Two students, belonging to the South Building party, although, as was alleged, repeatedly invited to join the Philanthropic Society, delayed doing so until the end of the term. With them their party had the majority and could have elected their candidates; without them the East Building party had the advantage. Importuned by party friends they offered to join at the last meeting of the term. The election was to take place at the first meeting in January. Their opponents said, "You have refused

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to become members until the last meeting, you know nothing of the workings of the society. You have no means of knowing the merits of the candidates, having never heard them debate, or perform other society duties. You wish to become members merely to dictate the representatives of the society. We who have borne the burden and heat of the day should not be deprived of our victory by those coming in at the eleventh hour, not to perform the duties of the society, because exercises are all finished. Besides we are not preventing your joining the society. We merely postpone it for two meetings."

        As I am a member of the Dialectic Society I could not attend the meeting of the other but I requested Professors Winston and Manning to do so, and if possible induce the seceders to return. They found that nothing could be done. In the opinion of the committee they did not much regard the severance of their connection. The Faculty could do nothing. To have forced them to reënter the society would have introduced a discordant element which would have paralyzed its usefulness.

        For many years it was the rule that all students should join one or the other of the two literary societies. As the numbers increased it became necessary to excuse first the Seniors and then the Juniors from regular attendance. This had the effect of throwing the conduct of business into the hands of inexperienced men. It also had the tendency of accustoming the minds of students to seeing members enjoying the freedom from society restraint. Then again the increase of the Law, Medical, and Pharmacy departments and of the special scientific schools, introduced a large number of students who would have found it extremely irksome to be forced into the society obligations. It is probable, too, that some fraternity men were satisfied with their own meetings and desired to attend no other.

        From another point of view a change was deemed advisable. The compulsory feature forced into the societies youths who were reluctant and even hostile members. There was begun disorder unknown in early days, such as applauding or hissing speakers, which seriously affected the character of the bodies.

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        Accordingly, in 1889, joining them was made voluntary and they have been improved by it. The Faculty add to their dignity by requiring that the representative speakers at Commencement shall be chosen by them. They are now in good condition. Their inter-society debates in public, and debates with other institutions, their union in the procurement of star entertainments, and their joint banquet at Commencements, not to mention the opportunities for training in debate, and the advice of old members, are powerful factors in keeping up respectable numbers.

        While the relations between the law students and the University were for some years only nominal, one of them was allowed to have a room in the New East Building. One night a company of young men, having acquired a small quantity of larger beer, were desirous of imbibing it, without interruption by the society monitors or accidental visit of a Faculty man. The law student kindly invited them to his more sequestered apartment. When haled up for punishment he pleaded that he was not amenable to the laws of the University. The Faculty concluded not to dismiss him but to put him and all other law students occupying University buildings under its jurisdiction. It was not long before the distinction in discipline between the two classes of students was abolished. It was also enacted that Law and Medical students might compete for society honors, if they were regular members and had ten hours a week in academic studies.

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CHAPTER V.

STATE OF THE UNIVERSITY IN 1884.

        The Visiting Committee of 1884 was large and composed of able and practical men. At the head was Hon. A. Haywood Merritt, who had served as State Senator from Chatham and was an experienced and successful teacher. The other members were Charles M. Cooke, afterwards Judge; Julian S. Carr, a wealthy manufacturer; D. P. McEachern, a noted farmer and Member of the Legislature; Col. Paul B. Means, a prominent lawyer and Member of both branches of the General Assembly; Hon. Benjamin F. Grady, an experienced teacher and Member of Congress, and Rev. A. D. Betts, D.D., a valued preacher of the Methodist Church. As one of the accusations against the University at that time was that it was under Episcopalian influence, I state that of the seven, the Chairman and two others were Methodists, two were Presbyterians, another a Presbyterian by lineage, and one a prominent Baptist, President of the Board of Trustees of Wake Forest College. There was not one Episcopalian. As the report is a true picture of the University I give much of it as written:

        "The Constitution of the State is but the written expression of the will of the people. Our fathers of the past century met in Convention at Halifax, December 18, 1776, and declared in the Constitution then adopted that schools shall be established and all useful learning shall be duly promoted and encouraged in one or more Universities. This injunction has been reaffirmed from time to time, and our present Constitution declares that 'religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and means of education shall be forever encouraged.' The educational system of the State is but the outgrowth of the will of the people. The University is placed at the head of this system, and consequently belongs, to the people; and as it is from the people and for the people they have a right

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to know how their institution is conducted, and how far it is carrying out the objects of its creation and meeting the just expectations of the public.

THE CURRICULA.

        "The range of studies is broad and comprehensive. There are three regular curricula, each leading to a separate academic degree of equal dignity. The Classical Course is essentially the old curriculum, and leads to the degree of A.B. The Scientific Course includes all the studies of the Classical Course except Latin and Greek, and for them it substitutes Agricultural Chemistry, Natural History, Drawing, Bookkeeping, and additional studies in English; it leads to the degree of B.S. The Philosophical Course is a mean between the two other courses. It includes either Latin or Greek at the option of the student, and leads to the degree of Ph.B. In addition to these three are a one year advanced course leading to the degrees of A.M. and M.S.; and a two years course leading to the degree of Ph.D. Young men are thus offered the means of a broad and liberal culture, and at the same time they may consult their tastes, talents, and future aims in life.

METHODS OF INSTRUCTION.

        "We were greatly impressed with the enthusiasm of the Faculty. There is a spirit of zeal and earnestness visible in every recitation room that is truly refreshing. Instruction is given from textbooks, by lectures, on the blackboard, and by practical work in the laboratory, the field and the museum. Every student is armed with tablet and pencil for notes, and in the classics frequent compositions are required in the different languages. A great deal of writing is insisted on as necessary to accuracy. The methods of instruction are thoroughly progressive.

THE PRACTICAL.

        "We are glad to know that, while general and abstract principles are thoroughly taught at the University, the application of these principles to the common uses of life is not neglected. Much of the teaching leads to practical results. The conditions

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imposed by the Federal Government in the Land Scrip Grant are met and the University is prepared to turn out men educated for the farm as well as the forum and the bench. Especial attention is given to the English language in all the departments, from the beginning to the end of all the courses. When the student comes to the study of Botany his attention is directed to the diseases of agricultural plants, such as smut, rust, mildew, and the remedies and precautions against them; to forage plants, the improvement of lands, the germination of seeds, and the influence of fertilizers on the growth of plants. In Physiology and Zoölogy the student is taught the anatomy of the common domestic animals, and their internal organs are used to illustrate those of the human system. He is taught the principles of breeding, feeding and improvement of farm stock. He learns about food-fishes and their propagation, injurious insects, vermin, and reptiles. In Geology the student's attention is turned from the theoretical to such practical subjects as mines and how to mine coal, iron, gold, etc., the origin and varieties of soils, building stones, marls, and phosphates and their uses in agriculture. The Natural History Museum contains over three thousand specimens of rocks, ores, and minerals, and a valuable and increasing collection of native woods, botanical and zoölogical specimens illustrating the fauna and flora of North Carolina. This department has two laboratories, one for practical work in Geology and Mineralogy, the other for Zoölogy and Botany. Professor Holmes presides with the vigor of youth and the skill and learning of age. Professor Venable has charge of general Agricultural and Analytical Chemistry. He is a valuable man, an excellent instructor, and is fully up with the progress of the age.

        "Here the student is taught the analysis of soils, manures, and ores, how to extract metals from ores, how glass, porcelain, and earthenware are manufactured, how leather is tanned, how soap, sugar, ink, and matches are made, how calico is printed, cloth dyed and bleached, woods preserved by paints, and many other such practical things. The two laboratories connected with this department are supplied with water, gas

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and other appliances necessary to the successful prosecution of scientific investigation. Professor Venable deserves special mention for the elegant and valuable museum of chemical, industrial, and agricultural products which he has collected and so handsomely arranged. In the department of Natural Philosophy, presided over by Professor Gore, another young, learned and efficient instructor, the student is enabled to gain an intelligent understanding of the forces in nature from the motions of the planets to the turning of a flutter-mill. The skill and industry of the Professor in repairing the old apparatus and the purchase of new enable him to make experiments in the presence of the class which constitute an important and impressive part of his instruction. He illustrates the movements of the sidereal heavens, shows the application of electricity to the telegraph, telephone, etc. He explains the phenomena of sound and the properties of light and heat. He also teaches land surveying, plotting, leveling, laying out railroad curves and switches, and all railroad work, to the point of actual construction.

        "The President teaches Constitutional, International, and Business Law. This latter department embraces such legal principles, civil and criminal, as are indispensable to a correct transaction of the ordinary business of life. This feature is believed to be peculiar to this institution. It is appreciated by the students, is practical and praiseworthy.

        "We might show how Professor Graves, thoroughly competent and skilled as he is, comes down from Differential and Integral Calculus and the theory of logarithms to the science of accounts and practical bookkeeping; how that elegant classical scholar, Professor Hooper, and that earnest and excellent teacher, Professor Winston, manage to give a practical turn to all their teachings in the modern and ancient languages; and how well that faithful worker, Professor Mangum, leads the student along the plains of higher English literature and thence into the fields of moral science and Christian ethics. But enough has been said to show that the teaching is not only progressive and of wide range but eminently practical.

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        "The diplomas of the University can be obtained only by successful study. Strict accounts are kept of daily recitations, followed by rigid and searching examinations. If certain real attainments are not reached, the student is not permitted to advance. The standard of scholarship is high.

DISCIPLINE.

        "Each student is required to attend three recitations a day, and a strict accountability is demanded for absences. No incorrigibly idle or vicious student is permitted to remain in the institution. The discipline is mild, firm, and successful.

MORALITY AND RELIGION.

        "What moral and religious influences will surround his boy when he shall go from home is a question of prime importance to parents. It affords your committee sincere pleasure to assure such parents that there is a very healthy moral and religious atmosphere at the University. We are assured of this by personal observation of the students in the recitation rooms, in their private apartments, in the Campus, at the meals, and at their daily worship in the College Chapel, and we are confirmed in this belief by evidence from various and disinterested sources. The Young Men's Christian Association meets regularly in its well fitted hall in the South Building, and the exercises are for the most part conducted by the students themselves. On the Sabbath the village churches are open to and attended by the students; and each student is expected to attend one of the four Bible classes, conducted by the Faculty for their benefit. There is no such thing as 'deviling the Faculty,' and 'paping,' or cheating on recitation or examination, is not tolerated by the students themselves. 'Hazing the Fresh' is also under ban, by order of the Faculty and the joint action of the two literary societies. A manly sense of honor pervades the whole body of students. Instances of disorder and violation of law occur sometimes, but they are rare. When over two hundred young men are thrown together so intimately, it were vain to expect perfect harmony at all times.

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An altercation occurred while your committee was on the Hill, and we witnessed the prompt decision of the Faculty in dealing with the offenders and punishing the offense. We note this as an exception to the general rule of good behavior.

EXPENSES.

        "There is no attempt at display, and a spirit of economy is visible in every direction. We are assured that the total expenses for tuition, books, board, fuel, lights, and washing need not exceed $200 per annum. Considering its advantages the University is one of the very cheapest institutions in the land.

        "The Constitution provides that the benefits of the University, as far as practicable, shall be extended to the youth of the State free of expense for tuition. Therefore, under legislative enactment, the University grants free tuition to one student from each county. Forty counties are thus represented. The Faculty, moreover, carrying out the spirit of the Constitution, has dispensed charities with a liberal hand. Time is allowed for the payment of tuition of young men of limited means, and in some extraordinary cases the fees are altogether remitted. Since 1875 about two hundred have been granted free tuition, exclusive of county students. Three young men are now enjoying the benefits of the scholarships established by the late B. F. Moore; and still further aiding in this direction is the Deems Fund. Through the munificence of Rev. Dr. C. F. Deems and Mr. W. H. Vanderbilt, of New York, a fund now amounting to about $12,000 has been placed at the disposal of the Faculty to assist students by loans. It is judiciously used, and many worthy young men are thus enabled to secure a liberal education.

LITERARY SOCIETIES.

        "The halls and library rooms of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies are commodious and elegantly furnished. They contain perhaps the finest collection of portraits in the South. Each library has about eight thousand volumes and

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an interesting cabinet of minerals and curiosities. These societies are held in affectionate remembrance by all their old members. They, still in their dignity and glory, give practice to young authors and orators, cherish an honorable rivalry, and cultivate a literary taste. They exercise a wholesome influence over the conduct of their members, and thus lighten for the Faculty the burden of discipline.

UNIVERSITY LIBRARY.

        "The University Library numbers nine thousand volumes and two thousand pamphlets. Many of these books are exceedingly rare and valuable, but are so arranged as to be comparatively useless for consultation. Some of them are on shelves twelve or fifteen feet from the floor. With nothing but a frail ladder to aid one in reaching them, the sublime ascent is likely to end in a ridiculous descent.

        "For practical purposes these books might as well be with Alexander Selkirk on the Island of Juan Fernandez--'they are out of humanity's reach.' Your committee earnestly urges that alcoves be speedily fitted up, the books brought down from their lofty heights, classified and arranged for use. We recommend that an appropriation for this purpose by the Legislature be applied for and also for the binding of pamphlets and the rebinding of valuable old volumes, and for the purchase of some new scientific works. When this is done, but not till then, will this library be worthy of Smith Hall and the University.

FURTHER NEEDS.

        "Your committee is of opinion that the fees of the Professor of Law (Mr. Manning) ought to be supplemented, that he be made a regular member of the Faculty, and his full time be required in the service of the Institution.

        "The Medical Department seems to be less successful than any other. We are assured of the ability and qualifications of Dr. Harris, who has charge of this department; but, however great may be the facilities for study, the course does not and can not now lead to a degree. Let a thoroughly organized Medical School be established. If the means to do this are

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not within the reach of the Trustees (and we fear they are not), let State aid be invoked. Let the Legislature be impressed with the fact that it can be done with comparatively little outlay; that such a school would soon be self-supporting; that we can not afford to be outstripped by neighboring States; that the University has never been a burden on the State Treasury; that our sister States grant much larger appropriations to their educational centers than we do; that twice as much money is annually carried out of the State to Medical Colleges as it would require to equip one for ourselves; and that we owe it as a great patriotic duty to our State to provide this additional educational advantage. Such an appeal, we think, would not go unheeded.

        "We congratulate the Trustees and the good people of the State on the past glory of their University, its present usefulness, and its future prosperity! With an able President at its helm, who is so devoted to its interests that his life seems bound up with that of the institution over which he presides; with a Faculty thoroughly competent, enthusiastic and skilled in imparting knowledge, the prospects for success are most flattering."

COMMENCEMENT OF 1884.

        The Commencement of 1884 was one of extreme interest. The number attending was large and included some of the best men in the State, such as Governor Jarvis, Lieutenant-Governor Robinson, who was a nephew of President Swain; Colonel Saunders, Secretary of State; Mr. Paul Cameron; Col. W. L. Steele; Major (now Colonel) Bingham; Dr. Grissom, Superintendent of the State Hospital for the Insane; Col. A. B. Andrews, railroad magnate; Editors Ashe, Yates, Daniels, and Page; and Rev. Drs. Skinner and Wilson. Besides these were merchants and farmers, teachers and preachers, manufacturers and mechanics, and their wives, daughters and friends, including a goodly array of alumni. Jupiter Pluvius smiled benignantly. This was notable as the last time when the Trustees and other dignitaries sat in the open space in the irreverently named Bull Pen. The next Commencement they were in the spacious Memorial Hall.

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        What passed in the society halls Monday night was not made public, but Dr. Hawthorne in his sermon praised a speech he had heard in the Dialectic Society meeting. It transpired, too, that when called on for a talk, among other topics of good advice, he warned the members against bathos and gave this specimen, said to be a part of a sermon on the miracle of healing the Gergasene madman: "The sun was just illumining the tops of the mountains, the company in reverential attitude was gathered around the Divine Healer, while the man from whom the devil had been cast was worshipping at His feet. All was calm and peaceful save where the frightened swine leaped into the lake and on its placid surface could be seen the twinkling of their curly tails as they dived for the bottom."

        On Tuesday afternoon the Senior Class Day exercises were held in the Chapel, the class tree having been planted in the early spring. Samuel M. Gattis narrated interestingly and often humorously the history of the class. Jesse B. Hawes delivered an oration of good sense and in good style. William G. Randall was the Prophet, giving the fate of each member, some in dark colors, but mostly absurd and humorous.

        James Lee Love, the President of the Class, delivered the parting address, full of wise counsel and feeling. At the close was sung an ode written especially for the occasion by Mrs. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, "whose pen in prose and poetry has been ever ready to utter delicate sentiments and bright thoughts and graceful words for the honor of North Carolina."

HAIL AND FAREWELL.


                         Bright be the beams of this vernal morn,
                         Far hence, ye clouds, ye dark shadows borne;
                         Light are our hearts while pleasure has sway,
                         Classmates and comrades, honor our day;
                         Day that henceforth shall ever be bright,
                         Calling up memories of sweetness and light.
                         Gaily we sing,
                         Time's on the wing;
                         Hail, grove and dell,
                         Hail and farewell.

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                         Brothers, our tree will a symbol prove
                         Of faith, of hope, and of constant love;
                         Strong shall it grow, piercing the blue,
                         Drinking for ages sunlight and dew;
                         Thus may our life grow prosperously,
                         Deep in our hearts may its friendships be.
                         Ring bells and sing,
                         Time's on the wing;
                         Each well known dell,
                         Hail and farewell.


                         Swiftly will pass our youth's golden day;
                         Far up yon height lies our toilsome way;
                         Duty will summon, answer its call,
                         Courage within us and God over all.
                         Far from the Hill, but loving it still,
                         Clasp hands at parting with peace and good will.
                         Then let us sing,
                         Time's on the wing;
                         Tree, hill and dell,
                         Hail and farewell.

        There came a telegram from Mr. Henry Watterson, the well-known editor of the Louisville Journal, who had accepted his election as orator by the Dialectic Society, announcing that ill health prevented his fulfilling his engagement. The society thereupon chose Col. Walter L. Steele to fill the vacancy. Although he had only one day's notice, Colonel Steele made an address of remarkable merit. His counsels were founded on a text of the Book of Proverbs, "Remove not the old landmarks." He insisted on the Latin maxim, Festina lente. He urged economy in business, charity in politics, veracity in morals, courtesy in manners, and the fear of God in religion. It was the universal opinion of the auditors that, while the eminent Kentuckian may have spoken more eloquently, he could not have excelled Colonel Steele in sound sense, embodied in deeply interesting discourse.

        At the conclusion of this address Hon. John Manning, at the request of the grandsons of the late Gov. Jonathan Worth, presented an oil portrait of the Governor to the University. The short speech of Dr. Manning was truly eloquent and was most gracefully delivered and with a peculiarly sonorous

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voice. I give one sentence: "Called by the voice of the people of this State twice to the gubernatorial office, we all know how nobly, strongly, grandly he bore himself in those worrying, exciting, tempestuous years, and how firmly, plainly and ably he contended for the liberties of the citizens against the exercise of unwarranted power, though that power was clothed with all the panoply of war, supported by the sheen of bayonets under the banners of a victorious army." Dr. Manning further stated that he was a Trustee of the University for nearly thirty years, devoted to its interests and a strong advocate for higher education as well as improvement of the public schools.

        President Battle received the gift for the University, saying, among other things, "I was thrown into intimate personal and official relations with Gov. Jonathan Worth while he occupied the Executive chair. I freely say that I have never known a more estimable man, or a more firm, prudent and sagacious officer. He investigated all subjects with deliberate care, he weighed all arguments with unprejudiced judgment; he made his decisions without fear, favor or affection; he carried them into execution with a courage that knew no faltering. No man had a harder task. No man could have performed it with more thorough conscientiousness, more intelligent zeal, more determined nerve or a broader patriotism. It was in the labors, the troubles, the torments of endeavoring to uphold the civil over the military law that he broke down a fine constitution. He died a martyr to his struggles to maintain constitutional liberty. In the name of the University I thank the donors for this generous gift. It shall be placed upon our walls as a monument of a most important epoch of our history and as a perpetual incentive to our youth to imitate what is brave and honorable and true."

        Governor Jarvis, being called on, added his earnest testimony to the real value of his predecessor's example of diligence, integrity and independence. No such letter books, as those which belong to Governor Worth's administration, are in the Executive office. They set forth clearly the proper relations between our State and our general government, and

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are marked by a very proper spirit of independence, breathing all loyalty to law and order.

        The portrait was then hung by the side of those of Davie, "the Father of the University," and of Presidents Caldwell and Swain.

        On Wednesday afternoon came the sermon before the graduating class by Rev. Dr. J. B. Hawthorne, of the First Baptist Church of Richmond, Virginia. He discussed with ability and clearness, and frequent bursts of eloquence, the relation of the Christian pulpit to trade and politics, and the other questions of the present day. The principles of the Gospel, rightly applied, are sufficient for their solution. His intonation and gesticulation were eminently appropriate and matter and manner were a great intellectual and moral treat. An admirer wrote, "It was simply grand--toweringly and magnificently grand."

        The night of Wednesday saw the friendly rivalry between the venerable societies of the University. The following was the program: Adolphus Hill Eller on "Servility in American Politics"; Heber Amos Latham on "What is the True Aristocracy?"; Frank Fries Patterson on "Orators and Oratory of America"; Augustus White Long on "The Morals of Southern Society"; Oscar B. Eaton on "Popular Amusements"; Edward W. Pou, Jr., on "The Freedom of the Seas."

        Of these Eller, Patterson and Eaton were Dialectics, the others Philanthropics.

        While all were creditable, the preference was given to Mr. Long. Mr. Seymour W. Whiting presented to Mr. Latham a handsome volume of Tennyson's Poems as a tribute of admiration for his address.

        The reporter criticised four of the six speeches of these representatives, in that while they praised Southern manners and morals, they were perhaps too depreciatory of the morals and manners of other folks. "These young gentlemen," Dr. Skinner remarked, "have just found out that we had a war. Massachusetts may indeed be blameworthy, but is the rostrum of the University the place for such criticism? It hardly gives the institution credit for the cosmopolitan character that it really

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has." The declamation was, however, pronounced to be uncommonly graceful and appropriate, and better results are obtained by allowing the young orators to express their own ideas, and not restricting their tongues to speaking only what is agreeable to all in the audience.

        On Thursday the graduates spoke, Rev. Dr. Thomas E. Skinner, of the Class of 1847, opening with prayer. The speakers and their subjects were as follows:

        Samuel Mallett Gattis, "A Dangerous Question"; that is, Mormonism.

        Lee Martin Warlick, "The Race Problem in the United States." The Caucasian must rule.

        Thomas Richard Rouse, "North Carolina Since the War." Our future is bright.

        James Cole Roberts, "The Present Status and Influence of Mohammedanism." It is losing its influence.

        Missouri Robert Hamer, "Influence of the Legal Profession." Lawyers are at the head of great movements.

        John Lemuel Borden, "The Virtues and Vices of the Press." The greatest power in the land. Should be kept pure.

        Julian Wood, "North Carolina for North Carolinians." We have an excellent population. We wish no influx of foreigners.

        Edward Daniel Monroe, an essay on "Science." Colonel Steele, in awarding the Mangum Medal to another, said: "This essayist exhibits a power of reasoning and analyzing worthy of any man in the State."

        Samuel Bryant Turrentine, "The Progress and Prospects of Christian Missions." This is a great field for work. In it women can do great good.

        Jesse Bowden Hawes, "The Day and Its Demands." A thoughtful dissertation on this subject of passing importance.

        William George Randall, "North Carolina Folk Lore." A humorous and able disquisition.

        James Lee Love (Valedictorian), "The New North State." He spoke gracefully and strongly of the causes transforming the old into the new State.

        Mr. Love was pronounced the best for general excellence

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in oratory and won the Mangum Medal. Besides the above, eight members of the class were at their own request excused from speaking. These were: Charles Taylor Alexander, Andrew Jackson Harris, William Donald McIver, George A. Mebane, James Daniel Miller, Thomas Samuel Osborne, John Charles Slocum, and Benjamin Franklin White.

        In the afternoon the reports were read. The degree of A.B. was conferred on five graduates, that of Ph.D. on eleven.

        The Classical Oration was won by Lee Martin Warlick; the Greek Medal for Scholarship by James R. Monroe, Henry Wm. Rice, James Thomas, and Stephen Beauregard Weeks; that for Improvement by Joseph John Jenkins; the Phillips Mathematical Medal by Frank Milton Little; the Worth Prize by Samuel Bryant Turrentine; the Chemistry Medal by James Cole Roberts; the Representative Medal for Oratory by Augustus White Long. The best scholar in the class was James Lee Love, and to him had been awarded the Valedictory Oration.

        Some of the graduates have attained distinction. Randall, now dead, was a painter of merit; Turrentine, now a Doctor of Divinity, is an honored Presiding Elder of the Methodist Episcopal Church; Gattis has been Speaker of the House of Representatives; Love has been an Instructor of Mathematics in Harvard University and Superintendent of its Summer School; Miller is an able and useful Episcopal minister.

        In 1884 the grades of the undergraduates were arranged as follows: Those who obtained marks of 70 to 80 in all studies were allowed to pass and the Seniors were granted diplomas. The Seniors obtaining 80 to 90 obtained diplomas cum laude; those from 90 to 95 magna cum laude; those who obtained from 90 to 100, insigni cum honore. The student who obtained the highest average of all, not less than 90, obtained the Valedictory Oration. To him who should have the highest mark, not less than 90, in the Classical Course, was awarded the Classical Oration. The Philosophical and Scientific Orations were awarded to the best scholars in those courses, provided the marks averaged as high as 90. For speaking at Commencement four Seniors were to be selected by the Faculty

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after competition. Medical and Law students were not allowed to compete.

        The Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) was conferred on Gov. Thomas J. Jarvis, an officer of enlightened views generally and an especial advocate of higher education; on Augustus S. Merrimon, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, a learned jurist; and on Dr. Edward Warren, Bey, who was, during the Civil War, Surgeon-General of this State, then a Professor in the Medical College of Baltimore, from which he was appointed a surgeon on the staff of the Khedive of Egypt, from whom he received the title of Bey. He was also author of a book entitled "Experiences of a Physician in Three Continents."

        Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) was conferred upon Rev. N. Collin Hughes, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, Principal of a classical school of high standing at Chocowinity; on Rev. John S. Watkins, an eloquent Presbyterian divine, then of Raleigh; and on Rev. M. L. Wood, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, President of Trinity College, of this State.

        Governor Jarvis, in presenting diplomas to the graduating class, made a speech whose eloquence was in an inverse ratio to its length. Alluding feelingly to the fact that this was his last duty as President of the Board of Trustees, as he would, before the next Commencement, cease to be Governor, he asked, "What constitutes the University? These spacious and attractive grounds? These magnificent trees? These commodious buildings? No! The University consists of the manhood of her sons! You have a responsibility, young gentlemen, that you could not escape if you would, for you are the University and its destiny is largely in your hands. I feel that this is in one way my valedictory. And although I may not have the means or the opportunity to be here as frequently as in the six years past, my interest in the institution shall not wane."

        President Battle paid a strong tribute to Governor Jarvis's fidelity as Chairman of the Board. "To him we owe more than to any other man, our railroad, Memorial Hall, and pecuniary aid in times of desperate need."

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        The changes in the Faculty in 1883-'84 were principally among the Instructors and Assistants.

        Prof. Joshua W. Gore, C.E., took charge of Natural Philosophy and Engineering. Emile A. de Schweinitz, A.B., was made Assistant in Chemistry and Mineralogy; Albert L. Coble, Assistant in Mathematics; James Lee Love, Instructor in English; Berrie C. McIver, Instructor in Greek; Benjamin F. White, Instructor in Latin; Edward D. Monroe, Assistant Librarian.

NORMAL SCHOOL OF 1884.

        The Summer Normal School of the University in 1884 was opened June 17th and closed July 17th.

        The following is a list of the Faculty, Officers and Instructors:

  • Kemp P. Battle, LL.D.: President.
  • Prof. Julius S. Tomlinson, Superintendent of the Graded Schools of Winston: Superintendent.
  • Prof. E. V. De Graff, Washington, D. C.: Lecturer on Methods.
  • Prof. Alexander L. Phillips, Burgaw: Teacher of Geography.
  • Prof. T. J. Mitchell, Charlotte: Teacher of Arithmetic and Algebra.
  • Prof. A. Leazar, Mooresville: Teacher of Grammar.
  • Prof. J. H. Meyers, New York: Teacher of Primary Work.
  • Prof. R. H. Lewis, Kinston: Teacher of Physiology and Hygiene.
  • Prof. F. P. Venable, Chapel Hill: Lecturer in Chemistry.
  • Prof. J. W. Gore, Chapel Hill: Lecturer on Natural Philosophy.
  • Prof. E. L. Harris, Raleigh: Teacher of Drawing and Penmanship.
  • Prof. H. E. Holt, Boston: Teacher of Music.
  • Prof. C. L. Wilson, Asheville: Teacher of Music.
  • Miss Boice, Philadelphia: Teacher of Reading.
  • Mrs. M. O. Humphrey, Goldsboro: Teacher of Model and Principal of Primary Class.
  • Mr. W. T. Patterson, Chapel Hill: Business Agent.
  • Rev. C. C. Newton, Chapel Hill: Secretary.
  • The enrollment was:

        
Men 167
Women 138
Total 305
Children in Model School 23

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        This was the last of these schools. The average attendance was about equally divided between men and women. The largest number of counties represented at any one term was sixty-two, but there was only a handful of counties that did not send representatives during one or more of the eight terms. As heretofore explained the University Normal School was the fons et origo of the upward growth of the public schools of the State. From it date most of the graded schools, and although there are not many separate kindergarten establishments among us, yet the principles of Froebel's teaching, introduced by the University, are blessing the little children under the guidance of numerous skilled instructors.

        There grew up a demand from distant sections of the State to inaugurate similar schools in their neighborhood, in order to enable their citizens at less cost to reap the benefits. The fund, $2,000 per annum, was equally divided by the General Assembly, to be disbursed at four points selected by the Board of Education. Hence Asheville, Newton, Elizabeth City for some years had their yearly gatherings. It was inevitable that, while the aggregate harvest was great, no one point could attain the preëminence of the University Normal School.

        The attendance on the various sessions of the University Summer Normal School was as follows:

        
Years. No. of Pupils. Counties Represented.
1877 235 42
1878 402 59
1879 290 54
1880 241 54
1881 338 62
1882 352 62
1883 317  
1884 305  
Total 2,480  

        Of course many attended more than one session and are counted twice--very few more than twice. The numbers of counties represented for the last two years were not recorded but they were about the same as in 1882.

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        After serving as Superintendent of the Summer Normal School, the able and accomplished scholar, Dr. Henry E. Shepherd, accepted the Presidency of the College of Charleston. From that city he wrote to the Chronicle, a newspaper of Raleigh, his observations on the status of education in North Carolina. He was surprised as well as gratified to note the progress which had been made.

        "A new dispensation has arisen at Chapel Hill. The University is beginning to assume a scholarly air, for the most part alien to its ante-bellum era. Its teaching is imbued with the critical spirit of modern science and philology. Original investigation is at last obtaining a recognized place in its scheme of work. It may be affirmed without exaggeration that the quality of work in most departments is immensely in advance of that which prevailed during its ancient days. The marked contrast between the Chapel Hill of 1860-'61 and the Chapel Hill of 1884, is one of the notable and distinctive features in the intellectual development of North Carolina."

        Dr. Shepherd then shows a "conspicuous defect in the present organization of the University, in the want of a Professorship of the English Language and Literature. This proceeds from no failure on the part of the esteemed Professor in charge, whose affectionate assiduity, invincible energy, and consecration to his work" are well known. Dr. Shepherd then states, what the authorities of the University were painfully cognizant of, and remedied as soon as more money was voted them, that Dr. Mangum was grievously overburdened. What he hoped for, the creation of a specific Professorship of English, not a mere annex to some favored department, would tend to elevate the institution to a far higher rank in the world of critical scholarship, than it had thus far attained.

BREACHES OF DISCIPLINE UNDER DR. BATTLE.

        As has been said, there was a complete change in the exercise of discipline of the University. No restrictions on the movements of students within Chapel Hill were enforced. The old plan of all reciting at the same hour was necessarily abolished, and recitations were going on at all hours from breakfast

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to dinner, and laboratory work in the afternoon. As the students were not all in their rooms at the same time the old nuisance of shouting at objects and persons passing by was nonexistent.

        On one occasion President Battle heard of a number of students behaving in a boisterous manner in Durham, as they were coming to Chapel Hill. Of course the malevolent said that they were intoxicated, so he summoned them before him. They stood up solemnly in a line. "Gentlemen," said the President, "I am grieved to hear that you have been on a bender in Durham." One of them, very much frightened, leaped forward in his earnestness and blurted out, "It's a mighty little bender I have been on." It was very comical. The President soon found that there had been nothing but boyish exuberance and closed the incident with a caution. One of them, now a great educational dignitary, Alderman, composed a song with the refrain, "It's a mighty little bender I've been on," which was sung by the students for many months. I regret its loss.

        Another case illustrates my manner with the students. The fact of a student going to Pittsboro without my permission came to my ears. He was of exemplary conduct and I knew that his father allowed him to ride twenty or thirty miles or any other distance whenever he chose. With him a trip of seventeen miles to Pittsboro without permission was a malum prohibitum and not a malum in se. So my summons to him to appear before me was a mere matter of form. I began the interview, "Mr. Braswell, I understand that you have been to Pittsboro." He replied, "Well, Mr. President, I will tell you how it was. I learned that there was to be a hanging in Pittsboro. I thought that I would never have another chance to witness one. I knew that my father would not care. If I asked your permission you would refuse because I did not have permission from home and there was not time to obtain it. So I concluded to risk it." "Well, sir," said I, "consider yourself well scolded and tell me all about the hanging."

        I add that this kindly manner of treatment of students by no

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means led to greater misconduct but seemed to have a healthy effect.

        Among the most annoying incidents of University life have been the pledges taken by the students, sometimes in matters in which they were exclusively concerned, sometimes in matters of University discipline. As a rule the public opinion of the students holds them as irrevocable, so that, for example, if A pledges himself to vote for B, he continues to be bound to give the vote although for some reason he concludes that he ought to support some other person. The following episode illustrates the difficulty and folly of these engagements.

        As an examination of a class in Mathematics in the latter part of May was nearly due, members of the class approached their Professor, who was an assistant only, with the object of "pumping" him in regard to their prospects of success. They first asked for their term standing, which was given. They then learned his system of marking the examination papers, and, as they understood him, it was impossible to pass without obtaining an abnormally high mark. There was consternation in the class so great that some of the less diligent scholars drew up stipulations that they would not be examined by this Professor. There were statements in the paper founded on mistake, but still every member of the class signed it and agreed not to withdraw unless by unanimous consent. Their object was to be examined by the Senior Professor.

        On inquiring into the facts the Faculty found that the Professor had been misunderstood and the paper had been signed under a misapprehension. The class was summoned before them and, after hearing their explanation, were told that they had committed a breach of the laws by entering into a conspiracy not to perform a University duty but that the Faculty were disposed to be lenient if they would retrace their steps. The Professor involved made such an explanation as was satisfactory to the students. The leaders of the class admitted that they had signed inadvertently and would be glad to be released and would withdraw their names if it were not for the unanimous consent clause. This consent could not well be obtained because one of the signers had left the Hill to

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visit Bingham School. It was suggested that the signatures were obtained on a misstatement of facts, and moreover the signers agreed to do an unlawful act, that is, to abstain from performing a duty assigned by lawful authority, and hence were not bound. But law was not considered by students as binding as a pledge. The knot was cut by obtaining the consent of the absent one by telegraph and "all was serene." On an inspection of the signed paper it appeared that there were the names of some who were not at all interested because the examination in question was not in their course, yet their consent was needed to cancel or modify the pledge. In other words, orderly, hightoned students, successful in their studies, put themselves into the power not only of the careless, unambitious pupils, but even of men not in the class at all.

        This is, I think, the only conspiracy against a law of the University that I have known since the reopening. It ended so ridiculously that it will hardly be repeated.

        The practical jokes mentioned in my first volume were continued, though seldom. One was managed so adroitly as to deceive President Battle. A mock furious quarrel was carried on in presence of a student, who fully believed that a fight in the woods with pistols was imminent. He was so frightened that he invoked the President's aid to prevent slaughter. The President repaired to the spot, ascertained that the affair was a hoax, but thought it best to put a stop to this playing with firearms. One of the combatants lay on the ground feigning death, but the sudden resurrection and rapid running away of the corpse when the President approached was amusing. He caught the other combatant and sequestered his pistol for the term.

        Afterwards a similar trick was attempted. The only person deceived was the Episcopal minister, who made a fruitless journey at 10 o'clock at night to the "Trysting Poplar" in Battle Park.

        A college president has all sorts of trials and often has to make up his mind as to what course to pursue unaided by any precedent. One morning while recitations were going on I was shocked by the loud ringing of the bell. Inquiring into it

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I found that a very athletic and bright-minded student had become really insane. He was just then calling a meeting of the Dialectic Society in order to send delegates to an imaginary convention to be held in Raleigh to raise money for the University. I instructed four of his friends to provide cords, to be used in confining his limbs if absolutely necessary only, and ordered a carriage to be at the door. I then provided myself with a blank telegraphic paper and repaired to the Dialectic Hall. He was in the presidential chair. Instead of his ordinary dignified conduct he was indulging in profane language, totally contrary to his normal habit. I arose with the fictitious telegram in my hand and gravely said, "Mr. President, I am told that a meeting is to be held in Raleigh this afternoon in the interests of the University. I move that you, Mr. President, and Messrs. Dockery and three others be a committee to represent this society, and as you are interested, I put the motion myself." The motion was carried of course and before his mind had time to go off on another tack we had him in a carriage surrounded by his four friends. I telegraphed the Superintendent of the Hospital for the Insane, to meet him at the Raleigh station and he was lodged in the Asylum without trouble. But for the ruse I employed it would probably have been necessary to bind him hand and foot, and the injury to his brain from the fury into which this would have thrown him might have been a permanent injury. He recovered from this attack.

        One Saturday night a half dozen students concluded to bring back old customs. A venerable gentleman by invitation had made an address before the University. Even while he was speaking a mock alarm of fire was made which created some disturbance. After the exercises were over there was continuous bell ringing, explosions of gunpowder and shouting for hours. I sent word to the perpetrators and politely suggested that it was not right to disturb the rest of an aged guest. For the only time in my presidency the request was unheeded. I retired to my bed as usual but could not sleep. At three o'clock my patience was exhausted. I went to the buildings and recognized three of the rioters. I found that they had led

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and pushed a cow up to the third story of the South Building, on which was the belfry, and tied her horns to the bell rope.*

        * As there may be curiosity as to the behavior of a cow in such circumstances, I write that this particular cow was peacefully chewing her cud and not pulling the bell rope at all.


        The next day I had the ringleader before the Faculty. As in addition to the present offense, he had been neglecting his studies, an order was made that his father should withdraw him. A letter containing this sentence was actually mailed. I announced that the two other known offenders would be called up next day. Seeing that we were in earnest there was great consternation among the rioters, who did not know how many I had caught. One of the best students, now a United States Marshal, called on me to know what could be done to stop the prosecution. I said, "Mr. Dockery, if the gentlemen engaged in this business will authorize you to say that they will quit this rowdy behavior I think that the Faculty will grant a general amnesty." He went off to consult the offenders and I withdrew the letter of recall from the postoffice. In about an hour he and Z. B. Walser, also an exemplary student, returned and reported that the compromise was accepted. This ended the matter. There was some reluctance in giving the promise, which, by the way, was faithfully kept, not because there was any wish to continue this disorderly conduct, but simply from the uncomfortable feeling of being under a pledge. This feeling should be fostered, rather than by too frequent pledges impair their efficacy. Indeed the Faculty never proposed them, but sometimes accepted them when voluntarily offered.

        The practice of hazing gave much difficulty. It was at first sparingly done, but was revived by the Sophomores gradually learning the old customs. Even grave alumni at Commencement took a pride in narrating what was done in their day. The practice was popularized by the influx of boys from schools where hazing prevailed. There were two kinds, one for cause, where the manners of a Freshman were peculiarly obnoxious, and the other of all the Freshmen, well-behaved or not. The first was most severe and usually attended with some violence, the blacking being of the entire person. The other ranged from blacking the face down to compulsory singing and declamations.

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Occasionally the Freshmen were enticed into the forest at night on an alleged "snipe hunting" expedition and then abandoned in the darkness. Another form of hazing was "trotting," that is, compulsory running between two Sophs, each holding the arm of the Freshman. When the escorts became tired others would take their places. A student from the Indian Territory, one-fourth Indian, introduced a cowboy form of hazing which the good sense of the students caused them to abandon after one trial, as too dangerous. This was fastening by night a bull yearling by the horns to a tree with a rope thirty feet long, the Freshman being mounted upon him. Then the bullock was lashed into a run, tumbling over with his rider when he got to the end of his tether. A Freshman, now a learned Doctor of Divinity, received this treatment. His mentioning it in a letter to his father provoked a furious letter to me. "Better for the University to be buried in the earth than to be continued with such outrages." I sought an interview with the boy. He admitted the truth of the story, said that he was thrown high into the air and came down with such force as to "knock the breath out of his body." A tall Soph came up, put his hand into his bosom and said, "Freshman, are you dead?" The reply was, "Yes, I am killed." The Soph replied, "Freshman, you are lying; you will be all right in a minute." He was a plucky fellow. He said to me, "Father is making too much of this. Please let it drop."

        I thought at one time that I had "bagged game." While I was admiring the perfect quiet of the dormitories a student, usually orderly, afterwards a Representative in the Federal Congress, stepped out of his room and shouted, "Strick! have you got that bull ready?" I astonished him by stepping up at once, but found that he was joking. "Strick" was not even a student, only a visitor on his way to Philadelphia to attend Medical Lectures.

        One night soon after the beginning of the session I heard sounds which clearly showed that hazing was going on. I at once went to the scene of the operations and caught three of the guilty ones. They were duly dismissed from the University. Soon I was visited by them and their friends seeking

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grounds for their reinstatement. The practice of hazing, being mostly in secret, is most difficult to suppress. When I was a Tutor in the University, 1850-'54, the two literary societies very effectually controlled their members. In view of these facts I told the young men that, if the two societies would enter into an agreement to punish hazing by adequate fines or by expulsion, I would advocate the rescinding of the decree of dismissal. This was done with excellent effect. There was no hazing for four or five years, but in the course of time, when an entirely new body of members came in, the bargain was forgotten and the law became practically obsolete.

        I appealed to the power of the societies in another instance and with still greater success. Two students ordered by express a large quantity of lager beer for the purpose of giving an election treat. They forgot that the express book is sent to all receivers of packages and is practically a public document. The practice of treating to alcoholic beverages in order to get votes and afterwards to celebrate the triumph of those elected, was extremely pernicious in the old University. It led to loss of study, disorder, and drunkenness. When the dismissed students applied for restoration, with the consent of the Faculty I granted it on the condition that the societies would abolish treating. This was done and the law has been observed well. One of the young men involved is distinguished in political life and a warm friend of his Alma Mater.

        A peculiar hazing case occurred during this term. A Junior agreed in writing to vote for certain candidates. In other words he became a member of their "faction." He changed his mind, ceased to be a member of that party and joined another. This was regarded as "rank treason" and to be avenged. Some eight or ten went to his room when he and his roommate were asleep and gave him what was called "a good blacking." His roommate was of great spirit and physical strength and would have given the hazers trouble if he had not been overpowered before awaking.

        The Faculty learned their names, and as it was not an ordinary case of hazing, being a punishment of a Junior for fancied injury, and as nearly all were very good students, they gave

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them the option of pledging themselves not to engage in such work again or leaving the institution. They all signed the pledge, though some reluctantly. The roommate provided himself with a pistol, avowing his intention of shooting any one who would renew the assault. I sent for him and told him plainly the consequence of such action, i. e., he would put to death a fellow being for so trivial an offense as rubbing a little lampblack on another; second, he would inflict an awful pain on the father, mother, and other relatives of himself and his victim; third, that he would go through life a marked man, perhaps always afflicted with remorse for the act; fourth, that he would have to stand trial in court and must heavily fee a lawyer, even if not convicted; and fifth, that his education would be interrupted, that the sums thus far spent on it by parents, who, I knew, could hardly spare them, would be mostly wasted. Lastly, as he was a member of the church, I brought him face to face with the commandment, "Thou shalt not kill." He was much affected, even to tears, and readily placed his pistol in my custody until the end of the session. It was ludicrously small. It was not impossible for a bullet from it to kill, but it was improbable. Certainly it could not, as a rule, have prevented one from committing much violence after receiving its bullet.

        There have been two cases of shooting in consequence of hazing. In one a Freshman of rather singular temperament and manners was walking in the Campus after night. It was quite dark and a Sophomore conceived the idea that it would be fun to jump from behind a tree and frighten him. Startled by the sudden movement the Freshman fired. It was generally thought that he did not know that he was shooting a student. The joker was severely wounded, but recovered. The Freshman voluntarily left the University.

        In another case the Freshman gave notice that he would not submit to hazing--that he would shoot if necessary to prevent it. Hearing of the coming of a blacking party he not only locked but barricaded his door and prepared his pistol. When the crowd came he fired through a lower panel of the door, as he was unwilling to kill. The ball entered the leg of one, who declared that he was a mere bystander, who "had come to see

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the fun." The crowd then left, I think not because they were more cowardly than others, but, because if a fight should ensue they would be detected and mercilessly dismissed from the University. In this case the man who fired was applauded; the man wounded was ordered home. The Faculty did not believe his story, but even if true he was an accessory--an aider and abettor.

        It is commonly said that, just as a man can keep an intruder out of his dwelling house by force, even to the extent of taking his life, so a Freshman would be excusable for killing the Soph who breaks into his room in order to haze him. I doubt if this is good law. The Freshman knows that the intruder intends only boyish sport and it is awful doctrine, though we hear it often, even from the lips of thoughtful and high principled men, that the aggressor may be slain to prevent a mere prank which causes only temporary inconvenience. Death is too terrible a penalty for such an offense. It inflicts deepest suffering to the family of the slain. It is altogether probable that the whole course of life of the destroyer would be haunted by remorse for his fatal act, whereas in a very short while the memory of his hazing would pass away or even be a source of merriment. Some of the most dignified upper classmen have suffered the temporary annoyance and are none the worse for it. Possibly a jury might not convict the offender, but that does not prove that the law would excuse the slaying.

        Professor Gore and I were unmistakably circumvented on one occasion. He was Dean and was aiding in the discipline. The bell was rung furiously in the daytime while recitations were going on. We both repaired to the belfry, then in the attic of the South Building. The ringing ceased but the ringers could nowhere be seen. It was afterwards found that an opening had been made through the ceiling of the students' room beneath and the escape was by that route. There was no further annoyance. Probably the fright caused by being so near detection destroyed the fun of ringing. After the fastening of the cow to the bellrope, heretofore narrated, there has been very little, if any, ringing of the bell and none for the purpose of annoying the Faculty.

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        The Faculty do not turn out to pursue the offenders, and for this reason the fun of making the noise is destroyed. The chief enjoyment in old times came from the knowledge that the Faculty were teased. The sport of the consequent race in the dark and danger of being caught was great fun. Stories were told with glee among the students and the ladies they visited listened with interest and applause. One, being pursued to the top of the South Building, lay undetected in foolhardy peril on the very edge of the eaves. Another climbed like a squirrel down the lightning rod. Another beat a Professor in a fair foot race, leaped over the stone wall and escaped. Another Professor, running in the dark, fell headlong, unmindful of a projecting root, while the lucky fugitive laughed at his mishap. A student closely pursued rushed into his bed, full dressed, and successfully imitated the deep breathing of an innocent sleeper.

        Fights were not common, yet I was greatly startled at one conflict in my day. I had dismissed my class when I heard a shot underneath my window. I hurried down and saw a student on the ground and two others forcibly holding him. I found that they were taking away his weapon. The other antagonist was being held by the arms. It seems that he contended that he had been cheated by his antagonist in an election question and was determined to inflict punishment for the offense. In order to end the matter and also to prevent the parties being hauled to Orange Superior Court, I had them go before the Mayor of Chapel Hill and submit that they were guilty. The Mayor bound them over to keep the peace and inflicted a small fine on each and the case ended.

        The rule of law is that when deadly weapons are used the case comes under the jurisdiction of the Superior Court. But the officers of the town of Chapel Hill generally carry out the wishes of the President of the University in regard to offenses of the students, and in this case the witnesses believed that the weapon was not loaded with lead. Having only a powder load it could not be called a "deadly weapon."

        In this year a student came to the University under the influence of an intoxicant. He was refused permission to register. Twelve of his friends of their own motion proposed to the

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Faculty that they would sign a pledge not to drink any intoxicating liquor while at the University if their friend should be allowed to register. The offer was promptly declined, whereupon twenty-four repeated the offer. Their spokesman said, "Gentlemen, we offer the pledge, not of temperance men but of drinking men, that is of men who have no objection to taking a drink occasionally. In truth if you accept this offer we believe that there will be no drinking as long as the signers shall be in the institution. Of course, the applicant for registration will sign the pledge with the others."

        There was much division in the Faculty on this question. Seven of us, a majority, took the ground that the offer should be accepted. Three voted against it and three were silent. One of the opponents felt so strongly on the subject that he asked and obtained leave to enter a protest against the action of the majority. His points were, First, That the system of pledging had been carried to such excess as to injure the influence of the Faculty. This was denied by the majority. There had been little pledging, and the influence of the Faculty was not at all impaired. The offer came from the students, the Faculty not having suggested it.

        The pledges were faithfully kept. The guilty man, the only child of a widow, was kept from ardent spirits for several years, whereas if he had been turned away he might have been ruined, and two dozen others were by their own actions and from loyal friendship compelled to absolute sobriety. The students generally, who did not sign the pledge, were during the period of abstinence exceptionally free from dissipation.

        The second objection of the protest was, "That it is against the true interest of the University to have law keepers bound by the law breakers." This is begging the question and is denied by the majority. The law keepers were nearly all temperance men. The pledged men were almost the only non-temperance men. It was the true interest of the University to banish drinking from the Campus. It was the true interest to have the students happy, that they should realize that they had the sympathy of the Faculty. The rejection of one man would have been a small deterrent for his friends, irritated by the refusal

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of their offer. The result showed the wisdom of the majority as the order afterwards was exceptionally good. The predicted evil of loss of respect for Faculty discipline proved to be a false prophecy. On the contrary the students were grateful for the concession and more friendly in consequence. The Faculty were regarded not as hard-hearted executioners, but as merciful judges, desirous of reformation of offenders.

        The third objection was that the Faculty having decided once, the second action had the appearance of a dicker, a trade, haggling, etc. All this was denied by the majority. Without any suggestion by the Faculty the offer was made and the proposal accepted. If the Faculty had said "twelve are not enough, get more," there might be ground for the charge. But the Faculty kept a dignified silence until the second offer was made.

        One of the student advocates of the measure said, "Mr. President, we have not picked out total abstainers. We offer on the pledge the names of drinking men." After the acceptance one of the number came in great perturbation, saying, "I understand that the Faculty have been told that the signers are 'drinking men.' That is not true in my case. I am, and always have been, entirely temperate. I do not desire to be considered as admitting to the contrary. What can I do about it?" I pacified him by writing his disclaimer at the foot of the paper.

        The plan of taking voluntary pledges was repeatedly followed afterwards. In one case fifty students came to the rescue of their fallen comrade. Sometimes their disapprobation was so great that there was no effort made to retain the offender, but wherever the Faculty approved the voluntary action of a respectable following of the guilty, the effect on the discipline of the institution was wholesome. The procedure reminds us of the mutual responsibility of towns, boroughs, and guilds in Anglo-Saxon times.

        On the night of an election in Chapel Hill in 1884 there was danger of a collision between the races. While the vote was being counted, the process going into the night, a young negro from the country attempted to trip a student, now

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a judge. Doubtless it was intended for a joke, but a white boy could not but consider it an affront to be instantly resented. The aggressor promptly ran, other negroes took his part, students began to collect filled with ire. There seemed danger of a conflict. But, though there was blustering, little harm was done.

        Consequent on this row there was an amusing incident. There was a very black man named Eli, who waited on the occupants of the West Building. On the occasion above mentioned, being full of whiskey, he lost his senses and cheered on the colored combatants, instead of standing by the students on whom he waited. They afterwards, as a good lesson, gave him a whipping. Knowing nothing of this I called him up with the intention of discharging him. I said, "Eli, I am told that instead of pacifying things at the row on election day, you tried to make them worse by stirring up the negroes." With a perfectly cheerful voice and face, without the slightest intimation of shame or resentment, he replied as if it was a sufficient answer to my complaint, "Oh, sir, the students done settled with me for that." I felt compelled to allow this new sort of "receipt in full," and continued him in his position. But his addiction to strong drink continued to increase and it soon became necessary to discharge him. He afterwards committed forgery, served a term on the roads, returned and soon drank himself into the grave.

        Later a student considered himself wronged by a colored man and, finding him about the University building one night, gave him a flogging. A new student, quite raw, stood by and perhaps assisted. Whereupon some of his fellows frightened him with the story that the constable was after him with a warrant. He fled down the avenue and several pistol shots were fired near him. When the joke was carried far enough a squad of boys was sent to bring him in. They searched in vain. In three days he appeared at his father's home in Richmond County and never returned to the University. Having no money he was forced to beg his way home, traveling on foot.

        These incidents ended in a much deplored tragedy.

        Of course I endeavored to infuse a better spirit into the students

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and I warned them of the danger of such collisions. I told them that practically all young negroes carried pistols; they think it a proof of their freedom. I warned them that some night a negro feeling himself protected from detection by the darkness would fire and run away. Besides, a brawl with them was an unseemly thing, unworthy of men seeking higher education at a great University, in which they could gain no glory but might be disgraced.

        My prediction proved unfortunately too true. A student, the same who flogged the colored man as above narrated, considering himself insulted by a negro named Pat, procured two other students of great physical strength to join him in castigating the alleged offender. News of this was brought to me and I sought them out and ordered them to their rooms, which order was obeyed. Afterwards, about ten o'clock in the evening, a well known white man asked two students to aid him to his home as he was too drunk to walk. While on their way they passed a house where a number of negroes, Pat among them, had gathered to indulge in a carousal with blockade whiskey just brought from Chatham County. By that time the drunken man was sober enough to walk and requested his helpers to wait until he could get another drink. The negroes thought that he was an emissary of the students and threw stones at him. He retreated to his escort, and stones were thrown at the students, who thought this a disgrace which must be avenged. They repaired to the dormitories, roused those who had a feud with Pat and besieged the house where the frolic was going on. The negroes fired from the windows and killed one student, Freeze, by a bullet through the breast. Another received a bullet through the clothes. As soon as they saw the dead body on the ground the negroes fled, scattering as they went. Three were captured and sentenced to the penitentiary, the leader, Pat, for seven years, and the others for five years. Pat soon escaped and has not been heard from. The tragedy was all the more sad because Freeze was an only child.

        Since this sad occurrence there has been no further trouble with the negroes. A more quiet set of students can not be found and the colored population is well-behaved. It may be

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that just such a lesson was inevitable to teach the races to have mutual forbearance.

        President Battle, seeing the evident approval by the people of the State of the annuity of $5,000 granted in 1881, determined to ask for a still further increase. After consultation with Faculty and Trustees, $15,000 additional was fixed on as the sum which would enable us to add important professorships and supply much needed apparatus. After deliberation and consultation a bill to add $15,000 to the annual income of the University was introduced in the General Assembly of 1885 by Hon. Lee S. Overman, a graduate of Trinity College, now United States Senator. Besides the $15,000 per annum, it was thought best to ask for the payment of a debt of $12,000 recently incurred. I was in the lobby when the bill was read and saw in the faces of the Members a decided disapprobation. As there was adjournment until next day there was opportunity for consultation with the known friends of the measure. At my request Col. Paul B. Means called an informal meeting of them at his chambers in the Yarborough House. Gov. A. M. Scales, an alumnus of the Class of 1847, a warm friend of his Alma Mater, presided. After taking his seat he inquired of each present as to what was best to be done to make the bill acceptable. Lieutenant-Governor Robinson, of Macon County, Col. Samuel McD. Tate, Representative from Burke, and others, frankly informed him that the payment of the $12,000 debt must be eliminated, as the general opinion was that it would be a bad precedent for the State to pay the recent debts of the University, or any other public institution. It would tend to make State officers careless. The Members present unanimously concurred with this view. Another objection to this paragraph swayed the minds of some. Nearly all of the $12,000 was designed to repay Mr. P. C. Cameron for his advances for finishing Memorial Hall and there was a general belief that he intended the amount as a gift. This was erroneous, but was strengthened by the rumor that he had sold the University lands bought at its bankrupt sale in order to save a debt at a large profit, much in excess of the debt. These facts and surmises,

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although totally irrelevant, were strong enough to carry votes, especially of Members who were doubtful whether their constituents favored State aid to the University.

        As Mr. Overman was compelled to be absent for a few days, Mr. Augustus Leazar, of Iredell County, an experienced and enlightened legislator, a graduate of Davidson College, by special request took charge of the bill. He performed the duty with exceptional ability. He was seconded by Col. Thomas M. Holt, afterwards Lieutenant-Governor and Governor, an alumnus of the University. He prefaced his remarks by the statement that he advocated the measure as a Trustee of Davidson College, as he felt sure that the impetus to higher education by the rise of the University would increase the numbers in the colleges. But the constitutional demands should be obeyed at all hazards.

        Mr. John D. Stanford, of Duplin, a Davidson College man and soon to be a Presbyterian minister, followed with similar arguments. Mr. James H. Pou, of Johnston, spoke in opposition, believing that he voiced the wishes of the people of his county. Mr. E. B. Jones, of Alexander, agreed with Mr. Pou, as did Mr. N. Y. Gulley, of Franklin. Mr. Richmond Pearson, of Buncombe, made a most eloquent speech for the bill, as did Mr. Thomas Dixon, of Cleveland, now a popular author. Col. John M. Galloway, of Rockingham, an alumnus of 1854, who had acquired the nickname of "Watch dog of the Treasury," ably supported the appropriation as just and proper for the good of the State by promoting education among all classes. Mr. J. A. Barringer, of Guilford, took the same ground, in behalf of his father's University. Mr. R. T. Waring, of Mecklenburg, likewise spoke strongly in favor of the measure, as did Messrs. C. B. Green, of Durham; T. B. Womack, of Chatham; E. F. Lovell, of Watauga, and J. Y. Phillips, of Stokes, while Mr. Felton, of Tyrrell, opposed it. One of the most convincing arguments in the affirmative was by Rev. N. H. Harrison, of Washington County, a Primitive Baptist preacher, who closed with an eloquent assertion of his love for his native State: "I want to see North Carolina on a high plane, and I want to do whatever I can to aid and benefit her whole people.

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Her welfare is my welfare and her people are my people, their interests are my interests. Where they live I want to live; where they die I want to die; where they are buried I want to be buried; and where they are resurrected I want to be resurrected. I vote aye."

        The amendment of Mr. Jones, reducing the appropriation to $12,500, was lost by a vote of 44 to 53. The bill then was passed by an unexpected majority, 58 to 32.

        In the Senate the friends of the appropriation were relatively more numerous than in the House. Mr. H. A. Gudger, of Buncombe, stated that the States of Virginia, Tennessee, and South Carolina gave larger sums than were asked here. Enlarging the University will help the colleges. It must be the head of the public school system. Mr. H. G. Connor, of Wilson, contended that there was a constitutional duty to pass the bill. Facilities should be given to every boy in North Carolina to make a man of himself. Mr. Sydenham B. Alexander, of Mecklenburg, said that it was impossible for the Professors with their present income to do all they should in order to make the University a first class institution. On business principles the Faculty should be increased. Mr. W. M. Bond, of Edenton, argued that we should carry out the progressive ideas of our forefathers as written in the first Constitution. The University should tower above the other institutions. Mr. R. S. Taylor, of Tarboro, a colored Senator, avowed his intention to vote for the good of the State without regard to color or party. He was mindful too of the favorable action of the Senate in granting a charter to Zion-Wesley College. Dr. Cyrus Thompson, of Onslow, offered an amendment, which failed to pass, to strike out the provision of one free student for each county--was willing to increase the appropriation if this should be done. Mr. Paul B. Means, of Cabarrus, stated that the commissioners in his county had acted fairly. If there was any fault in other counties it lay with their officers. The institution was built on the Constitution of 1776. Mr. J. C. Buxton, of Forsyth, said that he had been forced to go for an education to New England when the University was closed. The counties ought to have the right to send one student in compensation

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for the tax. Build up the University. Mr. A. W. Graham, of Hillsboro, asserted that every word spoken in behalf of the University was true. The charges against the county commissioners for wrongly appointing rich boys as indigent students are untrue. They amount to charges of perjury against the appointees. Mr. Willis R. Williams, of Pitt, was opposed to the county student system, and would vote for the Thompson amendment, but favored the bill even if it was not adopted. He thought the partial free system was a hindrance. Mr. H. A. Gudger remarked that, as chairman of the Committee on Education, he had investigated the charges of perjury as to appointments of county beneficiaries and that the editor of the Biblical Recorder was absolutely and totally wrong in making such charges. Mr. R. F. Hackett, of Wilkes, expressed his disapproval of the efforts to take away free tuition from poor boys. Mr. W. C. Troy, of Cumberland, thought that, so far from abolishing the free student feature, the number should be doubled or trebled.

        The act is entitled "An Act for the Maintenance of the University of North Carolina," recites the constitutional power to maintain the institution, and the duty to establish as soon as practicable a Department of Agriculture, of Mechanics, of Mining and of Normal instruction, and states that the income is insufficient to carry out these purposes and supply the educational needs of the State. It was impossible to have an efficient system of public schools without competent teachers, and it is of supreme importance to the well being of the State that young men of all pursuits shall be able to receive the advantages of higher education within its own limits at moderate expense.

        Fifteen thousand dollars, payable quarterly, was appropriated and the two thousand dollars for the University Normal School was placed at the disposal of the Board of Education for aid to other Normal Schools. So that the increase to the University was only $13,000.

        The obligation on county students to teach was repealed. If there should be more than one applicant for the county appointment the County Superintendent of Schools must hold an examination and the Board of Commissioners shall appoint

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him who has stood the best examination, if otherwise qualified. The appropriation in 1881, $5,000, added to that under this act, made $20,000, while the interest on the Land Grant, $7,500, made $27,500. It will be seen that the latter item was taken away two years afterwards.

        The proposal to add $15,000 per annum to the support of the University met with violent opposition on the part of certain friends of the denominational colleges outside the Legislature. As there was no proposal to enlarge the number of county students, the opposition was in reality to any State aid being given to the University. It may be useful to give some of the grounds of the attack.

        It was said that all the money that could be obtained should go to the support of the primary schools,--that the State should teach her children the "three R's," i. e., reading, writing, and arithmetic, and if they wished to go higher, they must do so at their own expense. Answer: In all civilized countries the people have decided against this low view of education. Trained men and women are needed as teachers for the schools, as leaders in the legislative halls, and in all professions and pursuits. And the children of the State should not be driven from our borders, to the certain weakening of State pride, nor forced into colleges where the influence may be against their religious opinions and prejudices.

        It must not be understood that all the denominational colleges took ground against public aid to the University. Guilford College, Catawba College, Elon College, Mount Pleasant College, and others, were conspicuous exceptions. The great schools like Bingham's, Horner's, Oak Ridge, stood by the University, and very many friends of the colleges, whose leaders were adversary, refused to join in the opposition.

        Another argument against the appropriation was that the University was an "Episcopalian concern" on account of the President, with two of the Professors, being members of the Protestant Episcopal Church and many of the Trustees having like affiliations. When it was shown that the Trustees were elected by the General Assembly, one-fourth every two years, and that some of the best men of the leading denominations

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were active members and participated in the choice of professors, this charge made no serious impression. The members of the church criticized were only a small minority in the Faculty and never attempted to influence the students except generally in favor of Christianity.

        Then, again, it was charged that with so large an increase of annuity the Faculty would turn the University into a "great free school," and draw away patronage from other institutions. The answer to this was that the additional funds were to be used for the establishment of new professorships and additional apparatus for instruction. The tuition money would be quite as much needed as theretofore. The question of a free University was not before the General Assembly, nor before the Trustees.

        Again, the University was sneered at because her standards of admission and grades of scholarship were said to be lower than those of Johns Hopkins University and the University of Virginia. Raise your standard, they said, to the level of these institutions and you will not compete for students with the colleges.

        To show how unintelligent was this criticism of our University it must be observed, first, that Johns Hopkins is a heavily endowed institution, whose main object is instruction of graduates from other institutions, yet even with this advantage it was found necessary to adopt an undergraduate curriculum. A sufficient number of postgraduates could not otherwise be obtained.

        In the second place, although the University of Virginia was held up as a model for imitation by North Carolina, and fears of impending ruin to the colleges were expressed, because our University might become a "big free school," at that very time students were admitted into the Virginia institution on more easy terms than into ours, and there was with them free tuition, but not with us. In other words, what was fought against vehemently had already been adopted in our sister State, and in other Southern States. What was pronounced to be a deadly poison in North Carolina, was claimed to be "good medicine" in Virginia.

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        The most elaborate attempt to prevent the General Assembly from voting an appropriation to the University was by a pamphlet by President Taylor, which endeavored to prove that the State should not give money to promote higher education. The people of the State had, however, concluded that it was certainly interested in equipping teachers with their mental furniture, that it is the duty of the State to provide for her young children--especially her poorer children--the means of making the most of their talents in pursuit of the various avocations of life, and that all should not be driven for their higher training to the denominational colleges. Moreover, it was noted that for years when the University was closed these colleges were only able to attract a few of those able to attend. It was seen to be certain that when, largely by the influence of the State University, the spirit of education should be aroused, all educational institutions would flourish. This has been the case in a marked degree and is the cause of the cessation of the feeling of jealousy and suspicion which once existed.

        I was harshly criticised for being what was called a "lobby member" when bills affecting the University were being considered. I admit the charge. I thought and feel perfectly certain that if I had not been the bills would not have passed. My electioneering was nearly altogether with the friends of the measures. They needed to be informed. The members have so many things to engage their attention that they can not keep posted on all questions. An incident will illustrate this: The University bill was called; an able Senator, an alumnus, stepped out to me in the lobby and said hastily, "What is this about?" I replied, "I furnished all the members with a printed statement, telling all about it. You will find it in your desk." "Oh! I have not had time to read it. Tell me about it." I did so and he made a good speech.

        At another time leading Trustees requested me to absent myself from the meeting of the Legislature because people said lobbying was undignified. When the University bill was read a Senator rose and said, "A professor told me that half that amount will suffice. I move to strike off one-half."

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The friends of the University knew nothing about the matter. The motion prevailed. The University lost $10,000. The motion to amend would have been easily defeated if the lobby member had been present to explain it.

        Other instances showing the importance of having the course of legislation under the watchful care of a representative of the University have been already mentioned, one when the bill to pay interest on the Land Scrip Fund was saved, the other when the defeat of the $15,000 measure was averted by a conference called by Senator Means.

        On one occasion the Superintendent of a State Asylum came to Raleigh, expressed his views to a friend of the appropriation he desired, and returned dignifiedly to his home. In a day or two he received a telegram with the doleful news that his bill had been ruinously amended and he was forced to return to Raleigh and enter on his usual lobby duties.

        These cases are given because there is much criticism of lobbying. The truth is, that if "lobby members" endeavor to carry their points by threats or bribery or treating or forming combinations, called logrolling, they are reprehensible. But if they lay information before Members, and aid the friends of measures, and win opponents, by fair arguments or removing misunderstandings, they really facilitate legislation.

        I recall an instance of lobbying which will illustrate my meaning. Miss Dorothy Dix, after traveling through the country and witnessing the horrible ways in which insane people were neglected and sometimes intentionally treated, was in 1848 interviewing members in favor of a bill to issue State bonds for building our first insane asylum, now called Hospital for the Insane. She was told that James C. Dobbin had more power in the Legislature than any other Member, but that he was secluding himself on account of the death of his wife, to whom he was extremely attached. Repairing to his hotel she eloquently and feelingly urged him to subordinate his private griefs to the relief of the unfortunate whom God had deprived of reason. He could not resist her appeal, championed her cause in a speech of rare strength, and the bill was passed. Ought such lobbyists to be greeted with censure or ridicule?

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        The opponents of the University were, as a rule, courteous to its President. There was one exception. An editor printed an article against him, accusing him of the offense of "using all the arts of a lobbyist." This last was an arrant falsehood. He never spent one cent's worth or treated to the value of a glass of lemonade or a cigar, as has been said.

THE FIRST GYMNASIUM. COMMONS.

        In the spring of 1885 there was a division among the students in regard to the Ball Managers. Two chiefs, Isaac H. Manning and Julius A. Little, and two sets of assistants, were chosen by their respective factions. Some Trustees belonging to churches opposed to the "modern dance," had urged the Board to prohibit it on the University grounds, not on their own account but to satisfy the scruples of large numbers in whose opinion it was injurious to morals. I took no part in the discussion, but was glad of the prohibition because I wished Smith Hall to be a real library, filled with alcoves. It was impossible to clear the floor and use it as a dance hall and have a decent library the rest of the year. It therefore seemed that although we had officers galore we could have no ball, as there was no room in Chapel Hill suitable for the purpose.

        To meet this difficulty one set of managers proposed to have their ball in Raleigh, a proceeding to which I was much opposed. I was then in Raleigh for some weeks, endeavoring to persuade the General Assembly to add $15,000 annually to our appropriation. I wrote to both sets of managers and pledged myself to provide a suitable hall, provided that they would unite and give up the Raleigh plan. They took me at my word. Isaac Hall Manning was made chief; John P. Crump, Julian A. Little, Pierre B. Cox, William R. Tucker, St. Clair Hester, John H. J. Leigh, Herbert W. Jackson, and Ellison L. Gilmer, were assistants.

        On my return to Chapel Hill I had only three months in which to carry out my promise and we worked with speed. My scheme was to procure from the Secretary of State a charter for a Gymnasium Association, the institution very

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much needing a room large enough for gymnastic exercises and for social meetings, including dancing.

        A corporation with non-liability provision was chartered, shares $10 each, the building to be erected on its own land, and to be leased to the University during such parts of the year as should be agreed on. The plan was eminently successful. The charter was obtained by Richard H. Lewis (of Raleigh), Augustus W. Graham, Peter M. Wilson, David G. Worth, Robert Bingham, John W. Fries, James Henley, Alfred D. Jones, Frank B. Dancy, Julian S. Carr. The alumni subscribed for the stock with commendable liberality, and, by borrowing a small sum, a room was secured large enough for gymnasium purposes. It had, too, a floor with planks of best heart pine, sawed across the grain, made especially for dancing, greatly superior to Smith Hall, which was so uneven as to cause frequent falls.

        The President of the Association was Dr. Richard H. Lewis, of Raleigh. Except during Commencement weeks the building was rented on easy terms to the University and the proceeds used for finishing the building and keeping it in repair. The opponents of dancing were chagrined when they saw the outcome of their opposition, but the Gymnasium Association is not a part of the University and its building is not on University land. The students who used it were those who were allowed to dance at home, countenanced by their parents. It can hardly be contended that this amusement should be prohibited by the Board of Trustees to all students everywhere.

        During President Winston's term of office, after the floor of Memorial Hall had been elevated, so that it could be used for gymnastic instruction, the Gymnasium was converted into a Commons Hall, where large numbers of students obtain their meals. Additions were made to the building by the liberality of Mrs. Baker, her son by her first husband, Harry Lake, being a student of the University. This did not hinder its being used for a ballroom, and for annual banquets.

        A full list of the subscribers to the old gymnasium (Commons Hall) will be found in the Appendix. The following were the largest: David G. Worth, Robert Bingham, Julian S.

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Carr, $100 each; Wm. L. Saunders, J. A. Henley, John W. Fries, Richard H. Lewis (of Raleigh), Eugene Morehead, Alfred D. Jones, Robert R. Bridgers, George M. Maverick, Wm. H. Maverick, $50 each; Frank B. Dancy, Bartholomew F. Moore, Junior, Frank P. Venable, Ralph H. Graves, George T. Winston, Robert B. Peebles, Walter L. Steele, John W. Graham, Donald MacRae, J. DeB. Hooper, Paul C. Cameron (for three grandsons), $30 each; Mrs. Z. B. Vance, $25; Herbert B. Battle, Thomas H. Battle, K. P. Battle, Jr., M. C. S. Noble, Frank Wood, Peter M. Wilson, Van B. Moore, John Manning, Joseph A. Holmes, Augustus W. Graham, Charles A. Cook, Joshua W. Gore, $20 each.

        Mr. Paul C. Cameron took to heart the passage of the ordinance banishing dancing from Smith Hall and interdicting it in any University building. He said that the false charge that it encouraged licentiousness was an insult to his children and grandchildren. He refused to aid in building the Gymnasium, saying that it was a "surrender to the circuit riders," meaning the preachers, who had memorialized the Trustees to prohibit the annual ball. When he came to Commencement he was taken to the Gymnasium, where he found a room one-third larger and one-third wider than the library in Smith Hall, the old dance hall. He walked over and inspected it critically. The floor was firm and smooth, whereas the old hall had a floor which imitated the billows of the ocean, on which very recently a beautiful girl had slipped and lamed herself for many months and where hurtless falls were frequent. He came up to President Battle and pulling out a roll of money said, "By blood! I believe I am glad the circuit riders ran us out of the Campus. I said I would not subscribe and I won't. But here is ten dollars for Paul Graham, ten dollars for George Graham, and ten dollars for George Collins" (his grandsons). "Here, Isaac!" calling up the Chief Ball Manager: "You haven't light enough. Here is fifteen dollars. Send to Raleigh and get some more lamps."

        Mr. Cameron was occasionally a talker in his sleep. Once when he was wrapped in slumber, pending the dance controversy, he was overheard to ejaculate with emphasis in the peculiar

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tone characteristic of somnambulists, "D--d if they shall drive me out of the Campus." It is pleasant to note that he continued to be reconciled to the new arrangement. It would have left a painful memory if he had died under the abiding sense of being wronged.

        As this was the first ball held off University grounds I give the description of it by the reporter: "The new, large and commodious Gymnasium Hall was a scene of gaiety and beauty. A bewildering mass of red, pink, blue, and white seemed floating around the ballroom, as the couples circled in and out under the delightful influence of Fasnicht's band. On, on went the dance till morning dawned, and then the merry throng began to break up to retire to sweet slumbers or to make ready to begin their journeys homeward."

MEMORIAL HALL. TABLETS.

        I was sitting by Governor Jarvis on the rostrum in Gerrard Hall at the Commencement of 1883. The Hall was filled to its utmost capacity, and turning our eyes to the doors and windows we could see at least one-third more of good citizens, many of whom had ridden long distances, unable to enter the Hall. I said, "Governor, if you will promise the people that next year we will have a building large enough to accommodate everybody, I will show you where the money will come from." With great applause he made the promise and at the next meeting of the Board of Trustees I pointed out a fund which could be used for this purpose. I also stated that I had known of many good men who had gone to their homes dissatisfied because they were turned off from Gerrard Hall. They had probably become angry with the institution. The Governor warmly seconded the proposal, and promised to procure the sale to the University of bricks made at the State Penitentiary on extremely favorable terms. The Board agreed to the enlargement of Gerrard Hall and appointed Mr. P. C. Cameron chairman of a committee to superintend the work. Mr. Samuel Sloan, of Philadelphia, was employed as the architect.

        About this time a movement was begun to erect a cenotaph to President Swain on the Campus, his body being in Oakwood

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Cemetery, Raleigh. A considerable sum was promised for this, on the belief that it would be similar to that of President Caldwell. Mr. Sloan proposed that a new auditorium should be erected, and that this should be the Swain monument. His suggestion was approved by all and he was directed to draw up the necessary plans. The subscriptions to the Swain monument were turned over to the new memorial.

        The cost of the building thus planned was estimated by the architect at $20,000, but he successively raised the estimate to $25,000, $30,000, and $40,000, and the final cost was about $45,000. It is evident that the architect, who died before its completion, either was ignorant of the art of estimating cost, or, which is more likely, that he designedly planned regardless of expense, trusting that the Trustees would be too proud to have an unfinished building on their hands. The Trustees relied implicitly on the chairman of the Building Committee, and on the character of the architect, which was high.

        The roof is supported by two great wooden arches one hundred and twenty-seven feet in diameter, lengthwise of the building. These were built on the ground and the raising them was a perilous task. The first attempt resulted in failure, most mortifying to the foreman because there was a large company of witnesses, including the Visiting Committee of the Trustees, and Bishop Green, of Mississippi, then on a visit to his Alma Mater. One of the arches was raised a few feet, the tackle gave way, and the ceremony was postponed.

        The next attempt was by an experienced house mover, Mr. O. R. Smith, to whom we paid $500, and was successful. As the long complicated ropes strained and pulleys creaked, and the network of heavy timbers slowly and steadily rose in the presence of interested onlookers, the scene was very exciting.

        But the question of money became pressing and it was necessary to raise more. I conceived the idea of turning the building into a general Memorial Hall, wherein should be tablets containing the facts of the lives of eminent alumni and officers of the University. I wrote with my own hand near two hundred letters in carrying out this plan. The descendants and friends of these were invited to pay an amount larger

Illustration

        SOUTH BUILDING AND WELL

        MEMORIAL HALL

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than the cost of preparing and inserting the tablets. The suggestion was favorably received and about $10,000 was raised, by the efforts of Professor Winston and myself, but when that was spent there was still an additional amount necessary.

        In this emergency Governor Jarvis, whose wise and patriotic utterances always had great weight, appealed to Mr. Cameron to come forward and grant a loan for the purpose. The latter generously lent the sum of $6,000 and when that was found to be too small, $2,000 additional. It was truly a generous act because nothing could be collected from the University by law and no security was required. He lived six years after this and made no demand for either principal or interest. A request, without his knowledge, to the General Assembly to repay him met with no favor. After his death in 1891 his heirs proposed to accept scholarships for the amount, $1,000 each. The Trustees agreed and the debt was thus liquidated. The interest and principal on the sum lent amounted to $10,000, so that there are ten "Cameron Scholarships," each of the group of heirs having one, and being entitled to appoint a student free of charge for tuition. Whenever the nomination of one unable to pay tuition is made it is a clear gain to the University.

        In locating the tablets, those to President Caldwell, Dr. Mitchell, and Dr. James Phillips, erected at the expense of the University, are to the right and left of President Swain's, which is above the rostrum in the centre of the space. This left one place vacant. After six years the Paul C. Cameron tablet completed the number of the niches above the rostrum.

        The tablets to the "Confederate Dead" are below that of President Swain. The names were procured by the intelligent perseverance of the Secretary-Treasurer, Colonel Saunders. They are two hundred and sixty in number and are a pathetic reminder of the ardor with which our students rushed to the front.

        The other tablets, to the number of ninety-eight, were inserted to the right and left of the rostrum, according to the dates of death of those commemorated. This rule was departed from, by accident, in two instances--that is, in the cases of

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ex-Governor Graham and Michael Hoke. These two eminent competitors for the governorship, who carried on, in 1844, one of the most hightoned canvasses ever known in the State, by two accidents have their tablets adjoining one another. Since these tablets were inserted, various others have been placed, mostly of those who have since died. Their location has been governed by convenience. Fronting the rostrum are the names of the donors of the lands on which the University is located and on the east side the names of its women benefactors. There is Cornelia Phillips Spencer, whose personal influence and eloquent pen were in prosperity and direst adversity exerted in behalf of the institution she loved. And then we have female benefactors all of the name of Mary, namely, Mary Ann Smith, Mary Elizabeth Mason, Mary Ruffin Smith, and Mary Bryan Speight. To these could be added the names of Mary Ker, the wife of Dr. David Ker, the first Professor, the first lady resident in Chapel Hill, and Mary, wife of Governor Richard Dobbs Spaight, the first lady who ever attended a Commencement.

        The officers and alumni in Memorial Hall illustrate every period of our State history, and many that of the United States. The Provisional Government of 1775-'76 is illustrated by Samuel Johnston, the Member at Large of the Provisional Council; by Archibald Maclaine of the Committee of Safety of Wilmington, and by Waightstill Avery, one of the authors of the Mecklenburg Declaration of May, 1775.

        The Constitution of 1776 and the War of the Revolution are called to mind by the three above named, of whom Avery was the first Attorney-General of the State, and with Maclaine was on the committee which reported the Constitution to the Convention. Besides these are Benjamin Hawkins, aid de camp to Washington; William Richardson Davie, William Lenior, Joseph Winston, Joseph Graham, Richard Dobbs Spaight, the elder, likewise a soldier but more famous as a Delegate to the Continental Congress, and James Kenan, a Revolutionary Colonel of Militia.

        The adoption of the Constitution of the United States is illustrated by Spaight and Davie, Members of the Convention;

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by Samuel Johnston and Benjamin Hawkins, the first Federal Senators from North Carolina; by William Lenoir, a Member of the State Conventions of 1788 and 1789, which passed upon it, and by Charles Johnson, President of the State Senate, 1790.

        The threatened French War is called to mind by Davie, appointed a General in the army proposed for waging it, and a Commissioner to France for averting it.

        The foundation of the University is illustrated by Davie, its "Father"; by Charles Johnson, who presided over the first meeting of the Board of Trustees; by William Lenoir, the first President of the Board; by Joseph Caldwell, the first President of the University; by Richard Dobbs Spaight, as Governor, present at the opening in 1795; David Stone, on the committee of location and of the first curricula; Samuel Johnston, the first named of the Charter Trustees; Archibald Maclaine, Joseph Graham, Benjamin Hawkins, James Kenan, and Bishop-elect Charles Pettigrew, all early Trustees, and by Treasurer John Haywood, who was on the committee to select the site of the University.

        The War of 1812 is commemorated by William Hawkins, Governor, and Duncan Cameron, one of his aids; by Joseph Graham appointed a General against the Creeks; by David Stone, United States Senator 1813-'14, and William Gaston, Representative in Congress 1813-'17.

        The acquisition of Florida is called to mind by William D. Mosely, Governor of the Territory.

        The inauguration of internal improvements is especially noted by Archibald D. Murphey and Rev. Dr. Joseph Caldwell, the first and most earnest advocates of canal and railroad building.

        The great Eastern and Western agitation, leading to the Convention of 1835, is brought to mind by the names of William Gaston, David L. Swain, John Owen, Bartlett Yancey, Duncan Cameron, Willie P. Mangum, Calvin Graves, James W. Bryan, James Mebane, William B. Shepard.

        The hot controversies of Jackson's time are peculiarly commemorated.

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by James K. Polk, Bedford Brown, Willie P. Mangum, John Owen, William B. Shepard and others.

        The important period of the acquisition of Texas and the Mexican War is revived by the tablets of James K. Polk, President; William A. Graham, Governor; Michael Hoke, George E. Badger, Willie P. Mangum, Bedford Brown, Daniel M. Barringer, John M. Morehead, Burton Craige, Romulus M. Saunders, and the three brothers, William B., Charles B., and James B. Shepard.

        The internal improvement era is called up by the names of John M. Morehead, Governor; Calvin Graves, Haywood W. Guion, William A. Graham, William Waightstill Avery, Romulus M. Saunders, Jonathan Worth, John D. Hawkins, Dr. Joseph W. Hawkins, and later by William Johnston, William J. Hawkins, and R. R. Bridgers.

        The Compromises of 1850 and the period preceding the Civil War are called to mind by Graham, Badger, Morehead, W. W. Avery, R. M. Saunders, Jacob Thompson, Lewis Thompson, Patrick H. Winston, Sr.

        Secession and the Civil War are largely represented on the walls by civilians as well as soldiers, prominent in council or field. Among the civilians are Thomas Ruffin, Senior, Graham, Worth, William W. Avery, Governor Henry T. Clark, Walter F. Leak, Burton Craige, Jacob Thompson, Patrick H. Winston, Senior, Rufus L. Patterson.

        Of the military are General Bryan Grimes, General James Johnston Pettigrew, General and Governor A. M. Scales, General George B. Anderson, Colonel W. W. Avery, Colonel Clark M. Avery, Colonel Isaac E. Avery, Colonel William L. Saunders, Major Joseph A. Engelhard, Major Joseph H. Saunders, Surgeon E. Burke Haywood, Colonel John L. Bridgers, Lieutenant William Preston Mangum, and the long list of the "Confederate Dead."

        The period of Reconstruction is commemorated by Governor Jonathan Worth, Governor Tod R. Caldwell, Lewis Thompson, Patrick H. Winston, Senior, Judge Matthias E. Manly, Samuel F. Phillips.

        The Judicial history can be almost read from the tablets.

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It begins with Samuel Johnston, a Judge before the organization of the Supreme Court under the Act of 1818.

        Of the Supreme Court there are tablets to four Chief Justices, Leonard Henderson, Thomas Ruffin, Frederick Nash, and Richmond M. Pearson, and to Associate Justices William Gaston, Archibald Murphey (temporary), William H. Battle, Matthias E. Manly, Thomas Ruffin, Jr. Of the Superior Court Judges are David Stone, Samuel Johnston, Archibald D. Murphey, John R. Donnell, Willie P. Mangum, Duncan Cameron, George E. Badger, David L. Swain, James Iredell, John M. Dick, R. M. Pearson, W. H. Battle, M. E. Manly, David F. Caldwell, James W. Osborne, Jesse G. Shepherd; James Grant, of Iowa.

        Of the Federal Judges are Judge John A. Cameron, of the District Court of Florida; Thomas C. Fuller (Mexican Land Claims).

        There is a long list of Governors represented, beginning with Samuel Johnston, first named of the Provincial Council in 1775, and Governor in 1787,'90. Richard Dobbs Spaight, Sr., 1792-'95; William Richardson Davie, 1798; David Stone, 1808-'10; William Hawkins, 1811-'14; John Owen, 1828-'30; David L. Swain, 1832-'35; Richard Dobbs Spaight, Jr., 1835; John M. Morehead, 1840-'44; William A. Graham, 1844-'48; Henry T. Clark, 1861-'63; Jonathan Worth, 1866-'68; Tod R. Caldwell, 1870-'74; Alfred M. Scales, Thomas M. Holt, James K. Polk (Tennessee), W. D. Mosely (Florida).

        The National Congress, before the adoption of the Constitution, has Richard Dobbs Spaight, Sr., Samuel Johnston, Benjamin Hawkins, and William R. Davie.

        Senators of the United States are Samuel Johnston, Benjamin Hawkins, David Stone, Willie P. Mangum, William R. King, William A. Graham, George E. Badger, M. E. Manly, (the latter was elected but not allowed to take his seat), and Z. B. Vance.

        Representatives in Congress are Joseph Winston, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Sr., Alexander Mebane, David Stone, William Gaston, James S. Smith, John H. Bryan, John Owen, Bartlett Yancey, R. D. Spaight, Jr., William B. Shepard,

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Charles B. Shepard, Ebenezer Pettigrew, James K. Polk, D. M. Barringer, R. M. Saunders, Richard S. Donnell, Jacob Thompson, Walter L. Steele, and Alfred M. Scales.

        Solicitor-General of United States, Samuel F. Phillips.

        Ministers to foreign nations are William R. Davie, D. M. Barringer, R. M. Saunders, William R. King, John H. Wheeler.

        Attorney-Generals of North Carolina are Waightstill Avery, Sr., R. M. Saunders, Bartholomew F. Moore, and William A. Jenkins.

        The financial history of the State is illustrated by Thomas Ruffin and Duncan Cameron, presidents of the leading banks; by Samuel Johnston, John Haywood, and Jonathan Worth, State Treasurers, and Eugene Morehead, a bank president in recent days.

        The teachers are largely represented. There are Presidents Joseph Caldwell and David L. Swain; Professors A. D. Murphey, William Bingham the elder, William J. Bingham, and William Bingham the third, William Hooper, Elisha Mitchell, James Phillips, J. DeBerniere Hooper, Ralph H. Graves the elder, Carey D. Grandy; William M. Green, Professor in the University of North Carolina, Bishop of Mississippi and Chancellor of the University of the South; James H. Horner, Charles Phillips, A. W. Mangum, and Ralph H. Graves, the younger.

        The medical profession is honored by Simmons J. Baker, John B. Baker, James H. Dickson, James S. Smith, Joseph W. Hawkins, Frederick D. Lente, E. Burke Haywood.

        Of the legal profession many have already been named, such as the Judges and Attorneys-General. I name others who devoted themselves mainly to the practice of law: B. F. Moore, Francis L. Dancy, James W. Bryan, Haywood W. Guion, Michael Hoke, Robert Strange the elder, Patrick H. Winston, of Bertie, Richard S. Donnell, William F. Dancy. To these should be added Rev. Dr. Francis L. Hawks, Reporter of our Supreme Court, for a few years a lawyer.

        Authors and scientists are slimly though ably represented by Lewis von Schweinitz, botanist; Francis L. Hawks, Joseph

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Caldwell, Elisha Mitchell, David L. Swain, William A. Graham, and Haywood W. Guion; Washington C. Kerr, State Geologist, Colonel William L. Saunders, John H. Wheeler, and Mrs. C. P. Spencer.

        The great schools are represented by William Bingham, William J. Bingham, his son, and Colonel William Bingham, his grandson; Alexander Wilson, Ralph H. Graves the elder, William Hooper, J. De Berniere Hooper, and Thomas B. Slade, the pioneer of higher female education in Georgia.

        The clergy has able representation, beginning with Charles Pettigrew, first elected Bishop of North Carolina, though not consecrated. Then came William Hooper, William M. Green, Elisha Mitchell, Alexander Wilson, James Phillips, James Morrison, Francis L. Hawks, Joseph H. Saunders the elder, William Barringer, Charles Phillips, A. W. Mangum.

        Mr. Paul C. Cameron, who was a personal friend of Governor Swain and was of singularly tenacious purpose, insisted on the original plan of calling the building Swain Hall, while I and others thought this unjust to those who had contributed so largely to its erection. Colonel W. L. Saunders proposed a compromise, which was accepted, that the name should be Memorial Hall, that the tablet to President Swain should have the highest place and on it should be inscribed the following:

DAVID LOWRY SWAIN, LL.D.

        BORN 1801. DIED 1868.

        MEMBER HOUSE OF COMMONS: 1824-1829.

        STATE SOLICITOR: 1827.

        JUDGE OF SUPERIOR COURT: 1830.

        GOVERNOR: 1832-1835.

        MEMBER OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION: 1835.

        PRESIDENT UNIVERSITY: 1835-1868.

        THE TRUSTEES AND ALUMNI HAVE ERECTED THIS HALL IN GRATEFUL RECOGNITION OF THE WISDOM AND FIDELITY OF THE SERVICES OF DAVID LOWRY SWAIN, FOR THIRTY-THREE YEARS PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY;

        IN PROUD AND LOVING REMEMBRANCE OF HER HEROIC SONS WHO FELL IN THE SERVICE OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES;

        AND A MEMORIAL TO ALL OTHERS CONNECTED WITH THE UNIVERSITY, WHO BY HONORABLE LIVING IN CIVIL OR MILITARY SERVICE, DESERVE COMMEMORATION HERE.


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        It is an interesting fact that the inscription on Bishop Green's tablet was written by himself and found in his drawer after his death.

        The Hall was dedicated June 3rd, 1885. The proceedings began with a hymn (adapted) read by the Rev. A. W. Mangum, D.D.


                         Almighty God! Thou only great!
                         To Thee this great house we dedicate;
                         Here shall Thy wondrous works be shown,
                         And here Thy sovereign will made known.


                         Science and revelation here
                         In perfect harmony appear,--
                         Guiding young feet along the road,
                         Thro' grace and nature up to God.


                         Help us, O Lord, with faith to lay
                         This temple at Thy feet today;
                         O, let Thy work to us appear,
                         Thy glory be exalted here.


                         Praise God from whom all blessings flow,
                         Praise Him all creatures here below,
                         Praise Him above, ye heavenly host,
                         Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.

        A devout prayer was then offered by the Rev. Dr. Charles Phillips. He closed with the petition, "May the memories of Thy servants who have spread virtue and science and liberty throughout this commonwealth, be always strong in the hearts of the people, to keep them from the path of the destroyer."

        Mr. Paul C. Cameron, chairman of the Building Committee, in behalf of himself and his associates of the committee (Messrs. K. P. Battle and John Manning), then delivered an excellent address. He told of having inherited affection for the University. He paid a loving and admiring tribute to the old President, Dr. Caldwell. He warmly praised Governor Scales for his efficient aid in securing an increased annual appropriation; Governor Jarvis, then Minister to Rio Janeiro, for his active friendship and particularly for his furnishing many thousand bricks from the penitentiary on easy terms, thereby enabling us to lay the corner stone on September 25,

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1883. Credit was given to President Battle and Professor Winston for their procuring funds by the insertion of tablets in the walls. The speaker then paid a tribute to the Revolutionary fathers of the University and to President Swain, who with Caldwell guided its fortunes for seventy years. He then grouped those commemorated on the tablets. They are: One President of the United States, twelve Governors of North Carolina and one of Florida, four Justices of the Supreme Court and four Associate Justices, eleven Justices of the Superior Courts and one of the United States District Court of Florida, four members of the Revolutionary Congress before the Constitution, six United States Senators after the Constitution, fifteen members of the United States House of Representatives, three Ministers to foreign courts, four Attorneys-General of the State, two Presidents and nine Professors of the University, six distinguished chiefs of classical schools, nine officers of the Confederate States Army. Mr. Cameron added, "In mind and merit, in manly fortitude and patriotic purpose, these field marshals of North Carolina were the equals of those of the great Napoleon." To the above we can add six leading lawyers, not politicians, six eminent physicians, and of successful enlightened business men, not politicians nor in official life, eleven.

        The speaker then commemorated the donors of the site of the University and others; William Richardson Davie, the Father of the University, an officer of the Revolution, Governor and Minister to France; General William Lenoir, wounded at King's Mountain and President of the Senate; William Alexander Graham, of whom he says, "from the cradle to the grave, his was a stainless name, * * * He was a model. * * * With him the proprieties of life associated with youth or old age, seemed to attain a perfection and maturity that made it pleasant to look on at all times, even in the repose of death."

        The speaker then eulogized B. F. Moore, the great lawyer, who had given the University $5,000 by will for scholarships, He expressed his regret at the absence of a tablet to Colonel William Polk, a Revolutionary hero, President of the Board

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of Trustees in the early days of the University, "the contemporary and personal friend of Andrew Jackson, not less heroic in war, and quite as sagacious, and more successful in private life than he."

        Samuel Sloan, the architect, was likewise mentioned in terms of praise, who died from exposure to our summer sun. He also praised John Dougherty, master builder, and Captain Richards, the chief brick mason.

        Mr. Cameron continued, "Thomas Jefferson reported to the Governor, James Pleasants, in November, 1804, that there were to be instituted eight professorships, or schools, for the University of Virginia, namely: (1) Ancient Languages, (2) Modern Languages, (3) Mathematics, (4) Natural Philosophy, (5) Natural History, (6) Anatomy and Medicine, (7) Moral Philosophy, (8) Law. Our University has as extended a curriculum as this. Let us seek to make it more of the useful than the ornamental, not by wide but deep and exact learning, promising us the richest fruitage, with good material in the hands of thorough masters. * * * And from this rostrum the young leaders of this Southern land, brave in their own self-reliance, with their wing upon the wind and their eye upon the sun, upward and onward and true to the line, will seek the best aims of human life and share the richest rewards of human ambition."

        The address met with universal commendation and was regarded in the light of the last words of a loving friend of the University. He lived, however, to occupy the rostrum again, and for five years longer to grace our annual festivals.

        The building was accepted by the President of the Board of Trustees, Governor Alfred Moore Scales, whose Christian name recalls a learned Judge of the Federal Supreme Court, one of the Committee of Location in 1792. He belonged to the Class of 1847, but did not remain to graduate. He began by lauding the patriotic conduct of Mr. Cameron in lending the money ($8,000) for the completion of Memorial Hall. He then gave a most feeling and intelligent history of the services of President Swain. Among other things he mentioned an amusing tradition that when young David L. Swain entered

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the University, in 1823, some old students gathered around him and clamored for a speech. After some hesitation he gave them a discourse on the text, "Why stand ye here all the day idle?" He pressed upon them the dangers and losses of idleness. The auditors one by one slunk away, whereupon he shouted, "Go! go! in the name of our common Creator, I bid you to work in His vineyard. He promises a penny a day each and to my certain knowledge not one of you is worth half the money."

        The Governor then spoke feelingly of the tablets to the "Confederate Dead," beginning with Bishop General Leonidas Polk, saying "upon his brow all the gods had set their seals, to give assurance to the world that he was a man." He then paid a tribute to his classmate, General James Johnston Pettigrew, stating that he, John Pool, and General Matthew W. Ransom, were the three most brilliant members of the class. I fully concur with the following estimate, "I have no hesitation in saying, that in intellectual endowment and power of acquiring knowledge Pettigrew surpassed any man that I ever met. He was equally distinguished in all his classes, in his society, and on the playground."

        Dr. Eugene Grissom, chairman of the committee to prepare resolutions showing the appreciation of the Board of the valuable services rendered by Governor Thomas J. Jarvis, presented the following in substance:

        The Board gratefully acknowledged the Governor's effort throughout his term to extend the usefulness of the University. In every message he made an earnest appeal for it. His wise counsels were never lacking at any meeting of the Board or Executive Committee, or at Commencement. For the existence of Memorial Hall and lastly for efficient aid in securing the first appropriation to the University his counsels and influence were potent.

        Colonel Paul B. Means seconded the resolutions. Speaking of Governor Jarvis, he said, "Such men are always great because they are foremost among their fellows in the march of time; because they have the intellect and soul to grasp and be inspired with the genius of society and their day; because they fully comprehend their age and do not betray it; because under

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the inspiration from their God and their people, they make the revolutions of progress march onward and orderly beneath the eagles. The public life of Governor Jarvis in every station in which he stood under the great eye of the public declares him such. His gubernatorial administration in the very much that he has said and done for the great causes of education, agriculture, internal improvements and the vital interests of North Carolina, proclaim him great."

        Mr. Fabius H. Busbee then presented the formal thanks of the Board of Trustees to Mr. Cameron for his timely loan without which the Hall could not have been finished. Then was sung Mrs. Spencer's "University Ode":


                         Dear University!
                         Thy sons right loyally
                         Thy praises sing.

        The Benediction was by the Rev. Lennox B. Turnbull, of the Presbyterian Church of Durham. The presiding officer was Colonel Thomas S. Kenan, President of the Alumni Association. The music was furnished by two student organizations, the Glee Club and the Mandolin Club.

        It should be added that under the architect, Samuel Sloan, were his assistant, A. G. Bauer, the superintendent of masonry, John Richards, and the master builder, J. B. Dougherty (pronounced Dokarty). Mr. Dougherty showed a business view of things when he pointed to a vacant niche and said, "Mr. Cameron, we are saving that for your tablet." In five years the statement was verified. Mr. Dougherty warned the bystanders that it was unsafe for any one to climb the flagpole. Not knowing this Mr. William M. Walton, afterwards a Lieutenant in the United States Army, accepting an offer of five dollars, climbed the pole without cleats and adjusted the flagropes. It was pitiful that this plucky young man should lose his life from the terrible disease, tuberculosis. Two of the assistants, Bauer and Richards, in a few years died the death of suicides.

        After some years' trial the general verdict is that the acoustics of the Hall are not good. Part of the criticism

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comes from its size, but undeniably on certain benches the reverberation of the speaker's voice is painfully apparent. President Winston attempted with indifferent success to correct the evil by hanging muslin along the ceiling. He also by the advice of Rev. Mr. Wing, who gave $500 for the purpose, elevated the floor so as to be horizontal instead of declining towards the rostrum. The floor was then used for athletic purposes until the erection of the Bynum Gymnasium. This did not escape criticism as a desecration of a memorial hall, but the defense was that the University was in no condition to have a structure so costly used only one day in the year.

        One time in the year the seats in the Hall are substantially filled, 2,400 in number, and nearly one hundred more on the rostrum, the people from all the country around and from distant cities and towns attending the ceremonies of Commencement Day.

        In order to heal an apparently irreconcilable difference in regard to the election of Marshals the Trustees took action. They gave the election to the Junior class out of their own members. The certificate of the President was made conclusive evidence of the fact of membership in the class. This plan has worked well for nearly twenty years. At present there is harmony about the selection of Representatives as they are chosen by committees of the alumni after hearing the candidates deliver competitive orations. At one time they were elected by the societies with the inevitable result that the spirit of party sometimes caused men to be chosen who were not the best exponent of their culture.

        The program of the Commencement this year was slightly different in order from its predecessors, the sermon of Bishop A. W. Wilson being placed on Commencement Day.

        The dedication of Memorial Hall took place on Wednesday morning. In the afternoon the Hon. James W. Reid delivered the address before the two literary societies. He was introduced most felicitously by Mr. W. D. Pollock. His subject was "The True Glory of Young Men." He earnestly urged the cultivation

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of the intellect, moral courage, patriotism, belief in Divine revelation. Education and religion must go hand in hand to attain true success.

        At night the representatives chosen by the two societies competed for the prize. The first speaker was Malcolm McGilvary Shields on "The Rubicon is Crossed"--the dark days for the South have passed.

        Gilbert Brown Patterson's subject was "The Architect," the benefit conferred on mankind through the ages by architecture.

        Edward Fountain Strickland spoke on "The Windows that Exclude the Light," detailing some of the evils threatening the Government.

        Then James Thomas described eloquently the character of the Pilgrim Fathers.

        Walter Seaton Dunston argued vehemently in the affirmative of his subject, "Let Our Industries Be Encouraged."

        Pierre Beauregard Manning vindicated the motives of the Invisible Empire (Ku Klux).

        The judges favored Mr. Thomas.

        Commencement Day, on June 4, witnessed the coming of at least two thousand people into Memorial Hall. The sermon to the graduating class by Right Reverend A. W. Wilson, Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was preached in the morning. His text was "Whether we be beside ourselves it is to God, whether we be sober it is to God." Without God's aid all our intellectual labor is worthless. The sermon was most able and searching.

        After a short intermission the ten members of the graduates entitled to speak, viz., three on account of scholarship and seven elected by competitive speaking, delivered orations.

        The first speaker was Alexander Jones Feild. His subject was "The Duty of Educated Men in a Republic." Our Government should be rescued from the aristocracy into which, to a great degree, it has fallen.

        Berrie Chandler McIver followed on the subject "Storm

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Clouds in the Highlands," giving high praise to the courage and patriotism of the wearers of the tartan.

        A. D. Ward, next on the program, was unable to speak on account of temporary sickness.

        James Alexander Bryan, soon to be a minister of the Gospel, spoke on "The Victories of Christianity." A bold, but we hope not a wild, prophecy was heralded. "Ere long Christianity will have entirely substituted arbitration for force of arms."

        Adolphus Hill Eller followed with a very practical discussion of "Higher Education in North Carolina." The State and denominational institutions must work in harmony. There is room for all.

        Ernest Preston Mangum discoursed on a grand subject, "The Trophies of a Noble Life." He contrasted the self-seeking of the wonderful genius Napoleon with the far more exceeding greatness of Washington, Lee, and Stonewall Jackson, who fought for their country and not for their own glory.

        Then came Marion Butler on "The Heroes and Conquests of Invention." The captains of industry should be recognized as greater factors in their country's greatness than has been usual.

        St. Leon Scull spoke on "The Cultivation of a National History." It is necessary in order to arouse patriotic feelings. North Carolina has been remiss in this regard.

        Jesse Felix West came next with a discourse on "The Dismemberment of Virginia." Virginia has suffered more than any other State. Justice should be done. The public debt should be fairly apportioned.

        The Valedictorian, Solomon Cohen Weill, came last. It had gone out of fashion to have a real farewell to his Faculty, classmates and other fellow students. He handled ably "National Decay and Individual Character." The ideal of the Greek was beauty; of the Roman, the soldier; of the American, the individual. We recognize no aristocracy but that of merit. To this is our strength and greatness due.

        The judges and audience favored the last speech as the best.

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        Medals and prizes were awarded as follows:

  • The MANGUM MEDAL and the VALEDICTORY ORATION to S. C. Weill.
  • The CLASSICAL ORATION to B. C. McIver.
  • The GREEK MEDAL FOR SCHOLARSHIP to L. P. McGehee; FOR IMPROVEMENT, A. M. Simmons.
  • The PHILLIPS MATHEMATICAL PRIZE to L. P. McGehee.
  • The WORTH PRIZE to A. D. Ward (the Philosophical oration).
  • The CHEMISTRY MEDAL to Max Jackson.
  • The LATIN PRIZE to L. P. McGehee.
  • The REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL to James Thomas.

        The Academic degrees were:

        
Bachelors of Arts (A.B.) 11
Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.) 9
Bachelors of Science (B.S.) 3
Bachelors of Law 2
(See Appendix.)  

        Mr. Emile Alexander de Schweinitz attained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

        Of the graduates Butler has been United States Senator; Eller, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Democratic party. Mangum, Superintendent of Graded Schools of Wilson; Mann, Superintendent of the State's Prison; McIver, Superintendent of Schools; Monroe, very successful in the insurance business; Riddick, Professor of Civil Engineering in North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts; Weill, who died early, in the Legislature of New York; Goodman, a prominent lawyer; Hill, Superintendent of Schools; Howard, a prosperous merchant; Jackson, a prominent physician; Neal, a contractor and civil engineer; Newman, a Professor and clergyman; Ward, State Senator and able lawyer; West, a prominent lawyer and Judge; Bryan, a highly esteemed Presbyterian preacher; Scull, a prominent lawyer, and De Schweinitz, a skillful chemist under the United States and Professor in a University at Washington.

        In the afternoon Col. W. L. Steele read the report of the Visiting Committee of the Trustees. It praised the Faculty for successful management and rejoiced that the recent generous

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appropriation of the General Assembly will enable us to keep pace with the educational progress of the day.

        The General Assembly having increased the annuity to the University by $15,000, there were considerable Faculty additions and readjustments in 1885-'86. Prof. A. W. Mangum became the head of the department of Moral and Mental Science. Professor Hooper's health gave way in the fall of 1885, causing his resignation. Sol. C. Weill was Acting Professor of the Greek Language and Literature during the second term. Dr. Eben Alexander was elected to fill the vacancy. Professor Winston was relieved of German and was confined to Latin Language and Literature.

        The Trustees concluded that the best plan for apprising the public of our educational needs was to advertise the creation of the new chairs and request applicants to send in their credentials. This was done and several hundred applicants expressed their willingness to serve the University. Mr. P. B. Manning was employed to classify them for the use of the Trustees, making an abstract of the qualifications and testimonials.

        The Trustees met by adjournment in June, 1885, in the Governor's office. The number of candidates was so great that a committee was appointed, Col. W. L. Steele, chairman; Col. James S. Amis, Maj. A. M. Lewis, Chief Justice W. T. Faircloth, and President Battle, to classify the applicants with their recommendations. Of course they were necessarily obliged to form opinions as to the superiority of some over others. Hence it was charged very unjustly by friends of those who failed, that there was favoritism. The holding the session in the Senate Chamber, though perhaps necessary, had the evil effect of losing the atmosphere of secrecy and confidential deliberation, which usually prevailed in the meetings of the Board. The election was perfectly fair and the best men, in the opinion of the Board, were chosen by a decided majority.

        The new Professors were Rev. Thomas Hume, D.D., LL.D., English Language and Literature. Dr. Hume is a native of Virginia; took A.M. at the University of Virginia; was for ten years President of Norfolk Female College, and for fifteen

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years devoted himself to the successful study and teaching of the English Language. He had the strong endorsement of Dr. John A. Broadus, Prof. Noah K. Davis, Prof. Crawford Toy, of Harvard; Dr. Thomas H. Pritchard, Congressman Goode, Dr. J. L. M. Curry, and others.

        Prof. Nelson B. Henry was elected to the Chair of the Science and Art of Teaching. He graduated at a Normal College in Indiana. He had been for four years Professor of Methods of Teaching and School Management and also of English Language and Literature. He had passed through all the grades of teacher from principal of a public country school and city graded school to his present position. He had conducted Normal School institutes with ability, and was then president of the State Teachers' Association. He was associate editor of the Missouri School Journal. Private letters to the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Methodist Bishop in Missouri and eight other leaders of all denominations in Missouri elicited answers strongly endorsing him. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, a native and citizen of Missouri, about forty years of age.

        Prof. Walter Dallam Toy, a native of Norfolk, Virginia, chosen to the Chair of Modern Languages, is a brother of the learned Dr. Crawford H. Toy, Professor of Oriental Languages in Harvard University. He graduated with A.M. at the University of Virginia, with highest reputation for scholarship. He is especially eminent for his knowledge of classical and especially modern languages. He spent some time in study in Germany and France, his idiom being so excellent that in Germany he was taken for a German and in France for a Frenchman. He had taught several years with marked success. He was about twenty-nine years of age.

        Dr. William B. Phillips was elected to the Chair of Agricultural Chemistry and Mining, eldest son of Dr. Charles Phillips, long Professor of Mathematics in the University of North Carolina, from which Dr. William Phillips graduated with high honor in 1877. He obtained his postgraduate degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1883. He served for several years as first assistant in the State Chemical Laboratory under Drs. Ledoux

Illustration

        W. D. TOY

        WILLIAM CAIN

        R. H. WHITEHEAD

        EBEN ALEXANDER

        H. H. WILLIAMS

        K. P. HARRINGTON

        W. T. PATTERSON

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and Dabney, and acted for one year as State Geologist. For three years past he had been chemist-in-chief to the Navassa Guano Company.

        Mr. James Lee Love, of Gastonia, received the Assistant Professorship of Pure Mathematics. He was one of the most able mathematicians graduated at the University since its reopening--indeed his college reputation is excelled only by Pettigrew. He was the president of the Senior Class, which showed his influence among students. After graduating at the University in 1884, he took a year's course at Johns Hopkins University. He was highly recommended among others by his Professor, one of the ablest mathematicians of the country, Ralph H. Graves, the head of the department in which he was to teach.

        George F. Atkinson was elected Assistant Professor of Natural History. He was a native of Michigan and was then pursuing special studies in Botany and Zoölogy at Cornell University, of which he was a graduate. He had taught for two years in a college in Alabama. He was strongly endorsed by Dr. Andrew D. White, President of Cornell University, Prof. Burt G. Wilder, and other eminent scientific men. They testified to his remarkable success in his specialties.

        As there was sensitiveness in some quarters in regard to religious affiliations of members of the Faculty I state that Messrs. Hume and Toy were Baptists, Mr. Henry a Methodist, Phillips and Love Presbyterians, and Atkinson a Congregationalist. But those facts were not known nor considered by the Trustees.

        As the University did not have the necessary appliances for instruction in the department of Agricultural Chemistry and Mining, and needed reinforcements in other directions, it was resolved to postpone the entrance of Dr. Phillips on his duties for a year. Likewise the election of a Professor of Natural History was postponed as there was then no eligible candidate.

        When the result of the election became known there began to flow a torrent of ill natured criticism, of a very trivial nature, mostly from those who had opposed the State appropriation. One editor complained that while four Christian

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bodies were represented in the Faculty, and his smaller denomination not at all, it had offered a good man as a candidate and he was not chosen. This preference of another must have proceeded from favoritism, the successful candidate being a son-in-law of a lady long identified with the University. President Battle was sharply criticised. The answer to this was, first, that it was impossible, as well as improper, to choose a professor to gratify a religious body, that if this rule should be adopted it would probably be at the sacrifice of efficiency; that there were many denominations whose claims were as strong as that now asking for recognition, and finally, that Mr. Love, in the opinion of the Board of Trustees as well as the Faculty, was the best man for the place. In stating facts showing this superiority President Battle did only what all college presidents habitually do and ought to do.

        Again, an ill natured attack was made on Dr. Phillips. It was charged that he was too young and not qualified for his chair, and that to remedy such disqualification, after his election, he would repair to Germany in order to supplement his ignorance.

        This was all untrue. Dr. Phillips was a graduate of eighteen years standing, older by several years than Professors Winston, Venable, Gore, Holmes, Dr. James Phillips, Dr. Elisha Mitchell, were when elected. The University of Texas, on the recommendation of the classical professors of Harvard University chose a Professor of Greek six years younger than he. Men of established reputation could not be secured for our small salaries. There is not a University in the Union which has not had professors younger than he.

        As for his qualifications his training made him peculiarly an expert in his department. He had not only taken his degree in the Scientific course, but by studying two years in Chemistry, Mining, and Geology had won the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. He then, as above said, spent several years as first assistant under Dr. Ledoux in the State Chemical Laboratory. He had for years been the chemist in charge of the Navassa works, engaged in the manufacture of fertilizers. Moreover, Dr. Phillips is a very able man, a capable teacher and lecturer,

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very ambitious to be first in his line. When he found that his services would not be needed for twelve months, it was no confession of weakness but much to his credit to be willing at his own cost and charges to spend the time under the great masters in the laboratories of Germany.

        Such attacks as these show that the authors were blinded by prejudice, as all acquainted with the practice of electing professors in universities and colleges know well. In this case the attack was especially absurd because the officers criticised were beyond all question well qualified, and a strong committee of Trustees, of which Col. Walter L. Steele was chairman, had, at the request of the Board, examined the credentials of all the candidates and unanimously recommended the selections, which met the approval of the Board.

CIRCULAR ANNOUNCING CHANGES.

        The Faculty, through a committee (Messrs. Battle, Manning, Winston, Graves, and W. B. Phillips), issued a circular to the alumni and friends of the University, concerning the changes consequent on the enlarged appropriation, which is here condensed:

        First, Enlargement of the Faculty from nine to fifteen.

        Second, Full undergraduate instruction in all branches of Literature, Philosophy, and Science. Continuous instruction for four years in Latin, Greek, English, Modern Languages, and Mathematics. Enlarged facilities in laboratory and field, extending over longer periods. Increased instruction in Moral Philosophy.

        Third, Special opportunities in the branches relating to Agricultural and the Mechanic Arts, in Engineering and Normal Instruction.

        Fourth, Postgraduate courses leading to degrees of Master of Arts (A.M.), Master of Philosophy (Ph.M.), and the still further advanced degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). These courses open to graduates of any institution without tuition charges. The degree of Master of Arts was no longer granted, of course, to any graduate embracing a professional career for three years, as was the rule prior to 1875.

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        Fifth, Additions to the Physical, Chemical, Mineralogical, Zoölogical, and Botanical Museums and Laboratories.

        Sixth, Memorial Hall, a grand auditorium, a testimonial to our Confederate dead and the great and good men of the University; a new gymnasium, 110 by 45 feet, has been fitted up; a new Chemical Laboratory, 70 by 30 feet, is being constructed; a Reading Room, supplied with leading periodicals, has been made free to all; the libraries of the University and of the two societies, over 20,000 volumes, have been conveniently placed in alcoves in Smith Hall and are accessible every day.

        Seventh, In addition to the Deems Fund a large tract of land, about fifteen hundred acres, the Francis Jones Smith Fund, has been devised to the University, the income to aid the deserving poor.

        Eighth, There is here a strong spirit of economy. Board from $8 to $12.50 per month. Total expenses, excluding clothing, traveling, furniture of room, pocket money, and society fees, range from $181.50 to $246 for the collegiate year, $60 to be deducted from these amounts in the case of those having free tuition. A young man now standing high as a physician, by hiring a cook to bring his meals to his room, lived on $100 a year and always appeared well dressed.

        The University claims to take its proper place in the front rank of educational institutions, and asks its friends to make this fact known and appreciated.

POSTGRADUATE COURSE.

        A circular was likewise issued on the subject of Postgraduate Degrees. Master of Arts will be conferred on those who have taken the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and have pursued, with residence, a postgraduate course of one year in three departments. The degree of Master of Science is awarded to a graduate in the Philosophical course, and the study for one year in three departments of science. The degree of Doctor of Philosophy requires two years study in two or three departments. For these degrees approved examinations must be had and approved these submitted.

        The following detailed statement may be interesting: The

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Postgraduates in CONSTITUTIONAL LAW must study the origin and development of the unwritten English Constitution and the written Constitutions of the United States and of North Carolina, also of the Roman law. Such works as those of Hallam, Stubbs, Green, Bancroft, Curtis, Von Holst, Tucker, and the opinions of the Chief Justices and Justices of the Supreme Court are consulted.

        In POLITICAL ECONOMY will be studied such authorities as Roscher, Mill, Bagehot, McLeod, Adam Smith, Fawcett and others. It will be the effort of the President to give the student material and teach him to form his own conclusions on the great questions of Constitutional Law and Economics.

        In the CLASSIC LANGUAGES and LITERATURE, there will be three lectures a week the first and second years, and one the third, in each language. No one admitted whose undergraduate scholarship was under 85, and no honors, diplomas, or certificates to one whose postgraduate rank is below 90. The general plan is to group together such authors as will best illustrate whatever subject the class is investigating.

        ENGLISH LANGUAGE and LITERATURE: The four years undergraduate course includes work in Rhetoric, Essays and Orations, Historical Grammar and Philology, the study of Standard Authors, etc., with an elective course in Anglo-Saxon Languages and Literature. The postgraduate course may be in any one of the following groups:

  • 1. Grammar of Anglo-Saxon, Old English, Old English Mythology.
  • 2. Fourteenth Century Studies, Chaucer, etc.
  • 3. Rise and Progress of the English Drama.
  • 4. English Bible Version from the Anglo-Saxon period.
  • 5. Lyric Poetry--Burns, Shakespeare's Sonnets, etc.
  • 6. Wordsworth, Carlyle.
  • 7. American Poetry and Humor.
  • 8. The older Morte d'Arthur Literature, Malory, Tennyson.

        FRENCH. Two years course: History of French Literature, History of France, Literature of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Introduction to study of Historical French Grammar.

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        GERMAN. One year course. History of German Literature, History of Germany, German Literature 1760 to 1823.

        Two years course. History of German Literature, History of Germany, German Literature 1748 to present; Comparison of Luther's language with that of today.

        The student will be expected to have studied successfully the undergraduate courses in these languages and to read them on sight. In the periods designated only enough of the representatives required to understand the character of the times. The Professor will meet the students once a week.

        MATHEMATICS. The studies to be selections from such subjects as Differential Equations, Higher Algebra, Modern Geometry, Quaternions, Analytic Mechanics, etc.

        CHEMISTRY. A course of reading in Theoretical and Applied Chemistry under direction of the Professor, with weekly reviews. Students will be required to tabulate all facts with regard to certain compounds, or series of compounds, and to compile monographs and bibliographies from general chemical literature.

        Similar courses in Mineralogical and Metallurgical studies.

        In the Laboratory advanced analytical or research work, organic or inorganic, is assigned.

        NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. (1) Physics: Experimental instruction, use of apparatus, physical manipulation, physical measurements with instruments of precision. Theoretical: Method of Least Squares, study of advanced work on selected portions of Physics. (2) Mechanics and Astronomy: The study of Mechanics and Physical Astronomy with the aid of Calculus. A fair acquaintance with Differential and Integral Calculus is essential.

        GEOLOGY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY, ETC. (1) Courses in General Geology, with the general principles of Dynamical, Structural, and Historical Geology. (2) Economic Geology, including its application to Mining, Agriculture, Architecture, etc. Special attention to the Geology of North Carolina. (3) Lithology and Field Geology, with microscopic study of rocks in geologic field.

        Botany--(1) Field and laboratory work on plants in the

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Chapel Hill region. (2) Special on special groups--especially the grasses. (3) Economic and Systematic Botany, especially the uses of plants.

        Zoölogy--Courses in General and Systematic Zoölogy, Psychology, Anatomy and Physiology of Domesticated Animals, together with Principles of Breeding and Feeding.

        Entomology--General Entomology, including the preservation of insects for the Museum. Systematic Entomology, including the identification of a number of species, representing the most important orders. Economic Entomology: The life history of insects injurious to vegetation, and remedies. Opportunities for practice in breeding insects useful to man.

        Connected with this circular was a notice that, as commanded by the Constitution, the department of the Science and Art of Teaching, in other words a Normal Department had been inaugurated.

        TEACHERS' COURSE. The Teachers' Course included the organization and management of Public Schools, the supervision of Graded and City Schools, methods of teaching the various branches, methods of cultivating the mental faculties, the history of education and educators.

        The classes will meet once a week for examinations in the following subjects: Education as a Science, The True Order of Studies, Psychology in its Bearings on Education, Philosophy of Education, American State Universities, Educational Reports, and such current educational literature as the instructor may suggest.

        SCHOOL OF LAW. In addition to the studies required for obtaining license to practice law an extension of studies was offered leading to the degree of Bachelor of Laws (B.L.). The course embraced new subjects, such as the changes in the Rights of Husband and Wife, and Exemption from Execution under the Constitution of 1868, together with a more extended acquaintance of the law of Real Property, Contracts, Torts, Equity, Jurisprudence, Constitutional Limitations, and Corporations.

        SHORT COURSES. The experience of the University showed that numbers of young men from lack of time, or money, or

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previous preparation, were unable to complete one of the full four years courses of study. The Faculty grouped together in three short courses, extending over two years, such studies as are of especial importance to certain classes of men.

        I--Teacher's Course. In each spring a Teachers' Course of three months for the benefit of teachers who wish to pursue advanced work. The tuition in this course is free.

        II--Business Course. First year--Business Law (1 hour a week), English (2), Mathematics (4), Physics (2), Physiology and Hygiene (3), History (1), Biological Laboratory (2).

        Second year--Chemistry (3) or Geology and Mineralogy (3), English (1), Mathematics (4), Constitution of the United States and of North Carolina and Political Economy (3), English Literature (3), Mental and Moral Science (2).

        III--The Physicians' or Pharmacists' Course. First year--Chemistry (3), Chemical Laboratory (3), Biological Laboratory (2), English (2), Latin (4), History (1).

        Second year--Physiology, Zoölogy, and Botany (3). Industrial Chemistry (3) or Quantitative Chemical Analysis (3), Constitution of the United States and of North Carolina, Political Economy (3), English Literature (3), Latin (4), or Greek (4), or French (3), or German (3), English (1), Physics (2), Business Law (1), Mental and Moral Science (2). Those completing either of these courses are entitled to a certificate of proficiency.

        Some of the courses were of much value for several years before the increase of higher schools, where boys could be trained for the University. They were especially needed for the class of students entitled to admission under the Land Grant. When that was taken from the University they were abolished.

SOCIETIES AND FRATERNITIES.

        In this year, 1885, the Faculty passed a law that all students except Medical and Law students, graduate and special students, and such as should be specially excused by the Faculty, should join the societies. Non-members not allowed to room in

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the University building except by special permission. If a member should resign from a society or be expelled, the case will be considered by the Faculty. It should be remembered that they have no right to delegate to the societies, or any other body, the right to dismiss a student. This is a judicial function. The Representatives and Marshals must be taken from the society members. Two Representatives for Commencement debate to be chosen from each society by a committee of the Faculty.

        In the same year, on the petition of Alpha Tau Omega, Kappa Alpha and Phi Kappa Sigma, the Faculty recommended and the Trustees granted the admission of all fraternities or Greek Letter societies on condition that they would provide the Faculty with the names of their members and would pledge themselves not to use intoxicating liquors at any banquet given at Chapel Hill.

        This last provision is in accordance with the settled policy of the University for three-quarters of a century to enforce temperance in the University and in the village of Chapel Hill. The law provided that no such liquors could be sold at first for two miles and after 1876 four miles from the corporate limits. In its early years "grog shops" were licensed to carry on business in the village. They were found to be the sources of dissipation, rowdyism, and mischief.

        A similar law exists with regard to theatrical performances and circuses and similar caterers to amusement, but the Faculty or the President has the power to allow them. The knowledge of the difficulty of obtaining this permission, coupled with the want of a suitable hall, and the fact that Chapel Hill is not on the main line of travel, keeps away most of these performances. So few are willing to overcome these disadvantages that the two societies and the Faculty unite through a joint committee in giving a guaranty to six entertainments annually, offering them the use of Gerrard Hall. Of course only those supposed to be of value in cultivating the intellectual or artistic taste of the students are invited. The societies, in consideration of such guaranty, have their members admitted without charge.

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        In 1885 died Washington Caruthers Kerr, State Geologist and Lecturer on Geology in the University. He graduated here in 1850, sharing the first honor with two others. He then took a course under Agassiz and others at Harvard, and was Professor of Geology at Davidson College. He was appointed State Geologist in 1864, and made important publications in regard to the mineral and other resources of the State. He was a man of decided talent, energy and probity. His successor, Joseph A. Holmes, delivered an address at Chapel Hill, reviewing his life and work. His University training was by the generosity of the Dialectic Society and when the University was reorganized in 1875 he made a handsome donation to its treasury.

MISS MARY RUFFIN SMITH.

        In November of this year (1885) died a notable benefactor of the University, Mary Ruffin Smith. She was daughter of James S. Smith, M.D., who was an able physician and had represented his county (Orange) in the General Assembly and the Convention of 1835, and was for two terms a Representative in Congress of the United States. He was long a Trustee of the University, and an active one. Her mother was daughter of Lieutenant Francis Jones of the Revolution. She had two brothers, who died before her, unmarried, and she inherited their property. She never married.

        After some minor bequests to her former household slaves, she devised the bulk of her fortune to the Protestant Episcopal Church in North Carolina, and a plantation of about fifteen hundred acres in Chatham County to the University to further the education of indigent students. She appointed President Battle executor.

        Miss Smith was one of the best of her sex. Of modest, unassuming manners, of superior intellect, of wide information, especially in medical botany, of deep piety, of boundless charity in deed and word, she tenderly nursed with patience and skill the dying sickness of mother, father, two brothers, and a devoted friend, her girlhood's teacher, Miss Maria Spear, and died the last of her race.

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        It is a coincidence that she was akin to two other female benefactors of the University, Mary Ann Smith and Mary Elizabeth (Morgan) Mason, but these latter were not akin to one another.

        On Christmas morning was burned the dwelling house built by Mrs. Wm. Hooper, born Helen Hogg, on a site a few feet to the east of that now occupied by the new house of President Venable. She had settled in Chapel Hill in order to educate her boys, and soon afterwards married President Caldwell. He changed his residence from the President's house to the residence of his bride and occupied it until his death in 1835. As the arrangement of the rooms was unsuitable for little children, President Swain chose the house next to the Episcopal Church, now (1912) occupied by Dr. Bain, and the Caldwell mansion was assigned to Prof. W. M. Green. When he accepted the bishopric of Mississippi in 1849 President Swain adopted it as the President's house. Here he entertained three Presidents, Polk, Buchanan, and Johnson, the last two having slept under his roof. During the Pool administration it was occupied by Professor Patrick. On the revival in 1875 the Chairman of the Faculty, Dr. Phillips, succeeded to the occupancy. On his retirement Prof. J. DeBerniere Hooper adopted it as his residence until his resignation when it was assigned to Rev. Dr. Hume. He moved into it with his family the day before Christmas. A quantity of goods boxes, straw and other combustible material was accumulated in an outhouse about ten feet from the main building and the negligence of a young negro servant girl set them in flames. It was about dinner time and the neighbors quickly gathered to fight the fire. But there was in Chapel Hill no fire engine. There was no hook and ladder company to tear down the outhouse, which was built of heartpine. Buckets of water proved insufficient to retard the spread of the flames, although there was no wind blowing, and soon the historic edifice was in ashes.

        Until 1876 the square was undivided and there was no street along its eastern border. In that year a short street bearing the name of Caldwell was laid off and accepted by the

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town commissioners and soon afterwards a lot next to it sold to James Lee Love, then Associate Professor of Mathematics. He built a residence on it and when he removed to Harvard University, it was purchased by Dr. Richard H. Whitehead, and on his removal to the University of Virginia, was sold to Mr. H. H. Patterson. In 1909 the handsome President's house was built on the western three-fourths of the lot.

LECTURE BY GOVERNOR VANCE.

        The students, Faculty, and villagers were greatly edified by hearing from Governor Vance his far-famed lecture on the "Scattered Nation." It was one of the ablest and most interesting ever heard from our rostrum. An incident connected with his "Scattered Nation" address is interesting. A number of Hebrews, charmed with it, had combined to give him a handsome gold-headed cane, suitably engraved. While he was at dinner at Greensboro, the cane, left in the car, was stolen. Some time afterwards a Jew of New York purchased and returned it.

        Judge A. S. Merrimon, who had been elected to the Senate over Vance by a coalition of Republicans and a handful of Democrats, took umbrage at the remark of the student introducing Vance. The introducer expressed the hope that this election would be reversed. The Senator complained to President Battle because he did not rebuke the taking sides at a literary gathering, but the President did not think that the enthusiastic utterance of a student should be publicly noticed, although the remark was plainly "out of order."

        The students were not satisfied with the polished lecture, but called on Vance tumultuously at his lodgings at President Battle's residence. In bringing him out President Battle remarked that he claimed the Governor as his own by right of "first discovery"--that in 1848, during his first visit to Asheville he shook hands with a young man full of wit and humor. On closer acquaintance he discovered a remarkable familiarity with the Bible, Shakespeare, and Scott's novels. He reported to his friends that there was a young man beyond the Blue Ridge who would certainly become famous. He was the first

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man who had predicted away from his mountain fastnesses the success of Zebulon Baird Vance. The Governor answered the call on him by a speech of unparalleled humor, wit, and eloquence.

        In 1886 there was a difficulty in regard to teaching History, Dr. Mangum's health requiring him to give up this part of his work. The result was that part was undertaken by President Battle and the rest assumed by Professors in the several departments.

        In the same year Dr. Thomas W. Harris resigned his Professorship of Anatomy and Materia Medica and removed with his family to Durham. He did not long survive, dying almost in the prime of life. He had distinguished himself as a Captain of Cavalry in the Confederate Army, was a man of highest character and purpose, of strong intellect, of large acquisition in the realm of his profession, trained in this country and in Paris. As a citizen and as a physician he was deeply lamented.

RESOLUTION AGAINST HAZING.

        In this year (1886) occurred a case of hazing, notable because of the three engaged in it two had left the institution and received their letters of honorable dismission. These letters were ordered to be recalled and the sentence of dismission was passed upon the student who was still subject to the authority of the Faculty.

        In addition to the laws of the societies against hazing, which have been mentioned, the Senior Class passed a resolution to use their influence against it, bearing especially on the injury to the University by frightening off the timid. The Sophs, not to be outdone, agreed to refrain from the custom, but in language showing that in their judgment it was not wrong. They said, "We blot from our speech, and from the book of our remembrance, all preconceived ideas of blacking, trotting, bull riding, and spanking, and we submit ourselves wholly to the Faculty's fatherly guidance.

        "Second. That we exert ourselves to create sentiments of

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pity and affection for all youths who may come among us and we sympathize with those who rule over us.

        "Third. We will expel from our class, and treat with every indignity known to us, any one who shall hereafter use the word, the odious word, 'Fresh.'

        "Fourth. That we address new students as 'the gentlemen who recently arrived on the Hill,' that we treat them as friends and brothers, that we solve their problems, write their essays, loan them our textbooks, and endeavor in every way to make their stay in college one of continual happiness and uninterrupted bliss."

        The persistence of the practice of hazing is difficult to understand by those who know that it is injurious to the reputation of the University, and diminishes its patronage, besides seriously detracting from the character of the participants as gentlemen. The argument is given for it in an editorial of the University Magazine, with the premise that a few of the old alumni also defend the practice:

        "Hazing, in professional phraseology, may be a relic of barbarism and of a ruder age, but it also has a good side," says the editor. "We say, after a four years' experience as Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, and Senior, that judicious hazing serves to inculcate respect for college discipline. When a boy enters college he is without restraint, no longer fearing the rod, or if he be from a military school the guardroom, and reasonable hazing teaches him that his deportment must be in accord with the new world in which he has entered.

        "Again, if a Freshman meets with naught but courtesy, he attributes it to a lack of spirit in the older students, or to superiority in himself. The effect of the stipulation between the societies abolishing hazing three years before, made the subsequent Freshmen classes intolerably conceited and cheeky.

        "A boy entering college is like a cockerel beginning to crow. He is considered brilliant at home. What better remedy for his arrogance than to force him to trot half a mile or make a speech to jeering auditors?

        "Hazing, then, is what a new student expects; it limits his admiration of himself; it keeps him in his room at night at

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his studies; it keeps quiet in the building in study hours; it secures respect for the laws of the University and of the societies; it makes better students and makes them more respectful to professors, and teaches them to have regard to public sentiment.

        "Look at the infants in the University. Fathers allowed them to leave the nursery because hazing was abolished. They are not of the age or experience to resist temptation. If hazing had been feared they would have been kept at home longer.

        "What student does not recall with pleasure those 'Fresh treats' of the olden time, when the air was thick with watermelon rinds, and village, campus, and surrounding hills echoed with the shouts of fleeing Fresh and pursuing Soph? What more harmless fun and more replete with incidents for happy recollection in after years?

        "We recall our Freshman experience with genuine pleasure. We are rather proud of it for the rich fund of anecdote it left us. Terrific falls from the back of the cow, which had reached her end of a rope tied to a tree; trotting barefoot over gravel walks, with an escort of three; pulled from the bed by the heel at midnight, and compelled to recite 'Mary had a little lamb,' have no terrors for us now, but carry us back to our first cup at the Pierian spring and furnish us with materials for stories more real and wonderful than usually fall to the lot of alumni of our Alma Mater."

        These reasons have very little relation to the facts of college life. Surely if a new student shows, in the language of cant, "bumptiousness," the older students could "take him down" by dignity of manner or quiet sarcasm, rather than descend to the level of the blacking brush. Moreover every one knows that the hazing is not inflicted for reformation of offenders. Like the rain it falls on good and bad indifferently. Indeed the victims are often inoffensive and well-behaved. One of the most brutal features of the practice is the frequency with which some quiet young man is tormented merely because of his known nonresistance, his want of friends among upper classmen, or the accessibility of his room. The statement that the absence of hazing induces parents to send to the

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University immature children is totally without foundation--is absurd. No application of philosophical whitewash can explain away or excuse this crime against the University.

        First, It is wrong because it is a breach of University law. Obedience to law is a sacred duty.

        Second, It is wrong because it is at night by disguised men. It is "sneaking." How can a gentleman engage in it?

        Third, It is wrong because it is cowardly. Many assail one.

        Fourth, It is violative of the rights of others. It not only infringes the golden rule, but it is a crime against the State and should be punished as such. It is an assault and battery--punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both.

        Fifth, It is an unauthorized obstruction of the time of another and therefore a plain act of dishonesty, of the same nature as taking his books or money.

        Sixth, It is in the highest degree ungentlemanly. A true gentleman treats his neighbors with courtesy and kindness. He endeavors to diffuse happiness around him. The hazers treat their juniors with rudeness and study to add to their discomfort.

        Seventh, The true gentleman is especially kind to strangers and those unfamiliar with their surroundings. The hazers unfeelingly and purposely select newcomers as victims of their diabolical annoyances.

        Eighth, The hazers are stabbing the University by injuring its patronage. Other institutions boast that hazing does not exist in their walls and divert students from us.

        Ninth, The intentional stabbing of their Alma Mater is all the more inexcusable as the payments by the students are less than half the reimbursement for the expenditures in their favor.

        Tenth, It is difficult to suppose that beneficiaries proper, who receive the benefits of the University freely, should be so lost to all sense of decency and honor as to break her laws established by the legal guardians, and inflict serious injury on the institution which is their benefactor. If such there be, which God forbid, they are guilty of base ingratitude as well as crime.

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CHAPTER VI.

INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL CONTROVERSY.

        In January and February, 1886, President Battle was unexpectedly involved in a controversy which some thought would injure the University, but which he could not avoid. The General Assembly authorized the establishment of an Industrial School on the following plan: "The Board of Agriculture is ordered to seek proposals for the establishment of an Industrial School, and when any city or town shall donate in lands, buildings, machinery, or other materials, or money, an amount adequate in the judgment of the said Board for the establishment of such Industrial School, it shall be their duty to locate the same at such place. And if there be more than one city or town making such proposal, it shall be the duty of the Board to locate it at the place offering the greatest inducement."

        The character of the school was set forth in another section. "Instruction shall be provided in this school in wood working, mining, metallurgy, practical agriculture, and such other branches of industrial education as may be deemed expedient."

        The second section enacts that "the Board of Agriculture shall direct the organization and equipment, and shall manage and control the same in conjunction with the Board of three Directors, appointed by the Board of Aldermen of the city or town whose proposal is accepted."

        The fourth section directs that "the Board of Agriculture shall apply to the establishment and maintenance of said school such part of their fund as is not required to conduct the regular work of their department, provided that not more than $5,000 of their funds shall be applied to the establishment of the school in any one year."

        The scheme seemed to the President to be substantially as follows: Five thousand dollars annually is the interest on $83.333.33 and the proposal of the State was: "If the city or town shall subscribe a sufficient amount to establish such a

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school as is described above, the agent of the State shall set apart $83,333.33, i. e., $5,000 a year, and give the subscribing city an equal share in the management. This is fair if the donation is adequate, i. e., substantially and in good faith, to the establishment of the school, and shall approach in value that offered by the State, but grossly unfair if the offer is only one-tenth in amount or other small sum. The State, owning nine-tenths, would share in the management with its partner owning one-tenth. The State has never given away its funds as recklessly as this. She has always placed the management of its funds in the charge of its own officers. The Asylum, the University, and all other State institutions are examples of this.

        As directed by law the Board of Agriculture advertised for proposals. Special notices were sent to the Mayors and Commissioners of all the leading towns and cities in the State. On opening the bids it was found that Charlotte subscribed $5,000 and a site; Kinston $10,000 conditionally and a site; Raleigh $5,000, an acre of ground in the northern part of the city as a site, and the exposition building on the fair grounds. This building was not lathed and plastered, had a felt covering, and was at least two miles from the aforesaid acre. It could only be utilized by tearing it down and using the material for the erection of a new building. The sanguine friends of Raleigh estimated the value at $3,000. This was probably excessive, but conceding it the offer of Raleigh did not exceed $8,000. The authorities of the fair grounds also agreed that a part of their land might be used for experimental purposes, but that did not add to the value of the donation.

        After reading these proposals Governor Scales, President Battle and others, two-thirds of the Board, voted that the act had not been complied with, that neither of the three towns had offered an amount "adequate to the establishment of the school." The question was postponed for three months and new proposals were invited.

        This decision caused much criticism in Raleigh. It was expected to capture an important public institution, beginning with $5,000 a year, probably to be largely increased hereafter, to have an equal voice in the management, for

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$6,000 or $7,000, i. e., $300 or $400 a year. A target was looked for and President Battle selected, although Governor Scales led off in opposition to the immediate location and Battle only followed. An able and ordinarily fair writer for the press charged that Battle was solely responsible for the defeat of this most useful measure. He of course answered the attack, declared his friendship for the school, and gave the reason for his vote, that Raleigh had not earned the location. Then certain Raleigh editors joined in the criticism of President Battle's course, followed by an ex-Judge of the Supreme Court and by an able metropolitan lawyer. Battle was kept busy for some time answering these attacks. He was satisfied with the outcome. His construction of the act was sustained by the Attorney-General (Davidson).

        At the next meeting of the Board, three months only after the adversary vote was given, which an adversary mistakenly said was for "indefinite continuance," the question was again taken up and, owing to the pressure from without, a majority of the Board accepted the offer. Finding that the proffered acre was not eligible as a site they proceeded to purchase two or three acres in or near the northwest corner of the city. The purchase money was about one-half of the donation, $5,000, which the Board voted to be "adequate to the establishment of the school." Here the matter rested until the success of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, when the Industrial School was merged in the College. Thus ended the strange experiment of establishing a woodworking-mining-metallurgy-practical-agricultural-and-other-branches Industrial School on $5,000 and a lot of second hand lumber, the State appropriation being only for maintenance. The promised acre in Raleigh is not added to the $5,000 because it was given only as a site, and found not to be eligible. The other site, being remote from that of the college, was sold.

DEATH OF PROFESSOR J. DEBERNIERE HOOPER.

        John DeBerniere Hooper, Professor of Greek, passed out of life on January 23, 1886. He was a remarkable man. His father was Archibald Maclaine Hooper, son of George

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Hooper, who was a brother of William Hooper, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. His mother was a descendant of a noble Huguenot family, the DeBernieres. His grandmother was daughter of the sturdy patriot, Archibald Maclaine.

        Professor Hooper graduated with first honor in the Class of 1831 and then was successively Tutor, teacher in the Episcopal School at Raleigh, and Tutor again in the University; then in 1836-'38 and 1843-'48 Professor of French, and 1838-'48, of Latin.

        In 1848 he left the University and took charge of a school for boys in Warren County, then was principal of a school for girls in Fayetteville, then in Wilson. On the reorganization in 1875 he was elected Professor of Greek and French and taught these languages until 1885, when he was confined to Greek. His health failing, he resigned the same year, and serenely awaited the end.

        Professor DeBerniere Hooper, as he was usually called, was singularly pure and steadfast in his principles, mild in manner but firm as the everlasting granite, modest but of winning courtesy, an unswerving and undoubting member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, content with the old dogmas, unshaken by modern theories. As a scholar he was accurate and widely read, but unambitious to exploit himself or illumine the world. He never wrote or published a book or pamphlet but no draft was ever made on his store of learning that was not honored. His teaching could not be said to arouse enthusiasm, but was exhaustive and accurate. He was noted for his felicitous use of the English language but always refused to make addresses, even when tendered the great compliment of delivering the Annual Address at Commencement.

        Professor Hooper had, in his highest Greek class, a student of Hebrew lineage who had remarkable talent--Solomon C. Weill. At the request of the Faculty he took charge of Professor Hooper's classes most acceptably until the arrival of Dr. Alexander. He subsequently made a brilliant beginning at the bar in Wilmington, removed to New York City, where he was

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soon elected to the Legislature and was accidentally killed by a street car.

        The annual convention of the Young Men's Christian Association was held in 1886 in Chapel Hill, March 11th to 14th. It was very successful. Rev. Dr. A. W. Mangum conducted the religious exercises of the opening. There was an address of welcome by Rev. Thomas Hume, D.D., which was responded to by G. M. Smithdeal. Mr. L. D. Wishard, of the International Committee, made a general talk in Gerrard Hall on the work of the Association. At the close he sang most feelingly the "Mother's Goodbye to Her Boy."

        Prof. J. W. Gore was made permanent President; K. A. McLeod, of Davidson College, First Vice-President; D. P. Coleman, of Bingham School, Second Vice-President; Rev. W. D. Akers, of Asheville, Secretary, with Mr. Stephen B. Weeks, of the University, Assistant Secretary. Reports from the several organizations in the State were read. The Boys' Work was discussed by Mr. W. H. G. Belt, of Baltimore.

        At the evening meeting in Gerrard Hall the singing was led by Messrs. Garrett, Akers, Smith, and Harris. The address was delivered by Mr. E. W. Watkins, of New York, who showed the marvelous growth of the International work since the organization of the Association, June 4, 1844, in London. Dr. Hume, President, Professor Gore, Secretary, and S. B. Weeks, Treasurer, were elected officers of the Executive Committee of twelve members. The Convention then, in Gerrard Hall, heard an able address by Col. Robert Bingham on the "Armor of God."

        In the afternoon and night the exercises were conducted by E. L. Harris and L. D. Wishard. There was a large congregation to hear Mr. Wishard's talk on "Bible Training Classes."

        The Sunday meetings were uncommonly interesting. At 8:30 o'clock Mr. Wishard spoke on "The Power of the Holy Spirit." At eleven Mr. E. W. Watkins, of the Methodist Church, spoke of the growth of the influence of the Bible. In the afternoon Mr. Watkins addressed the citizens of Chapel Hill in the Baptist Church, and in the Y. M. C. A. Hall Mr.

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Wishard earnestly pressed the irrefutable claims of Christ on young men.

        At night, there being no service in the village, Mr. Wishard conducted the services in Gerrard Hall, speaking of missions and their claims.

        The students generally were greatly interested and additions were made to the membership. The members experienced an awakening and their enthusiasm was kindled.

CONSOLIDATION OF LIBRARIES.

        In 1886, March 18, the two literary societies came to an understanding with the Faculty whereby their libraries were united to that of the University. The vote was nearly unanimous in the Philanthropic, and forty-two to thirty in the Dialectic Society. The minority with justice thought that the movement would diminish the prestige of the societies, but the argument in favor of the move prevailed--that the doors of the library should be open every day, that the books would be in one room, that money would not be wasted in the purchase of duplicates. There were very many duplicates. Wherever possible these were sold or exchanged. Where this could not be done those remaining over were given to schools and other institutions. The official title of the joint Library to be "Library of the University of North Carolina endowed by the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies."

        The following rules were agreed on. The library was to be open three hours every work day except Saturdays, five hours on Saturday, and afterwards on Sunday also.

        The books were to be borrowed under society rules. The University paid the expenses and $200 per annum to buy books, each society giving $150 for this purpose, the books to be selected by committees of each of the parties. Each society could withdraw on giving six months' notice and retake its own books at its own expense. Each society to elect a Librarian and to pay him $75 a year. Fines for violating rules to go to the societies.

        Professor Winston, to whom is due the chief credit for the movement, as chairman of a committee, met the representatives

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of the societies in carrying the project into effect. It was agreed that the society books should be kept separate so far as possible. It was reported that the library, after discarding duplicates and depositing in another room books not of general utility, without new alcoves, would hold 20,000 volumes.

        The consolidation of the libraries has proved of signal advantage to all branches of the University, especially to students seeking information throwing light on queries under debate. Prof. James Lee Love was representative for the University in the transfer of books. Wm. J. Battle acted for the Dialectic Society and Claude F. Smith for the Philanthropic. The partition between two rooms at the end of the Library Building (Smith Hall) was knocked down and the larger apartment thus made was converted into a reading room in which the leading magazines and newspapers were kept for use of students and Faculty.

        Mr. Love was paid a small salary and received a special vote of thanks by the Faculty for his arduous services. The substantial benefits of the change made the arguments for it irresistible. The keeping the library open for consultation all day and every day, instead of an hour or two once or twice a week, as had been the custom, the systematization so as to buy no duplicates, the having a Professor on the purchasing committee, were reasons for removal which overbalanced those against it.

        In order to conciliate society pride the Dialectic books were placed on the south side and the Philanthropic on the north. Of course this could hardly be kept up indefinitely, and is ignored in the new Library Building, the gift of Andrew Carnegie. The benefits derived from the union of the Libraries have been found so great that all dissatisfaction has ceased.

        There has been a marked increase year by year. The number borrowed of the old University Library did not amount to one hundred annually. No effort was made to make it useful or agreeable to the students. A different policy has been adopted since the consolidation. An annual appropriation is expended under the direction of a committee of the Faculty, and valuable donations have been received.

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        The following statistics show the immediate value of the consolidation:

        

1885-'86.

Number of books borrowed of the Philanthropic Library 1,900
Number of books borrowed of the Dialectic Library 1,759
Total borrowed in one year 3,657

        

1886-'87.

Number borrowed of the consolidated Library 4,761
First year's increase 1,102

CLASS DAY OF 1886.

        Dr. Stephen B. Weeks was the Historian of the Class of 1886. The Class Day was on April 30th. The speech of Dr. Weeks was remarkably well done and had the luminous style which he has shown since in many an historical production. Here is his account of an institution, since forbidden by the Faculty: "Then came that relic of barbarism, known in College slang as the 'Fresh treat,' more properly called 'the Freshman's Re-treat.' It was held in the New West Building. The Fresh were invited to 'walk up and help themselves' to the luscious melons. They walked up and were helped. They did not walk away. Their gait was something faster than a run. In five minutes there was not a Freshman to be seen. They had taken to themselves wings and were seeking rest.

        "What a throng of sweet memories come floating back as we turn and pause and turn again. How memory swells at our breast and turns the past to pain, when we remember that this is our last meeting. Well has the poet-priest written,


                         'When hands are linked,
                         That dread to part,
                         And heart is met by throbbing heart,
                         Oh bitter, bitter is the smart
                         Of them that bid farewell.' "

        The class during its four years' course had one hundred and four members and graduated twenty-six. There were fifteen

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Di's and nine Phi's, two belonging to neither society. Six came in as Sophomores and two as Juniors. One died after he left the University--George Wimberly Arrington.

        The Class Poem was by Wm. A. Self. I give a few lines as specimens of the whole. The poet in wandering through our forests finds in a rocky cave an old hermit--a former student--who disappeared from Chapel Hill ninety years before. He tells how he was carried off and condemned to live in solitude.


                         'Twas in the Old East, as it now is called,
                         A youth, half dreaming, by his chimney fire
                         Sat reading some dark legend of the times
                         When our brave forefathers with dauntless hand
                         Beat back the red man and the howling beast
                         Into their wooded thickets and their caves.
                         He was aroused by hearing all at once
                         The sounding of his name in accents quaint--
                         So muffled, so unearthly did it seem,
                         That he scarce knew that it was his own name--
                         But he arose and left his quiet room. * * * * * *


                         And no one ever knew where he had gone.
                         No one has ever dreamed of how those fiends,
                         Lawless and conscienceless, bore him away,
                         And made him swear by all the universe,
                         That if they spared his life he would consent
                         To dwell in a dingy, dusky cave. * * * * * *


                         But life is not a sadness, even to him.
                         Fate had decreed that as a sweet solace
                         Unto his soul, a strange power, supernal,
                         Should be--to gain full knowledge of the world
                         Through blessed spirits--they whose wingèd thoughts
                         Float on the whispering breezes--on the winds
                         Which sigh and moan at midnight. * * * * * *


                         My stringed companion then he took
                         From off the granite floor. A look
                         Of joy was on his face, and much
                         I wondered. Then with such a touch--
                         With such perfection of chord and tone--
                         He drew the notes of "Home, Sweet Home,"
                         That well I knew that no mortal hand
                         Did e'er such wondrous power command.
                         I looked around. No longer shone
                         The dim light, and the spirit was gone.

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COMMENCEMENT IN 1886.

        The Commencement of 1886 was a bright and happy one. The devotional exercises were conducted by Prof. N. B. Henry. President Battle gave a history of the University since 1875, when the exercises were resumed. Tuesday night was given up to the two literary societies, short addresses being made by old members, and diplomas and prize medals presented.

        Wednesday morning witnessed the address before the two societies by Hon. Augustus Van Wyck, Judge of the Supreme Court of New York, and afterwards as Democratic candidate for Governor, coming near defeating Roosevelt for that high office. Judge Van Wyck left the University as an honor graduate in 1864 and at once joined the army. He has always been a loyal son to his Alma Master and captivated the audience by his tribute to her and to her sons. His eulogy of President Swain was peculiarly hearty and happy. He was strong and exhaustive in urging the points that popular education and free agency are the rock foundation of the best government. "Let our motto be Intellectual Culture and Liberty." The arguments and illustrations used to enforce this great truth were eloquent and cogent.

        The Alumni Association held a business meeting after the address and elected Mr. Paul C. Cameron as President, William L. Saunders, Secretary, and Edward B. Engelhard, Treasurer. It was resolved to hold a meeting in Raleigh in January or February of the following year, with an orator chosen by the Executive Committee, but this order was subsequently repealed.

        In the afternoon the Baccalaureate Sermon was preached by Rev. Charles H. Hall, D.D., of Brooklyn, N. Y. Prayer was offered by Rev. Dr. Thomas E. Skinner, of the Class of 1847, and a hymn sung. Dr. Hall then gave his text, "Why

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stand ye here all the day idle?" The reporter described the sermon as "great in its subject matter, great in its directness and simplicity, great in its practical application, great in its unaffected delivery, great in the eloquence of its diction, great in everything that goes to make up a great sermon." The auditors concurred with this estimate.

        His topic was education, such as qualifies a person for the duties of life. He touched upon country and climate as affecting mind and body, and predicted that Western North Carolina would ere long be the nursery of high mental and moral culture. He concluded with a picture of a "party standing at the grave of Dr. Mitchell on the highest peak of the Black Mountain at nightfall to witness the beauty of the rising moon. The majestic Roan in its grandeur looming up in the distance; Old Craggy with its rugged sides, crouching to the left, and in the rear Guyot's Peak, Hairy Bear, and other subordinate peaks dotting the foreground. The evening breeze was sighing a mournful dirge through the waving boughs of the fir trees, while all at once the plaintive requiem ceased and all was a calm and ominous hush. And presently a sound, or sounds, from the superincumbent elements were heard, whence no one could tell--a weird sound. Look in this or the other direction, no one could tell whence it proceeded. It was the commingling and hum of the rivulets descending the dell, with the roar of the cataract pouring its water into the baptismal font, whence the spirit of Dr. Mitchell took its flight to heaven."

        The speeches of the society representatives at night were unusually fine. The first was by Claudius Dockery, of Richmond County, on "The South." Then came Jacob C. Johnson, of Pitt County, on "The Fourth Estate"--the Press. Then William E. Edmundson, of Morganton, on "National Education." He was followed by Albert M. Simmons, of Hyde County, on the "Truths of Fiction." William S. Wilkinson, of Tarboro, spoke on "Utopia," and then came Samuel E. Gidney, of Shelby, on "Industrial Education in the South." The Representative Medal was won by Mr. Dockery. Messrs. Dockery,

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Edmundson and Gidney were Di's, and Johnson, Simmons and Wilkinson Phi's.

        Thursday was Commencement Day. Memorial Hall was filled with visitors while the Campus to the south of it was covered with the vehicles of the good people of the country. Those were the days of many speakers, of all graduates who wished to air their oratorical powers, some being ambitious to compete for the Mangum medal. There was an advantage in this. The fathers and mothers, aunts, uncles, and cousins, and the inevitable sweethearts, were in the audience listening delightedly to their rising kinsmen. Their intensely interested faces were goodly to look on. There were eleven speakers in the morning. They were:

  • Joseph John Jenkins, Jr., of Chatham County, on "National Songs."
  • Charles Taylor Grandy, Camden County, on "Home Rule and National Unity in America."
  • Pierre B. Manning, Gates County, on "Prohibition or Public Sentiment in America."
  • Frank Dixon, Shelby, "The Labor Problem."
  • Malcolm M. Shields, Carthage, "Misplaced Garlands."
  • Luther B. Grandy, Oxford, on "American Humor."
  • Walter S. Dunston, Creswell, "Literature and Public Life."
  • Frank M. Little, Wadesboro, "Destiny and Duty."
  • John F. Schenck, Cleveland Mills, "Three Great Waves."
  • Wm. A. Self, Newton, on "Emerson."
  • Wm. H. Carroll, Magnolia, "American Influence in Foreign Nations."

        In the afternoon the first speaker was Stephen B. Weeks of Elizabeth City. His subject was "Cedant Arma Togoe." This was the oration awarded to the student who made the highest average next to the Valedictorian. The speech was not in Latin, the day for Latin, Greek, and French speeches having passed away.

        The next speaker was James Thomas, New Bern, on the "Citizen's True Ideal." He was followed by Samuel Spencer Jackson, Pittsboro, on "Circumstance." Oliver Clegg Bynum, on "The Heroic Instinct"; Edward B. Cline, Hickory, "The

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Drama and National Life." N. H. D. Wilson, Greensboro, "The Cost of Culture." Mr. Wilson was the Valedictorian, having attained the highest average during a four years' course. He departed from the old fashioned valedictory, and closed his oration on culture with a few words of exhortation to his classmates, of thanks to the Faculty and of farewell to his fellow students.

        The Mangum medal was awarded to Mr. Schenck.

        The speakers in the afternoon were at a great disadvantage. A storm was raging, owners of vehicles were rushing from the hall to care for their teams, wagons were rattling, while squalling babies added to the tumult.

        The Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) was conferred on a learned lawyer of Oxford, Marcus V. Lanier, and on two eminent botanists of South Carolina, A. W. Chapman and Henry W. Ravenel.

        The degree of Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) was conferred upon Rev. John R. Brooks, of Wilson; Rev. Luther McKinnon, President of Davidson College; Rev. John L. Carroll, of Asheville, a graduate of 1863, and Rev. Daniel A. Long, President of Antioch College, Ohio, student of 1886-'87.

        The following degrees were conferred:

        
Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) 15
Bachelor of Philosophy (Ph.B.) 7
Bachelor of Science (B.S.) 3
Bachelor of Laws (B.L.) 1
Total graduating class 26
(See names in Appendix.)  

        The following graduates of 1886 presented these which were approved but not publicly read: Lewis J. Battle, Raleigh, "Landlordism in America"; Pierre Bayard Cox, Raleigh, "The Critic's Relation to Literary Progress"; Herbert Worth Jackson, Asheboro, "The Crisis at Hastings"; John Motley Morehead, Kinston, "Political Education"; George L. Patrick, Kinston, "Man and Nature"; Henry W. Rice, Raleigh, "A Needless War"; Kirby S. Uzzell, Seven Springs, "The New South"; Robert Lee Uzzell, Seven Springs, "A Cavalier Poet."

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        After passing an examination on a prescribed course and submitting an approved thesis the degree of Master of Arts was won by Ernest Preston Mangum, an A.B. graduate of 1885. The subject of his thesis was "The Feudal System."

    SPECIAL CERTIFICATES:

  • In CHEMISTRY--D. S. Carraway.
  • In MATHEMATICS--R. T. Burwell and William S. Wilkinson.
  • In GREEK--H. H. Ransom and M. M. Shields.
  • In NATURAL PHILOSOPHY--E. B. Cline and F. M. Little.
  • In PHARMACY--J. W. Beasom.

    HONOR ROLL:

  • Messrs. Gulick, Simmons and Weeks were present at every rollcall at Prayers and lectures during the year.

    MEDALS AND PRIZES:

  • VALEDICTORY ORATION, as the best in the class--Nathan Hunt, Daniel Wilson, Jr.
  • CLASSICAL ORATION--Stephen Beauregard Weeks.
  • REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL (FOR ORATORY)--Claudius Dockery.
  • MANGUM MEDAL (FOR ORATORY)--John Frank Schenck.

        The Chief Marshal was from the Philanthropic Society, Claude F. Smith, of Pitt. His associates were Benjamin F. Tyson, Greenville; Malvern H. Palmer, of Warren; Francis M. Harper, Kinston, and Archibald Braswell, of Edgecombe, Philanthropics; Wm. H. McDonald, Raleigh; Henry F. Shaffner, Salem; George W. Bethel, Danville, Virginia, and Benjamin E. Kell, of Mecklenburg, Dialectics.

        The Ball Managers were John C. Engelhard, Chief; J. W. Atkinson, Jr., Robert L. Holt, E. B. Borden, and L. M. Bourne.

        The class has been, as a rule, very successful in life. A few have crossed the dark waters. Arrington died at home before graduation and after graduation P. B. Cox, L. B. Grandy, F. M. Little, P. B. Manning, G. L. Patrick, H. W. Rice, and K. S. Uzzell. John M. Morehead and Gilbert B. Patterson became Representatives in Congress; Dr. Weeks has published historical volumes of great merit; Battle is a skilled physician in Washington City; Cline is a Superior Court Judge; Herbert Jackson a trusted and safe financier; S. S. Jackson stands high

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in insurance circles; Jenkins is a highly regarded bank president; Schenck is a manufacturer; Shields, Thomas, Dixon, and Wilson are prominent preachers; Self, Wright, and Carroll able lawyers.

THE UNIVERSITY IN 1886-'87.

        The Faculty from time to time attacked the difficult question of cleanliness in the rooms and about the buildings. They resolved to have the highest standard of neatness and purity. It is needless to say that this could not be attained until the inauguration of waterworks. Water closets were introduced in 1887. An important step towards securing good results was a course of lectures twice a week on Hygiene. It was resolved to heat the chapel (Gerrard Hall) when used for preaching or other purposes. The custom of attending on these occasions in all kinds of weather, good or bad, hot or cold, which had been handed down from the opening in 1795, was not in accordance with modern ideas.

        The great earthquake, so destructive to Charleston August 31, 1886, was distinctly felt at Chapel Hill. Some windows were violently rattled and bottles were moved on the shelves of the Chemical Laboratory, but no damage was done. Some students in the New East Building perceived, or thought they perceived the walls threateningly shaking and fled to a safe locality. One, who had a pistol in his room, aroused from sleep suddenly by the clamor, secured his weapon and dared the fancied robber to invade his apartment.

        In 1886 the custom was begun of the Faculty choosing a preacher once a month to deliver a sermon on Sunday night in Gerrard Hall, the University paying his expenses. Of course care was taken to invite men from the leading denominations of Christians. The plan has been very successful. Not only has there been a succession of able and hightoned men with strong and instructive discourses, but the University has been made known to influential, representative men, not previously personally cognizant of its workings. The marked diminution of hostility to it has been in part due to this policy.

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        The University Day exercises of 1886 were held at night. A most interesting historical address was delivered by Mr. Edwin Anderson Alderman. He was specially eloquent and touching in his description of the extinct town of Brunswick and of the notable men who once made its habitations famous for hospitality.

        In 1886 was begun the policy of leasing land on Franklin Street and its continuation eastward to officers of the University for residences. The Circuit Court of the United States had decided, as has been narrated, that, as this is a State University, such property as is essential to its existence could not be alienated. The court laid off about 600 acres in one body, including the Campus and three residences of Professors, as inalienable. Believing that, although this land could not be sold in fee, leases for years could be made, a valuable parcel was granted to Mr. James Lee Love for fifty years on payment of a moderate annual rent. It was stipulated that at the end of that time the lease should be renewable, but if not, the Trustees should have the option to buy the tenements at an appraised value, but if they should not wish to do this the lessee might remove the buildings. The object was to provide that the land should not go permanently from the University. Subsequently a similar lease was made to Dr. Charles Baskerville and Dr. Francis K. Ball. Later the lawyer on the Executive Committee advised that sales could be made practically in fee, and under this advice parcels were sold to Dr. George Howe, Dr. Joseph H. Pratt, Dr. A. W. Wheeler, and Mr. Geo. F. McKie, and the fee of the Love, Baskerville, and Ball lots was also sold. Afterwards a lot on Caldwell Street was sold to Mr. Edward K. Graham. On the same principle the authorities of the new Methodist Church were authorized to make brick for the building out of University land, and a lot on Pittsboro Street was sold for the village school.

        On Thanksgiving Day the first of the series of gymnastic contests was held. While Dr. Venable called out the contestants, five students were appointed as judges. On the horizontal bar John W. Atkinson and E. P. Mangum competed,

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the winner being Atkinson. On the parallel bars, John W. Atkinson won over R. L. Smith. On the ladders E. P. Mangum won over John W. Atkinson, R. L. Smith, and Geo. L. Patrick. In wielding Indian clubs R. S. Woodson was defeated by J. D. Hedrick. The contest on swings showed exceptionally daring feats. There were six entries, L. M. Bourne being adjudged the best. The half mile race was run by Hedrick and Patrick, Patrick being the winner. The next event was the "fools' race" between J. H. Baker (very small and therefore called the "giant"), R. L. Cooper (a giant in height and therefore called the "runt"), and Wm. R. ("Buck") Tucker, dressed in tights. Next came the "tug of war" between nine on one side and eight on the other. The victory was to the "heaviest battalion," the larger number. In the running high jump Patrick made four feet four inches and was declared victor, Smith falling not far behind him. The last run was one-tenth of a mile dash. Patrick made it in twenty-two seconds, Hedrick in twenty-one.

        The mode of spending Christmas vacation by the students who remained on the Hill depended on the taste of the participants. In 1886 there was an enjoyable time, especially as there were six or eight visiting ladies. The weather more nearly resembled spring than winter, with no ice, or sleet, or snow. The turkeys were fat, the confections and cake delicious, the presents appropriate, the boys gallant, the girls lovely. The first event was a grand bonfire by President Battle in Battle Park, the flames rising above the tall trees and giving peculiar weird effects in the forest. In the midst a group of wild looking young men rushed with a whoop through the undergrowth, reminding one of the stories of painted Indians assailing a peaceful company. After they had gazed at the flames for a season, the red light reflected curiously from their eyes and rosy cheeks, a shriek was heard and they disappeared as they had come. The next night the "boys" got up a bonfire of their own. Brushwood, kerosene barrels, goods boxes, were piled high on the athletic field, saturated with oil and ignited. When the flames were at their height, rockets

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and Roman candles enlivened the scene, while the students joined in gay impromptu dances, found in no Terpsichorean annals.

        Then at the dwelling of Mrs. Thompson a masquerade party was held the last night of the old year. The ladies wore sheets enveloping the body, pillow slips covering the face and tied in a knot over the top of the head, and white stockings over their shoes. The gentlemen were similarly dressed, so that mistakes were numerous and amusing.

        A mock court trial was had in order to banish dull care. President Battle presided. H. W. Rice was sheriff, Claudius Dockery clerk; Riddle, assisted by Edmund Alexander and W. Reece, appeared for the State; Sol. Weill and C. Johnston for the defendants. R. L. Cooper and G. B. Patterson were the defendants, charged with making hideous noises with a brass band on the night of December 31st. They pleaded not guilty, of course. The witnesses were Professor Gore, on the theory of music; Dr. Kluttz, as a medical expert on the effects of horrible noises on the human system; Professor Atkinson, who was then courting the lady whom he afterwards married, on the effects of a baneful serenade, when the lover is "popping the question"; another witness told of the removal of an opossum from the Zoölogical Garden of the University, probably by the defendants. The lawyers then made their speeches. Those for the defense admitted the presence of the prisoners in the noise but claimed that there was no "criminal intent," that the intent was to please the ladies. They were found guilty and fined a penny and costs. The audience was well pleased with the efforts of the young disciples of Themis.

        As a rule the students behaved at their boarding houses as gentlemen should. People who came in contact with them praised them highly. Occasionally one would forget himself. We had a stalwart landlady as strong as a man. Once a student jocularly threw a biscuit at another; she deliberately walked to his seat, gave him a box on the ear, and ordered him to leave the room; he obeyed, but afterwards begged her pardon and was readmitted. The same lady applied to Professor Winston,

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whom on account of the disparity of their ages she called by his Christian name, to write for her a letter of recommendation for the position of postmistress. With great gravity he wrote the President to the effect that the dignity of the United States demanded that decency and order should be observed in public offices, and that he knew of no one more capable of excluding violence and bad conduct than this lady, with much more of similar import, but not a word showing her capacity for the office. He read to her what he had written. She was immensely pleased. She did not see that he was laughing at her. Looking at him with admiring eyes, with coy deprecation, she said, "Now! George, you know I ain't all that." Thus George got out of his difficulty with flying colors. She was the identical lady whom he escorted to the ball supper twenty years before, one hundred and ninety pounds protected by one hundred pounds!

        In 1886 there was at the University a remarkable case of kleptomania, or at any rate of wholesale stealing. I call the thief Latro, though he was not a latro but a fur. He was an elderly student, probably thirty years old. Although his last residence was in a distant State, he was a native of North Carolina, and brought a certificate from the commissioners of the county in which he lived until past maturity that his character was good and that he was entitled to free tuition. He stated that he had accumulated some hundreds of dollars by teaching and that he would pursue an elective course, as long as he had funds with which to board and clothe himself.

        For three years his conduct seemed exemplary and he was called by the students "Father Latro." He read good books--at any rate he accumulated them--by borrowing or purloining from the library or individuals. The studies he elected were of a philosophical or political nature. His class standing was good but he stood no examinations, stating that he was not an applicant for a degree. His attendance on religious duties was frequent and devout. He attached himself to the Presbyterian Church, becoming a regular communicant. This did not prevent his attendance on other churches. He gained

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credit for extraordinary piety by asking the Baptist minister for his benefit to change the evening of his prayer meeting, so as not to conflict with other religious duties. Finding a vacant room in the Old East near his own he made it into a rough closet into which he never permitted any one to look.

        The first suspicion of his honesty came from his helping himself to peaches near the wall of a Professor at night. A student gave a bogus alarm and Latro tumbled from the wall, gaining a sprained ankle in the effort to escape from threatened pistol balls. One of the students wrote for the University Magazine a neat poetical narrative of this episode:


                         But yesterday I surveyed him well,
                         A meekness in his deep gray eyes did dwell;
                         A gentle innocence did around him play,
                         His cheeks did yield to modest blushes' sway. * * * * *


                         Thought I, sooner would the rose be foul,
                         The nightingale sing like the owl,
                         The swan adorn his wings with mud,
                         The fig tree full with thistles bud,
                         Than that this model man would do
                         A thing 'twould prove his looks untrue.


                         This morning vacant was his seat;
                         Not in chapel nor on the street.
                         "Where is L.? Where can he be?"
                         Was asked by many curiously. * * * *


                         I saw his noble brow cast down,
                         On that bright face I saw a frown. * * * *


                         A conscience hurt, an ankle sprained,
                         A good "rep" lost, a bad "rep" gained.
                         "What cruel fate, if fates there be,
                         Hath heaped this injury on thee?"
                         "I blush to tell the tale," quoth he,
                         "For all the blame doth lie on me.
                         Ask that little imp of evil,
                         That little grandson of the devil,
                         That whispered in my ear the thought,
                         'Peaches stolen are better than bought.'
                         Ask of the tree, the high peach tree,

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                         Whose luscious fruit so tempted me. * * * *


                         Ask of the ground, hard stony ground,
                         Where my impression may be found. * * * *


                         These will tell you better than I,
                         How, and when, and where, and why,
                         I was so afflicted by
                         This terrible calamity."

        This incident, however, did not ruin his character, as many students have a liberal definition of larceny as applied to fruit, especially growing in a Professor's garden. But soon a more grievous matter was made known. Twelve months before a Professor had lost a coat. A man who has once brushed a coat is apt to know it intimately henceforth and forever. And it so happened that the Professor's waiter saw the lamented garment on the person of the philosophical Latro. About the same time a student from a distant county lost all the money he had provided to enable him to graduate, over sixty dollars. It was stolen from his room. The loss was ruinous. It excited him greatly, but left him reason enough to argue that the man who had stolen a coat could also appropriate money. With fire in his eye he burst upon Latro and recovered his funds.

        The news coming to the President he asked two members of the Faculty to accompany him to Latro's room, make him disgorge all stolen articles and let him run away. They declined to go without a search warrant and a constable. One who had lost goods was easily induced to swear out a warrant. The search was begun during the dinner hour. Latro made no resistance. If the matter had not been so serious, if the sight of a student of this great University held for larceny had not been so pathetic and horrifying, it would have been ludicrous. In a few minutes the students came flocking in to claim their lost property, like the birds in the fable claiming their feathers. One found an overcoat, long lamented, three others pounced upon much prized watches which had mysteriously disappeared, and so came owners of umbrellas, shoes, pants, notebooks, pens, coats, vests, and other articles used by students,

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many of no value to the thief, besides books of the University and Professors. There were secured from him some sums of money besides the sixty dollars above mentioned. The Mayor, not having jurisdiction over cases of larceny, bound him over to the Superior Court in a bond of one hundred and twenty-five dollars, which he promptly paid in money to the Mayor. Forty dollars of the amount the latter lost out of his pocket, which led to the unsupported story that Latro abstracted it. This is improbable. There being no other charges against him, he was allowed to leave. As he was very uneasy for fear of punishment by the students, the President procured a policeman to escort him to the railroad station. He preferred to walk two miles from the station and board the cars there. His slinking away under the escort of an officer of the law was a sad sight.

        The President was blamed, even by certain newspapers, for not taking steps for having him sent to the penitentiary. His reply was that the University should not prosecute students confided to her charge, except in extreme cases for offenses against herself, that every opportunity was given to those injured, and that it was not for her interest to have one of her sons in the State's Prison. The University had her own punishment and that would be promptly inflicted. This punishment was expulsion, which requires the ratification of the Trustees.

        To show that the President's position was right, when the case came before the Trustees two of the best lawyers averred that Latro, in a jury trial, would have been acquitted on the plea of insanity or kleptomania. The Trustees, however, voted his expulsion and ordered his name to be stricken from the roll. To support the theory of kleptomania, it should be noted that many articles stolen were utterly valueless, like old ball tickets, and he had two vacations, with very few living in the dormitories, when he might have shipped his stealings to a distant market for sale.

        He wrote to the Presbyterian minister, Rev. Mr. Wilhelm, an account of his fall. A year or two before the discovery he saw Mr. Woodward's watch on his table, the room empty and

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the door open. The tempter entered into his head and suggested, "How uneven is the distribution of things in this world. Here I am barely able to live, while before me is a gold watch owned by a man so abounding in riches that he carelessly left this valuable article to be picked up by the first passerby. Then, too, I am desirous of marrying and have found a girl willing to marry me, but lack the means. After reflection of an hour I took the watch, hid it in a hollow stump until matters quieted down, then finding myself unsuspected, I brought it to my room. The security that I enjoyed led me to take other things and so I went down to ruin."

        He further stated that after leaving Chapel Hill he was so overwhelmed with remorse that his one idea was to get as far as possible from the scene of his crime. He remembered passing through Cincinnati and St. Louis, no other cities. Finding himself in Nebraska he realized that his clothing was too thin for the latitude and that his money was nearly spent, so he bought a ticket to Memphis. In Arkansas, while the train stopped at a sawmill station, he alighted in order to stretch his limbs. He was so abstracted by his mental torment that he allowed the train to leave him. He hired himself to the lumberman for a week to begin on Monday, that being Saturday. Next day he went to his landlady to borrow a Bible. She searched her trunk and found one at the bottom, stating that it reposed there unopened for six months after she moved out from New England. Walking to the river bank, in a secluded place, he spent the Lord's day reading His Holy Word and writing to his pastor on the back of an advertising poster. He added that his future movements would be such that none who then knew him would be able to trace him.

        One of our graduates traveling through a distant city two or three years afterwards, thought that he recognized Latro, pick in hand, working on the street. He says that he spoke to him and is confident that it was the champion thief of the University of North Carolina. Later the news came that he died suddenly in bed in a North Carolina town, to which he had come as a traveler. About $500 was found on his person, not a large sum to accumulate in eighteen years.

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ATTACKS ON THE UNIVERSITY IN 1887. THE CAMPAIGN FOR
A SEPARATE A. AND M. COLLEGE.

        After the appropriation to the University was increased to $20,000 annually, the yearly Normal School appropriation of $2,000 being diverted to four other places in the State, there was a determined effort to induce the General Assembly of 1887 to repeal or reduce the amount. Certain friends of the denominational colleges renewed the charge that means were placed in the hands of the University Trustees to establish a "big free school" and draw away all the patronage of the colleges. They clamored that the people in their impoverished state could not afford so great an addition to the taxes; that all money which could be spared should be devoted to lengthening the term of the public schools; that a State institution was necessarily irreligious, some said godless. An effort was made to force the candidates for the Legislature to pledge themselves for repeal or modification. In some few counties this move met with success.

        At the same time a formidable crusade was made, mainly by the eloquence of Colonel Leonidas L. Polk, former Commissioner of Agriculture, to take from the University the $7,500 Land Grant and give it to a new institution organized for the more practical education of the sons of farmers and mechanics than could be given at the University. Colonel Polk was possessed of a style of speaking very acceptable to his hearers and he had plausible ground for a new move. It was generally known that many States had concluded that cattle breeding, garden and orchard culture and the like could not well be gained in institutions like Harvard, Princeton, the Universities of North Carolina and Virginia, and had established separate colleges. Of course in his speeches he minimized unjustly the laboratory work of the University, but there was enough truth in his position to make the movement irresistible.

        In order to bring pressure on the Legislature a public meeting of farmers was called, composed of all whose chief income was from the soil, the call being issued by the Board of

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Agriculture, of which President Battle was a member ex officio, that is, as president of the institution holding the Land Grant. The Board requested Governor Scales and him to explain to the Convention its policy, its work in the past and intentions in the future. They did so, and were accorded a respectful hearing, with one ill-mannered interruption by a delegate, although it was evident that the friends of Colonel Polk were present by concert, and were in the majority. Later in the meeting President Battle was allowed to answer some strictures on the scientific teaching at the University. It was evident, however, that the members had come together with a prejudgment in favor of a separate institution, and that at Raleigh.

        An adjourned meeting was held in the City Hall. President Battle was fully persuaded that the movement would be successful and that ultimately it would be best for the University to surrender the fund rather than have an endless wrangle on the subject. At his instance his friends induced the Convention to ask the General Assembly to appropriate $7,500 a year to replace what was taken away. This, however, did not obtain the approval of the law makers.

        What made the new movement so readily successful was the fact that a citizen of Raleigh offered land for the establishment of the Agricultural and Mechanical College and the Board of Agriculture, by means of the tax on fertilizers, had ample funds to aid in the erection of buildings. Moreover the necessary bricks and labor were ordered to be furnished by the Penitentiary free of charge, the cost of which was not perceived by the taxpayer. Of course large sums have been appropriated since from the public treasury to the new institution, but in 1887 Members of the Legislature did not foresee this, nor was it revealed to them by those who were pushing the measure.

        After the passage of the bill reducing our income from the State from $27,500 to $20,000 the warfare on the University by no means ceased. A bill was offered in the House to reduce the appropriation to $12,500. A motion by Mr. R. A. Doughton, of Alleghany, to lay it on the table failed by a decided vote

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and the question was postponed till next day. Mr. Doughton spent the evening in interviewing some of the more liberal members of the opposition. He also reminded the leaders among the colored Members that the University Members had supported bills in which they were interested. The result was that the renewal of the motion to table was triumphantly carried by a flattering majority.

        The county student obligation was repealed, thus ending a twelve-year strife with the friends of the colleges. The University, however, was required to grant tuition to those afflicted with bodily infirmity, to ministers, candidates for the ministry, and sons of ministers, and to those preparing to be teachers, and accept secured notes from the truly indigent. Then the kind heart of the legislators was shown, validating the usage of the University, by the proviso that no indigent worthy youth should be denied admittance in consequence of inability to pay or give security. As has been shown in part and will be hereafter more fully, benefactors of the University and of the poor have provided free tuition for as many needy students as are likely to show themselves worthy of it.

        The tabling of the bill, aimed to reduce our appropriation, by a decisive majority in the House of Representatives was very important, although the Senate would have killed it by a much larger proportionate majority. The agitation against the University would have been stimulated to renewed exertion if the popular branch of the General Assembly had recorded its condemnation. As it was, the question of further reduction was never dangerously discussed afterwards.

        The attitude of Colonel Polk was clearly shown by his exultation at the creation of the Agricultural and Mechanical College. He was overheard saying to a friend in the lobby, "Now we will let Battle alone!" He kept his promise. It was not long before death claimed him. It is not thought that he had special animosity against the University, although in the heat of oratory he may have criticised harshly its practical interpretation of the Land Grant Act. In the opinion of many, if not most, judicious persons he was right in the contention that the Land Grant college should be

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separate. President Battle was and is of this opinion, but to the best of his ability he carried out the will of his Trustees in endeavoring to retain the fund. His task was a delicate one, but he managed to keep his reputation as a man of truth, although in his heart convinced that the University could never satisfy the demand for hand work and keep up its reputation for theoretical training. The difficult position in which he was placed rendered this the most unhappy time of his presidency. Although he had cause for gratulation that the determined effort to reduce the appropriation to $12,500 signally failed, in such manner as to cause all further attacks to be harmless, yet the diversion of the $7,500 Land Grant gave the appearance of defeat and caused the loss of two full professors and one associate professor.

        Governor Jarvis once, when the Board of Agriculture was assembling, complimented President Battle on his power of persuasion. A very influential Member remarked dryly, "He will need all his powers to prevent the cutting down of that $20,000. The people are dead against it." Mr. James Cheek, of Orange, when asked about the prospects, himself of course being for the University, said, "They are going to beat you." Then he waved his arm toward the eastern half of the House (Representatives), "All these men are against you." In truth, although we lost the Land Grant, the University came out of the conflict victorious. There is no doubt, however, that when the General Assembly first met, the mind of a large majority of the House at least was set on cutting down the appropriation to $12,500, if not less.

        What was the effect of the legislation in regard to the University? The loss of $7,500 a year was a serious matter but it had its compensations. (a) It relieved us of the charge that we were defrauding the farmers and mechanics, thereby creating much odium against us. (b) It enabled us to avoid the scandal of having a low standard of admission, which was necessary for those intending to pursue the "branches of learning relating to agriculture and mechanic arts." Our critics used this to support the charge that we did not have a true

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University. (c) It enabled us to develop the institution along the lines of the most approved universities--Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Princeton, without being embarrassed by the constant demand to build stables and work shops, buy prize cattle and modern machinery. (d) It relieved us of the almost impossible task of governing in harmony bodies of students of diverse training, modes of work, aims in life. (e) It left us in secure possession of $20,000 a year by way of a compromise--a wonderful gain when it is remembered that the State had never granted any annuity until 1881, and then only $5,000. Increase of the annuity was bound to come, when the good work of the University became known.

        In order to counteract the notion that the University was seriously crippled, Governor A. M. Scales, as Chairman of the Board of Trustees, and Secretary of State Wm. L. Saunders, as Secretary-Treasurer of the University, issued a circular to the people of the State. A few extracts follow:

        "It had been demonstrated by experience that there was little demand among our people for instruction in certain departments of the University, notwithstanding their importance and the efficiency and the real worth manifested by the professors in charge, and it was evidently the desire of the Legislature that certain other studies be taught at the Agricultural and Mechanical College instead of at the University. Hence in the readjustment of the work of the University the authorities have omitted the following special branches of study: Pedagogics, Ornithology, Metallurgy, Mining Engineering, Feeding and Breeding of Animals, and Practical Horticulture.

        "No diminution nor change has been made in any of the regular courses of study. * * * There are fifteen Professors and assistants.

        "A course of study extending through two years has been arranged for the special benefit of students who are unable to complete a full course; and a special course of three months is offered, each spring, to teachers who desire to extend their education.

        "The general studies of special benefit to farmers, merchants, manufacturers, and other business men have been

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grouped into a short course of two years for the benefit of students who are unable to complete a full course."

        President Battle likewise issued circulars, one giving in detail these shorter courses, another a four-page circular of information concerning the general work of the institution. As his office of member of the Board of Agriculture was on account of his being president of the institution holding the Land Grant, of course his membership expired with the transfer of the fund to the new college. On this result he greatly rejoiced, because of the suspicions and even open accusations that his votes in the Board of Agriculture were influenced by his desire to help the University. As a matter of fact it is absolutely certain that the part of the work of the Board at Chapel Hill under his immediate supervision, by Drs. Ledoux and Dabney, the Agricultural Experiment Station, was conducted with energy, wisdom and economy. Its removal to Raleigh in 1881 was for the convenience of having the work of the Board in the building which was the home of the department.

THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT OF 1887 TO THE TRUSTEES.

        President Battle's report made to the Trustees in 1887 was deemed by them of such importance that they ordered it printed and widely distributed. A synopsis of it follows:

        The President attributes the small number of students, being about the same as in 1886, a little over two hundred, to the failure of crops for three successive years, to the discontinuance of instruction in primary Latin and Greek, which had been adopted for the benefit of the Agricultural and Mechanical students, and to the persistent agitation for the partial repeal of the appropriation, making the growth of the University a matter of doubt.

        The behavior of the students has been on the whole excellent. Their refraining from threats of lynch law to average the killing of a fellow student by a negro is emphatic evidence of their respect for law.

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        Attention is then called to the increase of the Faculty and extension of the courses of instruction, and additions to the Chemical, Physical, Mineralogical, Zoölogical, and Botanical Laboratories, as well as to the museums. A Reading Room, supplied with the leading periodicals, has been thrown open for the students. A combination of the libraries of the two societies with that of the University has been effected, making a total of over 20,000 volumes, accessible every day. The Mitchell Society gives opportunity for original scientific research; the Shakespeare Club stimulates the study of English Literature, and the Historical Society the investigation into North Carolina history.

        In spite of financial depression the University has obtained an attendance of over two hundred students, larger than it had from its opening in 1795 to 1851. It has educated over five hundred poor boys and furnished hundreds of teachers. It is the parent of the Summer Normal School and led to the inauguration of graded schools in many of our towns. It has saved the State hundreds of thousands of dollars.

        The appropriation, $20,000, calls for a property tax of only five or six cents on the $1,000 value.

        For some years prior to 1861 the University brought into the State from abroad about one hundred and eighty students each year, who spent at least $100,000 annually. It kept from going into other States for higher education students who would have carried out $150,000 annually, and would have returned with a notable loss of State pride. The University of Virginia, on account of its famed law and medical schools, attracts from other States one hundred and forty-seven students each year, spending at least $90,000 annually. Princeton brings into New Jersey three hundred and fifty-eight extra-State students, spending $250,000; Yale into Connecticut seven hundred and forty-four students, spending about $600,000; Harvard into Massachusetts seven hundred and ninety-one, spending about $600,000. These figures have been largely increased since 1877. While we may not regain all our Southern patronage because of the superiority of the universities of Southern States to those prior to the Civil War, yet, if our University is allowed

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to build up a reputation for scholarship and high moral training, which it will do if properly supported, it will undoubtedly attract foreign patronage, as do the institutions named.

        Moreover, persons with large fortunes are never generous to decaying institutions. They wish to connect their names with the prosperous. Already about $60,000 have been added from private sources to the property of the State at Chapel Hill.

        Dr. Battle then quotes the Land Grant Act of 1862 and the State Act of 1867, donating the scrip to the University, and shows that it has been faithfully complied with. The interest under these laws is to be used not for farm experiments nor building barns and silos, not for erecting workshops or purchase of stock and machinery, but for teaching (1) the classics, (2) scientific studies generally, (3) military tactics, (4) branches relating to Agriculture, (5) branches relating to the Mechanic Arts: that is, not ploughing and hoeing, nor planing and sawing, but the scientific principles leading to the trades, not the trades themselves. After the student has mastered the branches of learning leading to all the pursuits of life then let him on farm or in workshop, as in a great polytechnic school, learn the skill of hand and practical details of his chosen business. This construction is that put upon the Act by Commissioner of Education, Hon. John Eaton, and by Senator Justin S. Morrill, who drew and championed the Act of 1862.*

        * The Trustees of our Agricultural and Mechanical College found themselves totally unable to do more with $7,500 a year than theoretical teaching, and have obtained from the State and the Board of Agriculture many tens of thousands of dollars to erect buildings and supply equipment for their practical work. Not a dollar was given the University for such purposes.

        The University Trustees acted with conspicuous good faith in regard to this matter. As has been said, they sent President Battle to leading Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges north of us, and on his return adopted the program which has been described. This program he explained at all the Agricultural Fairs in this State and during court weeks in as many as eighteen counties. In answer to the State Grange he replied, explaining the action adopted to carry out the will of Congress and the General Assembly. He sent copies of this letter to every member of the latter body. He afterwards, on the invitation of leading Members of the Assembly, delivered an address unfolding our construction of the Act. No adverse criticism was ever made by any legislator or officer.


        The Board of Trustees of the South Carolina College reported to the General Assembly the number of hours devoted to the study of the branches relating to Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts by the colleges of Kansas, Michigan, and Mississippi,

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viz., General Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Agricultural Chemistry, Botany, Physiology, Zoölogy, Entomology, Anatomy, Geology, Mineralogy, Physics, Meteorology, Mechanics, Horticulture, Economic Entomology, Agriculture, Political Economy, Business Law. These colleges were chosen because they were not connected with any other institution and are regarded as being successful. Yet the University of North Carolina had 1,840 hours for each session devoted to the foregoing studies, while Kansas had 1,115, Michigan 1,463, and Mississippi 1,295. North Carolina gave nearly fifty per cent more instruction in Agricultural and Mechanical branches each year than Mississippi, about twenty-five per cent more than Michigan, about sixty per cent more than Kansas.

        The University has been able to give signal benefit to poor young men. We have at least one hundred with hands brown with toil--some cooking for themselves, others hiring their own cooks but furnishing their own provisions, some having county appointments free of tuition, others giving notes--with threadbare clothes, in the coldest weather without greatcoats, hovering over scanty fires, but with the flames of noble resolution burning in their breasts. There is one whose left arm was withered in infancy, who left his mother's roof at twenty years of age as a farm laborer at six dollars per month, then taught an humble school and, hearing of the kindness of the University to the poor, made his way to Chapel Hill. He was entitled to free tuition from bodily infirmity. Amid great privations he spent a few months in hard study. When the spring sun rose he started on his travels on foot on the thankless, but most honorable, business of a book agent. He returned in the fall with his hard earned gains. He is still at his studies, supporting himself by vacation work. He authorized his name to be given, L. W. Lynch, of Rutherford.

        Another case is that of a young man of Burke County, W. G. Randall, whose graduating speech at the University met with unusual applause. Bishop Lyman, being struck with the merit of his drawings, procured admission for him in the New

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York Academy of Design. He won rapid promition and was appointed instructor of drawing in a city school.

        Dr. Winston told the Teachers' Assembly at Black Mountain that an honored teacher then present, Mr. Bonner, of Beaufort, had lived at Chapel Hill on four dollars per month. Mr. Bonner arose and said, "I am sorry to correct my former teacher, but he is mistaken. I lived on three dollars and forty cents a month."

        Mr. Turlington, an excellent citizen of Johnston County, father of the Johnston County Superintendent of Schools, who was then one of our students, came to President Battle one Saturday afternoon when the sun was about two hours high and said, "I have come by private conveyance to get a teacher for our school at Elevation. I must start home by sunset. You must get me a teacher." Dr. Battle took him to the Methodist Church where a very worthy student was sweeping out the church, of which he was sexton. He said, "I can not go, as I wish to graduate, but perhaps you can get Bonner." "Where can Bonner be found?" "This being Saturday afternoon, you will probably find him at work in the Chemical Laboratory." So it proved, and in five minutes a bargain was struck and on Monday Bonner was on his way to his new field of labor. This young man, thus at work at a time usually given up to sport, was the teacher who interrupted Dr. Winston at the Teachers' Assembly.

        The student who on Saturday afternoon, instead of shouting on the baseball ground, was sweeping out the Methodist Church, was William A. Betts, who a year or two after graduation repaid his Deems' Fund loan with interest and added a sum, large for a young preacher, to help other borrowers. He is now an honored preacher in the Methodist Church in Florida.

        In order to show that neither party nor poverty are hindrances at the University President Battle states that once, on visiting the Dialectic Society, of the seven officers in sight the president and four others were Republicans, although the Democrats were in a large majority.

        When the Land Scrip Act of 1862 was passed twenty-four

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States donated their share to universities and colleges already in existence, as North Carolina did. Fourteen States established separate institutions but either States, counties, towns or individuals gave large sums as conditions precedent. A few instances are given: Alabama gave $75,000, Arkansas $170,000 Iowa $500,000, Kentucky $110,000, Maryland $100,000, Massachusetts $656,000, Texas $212,000, Virginia $100,000, and North Carolina gave nothing except the site of the University, not a dollar for equipment. And yet we were blamed for not giving practical instruction in farming and mechanics!

        The Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College is held up as an instance of great success, and justly so, but not on the lines of the University. An inspection of their catalogues shows that the majority of its students are boys and girls pursuing ordinary school studies. Of the remainder, more than half are Freshmen whose studies are far lower than those of the corresponding class in our University. The tuition is free except to nonresidents, and they pay only twenty-five dollars yearly. The college allows the students eight cents an hour for their work, the State thus paying much of their board. The Legislature, as stated, gave the college $207,000 for buying lands, erecting buildings, etc., and pays the college $30,000 per annum and all receipts of the farm.

        Again, it was mentioned in a newspaper to the disadvantage of this institution that the University of Arkansas had much larger numbers. An inspection of the catalogue shows that there had been counted the upper classes of the graded school of Fayetteville, about twenty girls studying what was called "art," residents of the town, and about two hundred negro medical students in a college over a hundred miles away. There were but one hundred and twenty-five real students in the list.

        If this institution had adopted similar standards and pursued similar policies it could have boasted of numbers. No reflection is intended. The college is doing a useful and valuable work, but is not doing the work of the University of North Carolina. This University is doing a most useful and valuable work but it ought not to confine itself to agricultural and mechanical teaching.

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        The Commencement of 1887, after the non-public society meetings on Tuesday night, was ushered in by the address of Hon. John Goode, of Norfolk, Virginia, chosen by the Philanthropic Society. He was introduced by one of the members, Robert F. Burwell. Mr. Goode spoke eloquently of the greatness of the age. Daniel Webster said that he lived longer than Methuselah, because he had seen more. What immense progress since Webster died! While emphasizing our loyalty to the Union, we should be proud of our past. Have no sympathy with those who would exalt the "New South," as it is flippantly called, by detracting from the just fame of the old South.

        The orator was strong in his praise of Industrial Education. "The achievements of the inventor are permanent. * * * They flow on in a perennial and an undying stream, and influence the most distant posterity. The humblest millwright has done more than all the kings that lie in the catacombs of Egypt. The invention of the reaper is more a blessing to mankind than the achievements of the warriors." He also pressed the importance of high character in public and private life.

        The Baccalaureate Sermon was preached by Rev. Joseph R. Wilson, D.D., Professor of Theology of the Southwestern Presbyterian University at Clarksville, Tennessee, father of Dr. Woodrow Wilson, late President of Princeton University. It was a sermon "full of meat," the subject being "True Greatness." He drew a picture of the truly great man. The greatest man is he whose reliance on truth is most unfaltering. No life is the highest that conveys no blessings to other lives. Christ is the king and kinsman, the benefactor and brother of all. The preacher knew a man in the mountains of Virginia who lived for others, totally unselfish, Godlike. Contrast his life with that of Lord Byron, brilliant but vicious, egotistical. Lasting greatness is only goodness.

        On Wednesday night the representatives of the societies delivered original speeches. Lee Crowell's subject was "The Utility of Beauty"; Hansen M. Murphy spoke on "Leadership in America"; Logan Douglass Howell on "The Spirit of the Age"; Junius R. Parker on "Rebounds"; O. D. Batchelor on

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"The Reformer"; and John A. Hendricks on "The Death Penalty."

        The Representative Medal, given by the two societies, was awarded by a committee to Mr. Batchelor.

        The Trustees had met in the afternoon. They decided to give an assistant to Professors Hume and Winston, to teach some of the lower classes and to correct exercises, to be appointed by the Professor in charge and the President.

        Of the Visiting Committee Messrs. J. L. Stewart, J. S. Carr, and William H. Chadbourn were present, but made no official report at that time.

SPEECHES OF GRADUATES.

        Nearly all of Thursday was occupied by the speeches of graduates. The program runs: "The Mystery of Nature," by D. Tate Wilson; "Russia's Position in Europe," by W. S. Wilkinson; "Bismarck," by H. F. Shaffner; "The Merit System Versus Spoils," by W. H. McDonald; "The Ideal Teacher and His Social Influence," by Claude F. Smith; "Our Social Dangers and Their Remedies," by A. M. Simmons; "American Citizenship," by Claudius Dockery, the Philosophical Oration; "Progress in Conservatism," by Louis M. Bourne; "Individuality," by J. F. McIver; "The Influence of Ideals," by Richard N. Hackett; "The Slavery of Freedom," by Robert G. Grissom, the Scientific Oration; "The Failure of Republics," by W. H. McNeill; "The Foreign Element in American Life," by Jacob C. Johnson; "The Makers of Our State," by Vernon W. Long; "The Transition Period," by Henry R. Starbuck; "The Scientific Spirit," by Lucius P. McGehee; "Our Best Inheritance," by Haywood Parker.

        Of the above Mr. Starbuck was absent on account of the death of his father. Besides these, five candidates for the Bachelor's degree were allowed to submit theses without speaking, viz., Joseph H. Baker, Jr., on "Ancient Speculations in Natural Science"; Robert T. Burwell on "Hear the Other Side"; Joseph A. Morris on "Petrovich in America"; James McGuire on "The Rights of Labor and of Capital"; and William R. Tucker on "The Spirit of British Eloquence."

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        Lucius Polk McGehee was declared to be Valedictorian, attaining an average in all his studies of over ninety-five. Claudius Dockery attained the highest general average in the Ph.B. course, which was above ninety, and was voted the Philosophical Oration. Robert G. Grissom attained the highest general average in the Scientific course, which was above ninety, and was voted the Scientific Oration.

        For the degree of Master of Arts, Samuel B. Turrentine passed the requisite studies and submitted an approved thesis on "Affiliation of Roman and Greek History." Stephen Beauregard Weeks also fulfilled the requirements and presented a treatise on the "Chester Mysteries."

        Herbert Bemerton Battle attained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). His subject was "Agricultural Chemistry and Geology."

        The Mangum Medal for Oratory was awarded to Louis M. Bourne, his subject being, as said, "Progress in Conservatism." The ideal standard of government can only be reached through liberal conservatism. Our recent war was the result of extreme Southern conservatism, not the result of rashness.

        The Bachelor of Arts graduates were in number thirteen, the Bachelor of Philosophy graduates were eight, there was one Bachelor of Science, a total of twenty-two.

        Bourne, Burwell, Johnson, Long, McDonald, McIver, Morris, Parker, Shaffner, Simmons, Smith, Starbuck, Wilkinson, and Wilson graduated cum laude. Dockery and Grissom magna cum laude, and McGehee maxima cum laude. Medals and prizes were won as follows:

  • MATHEMATICAL PRIZE--William M. Little.
  • GREEK PRIZE--William James Battle.
  • CHEMISTRY MEDAL--Robert Gilliam Grissom.
  • WORTH PRIZE--Lucius Polk McGehee.
  • MAGAZINE MEDAL--M. W. Egerton.
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    SPECIAL CERTIFICATES:

  • In MATHEMATICS to William Myers Little, Lucius Polk McGehee, Delonza Tate Wilson.
  • In LATIN to Lucius Polk McGehee.
  • In CHEMISTRY to Robert Gilliam Grissom, Henry Fries Shaffner.
  • In NATURAL PHILOSOPHY to Robert Turnbull Burwell, Claudius Dockery, Robert Gilliam Grissom, Lucius Polk McGehee.

        Some of the graduates of 1887 have achieved notable success in life. Bourne has a large practice as a lawyer in Asheville, as has his partner, Parker. McGehee has written a law book of great merit, and was co-editor of a Law Encyclopædia. He is an able Professor of Law in this University, and Dean of the department. Morris is a skillful physician; Grissom an able man of business; Simmons lost his eyesight, but continued his law practice and published a book of merit; Smith stands high as an Episcopal clergyman; Starbuck has been a much esteemed Judge, and is an able lawyer; Wilkinson is a successful insurance agent; Burwell a prosperous man in New Orleans; Dockery is United States Marshal; Shaffner, cashier of a bank and trust company.

        The Honorary Degree of Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) was granted to Rev. John Backus, of Brooklyn, N. Y., and Rev. L. C. Vass, of New Bern, eminent divines, the first of the Baptist and the second of the Presbyterian Church.

        The Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) was granted to Hon. Joseph J. Davis, a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State; to Morris H. Henry, M.D., an eminent physician of New York; to the Right Reverend Theodore B. Lyman, Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in North Carolina, and to Hunter McGuire, distinguished surgeon, of Richmond, Virginia.

        William M. Little was Chief Marshal.

        The Ball was pronounced to be the best conducted and most orderly of any on record. The credit for this was given to the tact and firmness of the chief manager, Frank M. Parker, Jr.

        In 1886-'87 the changes in the Faculty were few. Eben Alexander, Ph.D., a graduate of Yale, Professor of Greek and Chairman of the Faculty of the University of Tennessee, became

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Professor of the Greek Language and Literature. James Lee Love, in addition to his other duties, became Librarian and Secretary of the Faculty. Professor Gore retained the Registrarship. Joseph A. Morris and John F. McIver were Student Librarians.

EVENTS OF 1887-'88.

        An effort was made to place the University Magazine on a safe basis, the subscription list having dwindled to insignificance. The cause of this was in part irregular management, sometimes whole issues not being distributed. The new plan was to make the journal independent of subscriptions. There were two editors, from each of the literary societies, and two from the Faculty, who were to be chiefs of staff. The societies and the University were to receive one hundred copies each gratis. The University and the societies contributed to the cost $100 each. There were to be six issues per annum and the price was one dollar a copy.

        On University Day, October 12th, there was a scholarly historical address on the career of William Richardson Davie, the Father of the University, by Hon. Alfred D. Jones, of the Class of 1878. He dwelt especially on the services rendered by Davie in casting the vote of North Carolina, then one of the large States, to give the small States equal weight in the Senate. He was likewise a signal benefactor to his country in 1798, as one of the Commissioners to France, in averting a war with that country.

        President Battle followed by reading to the audience the last letter written by Davie before repairing to his home in South Carolina. It was his parting advice to the Trustees of the University in regard to its management and contains many wise precepts. He was especially severe in commenting on the "uppishness," (to use a word of modern coinage), of young men under age adopting the slang engendered by the French Revolutionary times, and prating about the rights of man, the inalienable right of resistance to tyranny, and such "bigoty" phrases.

        Mr. Jones' career after the triumph of this day was brief and

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deplorable. After being appointed Consul to Shanghai in 1893 it was his sad fate to die in that distant city before actively entering on his duties. The State lost an excellent citizen and the University a cherished son. He was a descendant of one of the early Trustees and Senators of Wake, Nathaniel Jones, of "White Plains," and of Daniel W. Courts, A.B., 1823, long State Treasurer. His father, Wesley Jones, was United States Marshal and State Senator and Commoner, while he himself was a leader in the Legislature.

        Col. Alfred Moore Waddell, by invitation, in October read an interesting paper before the Mitchell Society on the probable settlement of our coasts by the Norsemen prior to the sailing of Columbus. His essay was bright and plausible and his delivery graceful and in excellent taste.

        Later Colonel Waddell read in his usual charming manner a paper on Shakespeare's knowledge of law as shown in numberless passages. Although some may conclude that the great poet knew of law about as much as any intelligent man in our days can pick up from the newspaper accounts of court proceedings, serving on juries, and conversation with members of the bar, we were forced to admit the skill with which the speaker handled his authorities.

        On the 22d of February, 1888, Henry Johnston, of Tarboro, delivered the oration. It won for him the reputation of a large brain and rare literary powers.

        Professor Toy having been severely injured by a fall from a runaway horse, Mr. Hans Schmidt-Wartenburg was elected to take temporary charge of French and German. He proved to be remarkably well versed in the studies of his department and very acceptable to his classes. There was general regret that the state of our finances did not justify us in retaining him by the offer of another chair.

        The thanks of the Faculty were voted to Dr. Wm. B. Phillips for rearranging and relabelling the Vienna collection of minerals, and for his generously adding to the collection from his private hoards.

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        The Senior Class of 1888 held its Class Day exercises on April 24. At the opening of the fall term of the preceding year there was a meeting for organization. Wm. Myers Little was chosen President, Malvern Hill Palmer, Secretary, and Francis Marion Harper, Treasurer. Gold headed canes and silk hats were adopted, the class cup decided upon, and a committee appointed to procure a class tree. Mr. W. J. Armfield, president of the National Bank of High Point, saved the committee the trouble of investigation by presenting to the class a Norway spruce (Picea Excelsa). The donor's letter was gracefully expressed. Two sentences are quoted. "This species of tree illustrates an excellent type by which to fashion your career in life. A broad base, with wide extending, symmetrical branches, towering majestically, its foliage ever fresh and green and flourishing, when nurtured 'neath sunny skies, or where nature presents herself in more rugged and repellant form." A vote of thanks was given to the donor. It is sad to note that this tree, beginning its Chapel Hill life under such auspices, lingered for several years and then succumbed to its natural enemies.

        At one o'clock on the 24th, the class, with the President and Marshal in front, entered Memorial Hall to a spirited march rendered by the Raleigh String Band. This program interspersed with music was duly rendered:

  • I. Oration by Oliver D. Batchelor.
  • II. History by William James Battle.
  • III. Poem by Charles G. Foust.
  • IV. Prophecies by St. Clair Hester.
  • V. Address by President William M. Little.

        An anecdote told by the historian, W. J. Battle, and a few statements from his history may be of interest. Professor Winston gave the class an extended written entrance examination in Latin. One of his questions was, "What are the principal parts of capio? Ditto, tango?" One bright youth wrote capio, capere, cepi, captum. Ditto, dittare, dittavi, dittatum.

        In the Freshman year the class numbered eighty. Of these all but thirteen left during their course, but six were added after the first year, so that there were nineteen graduates.

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        Of the class there were ten Dialectics and nine Philanthropics. In church preferences there were eleven Methodists, five Episcopalians, one Presbyterian, one Disciple, and one undecided. One minister, five lawyers, two physicians, two journalists, two teachers, one banker, one chemist, one farmer, and four undecided made up the future professions of the class. The ages of the members ranged from seventeen to twenty-six; the weight from one hundred and twenty-eight to one hundred and eighty-five pounds. Of those who left the University before graduation eleven were teachers. The rest were doing well. Several of those who left joined lower classes.

        The class poem, by Charles G. Foust, had real merit. It was the story of a girl in Randolph County, Naomi Wise, who was enamored of Nathan Lewis, betrayed under promise of immediate marriage, and drowned by her lover in Deep River. He was pursued, carried to Naomi's side and, losing his reason, killed himself. An extract is given:


                         With measured step he neared her side;
                         His brow grew swarthy, wild his eye.
                         As down he bent and stroked her brow,
                         Swift furies around him closed
                         And laughed with murderous glee.
                         A deep black scowl, a maniac's howl,
                         His earthly end shall be.


                         Down, down the side of the chasm wide,
                         He took the awful leap.
                         But ne'er was drowned the maniac sound
                         Of that last piercing shriek;
                         The cry long rings on whirling winds,
                         Then dies into a moan,
                         To tell that crime in every clime
                         Has only death for its own.

        The prophecies by St. Clair Hester were droll and piquant. They were intended to amuse the students and succeeded admirably.

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        The President in his speech called attention to the opportunities and responsibilities of his classmates:


                         We are living, we are dwelling,
                         In a grand and awful time,
                         In an age or ages telling--
                         To be living is sublime.
Our opportunities have been greater than are those of the majority. May we all meet them fairly and honestly--in view of our responsibility to ourselves, to our country and our God.

        The exercises closed with a beautiful ode by Mrs. C. P. Spencer, written expressly for the class, to the tune of "Annie Laurie."


                         Fair shines the rosy morning,
                         And fairer omens wait
                         To bless with cheerful warning
                         The boys of "eighty-eight."


                         All hail to eighty-eight,
                         And hail our festal day,
                         Whose memories, sweet and tender.
                         Will fill our hearts for aye.


                         This gray old haunt of sages,
                         With generous, open door,
                         And bright, illumined pages,
                         Will know us soon no more.


                         Will see us here no more.
                         But for many and many a day,
                         May her light be brightly burning,
                         And her name renowned for aye.


                         Brothers! we part tomorrow,
                         Each to his duty's call,
                         Each to the joy or sorrow
                         Our Father sends to all.


                         Whate'er He sends to all,
                         Let naught the march delay;
                         The path grows clear and clearer
                         That leads us home for aye.

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                         Clasp hands, dear friends, at parting,
                         In Faith and Hope and Love;
                         Press back the teardrop starting,
                         Adieu to Hill and Grove.


                         Adieu to Hill and Grove,
                         Where yet we fain would stay,
                         Where our sweetest thoughts will linger
                         And our love remains for aye.

        After the class exercises came an amusing presentation of bogus medals, such as the "Ugly Man's," the "Dude's," the recipients selected generally on the principle of lucus a non lucendo, though sometimes real sarcasm was intended. All was taken in good humor.

        At night there was a dance in the Gymnasium, at which were present many of the belles of the State.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1888.

        The Commencement of 1888 was the ninety-second. The weather was lovely and the attendance was very good. The number of alumni at the society meetings was unusually large.

        On Wednesday morning Chief Justice Walter Clark delivered the Annual Address, having been chosen by the Philanthropic Society. Since then he has been elected Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of this State. He gave counsel of inestimable value, describing the great possibilities before young men and their corresponding duties. He then mentioned some of the great questions which must be rightly solved or our civilization will be destroyed--the accumulation of enormous wealth, the immense power that this wealth gives, the formation of trusts and the nullifying the laws of supply and demand, the control of elections, the creation of communists and anarchists. But the Judge believed that the people would find a remedy.

        In closing he exhorted the young men to imitate the great men of the University. One class has four in consecutive order, Pettigrew, Pool, Ransom, and Scales. The alumni are a long array of men worthy to be revered and followed. "By faithful, complete and perfect performance of duty, you can be useful

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in your day and generation and shall conquer from the eternal silence something that shall last and which will speak for you when your lips are dumb--the memory and influence of a life nobly spent in the faithful performance of duty."

        After the address the Alumni Association was called together by Hon. P. C. Cameron, who gave way to the new President, Col. Walter L. Steele. Mr. Josephus Daniels was elected Secretary, Mr. Robert G. Grissom, Treasurer, and five vice-presidents were chosen. Committees were appointed to arrange for reunions at the charter centennial in 1889, and to effect local organizations throughout the country, wherever the alumni were sufficiently numerous.

        The sermon of Rev. Dr. Wayland Hoyt, pastor of the Memorial Baptist Church of Philadelphia, was in the afternoon. The text was "Have Salt in Yourselves," and the sermon was filled with sound instruction, eloquently and feelingly conveyed. His theme was "The Right Uses of the Salt of Culture." "To win great success continuous and religious work through life is necessary. True culture is Godward."

        The exercises of Wednesday night were, as usual, interesting, being original speeches by representatives chosen by the societies locally known as the "Representative speaking." Their names and subjects are as follows: "Grido di Dolore," by George S. Wills; "Poetry and Progress," by John S. Hill; "Truth in History," by W. T. Whitsett; "North Carolina's Need of a History," by S. M. Blount; "Art in Relation to Character," by Hunter L. Harris; "The Status of Southern Women," by Thomas A. Cox; "Life Out of Death," by M. W. Egerton, and "Heroism," by Daniel J. Currie. Messrs. Wills, Blount, Harris, and Cox were Philanthropics, the others Dialectics. The committee of alumni awarded the medal to Mr. Egerton.

        Thursday was the great day. It was Commencement proper. The citizens of the county came in numbers so great that their horses and vehicles covered the part of the Campus south of Memorial Hall. At ten o'clock a long procession of officers, alumni, students, and eminent visitors marched to the Chapel,

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uncovering their heads as they passed the Caldwell Monument. Then came music by the band and the opening prayer. Original speeches by the graduates followed. Eugene Morehead Armfield spoke on "Southern Literature"; Henry Watson Lewis on "Faith and Freedom"; Thomas J. Eskridge on "Rome in America"; William E. Headen on "The Cost of Culture"; Francis M. Harper on "The Revolution of Thought," this being the Philosophical Oration; Robert Lee Smith on "The Crisis of English Freedom"; Hayne Davis on "The Idol of Our Age"; William James Battle on "The Early Settlers of North Carolina--a Vindication," this being the Classical Oration; St. Clair Hester on "Religious Liberalism"; Charles G. Foust on "The Failure of Success"; W. J. B. Dail on "The Balance Sheet of North Carolina"; Oliver Douglas Batchelor on "Social Ideals"; Malvern Hill Palmer on "The Citizen of the World"; William Myers Little (Valedictorian) on "The Young Man's Problem"; E. P. Withers on "The Coming Revolution."

        The following theses were submitted but not read publicly: A. Braswell, Jr., on "North Carolina--Her Material Advantages"; Luther Bell Edwards on "The Netherlands and Their Leader"; Maxcy L. John on "The Danger of an Unrestricted Press"; Benoni Thorp on "Raleigh and American Colonization." There was one thesis by a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Stephen Beauregard Weeks, on "The Maid of France and Schiller Versus Shakespeare."

        The committee on the speaking awarded the Mangum Medal to Mr. Batchelor. They also especially commended St. Clair Hester, E. P. Withers, F. M. Harper, and T. J. Eskridge.

        The names of those obtaining Degrees in Course may be found in the Appendix.

        
Bachelors of Arts (A.B.) 9
Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.) 6
Bachelors of Science (B.S.) 4
Bachelor of Law 1
Total 20

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        The members of this class have had a good average of success. Armfield died in 1909, after having been a thriving banker, and after giving $5,000 to the University for scholarships; Batchelor is a successful lawyer in Virginia; Battle is Dean of the University of Texas and Professor of Greek; Davis has been secretary of the American Branch of the International Arbitration Tribunal, and is a lawyer in New York; Edwards is a Superintendent of Graded Schools of repute; Foust is a thriving lumberman in Texas; Harper is Superintendent of the Graded Schools of Raleigh, very prominent as an educator; John is a successful lawyer; Smith was a prominent teacher, has been in the Legislature from Stanly, and is now a lawyer; Withers has a high reputation as a lawyer and Assemblyman in Virginia; Dail is a teacher; Eskridge is a Methodist minister in Tennessee; Drew an able lawyer in Florida; Hester is rector of one of the principal Episcopal Churches in Brooklyn, New York; Headen a leading physician in Beaufort; H. W. Lewis a successful lawyer and business man in New Jersey; Little has been Consul to a Central American city and is a lawyer of repute. Thorp and Palmer died early.

        The Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) was conferred on Theodore B. Kingsbury, alumnus of 1848, editor of the Wilmington Star and afterwards of the Messenger, an author and an accomplished scholar; on Bishop E. R. Hendricks of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and Judge Robert P. Dick, late of the Supreme Court of North Carolina, then Judge of the United States District Court, a graduate of 1841.

        The degree of Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) was conferred on Rev. Samuel Rothrock, of the Lutheran Church.

        In the Bachelor of Arts course W. M. Little graduated maxima cum laude. Those magna cum laude were O. D. Batchelor, W. J. Battle, and Hayne Davis. Those cum laude were E. M. Armfield, L. B. Edwards, St. Clair Hester, H. W. Lewis, and W. E. Headen. Those in the Bachelor of Philosophy course were F. M. Harper and E. P. Withers magna cum laude; Charles G. Foust, Malvern H. Palmer, and Robert L. Smith cum laude. Those obtaining Bachelor of Science

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(B.S.) were A. Braswell, Jr., W. J. B. Dail, Thomas J. Eskridge, and Benoni Thorp, all cum laude. There was one Bachelor of Laws (B.L.), Frank Drew.

        Special mention was made of Robert Lee Uzzell, who had pursued a two years postgraduate course in English and the Modern Languages. The Worth prize went to E. P. Withers; the Greek prize to G. P. Howell; the Mathematical prize to Alexander McIver, Jr.; the Chemistry medal to Benoni Thorp; the prize for an essay on Education in North Carolina to John S. Hill; the winners of the Mangum and Representative medals have been mentioned.

        Special Certificates were granted as follows:

  • LATIN--E. M. Armfield, Wm. J. Battle, Hayne Davis, L. D. Howell, W. S. Roberson, T. W. Valentine, C. A. Webb.
  • GREEK--W. J. Battle, St. Clair Hester, C. A. Webb.
  • ENGLISH--St. Clair Hester.
  • CHEMISTRY--Benoni Thorp.
  • NATURAL PHILOSOPHY--T. J. Eskridge, W. M. Little.
  • NORMAL COURSE--W. T. Whitsett.
  • COURSE IN AGRICULTURE--J. S. Holmes.
  • NORMAL INSTRUCTION--W. T. Whitsett.

    THE HONORS:

  • VALEDICTORY ORATION--William Myers Little.
  • CLASSICAL ORATION--William James Battle.
  • PHILOSOPHICAL ORATION--Francis Marion Harper.
  • LATIN PRIZE--George Pierce Howell.
  • GREEK PRIZE--Alexander McIver, Jr.
  • MATHEMATICAL MEDAL--Daniel Johnson Currie.
  • CHEMISTRY MEDAL--Benoni Thorp.
  • WORTH PRIZE--Eugene Percival Withers.
  • REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL--Montraville Walker Egerton.
  • MANGUM MEDAL--Oliver Douglas Batchelor.

        At the private meeting of the two societies in the Philanthropic Hall the debater's medal was won by Logan D. Howell, the essayist's by H. G. Wood, the declaimer's by Shepard Bryan. In the Dialectic the debater's medal was won by E. P. Withers, the essayist's by D. J. Currie, and the declaimer's by J. Spottswood Taylor.

        In 1887-'88 Professor Love's title was changed to Associate

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Professor. Claudius Dockery, Ph.B., was made the Instructor in Latin, and Stephen B. Weeks, A.M., Instructor in English. Victor S. Bryant and St. Clair Hester were Society Librarians.

DEATH OF DR. PHILLIPS.

        On April 10, 1889, occurred a death full of pathos. Rev. Charles Phillips, D.D., LL.D., ten years before, as has been told, felt that it was his duty to resign active work in the University, and was made Professor Emeritus. When his father, Dr. James Phillips, came from Harlem in New York to fill the Chair of Mathematics, Charles was a boy four years old. He grew up under the shadow of the University and graduated one of the first honor men of his class in 1841. Many of his friends regretted that he did not confine his studies to Mathematics. He would have become a renowned specialist in that line. While none of his sons inherited his mathematical talent and taste, one, Dr. Wm. B. Phillips, is Director of the University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, another, Rev. Dr. Alexander L. Phillips, is General Agent of the Presbyterian Church, South, for the conduct of Sunday Schools. Dr. Charles Phillips' sister, Mrs. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, attained much reputation as a writer of letters and lyrics, and his brother, Samuel Field Phillips, was one of the ablest lawyers of the country and was for twelve years Solicitor-General of the United States. His father, Rev. Dr. James Phillips, long Professor of Mathematics in this University, has already been described. One of his daughters, Mrs. Lucy Phillips Russell, has been Dean of the Presbyterian College (for girls) at Charlotte. He is buried in the chapel Hill Cemetery. A marble slab in the Presbyterian Church commemorates his successful labors in procuring its erection.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1889.

        The Commencement of 1889 is distinguished as being the centennial of the granting of the charter. Messrs. John Manning, Geo. T. Winston, and J. W. Gore were a committee of the Faculty to make the proper arrangements. In order to

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insure a full attendance it was promised that the occasion would not be used for bringing pressure on the alumni for pecuniary donations. It was thought that the revival of affectionate feelings towards Alma Mater and towards one another would bring the institution more abundant returns than could be attained from pockets or check books. Besides there are sensitive natures, of great influence in their neighborhoods but poor in purse, who are mortified in gatherings when others are showering gifts while they must hold their hands. The committee were complimented on the thoroughness and good taste of their arrangements.

        The Baccalaureate Sermon was by Bishop W. W. Duncan, of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The text was Matthew 20:20-28. Seldom do such sermons have as true, practical, godly wisdom as his. At night he preached in the new Methodist Church. There was a debt of $800 on the building. A subscription was taken up, the amount raised, and the church dedicated.

        The Class Day exercises of 1889 were held in Memorial Hall, June 4th. Logan Douglass Howell was President; Herbert Clement, Secretary-Treasurer; Charles Aurelius Webb, Orator; George Stockton Wills, Historian; Hunter Lee Harris, Poet; Mills Robert Eure, Prophet; Lacy Legrand Little, Marshal.

        Addresses were made by President, Orator, Historian, Poet, and Prophet.

        The class song was sung to the tune of "In the Gloaming." It was the composition of Hunter Lee Harris, who shortly afterwards lost his life by drowning. Among its younger alumni the University has lost none more promising than was he.


                         Comrades, as we stand together
                         Here to take a last farewell,
                         Hope may spring and live forever,
                         Parting now comes like a knell.
                         Oft in fair and cloudy weather,
                         At the call of book or bell,
                         Have we toiled or lounged together--
                         Ah, the tale is hard to tell!

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                         Well! four years is quite a season,
                         But how quickly it has passed!
                         Life is short, ah! that's the reason
                         Why eternity's so vast.
                         Now the slow revolving cycle
                         Once hath reached the hundred line,
                         There we've climbed to write the title
                         Of our class of eighty-nine.


                         College joys are ours no longer;
                         College trials, too, are o'er,
                         And our hearts should be the stronger
                         For the days that are no more.
                         If it be when hours are golden
                         We have oft unfaithful been,
                         It should all the more embolden
                         Us to labor and to win.


                         Comrades! in the great Hereafter,
                         When our youth has gone before,
                         Let the echo of its laughter
                         Thrill us ever more and more.
                         And from youth to old age growing,
                         Grow we, too, in sweet content,
                         May we reap the faithful sowing
                         Of a true life truly spent.

        The oration by Webb was on "Modern Development." It showed eloquence and praiseworthy scoring of the feverish haste to be rich. One sentence is given: "Hence, while we are Simon-like bending over, digging in the earth, let us once in a while straighten up to the full stature of our manhood and give the noble and better part of us a glimpse skyward, so that the soul that is within us may feel that through the glimmering sheen of the midnight heavens, spangled over with stars, there is a divine suggestion that we live a life that is not all dross and towards which we should sometimes strive."

        Wills, the Historian, recorded some facts of much interest. Fifty-three Freshmen were registered in 1885. The next year forty-three returned and ten new students took the place of those who remained at home. In the Junior year only twenty-seven out of fifty-three Sophomores returned, but three new men came in, making thirty Juniors. Only twenty out of

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a total registration of sixty-eight are graduates. Of these eleven are Dialectics and eight Philanthropics; one belonging to neither society. There are eight Methodists, five Presbyterians, five Baptists, one Episcopalian, and one Friend. The average age is twenty-two and two-fifths years. The ages run from nineteen up to twenty-seven. The average weight is one hundred and forty-eight and one-half pounds, and height five feet ten inches and a fraction over. As to vocations there are six prospective lawyers, three teachers, two foreign missionaries, one minister, one teacher or preacher, and five undecided. Tennyson is the most popular poet. Shakespeare, Milton, Burns, Byron, Wordsworth, Longfellow, and Father Ryan have their devotees. Seven prefer tennis, but all are fond of athletics.

        The class is divided on the subject of Saturday recitations. The Dialectic Society sent a strong delegation before the Faculty to procure their abolition, while an equally strong delegation from the Philanthropic Society urged their retention.

        The poem of Mr. Harris, called "Lucius and Edward--an Imitation of the Idylls of the King," is beautiful and touching. Lucius Marvin and Edward Gray are bound to one another by the closest ties of friendship. They go to war together and fight gallantly under Lee. They are desperately wounded, but recover under the gentle and skillful nursing of the heroine. Both love her, but she gives her heart to Edward. Lucius magnanimously conceals his wound and goes abroad as a missionary.


                         And when the moons
                         Of that sweet summer had gathered in
                         To autumn's mellow harvest, Lucius sailed,--
                         A man in whom the fire of passion, stilled
                         And turned to nobler ends by love, and by
                         The sacrifice of nobler love that bound
                         Man to his friend,--so Lucius sailed
                         From his own land to spread the glorious realm
                         Of our fair Christ in heathen lands; to look
                         Forever to that greater realm wherein
                         None marry, or are given in marriage but to
                         The Heavenly Bridegroom, where the spirits breathe
                         One grand sweet symphony, and over all
                         The benediction of the Father falls.

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        The prophecies of Mr. Eure were in the usual mock-heroic, sarcastic exaggerated style. Vaticinations were made because ludicrously impossible. For example one of the most religious, about to start as a foreign missionary, was predicted to be a heinous criminal, executed by swinging.

        President Howell congratulated the class on reaching this important point in life's pilgrimage and exhorted them to take heart to attack the problems of the future.

        Afterwards during the week it was resolved to have a reunion in 1895, and to present a handsome silver cup to the first son of a member of the class.

        In the afternoon a large audience honored the speaking of the representatives of the two societies. They were George H. Crowell on "There Shall be No Alps"; Frank H. Batchelor on "Forecasts"; Wm. W. Davies, Jr., "Skepticism, False and True"; Fred A. Green, "The Nineteenth Century"; Henry A. Gilliam, Jr., "The Mormon Question"; Edgar Love, "Shall Women Vote?" The judges thought Mr. Crowell's oration the best.

        On Tuesday night the Philanthropic and Dialectic Societies held reunions. To a late hour the old members in short speeches told reminiscences of the old days, and their pleasure therein.

        Wednesday was set apart for the Centennial Celebration. Men of all pursuits in life, old men and young men, were here, reviving the College nicknames and telling of the old pranks,--talking about "Old Bunk," "Old Mike," "Fet," "Hub," "Old Johnny" and "Old Bull," "Fatty," "Hoop," "Ash," "Benhadad," "Barnum," "Hep," "Tige,"*

        * In the order named, Swain, Mitchell, Fetter, Hubbard, James Phillips, Charles Phillips, Hooper, Ashbel Brown, Benj. Hedrick, Wheat, Hepburn, Smith.


 and others of the good old Faculty. The promised historical address by General M. W. Ransom was prevented by his having had the accident of a fractured arm. Memorial Hall was filled. On the stage were many prominent men. Among those from other States were Dr. J. L. M. Curry; Prof. W. G. Brown, of Washington and Lee University; Professors Burney and Woodward, of the University of South Carolina; Col. C. S. Venable, of the
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University of Virginia; Col. Henry R. Shorter, of the Railroad Commission of Alabama. Col. Walter L. Steele was chairman, Messrs. Henry A. London and Josephus Daniels were secretaries.

        Hon. John Manning, of the Committee of Arrangements, made a statement of their work and welcomed the alumni, who, from Colorado to Florida, were visiting their Alma Mater. "This immense concourse of the men and women of the State is here to show how deeply rooted in the hearts of the people is this nursing mother of our youth." Secretary London called the roll of classes. There was no response until he reached 1824. Dr. Armand J. DeRosset, the sole living member of the class, and the oldest living graduate of the University, represented that class. On motion he was made honorary president and sat by the side of President Steele. He expressed his profound regret that some of his classmates, Wm. A. Graham, M. E. Manly, John W. Norwood and other distinguished members, were not living.

        The Class of 1827 was the next, represented by Paul C. Cameron, an alumnus but not a graduate. He refrained from speaking, as he had promised to respond to a toast at the banquet.

        The next class was 1831, represented by Hon. Giles Mebane, ex-Speaker of the Senate. He paid a tribute to President Caldwell. As illustrating the rough character of the students of his day he told of a stalwart new student who inspected the Faculty with a critic's eye and said, "Are these the Faculty? I can whip the whole of them myself." "Dr. Caldwell was of imposing presence and of scrupulously neat apparel, his moral courage was indomitable, his activity and bodily strength equal to any encounter, whether in the classroom or on the Campus. No one ever touched his person in a rude and angry manner. His bearing towards the students was marked by that gentle politeness which springs from learning and from contact with the best society. The first railroad meeting ever held in North Carolina was called by him in 1828 at Sandy Grove in Chatham County on the supposed line of his east and west projected road, and he was denounced on the floor of the Senate

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Chamber as a visionary by General Jesse Speight, who afterwards became Senator in Congress from Mississippi.

        "In company with Rev. Dr. John Rice, Dr. Caldwell was actively instrumental in founding Union Seminary in Virginia and was the first President of the Board of Trustees. He controlled the Synod of North Carolina. He was in private very charitable, one of his protegés receiving the name of 'Fillwell' Jones. I have said enough for an octogenarian. I take final leave of this splendid audience, in this magnificent hall, on this memorable occasion, the centennial of North Carolina's University. Long may she prosper and her 'shadow never grow less.' "

        Judge James Grant was on his way to the celebration, but the unusual floods prevented his arrival in season. He wrote a letter, which was made a part of the proceedings. He stated that he was taken by his father to Chapel Hill in 1826 to join the Freshman Class, but Dr. Caldwell looked down on him from under his shaggy eyebrows and said: "That boy is too young for college life; bring him two years hence and let him join the Sophomore." He joined the Sophomore in 1828. His residence when he wrote, March 12, 1889, was Grant's Spring, in California. "At the advanced age of seventy I am cultivating an orchard and vineyard in an unknown place in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and keeping a tavern for parties who visit the wonder of the whole coast, the Yosemite Valley. My life has been a useful, though obscure one, and when I leave this world I shall not be in debt to it. I came to the Northwest, grew up with it, held office a little in early life, made a large fortune as a lawyer; have given away most of it, and own as large a library of books as any man in England or America. It has cost me over forty thousand dollars. All this savors of egotism, if I were not writing as a child of the University, whose little units, scattered over this wide world, make it a great whole."

        The Class of 1831 had a strong representation, General Thomas L. Clingman, Dr. Thomas W. Harris, and Mr. Richard H. Smith. General clingman was the first speaker--his talk full of reminiscences. He told of how proud he was of

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"gallanting" one of the five single ladies in Chapel Hill to Gerrard Hall; how he and Thomas Ashe, afterwards Judge, marched on either side of Judge William Gaston when he made his great address; how, while he sat on the rostrum, he was struck with the face of the most beautiful lady he ever beheld, and though he never saw her after that night she enthused him into writing a short poem in her honor, which he ventured to quote:


                         On others I can coldly gaze,
                         And scan each feature, fair or dark;
                         But thine seems one unclouded blaze,
                         That mocks my skill and power to mark.


                         Thy tresses, midnight, well I ween,
                         To others faintly may be taught;
                         By rainbow's tint and ivory's sheen,
                         Thy color changeful as the thought.


                         Thine eye had been as "black as death,"
                         But that it casts a stream of light,
                         To speed the gazer's failing breath
                         And brighten up his changeless sight.
It must be admitted that the first honor boy acted wisely in going into law and politics instead of poetry. The General stated that he was always of a religious temperament. "When a very small boy and I was throwing at birds, I would kneel by a tree and pray that I might kill one." He did not join the church until late in life, and then in consequence of a conversation with a handsomely dressed young lady at an evening party in New York.

        The General then spoke of the marvelous advance of discoveries and invention since he was at the University, which, if told to Dr. Caldwell would have elicited the answer, "Young man! No one will ever beat you in the expression of absurd ideas." He then went into praise of the varied resources of North Carolina, its crops, its timber, its minerals. He himself had been the means of introducing her corundum to the world. His name and Buncombe are marked on a specimen in the British Museum. He also made known the important mica mines, and those of zircon, once very scarce. He

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closed by predicting that when men learn the merits of his "tobacco cure," five-tenths of bodily suffering would disappear.

        The next speaker in the same class was Dr. Thomas W. Harris. His address was eloquent and appropriate. He paid a tribute to Dr. Caldwell, his old President, and declared that North Carolina should build for him a monument as high as an inaccessible mountain--yea, as that peak where sleeps his bosom friend and indefatigable co-laborer, the heroic Dr. Mitchell. He stated that he and "Dick" (Richard H.) Smith, both of Halifax, were at school together eight and a half years, and gave their hearts to God the same night, in a little prayer meeting in the house of Dr. Caldwell. He expressed the hope that "all the class, without an absentee, will stand together in a grand reunion above, reckoned among the number of glorified immortals."

        Mr. Richard H. Smith, likewise of 1831, then spoke a few words. He said that there were four alive out of twenty-three graduates, those present and Colonel Cadwallader Jones, once of Hillsboro, now of South Carolina. Not one had disgraced his State or Alma Mater.

        There was no response from the classes of 1833, 1834, and 1835. Dr. Thomas L. Stamps answered for that of 1836. "It was a small class in numbers. Some have distinguished themselves in the legal profession. Others have watched the bedside of the sick and suffering, while others have sought the quiet lives of farmers. All have been good and patriotic citizens." No one answered for the classes of 1837, 1838, 1839. Colonel William Johnston responded for that of 1840. Judge Wm. M. Shipp was present, but declined to speak.

        Colonel Johnston said that his class from time to time numbered forty, of whom thirty-two graduated. Of these some six or eight were from twenty-five to forty years of age. The members were distinguished for morality, industry, and high scholarship, honorary distinction being assigned to more than one-third of the graduates. Among them were General Isham Garrott, the two Shipps, Rev. Dr. Albert M. and Judge W. M. Shipp, and two very able men who died before reaching middle age, Thomas H. Spruill and John A. Lillington. "Besides

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these were William Henderson, of Tennessee; Governor Tod R. Caldwell, Superintendent of Schools Calvin H. Wiley, Francis H. Hawks, John W. Cameron, Judge David A. Barnes, Rev. Walter W. Pharr, William Thompson, now of Mississippi, State Senator John W. Cunningham, and others whom I can not now name, who filled with distinction the varied pursuits of life. All are gone except five or six."

        The Class of 1841 was represented by Stephen Graham, who declined to speak. That of 1842 by General Rufus Barringer and Dr. W. W. Harriss. General Barringer spoke for both. He was surprised to see only one of that large and famous Class of 1841 present. "It was the 'big wild class' of our day, led by Frank Blair and John Eastin. We marched the 'wild Sophs' with 'Trip' (Wm. H.) Garland and John Manly. Our class matriculated thirty-four and graduated thirty. Dr. Harriss, now present, was the smallest and I was unquestionably the ugliest. Between the regular hazing of the day and the special tricks of the 'wild Sophs' we had a tough time. Harriss was nicknamed 'big' and I 'Motz' because Bill Shipp said I walked like old lame John Motz, of Lincoln. Neither of us was a regular 'mite' (Honor) man, but have won some success since, by honest hard work. Oddly enough my main success was in marrying three handsome women.

        "There was a movement for the organization of secret fraternities. By a little incident, the placarding of some doggerel verses, I became to some extent the head of the opposition of the new movement. The verses are weak enough.


                         The Fresh. who took down the former card,
                         For good manners had better have regard;
                         The chap who would do so mean a trick,
                         From her roost would pull a hen as quick.
                         Hark! ye fellows! mind what you're about,
                         And to another market hand your crout.
"I found out afterwards that there was far less harm than I supposed in the 'fraternities.' I kept no regular diary, but noted down important events and this record no money can buy. It is a picture and a prophecy of the Class of 1842."

        The General did not state it but it is a fact that the opposition

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to fraternities succeeded then in both societies, the law against them being enforced by heavy penalties. The prohibition accomplished its purpose as long as the members of the University continued few, but when the societies became so crowded that it was necessary to allow the entire Junior and Senior classes to absent themselves from the meetings, naturally students sought other affiliations.

        The Class of 1843 was represented by Hon. R. P. Dick, Mr. R. H. Jones, and Dr. John L. Williamson. Judge Dick said that the Class of 1843 was an average one for good conduct, scholarship, and ability, but there was not a genius in it. The members were genial, kind hearted and true gentlemen. Some failed to avail themselves of their advantages and a few were led into irregular habits that destroyed their usefulness. It should be added that Judge Dick is the only old alumnus who has left a useful reminder of himself in the forest of the University. He beautifully walled up a spring in the woods south of the Campus, which is as neat as when he piled the rocks around the gushing water--now with the added beauty of vines and flowers. A path has been cut to it, often traversed by those fond of lovely woodland scenery. He said that he walled it up so as to have a place for study in pleasant weather. He "built better than he knew." He conferred a lasting gift to the University. Would that others would wall up other springs, span our brooks with rustic bridges, run footpaths through unfrequented thickets, and even create a lake for boating and swimming.

        The Class of 1844 was well represented by Honorable (usually known as Colonel) Walter L. Steele and Messrs. James H. Horner and Adolphus G. Jones. Colonel Steele spoke: On the sixth of June, 1844, forty-three young men began the voyage of life. Only ten have their heads above the waters, "rari nantes in gurgite vasto." On this class has fallen an honor never before held and which can not be held again until a century has passed--President of the Centennial Celebration. I invoke not only this assembly, but all the people of the State, as one of the great factors in the moral and intellectual development of this age and the ages to come, to support this University.

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        The Class of 1845 was represented by Hon. Joseph B. Batchelor and Dr. L. C. Taylor. Mr. Batchelor was to respond to a toast at the banquet and Dr. Taylor declined to speak.

        The Class of 1846 was represented by Col. Wm. A. Faison and Dr. Wm. B. Meares. They declined to speak.

        Here the call of the classes was suspended in order to give opportunity for the celebration of the Class of 1879, the first to graduate after the reopening in 1875. Of the graduates of 1879 the following were present and seated on the stage: Dr. Kemp P. Battle, Jr., Dr. Richard B. Henderson, Mr. James S. Manning, Dr. John M. Manning, Mr. Wm. J. Peele, Rev. Robert Strange (since Bishop), Messrs. Francis D. Winston, Robert W. Winston, and Dr. Isaac M. Taylor. Mr. Frank Winston presented to President Battle, for the Library, a handsome pamphlet containing the class history.

        The President of the class, Mr. W. J. Peele, then announced that the class had procured a beautiful silver cup to be presented to the first born boy of a member of the class. He then in a humorous and happy manner delivered it to Robert W. Winston for his son, James Horner Winston. He enjoined the son, through his father, "to be in love with some great truth, tenderly to woo it, bravely to marry it, and then faithfully to guard it as long as life shall last."

        Mr. Winston answered eloquently. Among other things he said the controlling and underlying characteristic of his class is self-reliance within the law. "All honor to the self-reliant man, for, says Emerson, all history resolves itself very easily into the biographies of a few stout and earnest persons." He then led his four-year-old boy to the front, who said in a modest and pleasing manner:


                         If ever I have an eldest son,
                         And he's a little boy like me,
                         And doesn't know a single thing--
                         Not even A, B, C,--
                         I hope he'll not get a silver cup,
                         For then, perhaps, I'd pull him up
                         Before this crowd to blush and bow,
                         And make a speech when he doesn't know how.

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        This speech was greeted with uproarious applause. In the course of time the boy graduated with highest distinction at this University, won by competitive examination a Rhodes Scholarship in Oxford University, England, and is now a rising lawyer in Chicago.

        The Class of 1868 then held its twenty-first anniversary. It was the last class to graduate under the presidency of President Swain. The following members were present: Col. Wm. H. S. Burgwyn, Hon. Augustus W. Graham, Hon. Isaac R. Strayhorn, Charles E. Watson, Esq., and Dr. George Gillett Thomas. Colonel Burgwyn made the class address. Among other striking statements he praised the Patriots of 1776 for providing for a University. When the students assembled in July, 1865, the rattle of the drum striking the reveillé, the note of the bugle sounding the tattoo is heard instead of the old college bell, which, it was President Swain's boast, had never ceased its functions all during the four years of the Civil War, to toll the hours for prayers and recitations. Some of the students present, though but boys in years, were veterans in the art of all arts, having met the gleaming bayonets of their country's foes on many a crimson-stained field; but now with firm resolve nerved themselves to make up for lost time and opportunities denied.

        Of the Faculty there were Swain, the elder and younger Phillips, Kerr, Hubbard, Fetter, Hepburn, Martin, Smith, most of them dead. Dr. James Phillips fell at the foot of the stand from which for so many years his prayers had ascended to Heaven. President Swain met with an untimely accident and peacefully expired one lovely August morning in 1868. After years of service in the cause of his Master, Dr. Hubbard was found on his knees in prayer, dead, and soon Professor Fetter followed him, and his sons brought his body to lie by the side of his wife in the village graveyard. Then Dr. Charles Phillips, a few weeks ago, died in our neighboring State on the south, and he, too, rests near his father and mother and his own children.

        Here I beg leave to put on record, in behalf of my class,

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our deep sense of the inestimable value of the services rendered us by these able, conscientious and self-denying men. They were not only our guides, our philosophers, but they were our friends as well. The influence for good that the old Faculty exercised upon the youth of North Carolina and of the South generally, can only be surmised. It has been felt in the forum, on the hustings, in the pulpit, in the professions, in the arts and sciences, in the halls of Congress, in the Presidential chair of the United States.

        The speaker recalled with peculiar pleasure the final ball of his college course.


                         There was a sound of revelry that night:
                         And Carolina had gathered there
                         Her beauty and her chivalry: and bright
                         The lamps shone over fair women and brave men:
                         A thousand hearts beat happily; and when
                         Music arose with its voluptuous swell,
                         Soft eyes looked love, to eyes which spoke again,
                         And all went merry as a marriage bell.

        On went the dance, joy was unconfined, and not till the beams of the morning sun, glancing through the windows, dimmed the light of the lamps, did that festive scene come to an end, and for twenty-one years we do not, as a class, meet again.

        The speaker said that he did not know one of his class to be a failure. Thirteen became lawyers, five physicians, two teachers, two manufacturers, one an editor, one a banker, one a poet, and one a merchant. Five have represented their counties in the State Legislature. One is in the legal department of the United States, another is State Solicitor. Five of our comrades sleep their last sleep: Julius S. Barlow, Edwin W. Fuller, James W. Harper, Herbert H. Mallett, and Eugene L. Morehead. Of these the last was with us twelve months ago. That a man, so well equipped by gifts of mind, high character and well trained intellect to serve his State and country, should be taken in his prime, and others left who can claim no such excellence, is indeed mysterious.

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        If twenty centuries ago a Roman audience could receive with a burst of applause the noble sentiment of the heathen poet, how much more should we, in this nineteenth century of Christian civilization cherish, revere and strive to perpetuate the noble institutions of our country.

        The Centennial banquet was sandwiched between the calling of the Class of 1846 and that of 1847. It seems preferable to finish the call of the classes and to give the proceedings of the banquet afterwards.

        Rev. Dr. Thomas E. Skinner, of the Baptist Church, responded for the Class of 1847, the other members present being Dr. Robert H. Winborne and Thomas Webb, Esq. To the lamented General J. Johnston Pettigrew the class is indebted for the great distinction to which it attained. Pettigrew was an amazing genius, an expert in everything he undertook. He had especial reputation as a mathematician, but some of the rest of us understood no more than Tom Polk, now Dr. Polk, of Mississippi, who when required to find the centre of the circle drew an imaginary one, and stepped back with his chalk, made a mark about the middle, saying, "About there, Sir, I should say." Pettigrew, however, was first in every


                         "Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto,"
department. Ransom was a very good scholar but inferior to Pettigrew in Mathematics. President Swain read out at Commencement. "The first distinction is awarded to Messrs. Pettigrew and Ransom in the order of their names." I was seven years at school with Pettigrew; knew him well and loved his shadow ever. He was as simple as a child, as pure as a girl, and as sublime as a hero and a statesman.

        The speaker told with glee how he and Joseph Benjamin, a brother of the celebrated Judah, palmed off on Dr. James Phillips oak leaves prepared as smoking tobacco and next morning were made to stand at the blackboard fifty-five minutes at an ante-breakfast recitation in retaliation.

        Dr. Skinner concluded with an anecdote about Mr. Webb: My friend Webb, on the stage near me, was called "Trust"

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or "Trusty," once president of the North Carolina Railroad Company. We were together at the school of Wm. J. Bingham, an able, sympathetic, yet strict teacher. On one occasion Trust in his Latin lesson came to Andromache. He inadvertently pronounced it Andrew Mickle, the name of a well known merchant at Hillsboro, afterwards Bursar of the University. Although usually strict Mr. Bingham laughed "You rascal, I can't whip you for that mistake."

        I add to Dr. Skinner's testimony about Pettigrew, which I fully endorse, that of James Fauntleroy Taylor ("the Bard of Ramkat," he called himself). Pettigrew was a man of wonderful gifts. If he had not lacked one thing he would have been one of the heroes of history. He lacked invulnerability. The great heroes are not killed.

        The Class of 1848 had only one member present, Nathaniel A. Ramsey, who said that of the twenty members of his class ten were living. Of the dead, Willie Person Mangum was Consul-General to China and Japan, and died in North China in February, 1881. Major-General Bryan Grimes, after fighting gallantly in many battles, was foully assassinated in 1880 by a malefactor whom he was bringing to justice. Oliver Pendleton Meares is an able Judge of the Criminal Courts of New Hanover and Mecklenburg counties. And Victor Clay Barringer is Judge of Appeals of the Consular Court of Egypt.

        The Class of 1849 was represented by Dr. Kemp P. Battle, William E. Hill, Esq., Dr. Peter E. Hines, and Dr. Bryan Whitfield. Mr. Hill: I have shown my faith by my works--have sent four sons to the University. Many of my class attained eminence. Peter Hale was an editor of marked ability; T. J. Robinson was a civil engineer of ability; Drs. Haigh and Hines were eminent physicians. There were three Whitfields; two were killed fighting for the liberties of their country and the other, Dr. Bryan Whitfield, has been a successful physician and planter. Our class is the only one which has produced a President, Dr. Battle, whose great usefulness to the State is generally conceded. Mr. Hill closed with a tribute to the able Faculty of his day, and particularly Dr. Mitchell, who sacrificed his useful life on the altar of service.

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        President Battle added a few words to those of Mr. Hill. He and "General" Hill had a race in helping the newly started University. Each had four sons, and when in 1876 one sent a boy to become a matriculate, the other did the same, and so afterwards with the second, third, and fourth sons.

        The Class of 1849 furnished a benefactor to his Alma Mater, John Calvin McNair, who died while pursuing his theological studies in Edinburgh. Before sailing he bequeathed, after his mother's death, a valuable estate for the establishment of a lectureship on the Harmony of Science and Religion. Although mainly swallowed up in the great war gulf, over $14,000 was ultimately realized.

        Another of the class had a pathetic history, Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Mallett. He passed unscathed through many battles and, after the Southern cause was nearly lost, was killed at Bentonsville and buried in his uniform in our village cemetery, leaving a wife dying of consumption, with four small children.

        Fifty-four joined the class during its four years. Of these thirty-six obtained their diplomas. Twenty-four were dead, leaving twenty living in 1889.

        The Class of 1850 was represented by Dr. J. F. Cain, Hon. Joseph J. Davis, J. Warner Lewis, and Hon. John Manning. Dr. Manning spoke in behalf of the rest. There were twenty-four graduates, of whom nine were alive. The first honor men were W. H. Johnston, John Hill, and W. C. Kerr. Hill drew the Valedictory and Johnson transferred the Latin Salutatory to Richard Hines, a second "might" (or mite) man. The most distinguished in after life were Thomas Settle, Benjamin R. Huske, Wm. H. Johnston, and Washington C. Kerr. (Dr. Manning was too modest to name himself. None exceeded him in honorable reputation.)

        Settle was State Solicitor, twice Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, Minister of the United States to Peru, president of the National Republican Convention in 1872, and United States District Judge for Florida. In 1875 he was the nominee of the Republicans of the State for Governor and, in the judgment of many, proved himself equal in oratory to his great

Page 416

opponent, Vance. Kerr became eminent as a geologist, and was long State Geologist. Huske, an able lawyer, fought gallantly in the Civil War, and was mortally wounded at Seven Pines. Johnston was an able member of the bar and long a prosperous capitalist. Joseph J. Davis was a law student, was a Captain in the Civil War and, being imprisoned on Johnson's Island with a large number of Confederates, showed his pluck by conducting a law school for the prisoners. Later he became a Justice of the Supreme Court of the State.

        The only member of the Class of 1851 present was Peter E. Smith. He stated that forty-one matriculates had joined and thirty-four graduated. Of these ten were living. There was one Member of Congress, Francis E. Shober. One was a Professor in the University, Benjamin S. Hedrick, and afterwards an expert examiner in the Patent Office. One, Samuel A. Holmes, was a Judge in California. There were two Colonels in the Confederate service, David M. Carter and Thomas M. Garrett. Garrett is said to have stated as he went into action at Spottsylvania Court House, that he would come out of the fight a Brigadier-General or a dead Colonel. He was killed.

        The Class of 1852 was represented by Dr. R. L. Beall, Mr. George A. Brett, Captain John R. Hutchins, and Dr. Richard H. Lewis, of Kinston. Dr. Beall spoke at some length: We had forty graduate classmates, of whom twenty are living. We have one Doctor of Divinity and one Judge, Wm. A. Moore. Major James W. Wilson is an able civil engineer. He engineered the Western North Carolina Railroad across the Blue Ridge and was selected by the Canadian Government to judge the correctness of her great Pacific Railway. We have three distinguished educators, Jere. J. Slade, Rev. Dr. Frost, of Pennsylvania, and Dr. R. H. Lewis, of Kinston. What class can show a Member of Congress before the war, a Colonel in the Civil War, three times Governor, and United States Senator all in one, as we can--Zebulon B. Vance? We have distinguished tillers of the soil. From them we get the youths, their muscles hardened and lungs expanded, the raw material for intellectual men.

        The Class of 1853 was represented by Baldy A. Capehart,

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Prof. Alexander McIver, Colonel John L. Morehead, Hon. Henry R. Shorter, Colonel John D. Taylor, and David G. Worth, Esq. The spokesman was Colonel Shorter, who resided in Alabama, and whose eloquent words of love for his Alma Mater thrilled his hearers. He surprised them by calling from memory the roll of his class as it was called in Chapel thirty-six years before.

        The speaker for the Class of 1853 told of the introduction of Pierce's Mathematics. Our class, with that ahead of us, while Sophomores and Juniors, aided in the expulsion of this Higher Mathematics from the University. Finding out that Peirce's Analytics and Calculus, bound in one volume, was out of print, some choice spirits collected all the volumes and proceeded with joyful alacrity to make a bonfire of the crabbed and odious books, while their victims, now emancipated, danced in joyful hilarity around the blazing mass. When good Dr. James Phillips ("Old Bull") next morning called up members of the class for recitation the answer was, "Professor, I could not find a book. Some one stole mine." No one could be punished, as the doers of the deed were unknown. Loomis' treatise, more agreeable and better adapted to immature minds, was substituted for Peirce.

        The Class of 1854 had a large attendance: Hon. Richard H. Battle, Mr. David S. Cowan, Captain E. Hayne Davis, Colonel John M. Galloway, Captain Richard B. Henderson, Hon. Robert B. Johnston, Captain Oscar R. Rand, Colonel Wm. L. Saunders, John D. Shaw, Esq., Captain Wm. H. Thompson, and Rev. Dr. Wm. R. Wetmore. Mr. R. H. Battle was the spokesman: The class numbered eighty-eight matriculates during the four years. Over sixty graduated. Of these sixty but twenty-six are living. It was the largest class up to that time and for two or three years thereafter. It was probably the youngest, as eight or ten were only eighteen years old at graduation, only two as much as twenty-five, and the average not over twenty. It was very patriotic, as nearly all volunteered at the call to arms. We furnished six or more field officers and surgeons; about twenty Captains and nearly as many Lieutenants, others serving as noncommissioned officers and privates.

Page 418

About fifty per cent filled heroes' graves; at least four of the bravest were killed in the battles before Richmond. Two of our gallant Captains, Johnston and Davis, stand before you with empty sleeves. To show that we are still mindful of our duty to the State is proved by the fact that one of us now present has twelve living children, while another, who would have come but for sickness, has eleven. Mr. Battle closed by advocating what had been suggested to him by an alumnus, that the General Assembly be petitioned to allow the Alumni Association to elect a portion of the Trustees.

        The Class of 1855 had present N. A. Boyden, Esq., Matthew S. Davis, Esq., Dr. Wm. J. Love, and Rev. S. Paxson Watters. Mr. Watters said that there were fifty graduates, perhaps onehalf still alive. They furnished a noble complement of patriots to the Southern cause, one attaining the rank of Brigadier-General, W. Gaston Lewis. One, A. B. Irion, of Louisiana, has been a Judge and a Member of Congress; one, Wm. J. Montgomery, a Judge of the Superior Court; one, W. H. Hall, a distinguished physician in New York. The class has the exceptional distinction of contributing six of its members to the ministry of the Gospel.

        Of the Class of 1856 were present Messrs. W. F. Alderman, Wm. H. Burwell, A. Haywood Merrit, Major Clement Dowd, and Col. Benjamin R. Moore. Mr. Merritt spoke for the class: There were fifty-six graduates. The class contained no genius but they stood high, as a rule, in scholarship, moral tone and deportment. At the bar, in the pulpit, at the teacher's desk, in the halls of the Legislature, in the editorial chair, upon the tented field, its members have borne themselves bravely and without exception honorably. More than seventy per cent have gone above, leaving records of true manhood. In the school rooms from Maine to California will be found the rich legacy William Bingham has left in his classical series. Dr. Joseph B. Killebrew, among the living, is unexcelled in developing the resources of Tennessee. Of those present, one, Alderman, is professor in an excellent college for young ladies; another, Dowd, is bald on account of the honors heaped on him in the National Congress; another, Moore, touched

Page 419

lightly by time, represents the legal profession; another, Burwell, is prominent as a farmer and has won the honor of maxima cum laude by having thirteen children. Of the other member (the speaker) it may be said that he has shown more wisdom than Solomon in that he never married but one wife, and he declares that he would be the better if the woman whose husband he is were spared to celebrate the next centennial.

        The Class of 1857 was represented by Hon. A. C. Avery, Col. Robert Bingham, Dr. Daniel McL. Graham, Major John W. Graham, Col. Thomas S. Kenan, Dr. John W. Lawing, and Wm. H. Williams, Esq. Colonel Kenan presented the class in a few ex tempore remarks.

        The Class of 1858 had present Hon. Lewis Hilliard, Col. John A. Gilmer, Rev. R. H. Marsh, Hon. Thomas W. Mason, Col. A. C. McAlister, Dr. J. F. Miller, Col. James T. Morehead, Mr. Walter Bonner, F. M. Johnson, Esq., and James A. Walker, M.D. Mr. Mason was spokesman:

        On June 3, 1858, we went forth, ninety-two in number, one to Arkansas, six to Alabama, two to Florida, two to Georgia, two to Louisiana, six to Mississippi, one to South Carolina, seven to Tennessee, three to Virginia, and sixty-two to North Carolina. Probably half have died, many in the military service of the Confederacy. We see the names of these on yonder tablets--William Adams, Robert W. Anderson, Jesse S. Barnes, Edward S. Bell, Hugh T. Brown, Thomas Cowan, Robert T. Harriss, Addison Harvey, Wm. C. Lord, John M. Perry, David S. Young. Of these I must mention particularly Robert Walker Anderson, who had eminently great qualities of mind and heart. To the Southern Army we gave one General, R. D. Johnston, a dashing commander. I met him once in the midst of a fierce conflict, when he seized me by the hand, exclaiming, "Old friend! how glorious it is!" Six of our members commanded regiments in the Confederate service. There are with us today, Colonels John A. Gilmer, James T. Morehead, and Alexander C. McAlister. The bullet that caused Colonel Gilmer to limp did not stop the beating of his noble heart. Two of the number were Colonels Hamilton C. Jones and Richard W. Singleton. The sixth, a first honor man,

Page 420

sleeps in an honored grave, Colonel Leroy M. McAfee. There were more than forty of the class having a lesser rank. David S. Goodloe lost an arm in the service and after that became an Episcopal minister. Not a few died soon after graduation. Wm. Carey Dowd lingered but a few months after speaking the Valedictory. Nathaniel P. Lusher died in 1859. Ambrose Davie (we called him "Little Dutch") perished with his beautiful bride by the burning of the steamer Charmer on the Mississippi in 1861. At somewhat later dates passed away nine others. Three of our number became Judges, Lewis Hilliard, Gilmer, and Fred Philips. Two of our number are unmarried and I propose at our next reunion that we give a gold cup to him who shows the largest matrimonial progress.

        The Class of 1859 was represented by Hon. Mills L. Eure, Rev. S. H. Isler, Col. E. B. Withers, and Messrs. John M. Fleming, Daniel P. McEachern, Marshall H. Pinnix, and James P. Taylor. Judge Eure said:

        This was one of the largest classes ever graduated from the University prior to 1859. Nearly all entered the army. More than twenty per cent lost their lives by wounds or by disease consequent on the war. An incident in our college life should be mentioned. Some reckless students burned the benches taken from the recitation room. Possibly by accident the belfry was also burnt.*

        * The belfry was burnt, not from fire from the benches, but from the throwing of fireballs in sport.


 Through the efforts of our class in the literary societies measures were adopted to punish the destruction of University property and the act was not repeated. There may be some objection to the University in some sections arising from rivalry or slight prejudice. These must be met by her friends, and especially by the alumni, with moderation and sound reason. The record of her alumni for the past century, their grand deeds in shaping the destiny of the State, their efforts in promoting our entire educational system, must be presented to our people. We have an abiding faith that the intelligence and patriotism of our citizens will lead them to realize the necessity for a great University in North Carolina.

        The Class of 1860 was represented by Capt. W. T. Allen,

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A. S. Barbee, Esq., Capt. W. H. Borden, Col. E. J. Hardin, and Capt. R. P. Howell. Captain Allen was spokesman:

        The members of this class all went forward to defend their country. It probably furnished more soldiers and lost more lives than any other. While it can not claim as many who have risen high in legal, scientific, and political eminence, we can refer with pride to such men as E. J. Hale, who sends greeting by telegram from Manchester, England, where he is our Consul. The speaker gave the case of Junius C. Battle as typical of the tragic losses of the class. A brother of President Battle, a first honor man, only twenty years of age, his young life cut off by a minie ball at South Mountain. There are many others who would have honored society and made the world better by their lives.

        The Class of 1861 had present Capt. Calvin Barnes, Capt. George Bullock, Capt. John D. Currie, Hon. Thomas D. Johnston, Col. James G. Kenan, Col. J. Turner Morehead, Messrs. E. G. Brodie, James Parker, and Joshua G. Wright. Hon. Thomas D. Johnston was spokesman:

        The history of this class is written in the blood of its members. It is the war class of the University. Almost before the ink was dry on their diplomas the eighty-seven graduates were enrolled as volunteer soldiers of the Confederacy, many of them without visiting their homes. On almost every battlefield, in the East and in the West, the Class of 1861 was represented. On the tablets in this Memorial Hall the names of more than one-third of the members of the Class of 1861 are enrolled. I must particularly mention Col. John Thomas Jones, of whom his commander said "he was worth his weight in gold." You have before you a striking proof of the heroism of the Class of 1861. The eleven men now present representing the class bear upon their bodies the marks of twenty-five honorable wounds.

        The following of the Class of 1862 were present: Marsden Bellamy, Esq., Col. Joseph A. Haywood, Hon. Thomas G. Skinner, and H. C. Wall, Esq. Mr. Skinner presented the class in a few words.

        The Class of 1863 was represented by Rev. Dr. John L. Carroll,

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Hon. W. N. Mebane, and W. M. Watkins, Esq. Dr. Carroll spoke for the rest:

        The class started in 1859 with one hundred and thirty Freshmen, dwindled to eight during the Senior, and in imagination I can hear dear old Mr. Fetter call the roll--"Argo, Broyles, Carr, Carroll, Hines, Marshall, Quarles, Watkins." Six survive. Hines sickened and died not long after the close of the war. Quarles, impersonation of a gentleman, was stricken down by a bully on the streets of Waco. Of the rest Argo is a popular lawyer, Broyles is somewhere in Texas, Carr a successful farmer and merchant, Marshall the popular rector of Christ Church, Raleigh; Watkins a prosperous tobacconist; Mebane is a lawyer of large practice, destined to be a State Senator and Judge. We pray for our brothers and our Seniors a green and happy old age and abundant entrance into the Better Land. A sacred trust is passing into the keeping of our Juniors, one fraught with great honor to themselves, and with incalculable good to North Carolina, and to the world at large--the guardianship of the University. Let them guard it with undying devotion. Dr. Carroll, a Baptist preacher, died while pastor of the church at Chapel Hill.

        The Class of 1864 was represented by A. M. Boozer, Esq., Hon. Walter Clark, Wm. A. Guthrie, Esq., W. R. Kenan, Esq., and Captain Octavius Wiggins. Mr. Guthrie briefly presented the class.

        The Class of 1865 was represented by Henry A. London, Esq., who said among other things that his class entered the University just after the Confederate victory known as First Manassas, about fifty in number. One by one they entered the army and when the war ended only one was found who had taken the four years course. The number of all matriculates in the University for 1863-'64 was only seventy-nine. President Swain persuaded President Davis to exempt from conscription the two highest classes, on the ground that "the seed corn must not be ground up," but this privilege was withdrawn in 1864. The University was kept open during the entire war and when Sherman's soldiers "captured" Chapel Hill in April, 1865, ten or twelve students were pursuing their studies.

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        After the war ended President Swain notified the Seniors that if they would deliver orations at the coming Commencement, they should have their diplomas. Only four accepted the proposal, the speakers journeying to Chapel Hill on foot. The audience consisted chiefly of Federal soldiers. These four are widely scattered, one, John R. D. Shepard, in Paris; Rev. Wm. C. Prout, in Montana; Rev. E. G. Prout, in New York; the fourth, H. A. London, in North Carolina. Two are ministers of the Gospel, William C. and Edmund G. Prout, so that it appears that one-half the class have entered the sacred ministry. Mr. London stated that he kept a diary in the old days. The last recorded sentence, as he left for the war, was "Hurrah for Chapel Hill." With sincere pleasure after twenty-five years he reiterated the utterance--Hurrah for Chapel Hill!

CENTENNIAL ALUMNI BANQUET.

        On Wednesday, June 5, 1889, a large body of the alumni, together with many Trustees and the Faculty and invited guests, assembled in Gerrard Hall at 2 o'clock p. m. to partake of an elaborate banquet in honor of the centennial anniversary of the incorporation of the University. There were present also the following representatives of other colleges and universities:

        Prof. Crawford H. Toy, LL.D., of Harvard University; Hon. W. N. H. Smith, LL.D., of Yale University; Col. Charles S. Venable, LL.D., of the University of Virginia; President Henry E. Shepherd, LL.D., of Charleston College; Hon. J. L. M. Curry, LL.D., of Richmond College; Rev. J. B. Cheshire, Jr., of the University of the South; President Charles E. Taylor, D.D., of Wake Forest College; Prof. W. G. Brown, M.S., of Washington and Lee University; Prof. W. B. Burney, Ph.D., of the University of South Carolina; Prof. F. C. Woodward, A.M., of the University of South Carolina; Prof. A. W. Long, A.M., of Wofford College; Prof. George T. Winston, A.M., for Cornell University. Many other colleges and universities sent congratulatory messages by mail or wire, and the representation of several were detained by the floods,

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among them being Hon. D. C. Gilman, LL.D., President of the Johns Hopkins University.

        Gerrard Hall had been cleared of its customary benches and on the lower floor tables were now spread for three hundred guests, while the galleries were filled with ladies and gentlemen, visitors at Commencement, representing all sections of North Carolina and other States.

        The alumni and guests being seated, at the request of the Hon. Walter L. Steele, President of the Alumni Association, the Rt. Rev. Theodore B. Lyman, Bishop of North Carolina, invoked the blessing of Almighty God. After an hour spent in enjoyment of the delicacies of the table, in social reunion, and in college reminiscence, the President of the Association arose and said: It is said that on a banquet occasion some years ago, Daniel Webster, knowing the peculiarities of his hearers, began his address in these words: "Ye solid men of Boston, make no long orations! Ye solid men of Boston, take no strong potations!" I do not doubt that the advice was most excellent then, and surely it is now excellent at this centennial gathering. I therefore most respectfully but earnestly suggest to the alumni that no one should indulge in a "long oration." Of course there is no necessity of a warning of any other character. He then read the first toast. We give only enough of the speeches to show the lines of thought.

        The State Congress of 1776 and the General Assembly of 1789. Response by Governor Daniel G. Fowle, LL.D., President ex officio of the Board of Trustees. The clause of the Constitution on which the University is founded was adopted at the darkest hour of the Revolution, thus showing the foresight and patriotism of our ancestors. In 1789 the mandate of the Constitution began to be carried into effect. The wisdom of our fathers has been illustrated by the long line of distinguished and useful men who have gone out from these walls.

        The second toast was then announced, The Founders and Donors of the University. Response by President Kemp P. Battle, LL.D. He mentioned first the General Assemblies of 1789 and subsequently, who gave arrearages of collecting officers,

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escheats, including land warrants, to be located in Tennessee, and a loan of $10,000, afterwards converted into a gift; second, officers of the Revolution, who were benefactors of the University. Smith, Gerrard, and Person; third, the donors of the site of the University, McCauley, Barbee, Morgan, Yeargin, Jones, Craig, Hogan; fourth, the ladies of Raleigh, New Bern, and Louisburg, who gave scientific instruments; fifth, Rev. John Calvin McNair, who bequeathed land and property, which ultimately sold for over $14,600, to found an annual course of lectures; sixth, Rev. Dr. C. F. Deems, aided by W. H. Vanderbilt, who founded a beneficent fund for loan to needy students; seventh, Mr. B. F. Moore, who gave $5,000 for scholarships; eighth, the givers of numerous small amounts on subscription lists to open the doors in 1795 and 1875, and to construct the Main Building in 1812. Lastly the "four Maries," Mary Ann Smith, Mary Ruffin Smith, Mary Elizabeth (Morgan) Mason, and Mary Shepherd (Bryan) Speight, who all left to the University handsome legacies. The most durable and widely known monuments are donations to universities. The successive swarms of young men benefited by them will keep their memories in perennial freshness.

        The third toast was The General Assemblies of 1875, 1881, and 1885. The response was by Hon. Wm. N. Mebane. The traveler of 1870-'75 might have seen the corpse of our Alma Mater laid out in state. But the bell of the Old South rang out the news that the General Assembly of 1875 had agreed to pay the interest on the Land Grant and the doors of the University were reopened. In 1881 $5,000 more was added, and in 1885 an addition of $15,000 per annum. The alumni of the University only did their duty, but especial praise is due certain men, not educated here: Sidney M. Finger, at the head of the Department of Education; James C. MacRae, the eloquent, the brave; Nereus Mendenhall, a Friend by religion and always a friend of education, and Henderson A. Gudger, likewise an advocate of education, whether in the University or the public schools. It was expected that Hon. Geo. V. Strong also would respond to this toast, but he was detained by sickness.

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        The President then read the fourth toast: The Site of the University. Mr. W. J. Peele responded. The Legislature decreed that the University should not be within five miles of the capital or any county seat and the Trustees enacted that it should be within fifteen miles from Cyprett's (Prince's) bridge in Chatham County. The Commissioners were Frederick Hargett, James Hogg, Alexander Mebane, and Wm. H. Hill. They received donations of over one thousand acres of land. Tradition hath it that Wm. R. Davie joined them and their solid and liquid dinner was eaten and imbibed under the Old Poplar. Such was their contentment with the viands that they declared, "Here must the University be." The selection was a noble one. Looking from the belfry of the South Building, the successive vistas stretch before you, until it seems as if the lost eras of a past eternity had returned to earth again and old ocean had resumed her ancient sway over the homes of men.

        The fifth toast was announced: President Joseph Caldwell and the Faculty and Trustees of His Administration. Hon. Paul C. Cameron, LL.D., responded. Mr. Cameron in an eloquent speech gave at length the leading points of the lives and characters of President Caldwell and of Dr. Elisha Mitchell, Prof. Denison Olmstead, who became an eminent professor in Yale University; Ethan A. Andrews, who became principal of a noted female school in Massachusetts and author in part of a popular Latin Grammar; Dr. James Phillips, who died suddenly in this Hall, when about to offer up prayers for the students; Rev. Joseph H. Saunders, who died a martyr to duty in caring for those sick with yellow fever at Pensacola. Caldwell's Trustees, beginning with Governor Samuel Johnston, Judge James Iredell, General Wm. R. Davie, General Joseph Graham, and Colonel Wm. Polk, the last surviving field officer of the State line of the Revolution, "were brilliant, strong leaders in peace and war, crowned with the favor and confidence of the people and approved by heaven."

        It was expected that Judge James Grant likewise would respond to this toast, but he was detained by floods.

        The sixth toast was: President David L. Swain and the

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Faculty and Trustees of His Administration. Responses were made by Hon. R. P. Dick, LL.D., and Thomas W. Mason, Esq. Judge Dick said that the greatest period of North Carolina's moral and intellectual greatness was from 1840 to 1860. The teachers of that period were grand Christian sages and philosophers. President Swain was a truly great man, highly intellectual, learned, faithful to duty and noble-hearted, and an eloquent lecturer. The last time I met him was in Washington, whither, notwithstanding the inconveniences and dangers of travel, he had gone to plead for generosity and justice to his afflicted fellow citizens. In feeling language the speaker depicted the labors and virtues of Dr. Mitchell, Dr. Phillips, Professor Fetter, Professor DeBerniere Hooper, Professor Green, Professor Deems, and the two Tutors, W. H. Owen and Ralph H. Graves. As long as this University shall stand President Swain will have a worthy monument, and as century after century shall move by in the majestic march of ages, may it be reared higher amidst the effulgent light of advancing knowledge and eternal truth.

        Mr. Mason responded to the same toast. Few of the old husbandmen will be with us again. On the tenth of last month Rev. Dr. Charles Phillips bade us goodbye; within a year past Professor Fetter and Dr. Hubbard, and earlier Professor DeBerniere Hooper; earlier still Dr. Wheat and Dr. James Phillips, and that other great teacher--Elisha Mitchell. As to President Swain, North Carolina had no child within her borders nearer to her heart than he. The University was the very life and soul and genius of North Carolina. The spirit that had made this reunion possible, cherished as the speaker knew it was, would yet draw the hearts of the people to this seat of learning with that love and reverence he bore to David L. Swain and the Faculty and Trustees of his administration.

        To the seventh toast, President Kemp P. Battle and the Faculty and Trustees of his Administration, Messrs. A. H. Eller and Robert W. Winborne responded. Mr. Eller said that as stood Petrarch and his co-laborers to the Renaissance, so stood these men to the revival of learning in North Carolina. They restored to new beauty the dilapidated edifices of

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the University, adapted the instruction to the wants of the new civilization, erected a Memorial Hall to our illustrious dead, secured appropriations from the conservatism of Legislatures and recalled the stream of patronage from other States back to its ancient home. All honor to Caldwell and Swain. But to his mind the man who forsook the highest possibilities known to a learned profession, who with the courage of a patriot, the fortitude of a martyr, the learning of a master, and the love of a father, had for fourteen years presided over her destinies--that man had builded for himself a monument overshadowed only by his own great useful life.

        Mr. Winborne said in response to the same toast that the present honored President and his coadjutors assumed control of the University when it was a seat of learning only in name. By their fostering care today, regenerated and redeemed, she stood forth once more as the pride of our State, and arrayed in the panoply of her own merit, was fully equipped grandly to begin this her second century of usefulness to humanity and to God.

        Col. Thomas S. Kenan made the response to the eighth toast, The Confederate Dead of the University. In nearly every department of the Confederate Government there was a representative of this institution. When he was wounded and captured at Gettysburg and taken to Johnson's Island in Lake Erie, he induced a fellow prisoner and classmate, Col. Robert Bingham, to send to President Swain the names of University of North Carolina students, prisoners of war at that place. There were thirty-five, clear evidence of the numbers of our alumni in the Southern Army generally. In the list of alumni who lost their lives in the war he found the following classification, one Lieutenant-General, four Brigadier-Generals, eleven Colonels, eight Lieutenant-Colonels, thirteen Majors, seventy-six Captains, fifty-six Lieutenants, fourteen Sergeants, three Corporals, sixty-eight privates, two Color Sergeants, one Sergeant-Major, one volunteer aide-de-camp, one Surgeon and one Assistant Surgeon, in all two hundred and sixty. Even this omits some whose histories could not be ascertained. Among the names on the list may be found Lieutenant-General Polk,

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Brigadier-General Branch, Generals Pettigrew, Garrott, and George B. Anderson. The names extend from General Polk in 1821 to Lieutenant Wm. M. G. Webb, of the Class of 1864. Eternal honor to the memory of the Confederate dead, whose deeds as native American soldiers should stimulate every impulse of honor and patriotism.

        The ninth toast was, The Alumni Who Have Honored the State and Nation by Their Services in Public Life, at the Bar, on the Bench, in the Ministry, or as Physicians. Responses: In Public Life, Hon. H. C. Jones; At the Bar, Hon. Joseph B. Batchelor; On the Bench, Hon. A. C. Avery; In the Ministry, Rev. Thos. E. Skinner; As Physicians, George G. Thomas, M.D. Hon. H. C. Jones was prevented by illness from attending the banquet.

        Ex-Attorney-General J. B. Batchelor responded to the toast of the Bar. æneas of old said of the proofs of the wide influence of Troy,


                         "Quis jam locus, * * *
                         Quæ regio in terris nostri non plena laboris?"
So in every field of labor, in every pursuit of life, in every department of science and learning, in every trade and profession, and in every clime, the University's children have lived lives and won honors of which she may well be proud. Every step in the slow and upward progress of human right is marked by a lawyer's sacrifice. Pioneers of thought, teachers in the highest schools of civilization, the progress of the lawgiver marked the progress of humanity. Exempt from mutability or decay ages but add new beauty to Law, the vast realms of creation her empire, her hand-maidens Liberty, Justice, and Truth, "her voice the harmony of the Universe, her seat the bosom of God."

        Judge Avery spoke on The Alumni on the Bench. It is not strange that men trained in the old time intellectual discipline of Caldwell and Swain should have been fitted for the exercise of judicial power. Archibald Debow Murphey, of the Class of 1799, was Tutor, Professor, Judge of the Supreme Court for one term, and on the Superior Court bench. Joseph J. Daniel, a Judge of the Superior and then of the Supreme

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Court, was one of the clearest headed law writers of his day. John R. Donnell, a first honor man of 1807, won distinction by a service of eighteen years on the bench. The polish of John D. Toomer, the power of Romulus M. Saunders, the scholarship of Edward Hall, and brilliancy of Willie P. Mangum, show the work of the University from 1810 to 1820. The learning of Battle, the acumen of Pearson, the accuracy of Manly were her contributions to our highest court in the next decade. Judges Mitchell and Augustus Moore left these halls to preside over our Superior Courts in the same period, while John Bragg was Judge in Alabama and A. O. P. Nicholson was Chief Justice of Tennessee. Justices Ashe, Dillard, Rodman, and James W. Osborne, of the graduates between 1830 and 1840, honored their Alma Mater in winning distinction for themselves. The cultured Christian gentleman, R. P. Dick, once on our Supreme Court bench, now a Federal Judge, and the late Thomas Ruffin, Jr., of the Supreme Court, a powerful jurist, were contemporaries. Judges Barnes, Buxton, Meares, and Shipp are still living, while Ellis, McKoy, Person, and Jesse G. Shepherd fill honored graves. These all were taught here between 1840 and 1850. Of the Class of 1850 was the late Thomas Settle, a Justice of our Supreme Court and then District Judge of the United States for Florida. The living sons of this seat of learning who have gone forth since 1850 must wait for mention by an alumnus who shall respond to the toast of the Bar one hundred years from now.

        To the toast The Alumni in the Ministry, Rev. Dr. Thomas E. Skinner responded in place of Rev. Dr. Joseph C. Huske, absent. He had time to recall but a few of the alumni in the ministry. William Hooper, D.D., LL.D., was one of the most distinguished. He was a Professor in this University and that of South Carolina and a President of Wake Forest College, of rare scholarship and pure spirit. He was truly a Baptist bishop. We notice the fecundity of our dear venerated mother in supplying the bishops of the country. The names of Polk, Otey, Cicero Hawks, Davis, and Green, are enrolled upon her catalogue. Bishop Green, while Professor here, was known as Comfort Green, because he was so great a comfort to the students.

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He became Bishop of Mississippi, and Chancellor of the University of the South. The speaker well remembered his kind attention, inviting him to visit his family, placing in his hands a beautiful prayer book. "Doubtless had it not been foreordained from all eternity that I should be a Baptist bishop, why then I might have been an Episcopal bishop. As it is certainly I am a bishop." The hundreds of alumni who are before me will never meet on earth again. But we can work for our mother, and humbly beseech the Divine blessing upon her, that in the future she may prove even a greater blessing to humanity than she has been in the past.

        To the toast The Alumni as Physicians, Dr. George Gillett Thomas responded. To call the roll of our illustrious predecessors and contemporaries whose lives have been spent as the physician's should be, would consume more than the time allotted to me. Let me, however, tell of the life and death of an alumnus of this University. Dr. James Henderson Dickson was graduated here in 1823, with honor, at the early age of seventeen. Having a strong mind and studious habits he rapidly acquired the fundamental truths of medicine. For a short while he settled in Fayetteville. He here did, for the first time in the annals of surgery, the operation for the correction of the club foot deformity. Since that time the same work has been done all over the civilized world. Dr. Dickson's mind was never at rest and in reading covered intelligently all the ground that was open to him. His address before our Alumni Association in 1853 is a splendid example of his attainments. His conduct in combating yellow fever in 1862 was heroic. Laying aside all the pursuits of a literary life, with the whole energy of his great mind and tender heart, he went into the struggle with death along with his fellow practitioners. With the calm dignity of a cultivated Christian gentleman, he laid himself down, stricken with the fever, and after a short sickness yielded up his life to his Maker. The sons of the University, in every department of medicine, have borne ample testimony to the grace of learning given them here. In North Carolina, thanks to wise legislation regulating the practice of medicine and the watchfulness of the Board of Medical

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Examiners, we stand today without superiors in everything that goes to make the trustworthy doctor. To none of her sons do the memories of this gentle mother come with a more tender thankfulness for the bestowal of her bounties than to those who are the true physicians.

        The tenth toast was, The Alumni Who Have Promoted Education in Private and in Public Schools. Responses: In Private Schools, Col. Robert Bingham and J. H. Horner, A.M. Colonel Bingham: An alumnus has sat in the chair of the Presidency of the United States. Our alumni have been Cabinet officers, Senators from many States, Governors of many States, have occupied the highest judicial positions, have been the most distinguished lawyers, orators, preachers. And when war came they were the first to draw the sword and the last to sheath it. Indeed the University seems to have endued her sons with some peculiar power, and to have given them some special inspiration which enabled them to seize and to hold the leadership of political and forensic thought and actions. But the history of those who have taught is in most instances short and pathetic. They have done much for others, but little for themselves. There are very few whose reputation reached into other States. Among these modesty forbids me to do more than mention my father and brother, and justice forbids me to do less, but we have with us the hero of private schools--brilliant in intellect, kingly in person, the most effective teacher I have seen, James H. Horner.

        Mr. Horner said that he was embarrassed, not being used to ex tempore speaking. He was like one of his pupils, who was ordered by Mr. Graves to come on Saturday and make up a recitation missed. He failed to do so and when Mr. Graves asked the reason for the omission raised his hat politely and said, "That is not in my line of business." He was excluded from the school, but has since become distinguished as a scholar and regrets his boyish misconduct. Just so, responding to toasts is "not in my line of business." I will say, however, that whatever success I have had is due to the training under Colonel Bingham's father, Mr. Wm. J. Bingham.

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        Mr. E. A. Alderman responded to the toast, The Alumni who have Promoted Education in Public Schools. All honor has been accorded to Thomas Jefferson for embodying in a revolutionary document the universal truth, "All men are created free and equal," and because he declared that the earliest and latest concern of his life was the education of the people. Equal honor should be paid to the sons of this State and this institution, who taught that the people are made to rule and not to be ruled. The moving principle in the heart of Archibald Murphey, Joseph Caldwell, and Calvin Wiley was not philanthropy, but statesmanship--not charity, but the granting of a right as sacred as the right to be free. Let the schools perpetuate their names. I pray to God that the younger sons of this institution may have strength to carry on the work until every child in North Carolina, rich or poor, lowly born or gently bred, be enabled to emancipate itself from the great, black empire of necessity and might, and to make out of itself, for the State's sake and its own, everything that can be made.

        The eleventh toast was: The Alumni Who in Private Life Have Advanced the Prosperity of the State in Manufactures and Internal Improvements. Responses: In Manufactures, Julian S. Carr, Esq.; In Internal Improvements, J. Turner Morehead, Esq. Mr. Carr: Horace says, "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori," but I prefer another maxim, "It is sweeter to live for one's country." Law, Medicine, the Ministry, Teaching, Literature, and Science, Merchandise, all give scope to honorable ambition, but I yield my devotion to Manufacturing. The University has contributed many leaders in this most important pursuit. There is Col. Walter Steele, our President, and there are the Moreheads, the Holts, the Frieses, the Williamsons, and scores of others. It is just a quarter of a century since, a beardless youth, I joined the forces of General Lee. Less than two-thirds of that time has been spent at a point most of you in your college days knew as a railroad turnout. Now the hum of its machinery is heard around the world, and cablegrams from Japan, the Straits of Malacca, and Australia flash constantly to that point. Its representatives,

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gripsack in hand, visit every civilized and uncivilized country on the globe.

        In response to the toast, The Alumni Who Have Advanced the Prosperity of the State in Internal Improvements, Mr. Turner Morehead said in part: Washington and Bonaparte and Wellington are the accepted examples of men. Washington was an engineer, a proprietor, an advocate of internal improvements. Bonaparte admitted his mistake in not fostering ships, colonies, and commerce. The Duke of Wellington only fifteen years after Waterloo was in danger of being mobbed at Manchester while George Stephenson was treated as a hero. It is fitting that our internal improvements should be headed by a President of the University, Dr. Joseph Caldwell.

        Mr. Cameron called Dr. Caldwell the sower and Governor Morehead the reaper. Then came Wm. A. Graham, Romulus M. Saunders, Wm. S. Ashe, Calvin Graves, W. J. Hawkins, Paul C. Cameron, L. O'B. Branch, John W. Norwood, W. W. Avery, Jesse G. Shepherd, William Johnston, Richard H. Smith, R. H. Donnell, H. M. Shorter, Walter L. Steele, who voted for the North Carolina Railroad charter when the road came not within ninety miles of his home. Once there was in our State distrust and bickering, a Pamlico section, a Roanoke section, a Cape Fear, Piedmont, Mountain, and Transmountain section without cohesive sympathy for each other. These isolated communities are merged into one brotherhood, filled with State pride, prosperous, self-reliant. The undertakings of the alumni in internal improvements were no holiday job. They exhibited all the qualities of bold, sturdy, ardent manhood.

        The twelfth toast was, The Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies. Responses by J. M. Leach, Junior, of the Dialectic, and James Thomas, of the Philanthropic Society. Mr. Leach: When I entered the Dialectic Hall a new world opened to me. In the society I first saw the meaning of her motto. "Love of Virtue and Science." Her motto was not only a pledge of her success, but the principle it embodies has been the cause of that success. Some of the brightest members of the Dialectic Society came from the public schools. In the

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future it will appear that there is no brighter name than that of Horace Mann. And in this State will be luminous the names of Braxton Craven and Calvin H. Wiley. There is a legend that if a traveler at night takes seven sips of water from the fountain of Trevi, and then breaks the glass, he will return to Rome before he dies. If drinking at the old well yonder would secure me a seat at the alumni table a year hence I would drink the water and break the glass, though it were the finest product in which the Bohemian excels. It was said of Louis le Debonair that he desired to die where he could hear the waters of the Rhine. I could wish to fall asleep in Chapel Hill, under the majestic oaks that once shaded Polk, Caldwell, Swain, Davie, Moore, Murphey, Battle, Mangum, Badger, Morehead, Graham, Pettigrew, Ransom, Vance, and in sight of the hall of the Dialectic Society.

        Mr. Thomas: The thoughts of us all are recalled by the memory of the pleasant hours in one of the societies, whose names are household words in North Carolina and many homes elsewhere. To me, next to home, one of the few places worthy of the highest respect is the Philanthropic Society, where were created aspirations and hopes which are incentives to action and the inspiration of daily life. Many seem unaffected by local associations, even as a number of young people talked and laughed on the field of Waterloo. On the other hand there are men like Goldsmith, who returned to the place of his boyhood after a life of dissipation, and wrote "The Deserted Village." So let the influence of place take hold of this company. And may the interest of its members increase as the years go by.

        The thirteenth toast was, Our Sister Universities and Colleges. Response was made by Col. Charles S. Venable, LL.D., of the University of Virginia, and Rev. Dr. Charles E. Taylor, of Wake Forest College. Colonel Venable: A few superb young fellows, fresh from the field, entered our universities in 1865, but to the South at large it was a dark, dark day for the higher education of Southern youth. But could our grand leader have foreseen this picture of today, even in the agony of Appomattox, he would have exclaimed with the prophet

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bard, "Visions of glory! spare my aching sight!" You might as well attempt to place a candle in every man's cottage without the creative energy imparted by the sun as to undertake to establish an effective system of public, secondary, and primary instruction without a well equipped State University at its head to furnish the essential force of educated intellect. I bring a greeting from the sister universities to the noble University of North Carolina. May the sun of her progress and power be the sun of the psalmist, which is to us a bridegroom coming from his chamber rejoicing like a strong man to run a race.

        The speech of Dr. Taylor is not recorded, nor is that of J. L. M. Curry, LL.D., on the fourteenth toast, To George Peabody and Others Who, Loving the South, Have Given of Their Means to Educate Her Children.

        The fifteenth toast was, Our Guests. Responses by Henry E. Shepherd, LL.D., of Charleston College, and Crawford H. Toy, LL.D., of Harvard University. President Shepherd spoke in place of President Gilman, of Johns Hopkins University, who was detained by the floods. He hoped that the Centennial would not pass without at least some recognition of the high and noble function performed by universities in fostering and developing the sentiment of culture, the conception of pure scholarship, lifted above all thought of worldly aggrandizement into that serene atmosphere, that Arcadian home, which is the abode and the sanctuary of the ideal student. The true scholar is among the noblest benefactors of the race; he is a spiritual power, a concrete protest against the incoming wave of materialism which threatens to subordinate, if not to pervert, all the holier and purer forces of our civilization. The example of great scholars was mentioned, particularly that of Scaliger at the University of Leyden. The speaker concluded by appealing to the students and the alumni to use all diligence in cherishing and developing that sentiment of scholarly learning and aspiring which is the perfected glory and the serene splendor of universities in all ages and under all variations of administrative order or external form.

        Dr. Crawford Toy spoke in response to the toast, Our

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Guests. I am happy on this pleasant occasion to be the bearer of the greetings and congratulations of the Faculty of Harvard College to the University of North Carolina. We are bound to you by the ties of a common interest and a common hope and effort. The fathers of the Revolution, says President Battle, knew that their children would not be capable of freedom without education. The ultimate aim of education, on the social side, is to teach men to live aright; on the reflective side it is the discovery of truth. A university must be the creator of its own resources. It must shape a public opinion which shall supply the means of endowing instruction and shall offer those rewards of honors and emoluments which shall induce young men to devote themselves to thorough literary, scientific, and philosophical studies. May the hope which the University of North Carolina reposes in her sons be amply and speedily fulfilled. In conclusion Professor Toy read the following telegram:

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., June 5, 1889.

        Harvard University congratulates the University of North Carolina on a centenary of usefulness and honor and wishes it ever increasing prosperity.

CHAS. W. ELIOT,
President.


        Such was the enthusiasm evoked by this Centennial reunion that the Alumni Association appointed a committee, President Battle and Professors Manning, Venable, and Winston, to arrange for an annual banquet at each Commencement. The committee sent to all alumni a circular beginning, "The Centennial Alumni Reunion at the last Commencement was so refreshing to the hearts of all present, so honorable to the University, and so creditable in its results that it is clearly essential to the welfare and growth of the institution to have an annual reunion of the alumni at each Commencement." The alumni were requested to notify their coming, if practicable, to the committee.

        It was resolved to endow a Chair of History and that a committee of twelve take steps for such endowment. Historical investigation is occupying, justly, more of the thoughts and energy of scholars than almost any other line of study.

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        It was also resolved to form branch Alumni Associations in order to bind the "old students" more firmly to their Alma Mater. An especial letter was written to an active and influential alumnus in each locality with the request to confer with others, and fix a time and place of meeting. A copy of a suggested constitution was forwarded, and a visit from a member of the Faculty promised if desired. The plan recommended was adopted in some localities, but was not regularly continued. President Battle visited and addressed associations in Asheville, Winston, and Greensboro, but was not called elsewhere.

        The speeches of the Seniors were delivered the next day:

  • Walter M. Curtis, "The Three Kingdoms."
  • Alexander Stronach, "Individuality."
  • A. A. F. Seawell, "The Ethics of Toil."
  • John Sprunt Hill, "National Moderation." (The Philosophical Oration.)
  • George S. Wills, "A Reformer Before the Reformation."
  • Mills R. Eure, "The Dark Problem."
  • Henry G. Wood, "Our Foreign Element."
  • Clinton W. Toms, "Moral Epidemics."
  • James E. B. Davis, "Modern Cynicism."
  • Walter M. Hammond, "The Better Half."
  • Logan D. Howell, "The Novel as the Mirror of Modern Life."
  • Caleb G. Cates, "Developed Manhood."
  • Charles A. Webb, "The Buddhas of Mankind." (The Classical Oration.)
  • W. A. Wilson, "Philosophy and Progress."
  • Hunter L. Harris, "An Unconscious Slavery." (The Scientific Oration.)
  • Daniel G. Currie, "Grit." (The Valedictory.)

        The following theses were accepted in place of orations:

        Herbert Clement, "The Test of Progress"; Lacy L. Little, "Equilibrium"; Thomas Lake Moore, "The Star in the East"; William S. Roberson, "The Historic Relation and Results of Puritanism."

        This being a Centennial celebration there was a liberal conferring of honorary degrees. That of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.),

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on Alphonso C. Avery, of the Supreme Court of North Carolina; Paul C. Cameron, State Senator, and long a wise and diligent Trustee of the University; Daniel G. Fowle, Judge, and then Governor; Daniel C. Gilman, President of Johns Hopkins University, and ex-President of the University of California; E. Burke Haywood, a leading surgeon of North Carolina; Prof. William J. Martin, President of Davidson College, once Professor of Chemistry in this University; William B. Royall, Professor in Wake Forest College; William L. Saunders, Colonel in the Confederate States Army and Secretary of State; Alfred M. Scales, Governor; James E. Shepherd, Judge of the Supreme Court; George V. Strong, Judge of the Superior Court; Crawford H. Toy, Professor of Hebrew in Harvard University--an author of eminence; Charles S. Venable, Colonel on General Lee's staff, Professor of Mathematics and Chairman of the Faculty in the University of Virginia--an author.

        Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), on Wm. G. Brown, Professor in the West Virginia University; W. B. Burney, Professor of Physics in the South Carolina College.

        Doctor of Letters (Litt.D.): John F. Crowell, President of Trinity College; Charles E. Taylor, President of Wake Forest College; F. C. Woodward, Professor of English in the South Carolina College.

        The Degrees in Course:

        
Bachelors of Arts (A.B.) 8
Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.) 11
Bachelors of Science 1
Total 20

        This list shows the waning of the study of Greek, the Philosophical Course, substantially omitting that language but including Latin, having a majority of the graduates.

        In delivering the diplomas Governor Fowle addressed the graduates in a strong and most interesting speech. He promised his best efforts to obtain an appropriation for the University of $50,000 annually.

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        One student obtained the degeee of Master of Arts: Wm. James Battle.

    SPECIAL CERTIFICATES:

  • LATIN--J. W. Graham, A. A. F. Seawell.
  • MATHEMATICS--D. J. Currie, G. P. Howell.
  • ENGLISH--George S. Wills.
  • FRENCH--A. Stronach, C. W. Toms, G. S. Wills.
  • NATURAL PHILOSOPHY--D. J. Currie.
  • NORMAL COURSE--J. E. B. Davis, Jim Jimerson.

    HONORS:

  • VALEDICTORY ORATION--Daniel Johnston Currie.
  • CLASSICAL ORATION--Charles Aurelius Webb.
  • PHILOSOPHICAL ORATION--John Sprunt Hill.
  • SCIENTIFIC ORATION--Hunter Lee Harris.
  • GREEK PRIZES--Shepard Bryan, Palmer Dalrymple.
  • MATHEMATICAL PRIZE--George Pierce Howell.
  • REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL--George Henry Crowell.
  • MANGUM MEDAL--Charles Aurelius Webb.

    HONORS IN CLASS STANDING:

  • Maxima cum Laude--Daniel Johnston Currie, John Sprunt Hill.
  • Magna cum Laude--Logan D. Howell, Lacy LeGrand Little, Charles Aurelius Webb, Walter Makepeace Curtis, Alexander Stronach, George Stockton Wills, Hunter Lee Harris.
  • Cum Laude--Herbert Clement, William Stone Roberson, James E. B. Davis, Walter Monroe Hammond, Thomas Lake Moore, Aaron A. F. Seawell, Clinton White Toms, Henry Gilliam Wood.

        In 1888-'89 the Faculty changes were: Hunter Lee Harris, Assistant in Chemical Laboratory; Joseph Volney Lewis, Assistant in Natural History; Stephen C. Bragaw and Thomas L. Moore, Society Librarians.

DEATH OF PROFESSOR GRAVES AND DR. MALLETT.

        In 1889 the health of Prof. Ralph Henry Graves was assailed. He fell into the deepest despondency. Finding himself unable to teach he tendered his resignation to President Battle, who refused to accept it, but employed a substitute

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with part of his salary. By his advice he repaired to Baltimore to consult a specialist in nerve troubles. At one time he hoped that he had been benefited by his treatment, but the improvement was transient. The malady increased until it resulted in insanity and he ended his life with his own hand on the 10th of July the same year.

        Professor Graves was a mathematician of rare gifts. He won highest honors at the University of North Carolina, and when its exercises were closed, in 1868, he was one of the ablest students at the University of Virginia. Here he graduated with the much coveted degree of Master of Arts (M.A.), being especially strong in pure Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. He was an excellent teacher, though strict, and a terror to the lazy and the flippant. Although he was cut off in middle life, his virtues and talents did not die with him. Marrying an excellent woman, a daughter of Professor John DeBerniere Hooper, they had four children, a girl and three boys. After his death his widow, with remarkable energy and good sense, on slender means, has raised the girl to cultured womanhood and the boys, through this University, to be hightoned and successful men. One of them is Lieutenant Ernest Graves, who took a very high grade at West Point and is one of the strongest and most skillful athletes of our army.

        On University Day (October 12th) Professor George T. Winston delivered by request a most scholarly address on the Life and Character of Professor Graves, which was published in the University Magazine soon afterwards. Professor Winston was long an intimate friend of his colleague and brought out with great ability his peculiar powers--especially his mathematical genius.

        In the fall of the same year Chapel Hill lost its most eminent physician, Dr. William Peter Mallett. His kindliness of manner, his high qualities of a gentleman, coupled with his skill as a physician and his residence among us more than thirty years, made him a most lovable and valued citizen.

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        It may be well to copy from a newspaper of the day a description of the village. "Chapel Hill is a quiet and beautiful village on a branch line of the Richmond and Danville Railroad (properly North Carolina Railroad) and twelve miles from the famous tobacco town of Durham. The village with its broad streets, picturesque walls, large yards, gigantic grapevines, noble elms, old fashioned houses, and the University Campus with its buildings of imposing proportions, wide-spreading oaks and acres of grass, is remarkably attractive especially in autumn and spring. What with porches, yards and College Campus, the town scarcely needs a park, yet in 'Battle Park' it has one which by its natural beauties might well excite the envy of wealthy Gotham. Lovers and children are fond of wandering along the paths cut out through the forest. Clear springs, rustic seats and shady nooks wear appropriate names, and almost every tree might a tale of love unfold if it could only tell of the names carved on its sides."

SATURDAY WORK.

        At this period there was a move to have recitations on Saturday. The argument for the change was the impossibility of getting the studies into five days without giving many of the classes four or five hours of consecutive work, going without rest from one lecture to another. Moreover, there was not proper time for laboratory work. The chief opposition came from the Dialectic Society, in which declamations and reading of compositions had for many years been features, and were considered of much educative value. In answer to this it was argued that this practice had grown up when practically there was no English Department in the University, whereas now the advantages claimed are obtained from the regular instruction. Moreover, it was claimed that there was a considerable number of special students not members of the societies, and the attendance of Juniors and Seniors on the Saturday morning's meetings is not now required.

        The Faculty voted that Saturday recitations should be held for Juniors and Seniors, provided that the change should work

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no injury to the societies, but referred the whole subject to the Trustees, because the Saturday exemption was given by a venerable by-law. The conclusion of the Faculty was supported by the following arguments:

  • 1. By using Saturdays relief can be had from afternoon work, except in the laboratories.
  • 2. Five-sixths of the students will have greater opportunities for study and recreation.
  • 3. The classes can be arranged so as to diminish conflicts.
  • 4. The duties in the societies can be so arranged as not to be sensibly impeded.
  • 5. The general behavior on Saturdays will be improved.
  • 6. By proper arrangement of the Monday lectures the temptation to study on Sundays can be greatly lessened.

ADVANCED DEGREES.

        The Faculty determined on the following rules for Advanced Degrees:

        First. The Advanced Degrees are Master of Arts (A.M.), Master of Science (M.S.), Master of Philosophy (M.Ph.), and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). It will be noticed that in the first and last the Latin form is retained, viz., Artium Magister (A.M.) and Philosophiæ Doctor (Ph.D.). Afterwards, in 1903, the Faculty reduced the first three to Master of Arts, and printed the diplomas in English, thus eliminating the classic feature which had been in existence over a hundred years.

        Second. The applicant for degree must file a request in writing and must prove that he has obtained the Bachelor's degree here or elsewhere.

        Third. He must, under the direction of the Faculty, pursue, residing at the University for one year, one major and two minor studies; must on examination obtain a grade of at least 80, and submit an approved thesis.

        Fourth. For the degree of Ph.D. he must pursue, one year longer, studies in two branches, a major and a minor.

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ALUMNI ASSOCIATION.

        The University Alumni Association in 1890 had as its President Hon. Walter L. Steele, and its Secretaries, Messrs. H. A. London and Josephus Daniels. The branch associations were:

        Wake County, Dr. E. B. Haywood, President; Alex. Stronach, Secretary.

        Goldsboro, Gen. W. G. Lewis, President; Prof. J. W. Joyner, Secretary.

        Wilmington, Mr. David G. Worth, President; Prof. M. C. S. Noble, Secretary.

        Charlotte, Col. William Johnston, President; Heriot Clarkson, Esq., Secretary.

        Washington, William B. Rodman, Jr., President; H. A. Latham, Esq., Secretary.

        Durham, Julian S. Carr, Esq., President; Hon. James S. Manning, Secretary.

        Craven County, John S. Long, Esq., President; James Thomas, Esq., Secretary.

        Winston-Salem, John W. Fries, Esq., President; A. H. Eller, Esq., Secretary.

        High Point, Prof. James A. Deak, President; E. M. Armfield, Esq., Secretary.

FEBRUARY TWENTY-SECOND AND CLASS DAY.

        Washington's Birthday in 1890 was celebrated with all due ceremony. Mr. Shepard Bryan was the introductory orator. In appropriate words he presented to the audience Mr. William W. Davies, of Virginia, who gracefully and eloquently portrayed the virtues and civil and military labors of the Father of the United States of America.

        The Class Day of 1890 was held on April 15th. The night before there was a dance, at which "stags" formed the major part, although there were ladies from Raleigh, Durham, and Portsmouth, Virginia, besides the local supply.

        Ralph H. Holland began the exercises of the anniversary by a well written oration on Chivalry. John D. Bellamy read the

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Poem, of which T. M. Lee, who was absent, was author. This was followed by the History of the class, by W. F. Shaffner. And then the most interesting of all, abounding in humor and good natured sarcasm, the Prophecies, by Hugh L. Miller. He said that by the aid of a mystic formula he had been able to concoct a narcotic under whose spell he beheld the future of each of his classmates. The predictions were happy, some of them hitting home peculiarities, but all was taken in good part.

        The class then sang the following stirring class song. It was one of the happiest features of the occasion. The members were trained by a young candidate for the ministry pursuing privately his theological studies at Chapel Hill, Mr. C. H. Weaver, now a Doctor of Divinity in the Protestant Episcopal Church.

ADAPTED FROM CARMINA YALENSIA.
TUNE: " Last Cigar."


                         We are gathered now, we classmates, to sing our parting song,
                         To pluck from memory's wreath the buds which there so thickly
                         throng,
                         To gaze on life's broad ruffled sea to which we quickly go;
                         But ere we part we'll pledge ourselves to Alma Mater, O!
                         To Alma Mater, O!
                         To Alma Mater, O!
                         But ere we part we'll pledge ourselves to Alma Mater, O!
                         No more for us yon tuneful bell shall ring to morning prayers;
                         No more to learned lectures we'll climb you attic stairs,
                         Examinations all are passed,--Alumnuses you know!
                         Come, raise the chorus long and loud, of Alma Mater, O!
                         Of Alma Mater, O! etc.
                         Hither we came with hearts of joy, with hearts of joy we'll part,
                         And give to each the parting grasp which speaks a brother's heart
                         United firm in friendship's ties which can no breaking know,
                         For U. N. C.'s should ne'er forget their Alma Mater, O!
                         Their Alma Mater, O! etc.
                         Then brush the tear drop from your cheek and let us happy be,
                         For joy alone should fill the hearts of those as blest as we;
                         One cheerful chorus ringing loud we'll give before we go,
                         The memory of Chapel Hill and Alma Mater, O!
                         Of Alma Mater, O!
                         Of Alma Mater, O!
                         The memory of Chapel Hill and Alma Mater, O!
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DEATH OF DOCTOR MANGUM.

        On the tenth day of May, 1890, died Rev. Adolphus Williamson Mangum, D.D., Professor of Mental and Moral Science. His biography before coming to the University has already been told. During the early years of his professorship, owing to the meagre income of the University, he was overburdened with duties, having under his charge Mental and Moral Science, History, and English Language and Literature. Relief came with the increase of income, but he did not live long to make wide and deep excursions into his specialty. Dr. Mangum was a man of warm and generous emotions, exceedingly kind to the students, a sincere and undoubting Christian, devoted to the church of his love, the Methodist, and always tenderly affectionate in his family. His influence with his Methodist brethren and wide acquaintance in the State owing to the numerous congregations he had served most acceptably, enabled him to be of great service to the University at critical periods. It is very gratifying that one of his sons, Dr. Charles S. Mangum, was soon ready to perpetuate his name in our Faculty.

        Doctor Mangum's work in the University after the beginning of his last illness was performed partly by the President and Professors and partly by the minister in charge of the Methodist Church at Chapel Hill, Rev. H. M. North.

        On the thirty-first of May the following year, 1891, by request of the Faculty, Mr. Josephus Daniels, editor of the News and Observer, delivered in Gerrard Hall an eloquent and appreciative address on his life and character. He depicted in graphic language his amiability, his learning, his teaching power, his love for his students, his devotion to the Methodist Church and the University. He was on such familiar terms with his class that their friendly, unmalicious jokes at his expense created no bad feeling. I give a single instance: He was speaking of the moving effects of eloquence and stated that the audience of a great orator one by one drew near him as if by irresistible attraction, until they surrounded him. Whereupon the students in the classroom crept noiselessly to the good

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doctor's chair and gazed as if spellbound into his eyes. When he noticed this practical appreciation of his oratorical story he good humoredly burst into a laugh and dismissed the class.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1890.

        The Commencement of 1890 opened with the Baccalaureate Sermon by a graduate of the Class of 1879. The Senior Class had placed the choice of a preacher in the hands of the Faculty. It was customary to honor the leading denominations in turn and this year the choice fell on Rev. Robert Strange, afterwards Bishop of East Carolina, a graduate of 1879. In matter, style, and delivery he was most happy. His text was, "Seek ye first the kingdom of God and His righteousness, and all these things shall be added unto you." From the tiniest microbe to the Great Day Star there is one rule of law. In the spiritual world there is one law of righteousness. He enforced his topic with a wealth of illustration and reasoning.

        On the next day the usual society meetings were held.

        At the meeting of the Historical Society on Wednesday, Col. Thomas S. Kenan, President, ex-Judge James Grant, of Iowa, a graduate of 1831, was appointed as Honorary Vice-President, and made a very appropriate speech of acceptance.

        On the occasion of the presentation of a tablet in Memorial Hall by the Trustees, Hon. Richard H. Battle, a graduate of 1854 and Tutor of Greek 1854-'58, gave a full and masterly address on the Life and Character of Rev. Dr. Charles Phillips, Professor Emeritus of Mathematics. A contemporary report says that it was "often eloquent, always elegant in language and striking in thought." It was thoroughly appreciated by those who knew the commanding intellect, the thorough learning, and the many virtues of a man who was confessedly one of the ablest mathematicians and divines the University ever had. It was ordered to be published in the University Magazine.

        Then was presented by his former students a tablet in Memorial Hall to the late Professor Ralph Henry Graves. The spokesman of the donors was William J. Peele, of the Class of 1879, who did full justice to the genius, the teaching power, the

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faithfulness to duty, the courtesy, of one of the ablest scholars of the South, cut off in the flower of manhood.

        The next address was by Colonel Wm. H. S. Burgwyn, of the Class of 1864, on the "Necessity of Preserving the Memorials of the Past and of Transmitting to Posterity a Just and Impartial History of North Carolina." Colonel Burgwyn was a Captain in the Confederate Army, an A.M. and LL.B. of Harvard, author of the Maryland Digest, and afterwards a bank president. He performed this duty with his accustomed intelligence and thoroughness. He sketched sundry important epochs in our history, little understood or understood wrongly, and in forcible language expressed the hope that a historian would arise who would do the State justice. It much strengthened the desire and determination of the alumni to create or encourage the love of history among our people by the endowment of a chair in the University especially devoted to the study of the past. The address was ordered to be printed.

        The Alumni Banquet was well attended and much enjoyed. After cigars were brought in the question of endowing a Chair of History was introduced. Mr. Edward Chambers Smith, a Davidson College alumnus, then a law student here, began by offering to be one of fifty to give $500 or one of one hundred to give $250 each. Professor Winston then produced the subscription by David G. Worth, '53, who was absent, of $1,000; Judge Grant, '31, followed with the same amount; Prof. E. A. Alderman, '82, made a rousing speech directed to the younger alumni and subscribed $150. Mr. R. W. Winston, '79, in a strong speech pledged the young alumni to $5,000, if the older would give $25,000. Professor Venable, although not an alumnus, nor even a native of the State, offered $250, afterwards increased to $500. Dr. Manning, '50, added $250. Then came Colonel Burgwyn with $500, afterwards increased to $1,000; Captain Ebs Potter $50, Prof. George T. Winston $250, and W. H. McDonald $50. At this point a favorite son of the University, a moneyed man and a philanthropist, Julian S. Carr, arose amid much enthusiasm and electrified the gathering by pledging $10,000, for which he was thanked by Dr. Manning

Illustration

        CHEMISTRY HALL

        CARR BUILDING

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in behalf of the University, the alumni, and unborn children of the State. Colonel Steele then came forward with $500, Judge John A. Gilmer with $500, Dr. A. R. Ledoux $250, Gen. Rufus Barringer $250, Eugene Harrell, Esq. $100, Judge Fred Philips $500. A pleasing incident was the production by Colonel Steele of a letter from a student of law, now at the University, Mr. R. B. Redwine, containing a subscription of $100.

        Here Judge Grant inquired of a neighbor, "How much is needed?" A hasty calculation was made and the answer was $8,000. He quietly said, "I will take the balance," and authorized Governor Fowle, sitting next to him, to speak for him. He arose and said: "Gentlemen of the Alumni Association, I never more regretted in my life that I am a poor man, but I am glad to say in behalf of my distinguished kinsman, who has come from his far Western home in the Yosemite Valley, that he is here to find out the needs of his Alma Mater and supply them. He, Mr. President, instructs me to say to you that he will make up the deficiency." At this the joy was unbounded and the applause frantic.

        An eminent man remarked, "The enthusiasm among the alumni is worth more than the endowment, though that is of incalculable importance."

        At the date of Judge Grant's pledge it was intended to raise $25,000. It was determined, however, to carry the limit still higher, and President Battle was requested to visit leading alumni in the towns and cities and ask their aid. The unpleasant duty he performed at once, visiting Asheville, Wilmington, Charlotte, Raleigh, Greensboro, and other points, and succeeded in securing what was needed.

SPEAKING OF SOCIETY REPRESENTATIVES.

        The representatives of the two societies spoke at night.

        Shepard Bryan was the first. His subject was "The Conservatism of North Carolina." Our State has been foremost. When she held back time has vindicated her wisdom.

        The next was J. Volney Lewis, on "Science and Character." The progress of science is the progress of thought, and thought forms character.

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        Charles R. Thomas spoke on "The Ensign of Hope." A great force, that saves races and nations, is the love of country.

        He was followed by Matt J. Pearsall, who discussed "The Color Line." The danger from the growth in numbers of the negro can only be met by the restriction of suffrage on an educational basis.

        Robert W. Bingham spoke next, on "Manifest Destiny and Manifest Duty." The Teuton is the noblest race that has existed, and is the most progressive.

        The last speaker was William E. Darden. His subject was "Homo Sum," and was ably handled.

        The Representative Medal was awarded to Mr. Bingham.

        The Philanthropics were Bryan, Thomas, and Pearsall. The Dialectics were Lewis, Bingham, and Darden.

        The University Magazine describes so graphically the attendance on Commencement Day that I quote it: "There is nothing like it probably in the Union. The good people of Southern Orange have adopted the occasion as their summer holiday and use it to visit all parts of the University as well as to attend the exercises. * * *

        "On Thursday morning, before the boys had finished breakfast, all kinds of vehicles, from the 'coach and six' down to the one-horse ox cart with the barefoot driver, began to pour into the campus and village. 'They came, they came, and kept coming,' until the vast shady place 'below the dead line' was filled with buggies and horses, wagons and mules, carts and oxen. When finally the Class of '90, nineteen strong, filed down the central aisle and were seated upon the rostrum, full three thousand faces were turned to meet their gaze. There were bobbing heads, rustling fans, and crying babies to such a number that it was impossible to tell whether all had come or not, but we were inclined to think they had."

        The Senior speeches were as follows:

  • R. H. Holland, "Immigration, a Menace to Civilization."
  • Charles A. Rankin, "Future of United Italy."
  • W. F. Shaffner, "Weighed in the Balance."
    Page 451

  • H. B. Shaw (Classical Oration), "Faith and Freedom."
  • Geo. V. Tilley, "Delusion."
  • James J. Philips, "Science and Faith."
  • Hugh L. Miller, "The Magic of the Unknown."
  • J. I. Foust, "The Compensation of Tyranny."
  • John D. Bellamy, "The Soldier of Politics."
  • J. B. Philbeck, "The Fallacy of Democracy."
  • Wm. Seaton Snipes, "The Conquering Race."
  • J. W. Graham, "The Pariah of Nations."
  • Victor S. Bryant (Philosophical Oration), "The Star of the West."
  • Henry Johnston, "Our Relation to the World's Future."
  • Alex. McIver, Jr. (Valedictorian), "Is the Republic Secure?"

        The judges thought Mr. Johnston's the best.

        Not spoken: Gaston Battle, "William the Silent"; J. C. Braswell, "Concentration of Energy"; O. L. Sapp, "Despotism of Prejudice"; Paul Lee Woodard, "A Southern Siege."

        Of those receiving the Academic degrees there were: Bachelors of Arts (A.B.), nine; Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.), eight; Bachelors of Science (B.S.), two; a total of nineteen. There was one recipient of the degree of M.A., one of the degree of Ph. D. The degrees were presented by Governor Fowle, who gave the graduates wise and earnest counsel.

        The Honors awarded were:

  • VALEDICTORY ORATION to Alexander McIver, Jr.
  • PHILOSOPHICAL ORATION to Victor Silas Bryant.
  • GREEK PRIZE to Frank Carter Mebane.
  • KERR GEOLOGY PRIZE to James C. Braswell and Paul L. Woodard.
  • REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL FOR ORATORY to Robert W. Bingham.
  • MANGUM MEDAL FOR ORATORY to Henry Johnston.

    SPECIAL CERTIFICATES:

  • In LATIN to Alexander McIver, Jr.
  • In GREEK to Frank H. Batchelor, Jesse L. Cuninggim, and John M. Fleming.
  • In CHEMISTRY to Gaston Battle and Hugh L. Miller.
  • In NATURAL PHILOSOPHY to Julius I. Foust.
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        The Honorary Degrees conferred were:

        Doctor of Laws (L.L.D.), Chief Justice Walter Clark, North Carolina; Thomas F. Wood, M.D., North Carolina; Hon. Hannis Taylor, Alabama; Hon. Zebulon B. Vance, North Carolina; John S. Long, Esq., North Carolina.

        Doctor of Divinity (D.D.), Rev. Lewis H. Reid, Connecticut; Rev. Frank L. Reid, Rev. Joseph B. Cheshire, Rev. James H. Cordon, North Carolina.

PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS AND ENGINEERING.

        In place of Prof. R. H. Graves the Trustees chose Prof. William Cain, C.E., of the Faculty of the South Carolina Military Academy, to be head of the Department of Mathematics and Engineering. He had been a diligent student of those subjects for twenty years and attained fame as an author by the publication of books on bridge building, architecture, and kindred subjects. He had a creditable career in the Confederate Army, although under age.

        Colonel Robert R. Bridgers, the eminent president of the Coast Line Railroad Company, said of him, "He is the best locating engineer I ever saw." Dr. A. J. DuBois, Professor of Civil Engineering of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, after testifying to his eminent fitness for the chair, added, "His mathematical ability and attainments are unquestionable, and are attested by his writings, which are favorably and widely known in his profession."

        The election of Major Cain enabled the Faculty with little additional expense to inaugurate the teaching of Civil Engineering.

DIVERS MATTERS IN 1890-'91.

        The Shakespeare Society meetings were planned with skill and did much to create and increase the study and appreciation of the great dramatist. It is impossible for want to space to give an exhaustive description of these meetings. I abridge one, however, as a sample.

        The subject was "All's Well That Ends Well," Dr. Hume in the chair.

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        Mr. Holland opened by a comparison of Shakespeare's form of the plot with Boccaccio's original story of Baltramo and Giletto.

        Dr. Hume gave a paper on the different styles of different parts of the comedy. The plot was probably mostly written in rhyme and called "Love's Labor Won."

        Mr. Roberson gave studies of Ben Jonson's Man in his Humor and of Captain Bobadil; and of Beaumont and Fletcher's Bessus.

        Mr. Batchelor made an effective defense of the modesty and purity of Helena.

        Mr. Rankin followed with an ingenious defense of Bertram.

        The evening was prolonged by an able address from St. Clair Hester on the "Bibliography and Critical Literature Illustrative of Shakespeare." The work of Schlegel, and the Germans generally, of Coleridge, Malone, Furman, and Rolfe, was happily sketched.

        Dr. Hume closed by brief notes on some new books. He praised Aikin's Memoirs of Queen Elizabeth as having valuable gossip, also Prof. Daniel Wilson's "Caliban." For the next monthly meeting "Troilus and Cressida" and Massinger's "Sir Giles Overreach" were promised.

        In September the Medical and Pharmaceutical Department was opened under the charge of Dr. Richard H. Whitehead, of Salisbury, a physician of decided genius and of experience as Demonstrator of Anatomy in the University of Virginia, at which institution he graduated M.D., after leaving Wake Forest College. He was a man of wide reputation and soon built up a successful department, at the same time making original and valuable contributions to medical journals which extended his reputation in all medical and in many scientific circles.

        In the fall of 1889 the Young Men's Christian Association made a proposition to the Trustees, which was accepted, to reduce to a system the exercises in the Gymnasium. To this end it was agreed that each student should pay one dollar for the first term and one dollar and fifty cents for the second.

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Mr. Lacy L. Little, an honor graduate of the previous year, a conscientious and able man, afterwards a missionary to China, who had prepared himself as Instructor in the Training School of the Association at Springfield, Massachusetts, was selected as Trainer. He had been captain of our football team. He afterwards in China profited by his training, being forced to save his life by a rapid retreat on foot from the Boxers.

        Among the pleasant happenings of the year, coming from a favorite son of the University, now a resident of distant St. Louis, was the gift by Captain Francis T. Bryan, a first honor graduate of 1842, of one hundred and sixty volumes of rare and costly works on engineering, architecture, Biblical, Greek, and Latin literature.

        Captain Bryan also graduated at West Point, near the head of the class, and served with distinction in the War with Mexico. Resigning afterwards from the army he entered civil life and made St. Louis his home.

        It is interesting that during this year a Member of Congress of the United States, Hon. Wm. Thomas Crawford, matriculated in the Law School of the University, the only instance of so high an official being on our student roll.

        University Day was celebrated by a polished and interesting address from Mr. J. Y. Joyner, a graduate of 1881, his subject being Edgar Allan Poe. In introducing him President Battle called over the names of his classmates, showing that all were doing a noble work, especially Charles D. McIver, Edwin A. Alderman, and the speaker, Mr. Joyner, who were by the appointment of Superintendent Finger engaged in arousing the State to a proper estimate of education.

        Mr. Joyner is now (1912) the distinguished State Superintendent of Public Instruction and has been president of the National Educational Association.

        At this period a University newspaper called the Chapel Hillian made its appearance. It was edited with ability by F. H. Argo and S. A. Ashe, Jr., the business manager being J. A.

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Bonitz. After a time it was superseded by two rival papers, the White and Blue and the Tar Heel. The White and Blue was the organ of the "Non-Frat" party, the Tar Heel that of the "Frat" party. Harmony being presently restored on the Fraternity question the White and Blue gracefully retired and the Tar Heel has since been the only University paper.

        On April 2, 1891, died Col. William Lawrence Saunders, Secretary and Treasurer of the University, A.B. 1854, LL.D. 1889. Owing to his great services to the University it was decided that a commemorative address should be delivered in his honor. Col. A. M. Waddell was invited to deliver the address and did so at the Commencement of 1892.

        An important change was made this year to secure, as far as practical, the physical well being of the students. Each was required to pay a fee of five dollars for the year and was thereupon entitled to receive medical attention without further charge. The plan is satisfactory to all--to the healthy and the sick. Indeed sickness is often prevented by the advice of the physician being sought by the indisposed, who would not ask for advice if at the expense of a fee. The perfectly healthy have the satisfaction of feeling that they are contributing to the needs of their unfortunate fellows, to the treasury of a beneficent relief fund.

        A small wooden infirmary was erected, with three rooms which were well furnished. Since then a much handsomer infirmary has taken its place, situated on Columbia Avenue.

        There died this year a negro, not connected with the University, yet well known to several generations of students. His name was Ben, or Benny, Boothe. He had an excellent character and a skull of phenomenal hardness. For five cents he would allow the hardest fist in the University to smite him on his apex, and stranger still an inch pine board to be split on the same place, without moving a muscle. For the same coin he would crow as a chicken cock so naturally as to excite belligerant feelings in all the neighboring farmyards. Mr. W. J. Peele wrote a memorial of him in his usual felicitous style.

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PAUL C. CAMERON.

        On January 6, 1891, died Paul Carrington Cameron. He was born September 27, 1808. Descended from a chieftain of the clan Cameron in North Scotland, he inherited the high spirit, truthfulness, loyalty to friends and institutions he loved, which distinguishes the leaders among the Gaels. He possessed talents of a high order. His addresses and short speeches were models of good taste and felicitous expression, though he was too straightforward to aim at eloquence. His strong points were pluck and sagacity. He managed his private affairs with consummate prudence, dying a millionaire notwithstanding the loses of the war, the emancipation of nearly two thousand slaves, and the insolvency of debtors. His tenacious memory and wide acquaintance with men and affairs for nearly three-quarters of a century made him a most agreeable and instructive companion. He had talked with Chief Justice Marshall, Nathaniel Macon, and many other great men. His services to the University were invaluable. He never missed a meeting of the Board of Trustees or of the Executive Committee, or a special committee to which he was appointed. His attendance at Commencements, even in old age, was punctual and without intermission. When the extensive repairs of the buildings became necessary, as chairman of the building committee his superintendence was constant for weeks, at his own expense, and his sound judgment and experience secured the strictest economy, the best material, and the most efficient workmanship. He held few public positions besides those connected with the University--a term in the State Senate and the presidency of the North Carolina Railroad Company being the chief, but as a private citizen his influence was wide and beneficent. A sketch of his life, prepared by Mrs. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, and another by his relative, Colonel John D. Cameron, are valuable contributions to our State history.

        Mr. Cameron's grandfather, Richard Bennehan, was one of the earliest Trustees and benefactors of the University, and his father, Duncan Cameron, was one of the wisest. It was on the motion of the latter that the Executive Committee was created,

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the Tennessee lands sold in a body and the proceeds constituted the first endowment of the institution, the possession of which induced Governor Swain to accept the presidency and led to the prosperity of the University prior to the Civil War.

        The Trustees, in consideration of his eminent services to the University, departed from their usual custom in regard to the death of Trustees, passing especially laudatory resolutions, prepared by a committee appointed by the Executive Committee, namely, Governor T. M. Holt, Charles A. Cook, F. H. Busbee, Thomas S. Kenan, and R. H. Battle.

        One of the services performed by Mr. Cameron, of a homely nature, but interesting and valuable, was hauling, at his own expense, the heavy shaft of the Caldwell monument twelve miles from the railroad at Durham, to Chapel Hill. It was necessary to fortify the bridges on the road with additional supports and it required the united strength of seven pairs of picked mules, drawing a wagon of a strength extraordinary in this part of the world, to accomplish the task.

A NOTABLE DONOR.

        In 1891 died Mary Ann Smith, a resident of Raleigh, daughter and heiress of Richard Smith, an estimable merchant, who had accumulated a large estate, according to North Carolina standards. This daughter was his only child. In 1861 she made a will, leaving half of her estate to the University for the endowment of "such a chair as shall teach both the science of Chemistry and its experimental application to the useful arts." It was required to give free tuition to as many needy students as can be paid for out of the income of the fund. In 1891 Miss Smith died, after having been an inmate of an asylum for the insane for many years. As many who were familiar with her mental condition thirty years before were dead, and her sanity in 1861 might have been difficult to prove, it was thought best to compromise the University claim for $37,000.

        Miss Smith was, when her mind was sound, a woman of excellent judgment and high principle, unostentatious but of broad charity. Her name is kept alive in the title of the Professor

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of Chemistry and in the most western dormitory, the Mary Ann Smith Building.

        Her will was remarkable in that it was in advance of the times. There had been little experimental work in Science. The Professor of Chemistry in the South generally taught Physics, Mineralogy and Geology, Botany, Zoölogy and perhaps other sciences. Dr. Mitchell, besides filling this chair, was Bursar, Town Commissioner, Justice of the Peace, co-pastor of the Presbyterian Church, co-chaplain of the University, and Superintendent of the Buildings and Grounds. Miss Smith foresaw the extension of the study of Chemistry and its application to the industrial arts.

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CHAPTER VII.

PRESIDENT BATTLE RESIGNS.

        At the meeting of the Board of Trustees in February, 1891, President Battle resigned the office which he had held for fifteen years, the resignation to take effect with the end of the session. The utmost harmony between him and the Board had always existed. He had experienced in full measure their sympathy and coöperation. As one of the ablest Trustees, Col. R. R. Bridgers said, at a meeting of the Board: "Tell us what you want done and we will do it." His chief motive in resigning was to seek a position which would have cares less anxious than the presidency. His temperament was such that his brain was oppressed with constant, never lessening thoughts about the University--the behavior of the students, the attacks on it, its curriculum, its policy, the slenderness of its resources, the work of its Professors. He longed for more quiet work, especially in History. His election to the professorship of History recently established exactly met his wishes.

        There was not wanting a surmise that the Chair of History was created by the Trustees for him, but this was by no means true. His resignation of the Presidency was not thought of until a year after the funds were procured.

        A committee of Trustees, composed of Colonel Hamilton C. Jones, Hon. Thomas W. Mason, and Hon. Francis D. Winston, was appointed to draft resolutions. The following was reported and unanimously adopted:

        WHEREAS, The Hon. Kemp P. Battle, LL.D., after fifteen years of service as President of the University, has resigned that position and accepted the Chair of History in the University Faculty, the Board of Trustees desire to express their profound appreciation of his faithful and valuable services rendered at a time when the institution was sorely in need and oppressed by almost overwhelming difficulties.

        It is unnecessary to enumerate the many details of progress made during his administration. His work stands as his monument. The

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Trustees have known him as a loyal, patient, wise, and conservative officer, whose administration of the affairs of the University has been characterized by perfect integrity of character, by courtesy and forbearance, by intelligent conservatism, by steady and wise expansion of the University ideal, and especially by intense and useful loyalty to her interests: It is, therefore,

        Resolved, That the thanks of the Board be tendered the Hon. Kemp P. Battle, LL.D., for his faithful and valuable service as President of the University.

Respectfully submitted,

H. C. JONES.

T. W. MASON.

FRANCIS D. WINSTON.


COMMENCEMENT OF 1891.

        The class exercises of 1891 were interesting, as usual. The President, Shepard Bryan, welcomed the audience in appropriate words and gave wise counsel to his classmates. The Prophet was Frank Batchelor, a young man of strong parts, but destined to a short life. His prophecies were caustic as a rule, but being jocular, provoked only amusement. Mr. J. Volney Lewis was Orator. His speech, the subject being "True Progress," attracted much attention. The History of the Class was full and candid, and showed that notwithstanding it had lost by voluntary retirement many members, it was still strong and promised to be a power in the land. The Poet was Mr. Andrew H. Patterson, his poem being written on the memories which cluster around our Glenburnie Rock. There were passages of rare beauty. A striking feature of the celebration was the presentation of the class cake to be opened at the reunion of 1914.

        There was then an adjournment for exercises around the Old Poplar in the afternoon. This was one of the most interesting occasions of Commencement. The circle of fine-looking young men, in caps and gowns under the classic tree; the friendly smoking of the "Pipe of Peace," recalling the counsel of the Tuscaroras and Cherokees, the graceful forms of well-dressed ladies and their beaux scattered over the greensward, the ringing class songs and the final farewell of four year comrades, gave a memory not likely to fade.

        

Illustration

        HOME OF KEMP P. BATTLE

        PRESIDENT'S WALK

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        The Committee on Visitation for 1891 was composed of Hon. W. L. Steele, chairman, Hon. C. M. Cooke, Hon. S. M. Finger, Hon. John A. Gilmer, Prof. C. D. McIver, A. H. Merritt, Esq., and Hon. John C. Scarborough.

        This was the last work of Colonel Steele for the institution which was very near to his heart. No sacrifice of time and comfort for her interests was begrudged by him. He was a candid, wise, and ready counselor.

        The Commencement exercises of 1891, the last under the Presidency of Dr. Battle, began on Sunday, the 31st of May, with the Baccalaureate Sermon by Rev. Dr. Walter W. Moore, a native of North Carolina, then a Professor of Biblical Literature in the Theological Department of Hampden-Sidney College, and since its removal to Richmond, President of the same.

        At the meeting of the Board of Trustees Hon. Richard H. Battle, of Raleigh, was elected Secretary and Treasurer in place of Col. William L. Saunders, deceased.

        In place of Prof. A. W. Mangum, deceased, was elected Mr. Henry Horace Williams. He took the degrees of A.B. and A.M. at this institution in 1882; was Bachelor of Divinity at Yale, won a $500 Fellowship at Harvard, taught in our public schools, and was Professor of Greek and German in Trinity College, North Carolina. His Chair is Mental and Moral Science, which was his specialty at Yale and Harvard. He is a man of power and influence.

        The oration before the literary societies on Wednesday was by Col. John M. Galloway, of the Class of 1854, who had been a brave and efficient officer of the Confederacy. He was a most forcible speaker and strongly advocated righteous conduct as a necessity of good government.

        The Class of 1881 held their reunion. The class history was delivered by Eugene L. Harris. An interesting incident was the presentation of a silver cup to Kemp Battle Nixon, the first son of any member. The father was Alfred Nixon, the worthy Sheriff of Lincoln County, and Superior Court Clerk, the author of many valuable historical monographs. The presentation speech was by Mr. James D. Murphy, one of the class, now a prominent lawyer of Asheville, in a masterly manner.

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        The Class of 1889 held a reunion. The toasts were "The Class of '89 and the Chair of History," responded to by John S. Hill. Mr. Hill offered a prize of fifteen dollars annually for the best essay on a topic of North Carolina History. "The Lady Friends of 1889," by Alexander Stronach; "The Class of 1889," by George S. Wills.

        Colonel Steele declining reëlection as President of the Alumni Association, Col. Thomas S. Kenan, of the Class of 1857, was unanimously chosen in his place. The President and Colonel H. C. Jones and Captain Thos. W. Mason were appointed to draft resolutions upon the death of Colonel William L. Saunders.

        Committees from the two societies, Messrs. M. J. Paschall, W. E. Rollins, E. P. Willard, F. P. Eller, and Victor H. Boyden, Dialectic, and W. H. Wills, Geo. W. Connor, Edward R. McKethan, S. C. Riggs, and George Ransom, Philanthropic, appeared and reported resolutions strongly eulogizing President Battle. Among other things it was said, "He has always lent sympathy that cheered and wise counsels, without which much of our success and usefulness would have been impossible." Dr. Battle responded with much feeling and testified that the confidence of the students had been very grateful and helpful to him.

        At two o'clock the alumni sat down to a substantial dinner. The first speaker was Governor Holt, whose speech was so well received that a copy was asked for publication. Colonel Steele's talk was full of vigor and humor. Dr. McIver earnestly contended for coöperation between the University and the public schools. Mr. A. H. Patterson, of the Class of 1891, spoke gracefully and effectively of college athletics. Mr. T. G. Lee, a rising Sophomore, spoke for his class, pledging them to work for the University, and read resolutions by the class not to engage in hazing. Professor Winston, being called on, made a speech worthy of his high reputation.

        Colonel Hamilton C. Jones then spoke on the "Brotherhood of the Alumni," their high character and powerful influence in all the walks of life. Hon. R. A. Doughton, Speaker of the House of Representatives, had for his subject "Public Education

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and the University." The problems of government demand for their solution the education of the people. We owe much to Major S. M. Finger, the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, and to Professors McIver and Alderman, for their intelligent work for public schools.

        An able speech was then made by Major W. A. Guthrie on the duty of the State to support the University as a worthy daughter, not as a stepdaughter.

        There was a general sentiment that the alumni should erect an Alumni Hall devoted to public offices, lectures, and laboratories.

        At night came the speeches of the representatives. George W. Connor, "The Nation's Law and the Nation's Life"; Roscoe Nunn, "The Stranger Within the Gates"; S. L. Davis, "Evolution of Nations"; H. R. Ferguson, "Home Rule Not a Remedy"; Zebulon V. Walser, "Journalism and the Law"; A. H. Koonce, "Education and Citizenship."

        Of these Davis, Ferguson, and Walser were Dialectics; Nunn, Connor, and Koonce, Philanthropics. Mr. Connor gained the votes of the judges.

        On Commencement Day, June 4th, the Senior speakers were:

  • A. H. Patterson (Philosophical Oration), "Greek Myth of Phaeton."
  • Francis H. Batchelor (Valedictory Oration), "The Scholar in Politics."
  • Shepard Bryan, "Reform and Reformers."
  • S. C. Thompson, "St. Paul at the Council of Jerusalem."
  • William W. Davies, Jr., "A Bar of Sand--Commerce."
  • W. H. Wills, "Historical View of Social Question."
  • W. L. Spoon, "The Unseen Hand."

        The following submitted theses: John M. Morehead, "The Corn Industry in the South"; George Ransom, "Degeneracy of Fiction"; William J. Andrews, "Our State--What We Are to Be"; William W. Ashe, "Schiller's Personality in his Poems"; McCord W. Ball, "The Ideal King"; Jesse L. Cuninggim (Classical Oration), "The Italian Reforms"; George H. Currie, "Luther at the Council"; Palmer Dalrymple, "The Youngest of the Sciences"; Robert R. Eason, "Turning Point

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in English History"; John M. Fleming, "Greek Education"; Paul C. Graham, "Industrial Future of the South"; Edwin R. McKethan, "An Appeal Against Woman Suffrage"; Charles S. Mangum, "The Diet of 1521"; George M. Graham, Joseph V. Lewis, subjects not recorded.

        The Degrees conferred in course were--

        
Bachelor of Arts 9
Bachelor of Philosophy 8
Bachelor of Science 2
Bachelor of Engineering 4
Bachelor of Laws 4
Master of Arts 1

        Having completed the prescribed courses and submitted an approved thesis in Psychology, Rev. James Edward Fogartie obtained the degree of Master of Arts.

    THE HONORS:

  • VALEDICTORY ORATION--Francis Howard Batchelor.
  • CLASSICAL ORATION--Jesse Lee Cuninggim.
  • PHILOSOPHICAL ORATION--Andrew Henry Patterson.
  • GREEK PRIZE--James Crawford Biggs.
  • KERR PRIZE IN GEOLOGY--Joseph Volney Lewis.
  • MATHEMATICAL MEDAL--Frank Carter Mebane.
  • MORAL SCIENCE MEDAL--Francis Howard Batchelor.
  • REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL--George Whitfield Connor.
  • ESSAYIST'S MEDAL--William Willard Ashe.
  • MANGUM MEDAL--William Watkins Davies, Jr.

    SPECIAL CERTIFICATES:

  • In GREEK to Palmer Dalrymple.
  • In MATHEMATICS to Andrew H. Patterson and Wm. L. Spoon.
  • In CHEMISTRY to John M. Morehead.
  • In LATIN to George Ransom.
  • In FRENCH to J. V. Lewis.
  • In NATURAL PHILOSOPHY to J. V. Lewis, J. M. Morehead, A. H. Patterson, and W. L. Spoon.
  • In NATURAL HISTORY to J. V. Lewis and John M. Morehead.

        The members of the class as a rule have been conspicuously successful. Among them are to be found mayors of cities, a Representative in Congress, able lawyers and physicians, professors of universities and colleges, Members of the Legislature, civil engineers and foresters, editors, and farmers.

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PRESIDENT WINSTON.

        When a successor to President Battle was sought, all eyes were turned to George Tayloe Winston, LL.D., Professor of Latin, once of Latin and German, in this University. He had been trained here at the Naval Academy at Annapolis, and at Cornell University. He was a distinguished student and afterwards a thorough and enlightened Professor. His labors in the Summer School and his Presidency of the State Teachers' Association gave him familiar acquaintance with the teachers of the State. His addresses, some of which were published, notably "The Roman and the Teuton," "Mephistopheles and Iago," and that on the Life and Genius of Professor Graves, gave him a high standing among cultured men. He had boundless energy, vigorous health, and a bold spirit, which feared nothing and was appalled by no obstacles. He was a fluent and strong speaker and loved the University at which his early student life was spent and in whose halls he taught for sixteen years. He was unanimously elected.

        President Winston was inaugurated publicly on October 14th, 1891. In the absence of Governor Holt, detained on official business, Colonel Thomas S. Kenan, President of the Alumni Association, presided. The exercises were opened with prayer by Rev. Dr. Charles E. Taylor, President of Wake Forest College, after which the University choir sang the ode to "The Bell," the refrain of which is


                         Cling, clang, cling!
                         The bell is ringing.
                         Hope and health
                         Its chimings tell--chimings tell.
                         Through the halls of N. C. U.,
                         O'er the quiet village, too,
                         Float the melody and music
                         Of the bell.

        The opening address was by President D. C. Gilman, of Johns Hopkins University, which was most thoughtful and full of encouragement to the ambitious student.

        Mr. Walter H. Page followed with an address, so able that it

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was sought and obtained for publication. While duly acknowledging the conservatism of the old University and paying a complimentary tribute to ex-President Battle, he exhorted President Winston and his coadjutors to prepare themselves for the strenuous life of the future. "We charge you to remember that this is the peoples' institution. Renounce forever all servitude to ecclesiasticism and partyism and set out to be the ruling and the shaping force among the energies that stir the people and are making of the old fields a new earth, of our long slumbering land a resounding workshop."

        After eloquent portrayals of the difficulties and the hopefulness of the future, exhorting specially the settlement wisely of the relations between the two races, the speaker said with emphasis, "We beg you to remember, not in the spirit of admonition, but in the spirit of work--fellowship; that there is but one courage, and that is the courage of truth, because there is but one victory, and that is the victory of truth, which is the invincible voice of God.

        "In consecrating yourself to this, swear that the 'day of compromise is done.' To every mendicant tradition that asks favors of you; to every narrow eccleciastical prejudice that shall demand tribute; most of all to the colossal inertia that you inherit, in whatever form they come, in whatever guise they present themselves--to them all say with kindness, but with firmness:


                         'Go honored, hence, go home,
                         Night's childless children: here your day is done,
                         Pass with the stars and leave us
                         With the sun.' "

        The choir sang the University Hymn by Mrs. Spencer. The retiring President then briefly reviewed the trials and successes of the new University and in most admiring terms introduced his successor. Dr. Winston, in his usual happy and forcible manner, outlined the policy of his administration and made a strong plea for higher education. Cordial letters were read from Dr. J. L. M. Curry, President of the Peabody Fund, and Dr. Henry E. Shepherd, expressing regret at being detained on official business.

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        The choir sang "The Old North State," after which Rev. Dr. Clewell, of the Salem Female Academy, pronounced the benediction.

        At night President Winston gave a reception, an old fashioned "'possum" supper to the Faculty, Senior Class, resident graduates, and invited guests. Of course a few "funny boys," not of the invited guests, perpetrated the old, ever new, joke, of mewing like cats on the outside, implying that unfortunate felines usurped the place of the opossum.

        President Winston, as soon as elected, determined to increase the attendance at the University. He had one advantage which his predecessor had not in so large measure. The number of free scholarships, owing to the ten provided by the estate of Paul C. Cameron, thirty-seven by the Mary Ann Smith, the Mary Ruffin Smith and other bequests, was now about sixty. But the larger amount of the increase was owing to his exertions. By judicious dissemination of circulars, one of which found its way to nearly every boy in North Carolina able or aspiring to enter the University, by extraordinary diligence in visiting schools and delivering addresses, highly eloquent and instructive, he greatly enhanced the popularity of the institution. He even visited conventions of other churches than his own, and when accorded the courtesy of speaking delivered conciliatory addresses. Alarmed at his influence, in the following year one of his bitterest opponents forewarned him that he would meet with opposition if he should attend future conventions of his church with the expectation of addressing them, whereupon, in the interest of peace, he absented himself.

        The President's boundless energy was shown in the prosecution of liquor sellers. An Act of Assembly prohibits the sale of spirituous, vinous or malt liquors within four miles of the University buildings. Of course this is sometimes broken. Presdent Battle repeatedly had the guilty party indicted, but invariably he was released "on payment of costs," a penalty which had no deterring effect. President Winston, by skillful detective work, secured a conviction before a United States Court. He journeyed to Greensboro, explained matters to the Judge,

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and secured a sentence to the penitentiary for a year, a punishment much dreaded by the whiskey dealer. After he left Greensboro the attorneys and friends of the convicted succeeded in winning from the soft-hearted Court a reduction of the punishment to a fine.

        President Battle had contented himself for some years with using his lecture room as his office. It was endeared to him by association, he having presided over the Dialectic Society when it was their hall, in conjunction with James Mebane, the first President, 1795. As the University grew larger it became necessary to have a President's office. This was done by opening a door into a student's dormitory adjacent, an arrangement very agreeable to the President, and necessary because the lecture room was needed for other lectures than his own.

        When President Winston was inaugurated he selected two rooms on the first floor of the South Building, as being central. These were convenient of access to all having business with the executive. In the front room was the Registrar. The noises occasionally heard in that locality did not distress the President, as he was not of a nervous temperament. The building of the Alumni Hall afterwards gave still greater comfort to the executive and his assistant officers.

VARIOUS EVENTS IN 1891-'92.

        On the morning of the 12th of February, 1892, the Faculty and students assembled to do honor to a late warm friend of the University, ex-Governor Alfred Moore Scales, alumnus of 1847. President Winston, Judge Davis, Colonel Steele, Dr. Manning, and Dr. Battle bore testimony to his spotless character, gallantry as a soldier, wisdom as a statesman. Resolutions were adopted certifying to his unflinching moral and physical courage, his straightforward rectitude of purpose, his broad views as a citizen, legislator, and Governor. He was a powerful assistant in procuring from the State the means for the increase of the University.

        In the same month a prominent Professor of History in Harvard University, Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart, spent some days

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at Chapel Hill. By request he delivered three lectures before Faculty and students in Gerrard Hall. The first was on "The Romance of American Political History." It was illustrated by maps drawn by himself and gave the growth of the United States by settlement, by conquest, and by purchase. The second was on the "Organization of Congress." The last was on the "Methods of Teaching History."

        Washington's Birthday, in 1892, was celebrated in the Philanthropic Hall, George W. Connor being the president. The Farewell Address was read, then Frank C. Carter introduced as the orator of the day Bart Moore Gatling. His address was greeted with hearty applause.

        In the afternoon the students assembled in Gerrard Hall to carry out the annual buffoonery of granting medals to Freshmen. As it is my plan to give a faithful picture of the University in its trivial as well as serious work, I give the happenings on this occasion, with the explanation that the apparent estimates of the character and conduct of the Freshmen are not to be taken as truthful. They are pure fun, intended and understood as such. As a rule the student is the opposite of what is implied in the epithets.

        A. Winston received the cheeky man's medal, though H. C. Brooks received a large vote. Hawkins, Pruden, and Rogers tied for ugly man's medal. The president cast the deciding vote, amid loud cries of "illegal election" from the disappointed friends of Jake Battle. Pretty man's medal was carried off by Tom Little, with "Little Pat" (Winston) a close second. Several were nominated for dude, and though the friends of P. C. Cameron, Ingle, John Gatling, and Dick Arrington worked hard, Horn, C., was the successful candidate. Borer's medal was awarded to Weil without opposition, as were "Twister's" to Van Noppen, and Fool's to Morris. Welsh received the medal for general cussedness, and Shelton was thought most worthy of Blusher's medal. When nominations for Liar's medal were declared in order, Buck Guthrie, who carried off the same medal last year, was nominated and unanimously elected. Much to the regret of his many friends he was declared

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ineligible for a second term and W. R. Robertson was thought next best.

        On March 10th Dr. R. L. Payne, Jr., of Lexington, an alumnus of 1868, one of the most distinguished physicians of the State, delivered a thoughtful and illuminating lecture on "The Relationship of Mind and Body." He emphasized the truth that many great minds are injured by want of attention to the laws of health.

        For some years there was harmony between the "Frats" and the "Non-Frats," but in the year 1892 there broke out differences between them which materially disturbed harmonious relations. Probably dissatisfaction had been smouldering for some time, but it seems to have become acute when it was alleged that a Frat counseled young ladies to refuse to receive the attention of a non-Frat, because they would thus drive off those of the other party. One girl, it was said, acted on this advice and treated coldly, if not with rudeness, visitors of unexceptionable respectability, personally and socially. The non-Frats also charged that their adversaries in all college elections voted together without regard to the merits of the candidates and in general kept themselves aloof from the others, although in birth, breeding, and scholarship they were not a whit superior.

        These charges were not admitted to be true, but undoubtedly while there was exaggeration, there was, or appeared to be, enough truth in them to stir up bad feeling. The non-Frats determined to bring the matter to an issue. They threatened, if the Faculty would not rectify it, to lay their grievance before the Board of Trustees, and if they refused to act, they declared that they would appeal to the General Assembly.

        Naturally President Winston was peculiarly desirous of having no irritating problems while the Legislature was sitting, so, with a committee of the Faculty, he set himself to arrange a modus vivendi. On the supposition that most of the trouble came from Freshmen, unused to University ways, and so proud of their membership in a fraternity that they displayed their satisfaction in an uncourteous manner, it was enacted that students should not join a fraternity until the end of

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a year after matriculation, a regulation pleasing to the Frats generally because there had been unseemly electioneering with new students.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1892.

        At the Commencement, 1892, the Baccalaureate Sermon was preached by Rev. J. W. Carter, D.D., a Baptist minister of Raleigh. It was a sermon of power, from a text in the 85th Psalm: "Truth shall spring out of the earth and righteousness shall look down from heaven." The subject being "True Greatness," he drew a picture of a truly great man. The greatest man is he whose reliance on truth is most unfaltering. No life is the highest that conveys no blessings to other lives. Christ is the King and kinsman, the benefactor and brother of all. The preacher knew a man in the mountains of Virginia who lived for others, totally unselfish, Godlike. Contrast his life with that of Lord Byron, brilliant but vicious, egotistical. Lasting greatness is only goodness."

        The Board of Trustees met at 9:30 on Tuesday. At 10:30 was the meeting of the Alumni Association, when Dr. Charles D. McIver, in that peculiarly forcible style which won for him celebrity and success, argued with earnestness and strength for State support of higher education. He recommended that the alumni should have a voice in the election of Trustees, a proposal which sounds reasonable, but which, if not carefully managed, might make the Board a close corporation, not having the sympathy and confidence of the people, like the unpopular self-perpetuating body abolished in 1804. Second, he urged that the alumni should have a voice in editing the University Magazine. Third, and most important, all the alumni should become members of the Association and pay two dollars each for the purpose of aiding poor students. The organization heretofore formed has about 400 members, of whom about seventy-five are honorary, never having been at the University. About $1,200 has already been paid in on the subscription of 1891. It is believed that $3,000 or $4,000 could be obtained by bringing the matter to the attention of all alumni. The Executive Committee, President Winston, and Professor Alderman

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have helped about twenty young men. One fellowship of $200 has been awarded. Dr. McIver closed with an eloquent description of the cruelties of ignorance--even honest ignorance.

        The memorial address of Col. Alfred Moore Waddell on Col. W. L. Saunders, which followed, was very eloquent, worthy of the career of its subject, one of the warmest and wisest friends the University has had, one of the most prominent in lifting it from its ruins and starting it on its new course of usefulness and honor. His editorial experiences, his cautious yet wise counsels, President Battle acknowledged with gratitude as of inestimable aid in meeting the difficulties which constantly confronted him in his labors for the revival of the University. Colonel Waddell did not exaggerate when he said: "If, therefore, any North Carolinian ever deserved to be remembered with gratitude for his public service it was he. His whole life from boyhood to the day of his death, through evil and good report, in adversity and prosperity, was devoted to the work of sustaining and defending her honor and the welfare of her people. He was never disconcerted by difficulties and never lost his balance, but always kept a clear head and maintained a calm self-possession. He knew exactly when to speak, and when to be silent, and his capacity for patient listening amounted to genius. * * * Conservative, cautious and modest, his judgments were apt to stand without revision.

        "As commander of a regiment in the Civil War he was prompt in every duty, gallant in conflict, patient in suffering under grievous wounds. His last words on earth were an expression of unselfishness. The sister of his wife, who died soon after marriage, was giving him small quantities of some medicine. He found himself unable to swallow. With a cheerful laugh he said 'Old lady! you have done your best,' and expired."

        A most interesting effort at reunion was that of the Class of 1842, called by one of its members, Dr. J. J. Summerell, of Salisbury. Having married Ellen, daughter of Dr. Elisha Mitchell, he was always regarded, and regarded himself, as peculiarly connected with the University. The absence of classmates

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was a striking evidence of the ravages of time. Not one except himself could answer at rollcall.

        The decennial reunion of the Class of 1882 was held as proposed.

        The orations of the representatives of the two societies were delivered on Tuesday evening. S. F. Austin spoke on "Saxon Ideas in America"; F. C. Harding on the "Conflict of Forces"; T. J. Cooper on "Footprints of Individuals"; W. P. M. Currie, "Scotch Characters"; W. P. Wooten, "The Future of Southern Europe." F. P. Eller had been elected, but sickness prevented his speaking. He died a few days afterwards--a most promising student. Messrs. Austin, Wooten, and Harding were Philanthropics, the others Dialectics. The judges decided that Mr. Harding was best.

        Immediately after the speaking Mr. Locke Craig presented to the Philanthropic Society an oil portrait of Lieutenant-Governor Stedman. An oil portrait of Chief Justice Richmond M. Pearson, of the Class of 1823, was presented to the Dialectic Society by his son, Hon. Richmond Pearson, who would have been one of our graduates if the University had been open in his student days.

        The ninety-seventh annual Commencement Day, 1892, was held on June 1st, opened with prayer by Rev. Dr. Hume and a hymn by the congregation led by the band, the beautiful hymn beginning, "Awake my soul, stretch every nerve." There were seven Senior speakers, selected by combination of scholarship and oratory.

  • Wallace E. Rollins, "Prophets, Past and Present."
  • George W. Connor, "Truth and Tradition."
  • George Henry Crowell, "Ideal Manhood."
  • Leonard C. Van Noppen, "False Verdicts of History."
  • Plato Collins, "Reformers Before the Reformation."
  • William E. Darden, "A Political Anachronism."
  • Frank Carter Mebane, "The Philosopher and the Apostle."

        Mr. Mebane would have been Valedictorian under the old régime, being the best scholar in the class.

        The judges, selected from prominent visitors, awarded the victory to Mr. George H. Crowell. It is remarkable that when

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he came to the University, a green and rather awkward lad, he told a friend that he intended to try to win the Mangum Medal. By hard study and practice in speaking in his society and elsewhere, he not only succeeded in this, but carried off the Representative Medal in his Junior year. After successfully administering the Graded Schools of High Point he became a Professor in Oklahoma.

        The Secretary of the Treasury, Hon. J. G. Carlisle, had agreed to address the graduates. He was detained by sickness, and Hon. Hannis Taylor, of Alabama, an alumnus of 1868, kindly took his place. After some reminiscence of his life at Chapel Hill, to which he had come as a refugee after Burnside's capture of New Bern, and paying a tender tribute to his old co-fisherman, Foster Utley, he spoke earnestly and strongly of the blessings of American citizenship and our duties as citizens.

        Degrees were then conferred as follows:

        
Bachelors of Arts (A.B.) 7
Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.) 3
Bachelor of Science (B.S.) 1
Bachelors of Letters (B.Lit.) 2
Bachelors of Engineering (B.E.) 2
Bachelor of Laws (B.L.) 1
Total (see Appendix) 16

    CERTIFICATES FOR SPECIAL PROFICIENCY:

  • In ENGLISH to H. A. Banks and W. D. Buie.
  • In LATIN to F. C. Mebane and W. E. Darden.
  • In GREEK to F. C. Mebane, J. C. Biggs, and F. L. Willcox.
  • In MATHEMATICS to F. L. Willcox.
  • The REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL was won by F. C. Harding.
  • The HUME ESSAY MEDAL by C. F. Harvey.
  • The PHILOSOPHICAL PRIZE by William D. Buie.
  • The HISTORY PRIZE by Leonard C. Van Noppen.
  • The GREEK PRIZE by D. T. I. Wilson.
  • The MATHEMATICAL PRIZE by W. T. Wooten.
  • The MANGUM MEDAL by George H. Crowell.

        Dr. Charles G. Hill, of Baltimore, a native of Louisburg, N. C., had offered a prize of $100 for the best thesis in North

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Carolina History. It was won by Mr. Edwin M. Wilson, his thesis being "The Congressional Career of Nathaniel Macon." This was afterwards published in the second issue of the James Sprunt Monographs.

        The Chief Marshal was J. C. Biggs, a Philanthropic. His assistants from his own society were Julian E. Ingle, Jr., W. B. Snow, and R. J. Southerland. The Dialectic assistants were A. S. Barnard, K. A. Jones, and John A. Gilmer, Jr.

        The Ball Managers were Victor H. Boyden, Chief, a Dialectic; Samuel A. Ashe, Jr., E. A. Myers, Lawrence O'B. Jones, of the Philanthropic, and Alexander B. Andrews, Jr., C. E. Shelton, and Thomas Ruffin, Dialectics.

        The newspaper correspondent announced the close of the festivities as follows: "Long before the gay dancers dreamed of it, the gray streaks of dawn announced the approach of day; the band very softly and very sweetly began to play that most beautiful of all waltzes, 'Home, Sweet Home,' and as the last sweet strains died away the Commencement of '92 was at an end."

NEW MEMBERS OF THE FACULTY IN 1891-'92.

        In 1891-'92 President Winston had charge of Political and Social Science, Prof. Holmes of Geology and Mineralogy, Henry Van Peters Wilson, Ph.D., of Biology, and Karl Pomeroy Harrington of the Latin Language and Literature. The new Instructors were Hunter L. Harris, in Mineralogy and Geology, and Howard Burton Shaw in Mathematics and Drawing. The new Assistants were Charles Baskerville and Arthur I. Edwards in the Chemical Laboratory, Howard A. Banks in English, Thomas R. Foust in the Physical Laboratory, Shepard Bryan and Frank P. Batchelor in the Library. Dr. Alexander was Librarian. Professor Gore, Secretary and Registrar.

THE RULES REVISED.

        The University rules were much changed at the instance of President Winston, and some old rules reënacted. Most of the changes are here noted: Gratuities are adopted, i. e., the privilege of being absent a certain number of times from recitations

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or Prayers, without being called to account. Students are allowed thirteen absences from recitations in the fall, seventeen in the spring term, and seven absences from Prayers in the fall and nine in the spring term. Gratuities (or Grats) are not to exceed one-fourth in any study.

        A student taking no gratuities on lectures during the term may deduct one from the number of hours of elective studies during the Junior or Senior year.

        In estimating grades the term standing counts one-half; the final examination the same.

        Tardiness in returning at the beginning of a term, unaccounted for, shall be counted in estimating class standing.

        No absence from the Hill is allowed except with the written permission of the President.

        No substitutions in studies may be made except those allowed in the catalogue.

        Grades below fifty require taking the study again.

        Grades over fifty and less than seventy require reëxamination.

        Rooms are to be inspected before the end of the session and damages paid for. Deposits are required of two dollars annually for damages to rooms.

        Students must not have pistols.

        Fifteen recitations and lectures a week are required, as a rule, but the Faculty may allow more or less.

        Students on probation can have no gratuities, nor leave the Hill, nor take part in match games or musical concerts.

        Old students must register within twenty-four hours and new students within forty-eight hours after reaching the Hill.

UNIVERSITY DAY, 1892.

        On the 12th of October (University Day), Mr. Alexander Graham, Superintendent of the Graded Schools of Charlotte, delivered a well considered address on "Education in North Carolina," which was all the more appreciated because he was one of the pioneers of graded schools in the State. His wise counsels were founded on experience.

        At night President Winston gave a general reception in the

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Gymnasium, which was of great benefit in introducing the students and the Faculty to a more intimate and pleasant acquaintance with one another.

FOOTBALL IN 1892.

        In the Fall of 1892, under Captain Michael Hoke, a son of the eminent Confederate General, R. F. Hoke, the football team won notable victories, losing only once, to the University of Virginia in October, at Richmond, by a score of 30 to 18. It then became the superior of any in the South, defeating Richmond College 40 to 0, Trinity 24 to 0, Alabama A. and M. 64 to 0, Vanderbilt 24 to 0, and the University of Virginia, a second game, at Atlanta on November 26, 26 to 0.

        It is true that the University of Virginia had been victor in the first, or championship game, and our triumph was in an exhibition game, but that did not prevent the general exultation. A committee was appointed to arrange for a banquet, another to decorate and send to University Station a special train to meet the players. When it reached Chapel Hill the students enthusiastically converted themselves into equines and drew the carriages from the station to the Campus. President Winston, Captain Michael Hoke, and Mr. Charles Baskerville, manager of the team, were in the leading carriage. The shouts of


                         Rah! Rah! White,
                         Rah! Rah! Blue,
                         Hoopla! Hoopla! N. C. U.
rang out on the Campus until a late hour.

        A few days afterwards the banquet was given to the victorious team. President Winston, absent at Asheville delivering an address, sent a stirring letter. Howard Rondthaler was toastmaster. The Faculty Athletic Committee responded to toasts, viz., Dr. Venable to "The Team," Dr. Baskerville to "Our Captain" (Hoke), Dr. Alexander to "Our Manager," and Professor Williams to "Athletics." The students who responded were Captain Mike Hoke on "Our Sponsors," and Perrin Busbee on "Our Scrub Team."

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RENEWED ATTACKS ON THE UNIVERSITY.

        The attack on appropriations to the University was renewed. In 1892-'93 it was urged that certain colleges had been endowed by members of religious denominations and the University out of funds provided by the State had the same standards of admission and virtually the same curriculum. This was denied by the University, but investigation should be had and, if found to be true, should it not step up higher or step down and out?

        Moreover it was charged but denied that the University actually competes with the academies. "Tuition is absolutely given to nine students and virtually to twenty-seven others." And the correspondent asked plaintively: "Are we living in democratic North Carolina, or have we been consigned to the realms of the Czar?"

        The newspaper correspondent was peculiarly shocked at giving tuition to the sons of ministers. In his imagination a Turk from Constantinople, or a Mormon from Utah might thus obtain the bounty of the State. He contended, moreover, that, as the State stopped the manufacture of shoes in the penitentiary so as not to compete with the makers of clothing for the feet outside of its walls, so the State should stop the training of the brain in her University so far as similar training is done in the colleges. It is a great hardship, it was urged, to make those who support these colleges pay taxes for the support of the University. And if money can be voted from the public treasury for the education of those intending to be ministers, it follows that it can be voted for the support of pastors, which will be "the dim image of that grim horror, a State Church."

        To these expostulations there were plain answers. (1) The Constitution of 1776 ordered the General Assembly to establish "one or more universities," and the promoters of the colleges incorporated afterwards had full notice of the power and duty of the State. Having such notice they had no reason to complain. (2) That the supply of student material was practically unlimited and it was only necessary to arouse the spirit of education

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in order that all institutions of higher learning should have reasonably good patronage. (3) This arousing of the spirit of education could best be done by the State showing its appreciation of higher training by increasing the prosperity of its own University. All this has been found to be true, and the panicky fears have died away.

        In order to carry out the views of the adversaries of the University a bill was introduced into the General Assembly, entitled "A Bill to Unify the Higher Education in the State and to elevate the University to the Apex of all Education in the State." It was provided that the Freshman Class should be abolished in eighteen months, the Sophomore Class in four years thereafter, and the Junior and Senior classes in ten years from the introduction of the bill, and the University should then teach no undergraduate branches of learning, except such as may be necessary and constituent parts of postgraduate, professional, technical, and special finishing courses. In order to compensate the University for the tuition of undergraduate classes the present $20,000 a year should continue and there should be granted an additional $3,000 each year for ten years, until the entire appropriation shall be $50,000 a year. It was further proposed that the colleges of the State should be forbidden to grant postgraduate degrees, except honorary degrees, and that the provisions of this bill should limit the charters of the institutions affected. The final clause is quite unusual, showing the earnestness of the draughtsman, Rev. Dr. Shearer, President of Davidson, "This act to take effect from and after its passage, the public good requiring it."

        An editorial in a leading newspaper is a sensible comment on this extraordinary proposition. It was characterized as "the wildest scheme that we have known introduced in the Legislature in our experience of public affairs. It should be entitled 'A Bill to Abolish the University.' There is no institution in America of the sort proposed. Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Johns Hopkins, etc., have undergraduate classes. Our people would not pay taxes for such an institution. There are only five postgraduates in the University. Its doors would be closed to the youth of nine-tenths of the counties in North Carolina.

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We do not wonder that some people understand it to be a scheme to move the University to Apex (a village in Wake County). The University is doing admirable work for the State. It has a standard of scholarship which is recognized at Harvard University to be equal to the standards of Yale, Columbia, Cornell, and other great Universities. It is fully abreast of the University of Virginia. It is helping our poor boys with scholarships. It is helping to build up our public schools. It is in sympathy with our people. It is friendly to all the colleges. It is a glory, an honor, and a strength to North Carolina. It has an honorable career that runs through a century and it is now entering upon a new career that will be greater and nobler. Let the State guard it, love it, and treasure it forever."

        The defeat of Dr. Shearer's bill was aided by the publication of an anonymous letter pretending to be written by a citizen of Cary, a village in Wake County, near the village of Apex, protesting heatedly against the removal of the University to Apex, and giving sundry reasons for the preference of Cary.

        The Joint Committee of the General Assembly on Education in 1893 gave a hearing to all who desired to be heard. It was admitted that President Winston came out victorious. The General Assembly decided to add to the existing appropriation $10,000 for repairs of the buildings of the University. Rev. C. Durham advocated the bill, but his position was much weakened by a question put to him by a Republican Member. Mr. Durham was a firm Democrat. A Democratic candidate for the General Assembly (Mr. Busbee) was a University man. His opponent, a Republican, was against further State aid. A Republican Committeeman, after Mr. Durham's speech against the University, inquired, "How did you vote in the recent campaign?" "I voted for Mr. Busbee," was the answer. "Well, you do not vote as you shoot." Although it was to Mr. Durham's credit to keep his party consistency, the effect of his anti-University speech was much weakened by the incident. His opposition to "State aid" was inferior to party fealty.

        President Winston's zeal procured for him the distinction of

Page 481

being publicly criticized on the floor of the Senate by the Senator from Guilford. In his zeal for the interest of the University he stepped beyond the imaginary rail of the House in order to give some information to one of his friends. There was probably a rule against this, but it was obsolete, and was often broken. The constituents of the Members exercised the right to communicate with them, sometimes by visiting them at their chambers, sometimes by inviting them into the lobby, sometimes, when invited, by speaking to them at their seats. The Senator from Guilford took offense and protested against what he considered a breach of the privileges of the House. For all this the plucky President cared not a groat, but, having secured his appropriation, returned to Chapel Hill rejoicing.

DR. WINSTON'S ARGUMENT.

        For the information of the General Assembly of 1893 President Winston caused to be printed an argument showing the work done by the University for the people of the State and the duty of the General Assembly to support it. With the exception of a few sentences heretofore quoted I give the paper in full:

        I. THE CONSTITUTION DEMANDS IT.--The present Constitution, Article IX, section 6, says: "The General Assembly shall provide for the election of trustees of the University of North Carolina, in whom when chosen shall be vested all the privileges, rights, franchises and endowments thereof, in anywise granted to or conferred upon the trustees of said University, and the General Assembly may make such provisions, laws and regulations, from time to time, as may be necessary and expedient for the maintenance and management of said University."

        And section 7 of the same Article says: "The General Assembly shall provide that the benefits of the University, as far as practicable, be extended to the youth of the State free of expense for tuition; also that all the property which has heretofore accrued to the State, or shall hereafter accrue, from escheats, unclaimed dividends, or distributive shares of the estates of deceased persons shall be appropriated to the University."

        II. THE UNIVERSITY IS A STATE INSTITUTION AND STATE PROPERTY.--In obedience to the mandate of the Constitution, the University was established one hundred years ago. It is not a separate

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isolated institution, but belongs to the State system of public institutions, and is as fully the property of the State as the asylums, the Penitentiary, the Agricultural and Mechanical College, the Capitol, or the Supreme Court building. Like other State institutions, it should be guarded, supported, and properly managed. Relying upon the promise of the State to maintain and guard the University, various citizens have from time to time given lands, buildings, money, and apparatus, in trust to be used forever for the purpose of a University. The State has accepted the trust, and is bound in honor to fulfill it. The property can never be used for other purposes. It includes six hundred acres of land, fourteen buildings, a library of forty thousand books, valuable scientific apparatus, and about ninety thousand dollars of invested funds. Its total valuation is about half a million dollars. Liberal support of the University will attract generous endowment, but scant support will both repel philanthropy and check its growth.

        Harvard University received support from the State of Massachusetts for two hundred years, until it attracted a large endowment fund, and needed no further aid. It now has an income larger than the State of North Carolina, and gives away seventy thousand dollars annually to poor boys.

        III. THE UNIVERSITY IS THE BEST PROPERTY THE STATE OWNS.--It has added nearly five hundred thousand dollars to the educational wealth of the State by attracting donations of lands, buildings, books, apparatus, and money. It keeps at least two hundred young men from annually going to other States for an education, thus saving to North Carolina about one hundred thousand dollars each year, perhaps one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, as the expenses at the North are much greater than with us.

        During the suspension of the University, soon after the war, the University of Virginia, Princeton, Cornell, Yale, and Harvard were crowded with North Carolina boys. Now but few of our boys are abroad except in technical and professional schools. The proper expansion of the University will keep these also at home.

        The State should aim to furnish within its own borders complete educational advantages for all its citizens.

        IV. THE UNIVERSITY EDUCATES MANY POOR BOYS, WHO OTHERWISE COULD NOT GET AN EDUCATION.--During the past two years it has loaned $3,849.25 from the Deems Fund, thereby aiding fifty-five needy students.

        During the past twenty years it has aided about eight hundred needy young men by loans or scholarships.

        It is now giving free tuition to one hundred and twenty-six students, who could not otherwise be educated. Of these, forty-two are preparing to teach. Fully one-third of the students in the University

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are aided by loans, scholarships or labor, and over one-third are supporting themselves by money which they themselves have earned or have been forced to borrow. The spirit of self-help is so strong at the University that thirty-three students, even while pursuing their studies, are at the same time supporting themselves wholly or in part by labor. They manage boarding clubs, set type, work in laboratories, serve as stenographers and typewriters, sell books and clothing, give private instruction to other students, teach classes in the village, clerk in the stores, and do many other kinds of work. The following brief statements, prepared by the young men themselves, will give an idea of the spirit of economy that prevails at the University, as well as the spirit of self-reliance that enables so many poor boys to get a university education. It is not exaggeration to say that the University, by its loan funds, scholarships, and opportunities for labor makes it possible for any worthy boy, however poor, to obtain in North Carolina as good an education as rich boys obtain elsewhere.

STATEMENTS BY STUDENTS.

        (No. 1.) Started on twenty dollars. Now is self-supporting.

        "In September, 1893, I started to the University, having twenty dollars. On reaching there I borrowed fifty dollars from the Deems Fund and afterwards fifty-nine dollars from a friend. I made fifty-five dollars during the spring term by working and by teaching. On returning this year I borrowed fifty dollars from the Deems Fund. I am now teaching pupils in the village at odd hours, and am making enough to meet all my expenses and pay off some of last year's debt. I have a scholarship."

        (No. 2.) Keeps house, pays all college expenses, supports wife and three children, all on three hundred dollars a year.

        "I am thirty-three years old, have a wife and three children, moved here from Johnston County, and keep house. My only property is a small farm, yielding sixty dollars a year. I saved a little money from teaching a free school. My money will last me until April, when I shall borrow from the Deems Fund. My expenses are twenty-five dollars a month. This includes house rent, wood, books, clothing, all for myself and family. I have averaged teaching, as near as I can guess, four months in each year for the last ten years. My ambition is to be a successful teacher. I have a scholarship."

        (No. 3.) Made eighty-five dollars on farm and earns twenty-five dollars at University.

        "I saved eighty-five dollars which I made on the farm, and I borrowed one hundred and fifty dollars. I earn twenty-five dollars a year by labor here. My expenses last year were two hundred and forty dollars; this year (for half a year) sixty-four dollars."

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        (No. 4.) Worked at carpenter's trade.

        "Before coming to the University I worked at the carpenter's trade and saved enough money to pay three-fourths of my expenses. I borrowed the other fourth."

        (No. 5.) Assists in a boarding club and lives on $32.75.

        "I am earning my board by assisting in a club. My total expenses are $32.75 for half year."

        (No. 6.) Saved all his money teaching public school.

        "My total expenses have been $70.60 (half year), and I saved it all teaching public school."

        (No. 7.) "My expenses for half year are $62.90. I made the money school teaching."

        (No. 8.) Lived on one meal a day.

        "I entered the University four years ago, and lived for a while on one meal a day. I had only five dollars. I was kindly aided by the Faculty and students and citizens until I got work. I have borrowed some little money from the Deems Fund and from kind friends, and by laboring hard have managed to pull through for four years. I shall graduate in June."

        (No. 9.) Waits on table and sets type.

        "I support myself almost entirely by waiting on table and setting type. I give my note for tuition."

        (No. 10.) Sets type. Supports himself entirely.

        "I support myself entirely by setting type. I set type all the time, except when reciting and attending lectures. I study at night."

        (No. 11.) Earns half his expenses by clerical and stenographic work.

        "My total expenses for last term were about one hundred dollars, and I earned fifty dollars by doing clerical and stenographic work at odd hours."

        (No. 12.) Sells clothing and cuts wood.

        "I sell clothing by sample and cut wood. During the summer I sold books. Last year I helped cure tobacco. I borrow a small sum from the Deems Fund."

        (No. 13.) Manages boarding club.

        "I pay my board by managing a club and all my other expenses with money I earned by teaching last year. Total expenses one hundred and twenty-five dollars, exclusive of board."

        (No. 14.) "I made twenty-five dollars teaching and borrowed the rest from the Deems Fund."

        (No. 15.) "I make fifty dollars a year selling clothing."

        (No. 16.) Painter and decorator.

        "I am living partly on money earned by painting and partly on borrowed money. Total expenses, $65.75 (half year)."

        (No. 17.) Sold fruit trees and taught school.

        "I am paying my own expenses with money that I made selling

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fruit trees and teaching school. Total expenses (half year) seventy dollars."

        (No. 18.) A painter. Best scholar in his class.

        "I earned some money painting the University buildings last summer, and I have private classes, which pay part of my expenses. The rest I pay by a loan from the Deems Fund. I have a scholarship."

        (No. 19.) "I have been encouraged and helped both by Faculty and students in trying to work my way through at the University. I worked on a farm and made some money before coming here. Make my board by managing a club. Total expenses (half year), twenty-five dollars."

        (No. 20.) Couldn't get help elsewhere.

        "I am going on a scholarship and am to get a loan of fifty dollars. I am able to attend the University only on these terms. Could not have possibly attended otherwise. I would not have gone to any college, as I could not get such assistance."


        Fully one-half of the men in the University are of the condition and character suggested by the above statements. The list is given as samples of the sort of men that come to the University and of the ways that they earn a support here.

        If the University is forced to rely entirely upon tuition fees for its support, it can not continue to aid the talented poor boys of North Carolina.

        The following unsolicited letter speaks for itself. The young man is without a father, is very talented, and is going through college partly by labor and partly by loans from the Deems Fund. He has a scholarship.

CHAPEL HILL, N. C., December 20, 1894.

PRESIDENT GEO. T. WINSTON.

        "DEAR SIR:--The first term of this scholastic year has ended, and I think it my duty to thank you most gratefully for the help you have given me and the kindness you showed me when I first came. When I got out of money and had to have books, you kindly lent me some and put yourself to no little inconvenience in many ways to help me; when I was naturally homesick and despondent you gave me much encouragement and good advice, which could only be repaid by the gratefulness of my heart. Let me thank you again and again for the kindnesses you have shown me and substantial pecuniary aid you have given. Just at the time when I was about to give up all hope of a university education, you came to my aid, and now I am determined that such an education shall be mine. Before I came here I had written to many schools, stating my condition and asking for work to pay my way, and being answered

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very coldly by all of them but one, I was disheartened, but you appreciated my condition and gave me the coveted aid.

        Feeling a thankfulness in my heart which can not be expressed on paper, and being determined that my life shall be such an one as to cause you no regret for the kindness you have shown and the aid you have given me,

I am, gratefully yours,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


        To shut off such men from opportunities of higher education is to deprive North Carolina of strong leaders in all professions and occupations. It is not only false economy, but is contrary to the noblest impulses of humanity. But for the University at least one hundred and twenty-five poor boys annually would be unable to obtain the benefits of higher education. Shall the doors of the institution be closed to such men as these? What corresponding gain would the State thereby receive?

The University costs the State very little and the Average Taxpayer
Contributes less than four cents a Year for its Support.

        The University received from the State last year thirty thousand dollars, being twenty thousand dollars regular and ten thousand dollars special appropriation. The regular appropriation, if collected per capita, would amount to less than one and a quarter cents per annum to each inhabitant; but the tax is levied entirely by property, and the mass of the people in the State really contribute nothing to its support. A man who pays only poll tax contributes nothing. A man listed at $100 pays less than three-fourths of a cent annually to the regular appropriation, at $500 less than four cents, at $1,000 less than eight cents, at $5,000 less than forty cents. About nine-tenths of the taxpayers pay less than eight cents a year for an appropriation of twenty thousand dollars to the support of the University.

The University costs the State less than similar institutions elsewhere.

        The State of Virginia makes the following annual appropriations (for whites), not including sums appropriated for repairs:

        
University of Virginia $40,000
Virginia Military Institute 30,000
State Female Normal College 15,000
William and Mary College and Male Normal 15,000
Medical College 5,000
Total $105,000

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        South Carolina appropriates for whites:

        
Clemson College $50,000
South Carolina College 30,000
Citadel 20,000
Winthrop Normal 7,500
Total $107,500

        North Carolina appropriates for whites:

        
University of North Carolina (being $20,000 regular and $10,000 special) $30,000
College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts 17,000
Normal and Industrial College 12,000
Cullowhee Normal 1,500
Total $61,500

        North Carolina thus appropriated last year only $61,500 to the higher education of the whites against $105,500 appropriated by Virginia and $107,500 by South Carolina. The white population of South Carolina is not half as large as that in our State, and yet the State appropriates nearly twice as much money annually. Virginia's white population is not so large as ours, but its appropriation is nearly twice as much.

        For white higher education last year:

        
West Virginia appropriated $100,000
Connecticut 80,000
Vermont 32,000
Pennsylvania 130,000
New York 506,000
California 194,000*
Kansas 96,000
Ohio 123,000
Michigan 351,000
Minnesota 174,000
Illinois 137,000
Colorado 250,000
Nebraska 178,000

        * Besides tax of one per cent on $100 for University.


        The list might be extended. Appropriations for the higher education of the colored race are also larger elsewhere than in North Carolina.

        VI. THE UNIVERSITY IS THE HEAD OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM, AND IS ESSENTIAL TO A COMPLETE SYSTEM.--Every State in the Union has a University as the head of its school system. This is logical

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and necessary and North Carolina can not afford to be the only exception. It would be false economy, indeed, to spend nearly $800,000 annually on the public school system and then deprive it of its natural and logical head.

        All the forces and influences of the University have been constantly exerted and are now at work to increase the public school system. To take away from the head of the system the small sum necessary to its support and supply that sum to the body of the system would work little good and much evil. The public school term would not be lengthened two days.

        The University supplies the State annually with a large number of teachers for both public and private schools, and is now maintaining a special department for the training of teachers and a summer school for the better training of those who are already teaching and are unable to attend the regular sessions. During the present year one hundred and twelve students who are teachers, or who expect to teach, have attended these schools. Their work as teachers will more than repay the State for the expense of their tuition at the University.

        The University thus saves the State the expense of a separate normal school for male teachers, which in other States costs more than our entire University.

        VII. THE UNIVERSITY IS NON-PARTISAN, NON-SECTARIAN, AND IS ESSENTIAL TO THE STATE.--The State must educate its youth for citizenship. It must have higher education as well as lower.

        Especially is there need of at least one State institution for higher education where men of all sections, political parties, creeds, and conditions may meet on a level of perfect equality, enjoying the very best educational opportunities and inspired with a common love of North Carolina and ambition to serve her interest.

        The names of University alumni prominent in all parties, churches, professions, trades, and occupations prove that it is an institution of this character.

        That the State needs a University is shown by its growth.

        The large attendance at the University shows that it is doing its work faithfully and is supplying a genuine need in North Carolina for such an institution. During the last four years there has been marked increase, as follows:

        
1891 198 students.
1892 248 students.
1893 316 students.
1894 389 students.
1895 462 students.

        Surely there is need of an institution that attracts four hundred and sixty-two students, of whom one hundred and two are teaching

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or preparing to teach, over one hundred and twenty-five are educating themselves either by their own efforts or by borrowed money, over thirty are largely or entirely self-supporting by their own labors while at the same time pursuing their studies.

        The value of such an institution is simply incalculable. Is it any exaggeration to say that the University yields the State larger returns than come from any other equal investment of public funds? And would it not be very difficult to show what corresponding gain would attend the destruction or crippling of such an institution?

        VIII. THE NECESSITY FOR STATE AID--SHALL THE UNIVERSITY GO FORWARD OR BACKWARD?--Without State aid the University can not exist. Its regular income is about forty thousand dollars, of which the State regularly furnishes half. The University of Virginia has an income of over one hundred and ten thousand dollars. Harvard's income last year was a million and a quarter dollars. The University is just now getting to the point of efficiency; it needs better equipment in several departments, and it is struggling manfully forward. With an income about one-third as large as the University of Virginia our University is doing a work that compares well with that institution. The affairs of the University are conducted in the most economical manner consistent with efficient instruction and respectable scholarship. A special committee of the Board of Trustees visits it each year, inspects its workings and examines its accounts. The committee for last year was composed of Rev. J. L. Stewart, chairman; Hon. R. A. Doughton, Hon. W. T. Faircloth, D. G. Worth, Esq., R. T. Gray, Esq. Of the financial management they reported, "No evidence of extravagance or mismanagement appears."

        Every department of the University is managed at less expense than in other institutions of similar grade. The salaries of the professors are lower than in other Southern universities and far lower than in Northern universities. Already the University has lost valuable men who have been attracted to other States by larger salaries. The University badly needs expansion and equipment in several departments, but lack of means prevents. The cutting off of this special appropriation will cripple it. It needs ten thousand dollars annually more than its present regular income.

        If we are to have a University at all, of what kind shall it be? Shall it be inferior to all other State universities, or shall it steadily grow until it is equal to the best anywhere? How will it promote education to destroy or cripple the University? Will other colleges be made richer thereby? Can they help more poor boys? Will the general idea of education be promoted by striking down the head of the system of education?

        The decrease of the appropriation below twenty thousand dollars will cripple the University very badly, and force it into more active

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competition with the other colleges; will cause fees to be raised higher, thus driving off men of small means; will render it impossible to aid so many poor boys; and will at one blow undo the work of twenty years. What corresponding gain will compensate for these evils?

        Reorganizing in 1875 with seven teachers and sixty-nine students, it has grown and struggled until now it has twenty-seven teachers and four hundred and sixty-two students, is acknowledged to be one of the leading Universities of the South, and is beginning to attract patronage from all over the Union. Is this the time to destroy it?

        If it is destroyed, what benefits will result to the State?

        Is it possible that the saving of three or four cents to the average property holder will compensate for the destruction of such an institution? The State needs rather to build up its entire educational system, strengthening it at every point, until North Carolina's boys and girls have as good opportunities for education as are given in other States.

ANSWERS TO SOME OF THE OBJECTIONS AGAINST THE UNIVERSITY.

        OBJECTION 1. Has the State a right to aid higher education?

        Answer.--This right was expressly given in the first Constitution, and has been renewed in every subsequent Constitution. It has been acted on by North Carolina for one hundred years, and is now acted on by every State in the Union. It is a universally established and universally practiced principle of government throughout the entire Union. Indeed, all civilized people have accepted and acted on this principle, from the time when Moses and Daniel were fitted for the duties of higher citizenship by their respective governments, to the time when Jefferson founded the University of Virginia and Washington proposed a National University. The denial of this right is really the denial of the State's right to establish any school or to give any education. It has the right to give as much education as it deems proper, expedient or necessary. Every State has the right to provide for its own welfare and perpetuity, and education is the surest means to that end.

        OBJECTION 2. Is it expedient for North Carolina to aid higher education? That is, can the State afford the expense?

        Answer.--The aid to the University last year cost the State thirty thousand dollars (twenty thousand dollars regular and ten thousand dollars special), being an expense to the average taxpayer of less than four cents a year for the regular appropriation. The University saves to the State at least one hundred thousand dollars a year besides adding five hundred thousand dollars to its permanent wealth by attracting philanthropy. There is reason to believe that still further and larger gifts will be made, if philanthropists are assured

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that the institution will be cherished and guarded by the State. But philanthropists can not be expected to aid an institution controlled by the State which the State itself refuses to aid. Why should private citizens invest money in a State institution, if the State formally declares such institution unworthy of support?

        OBJECTION 3. Has the University a right to be religious? And, if not, should it be allowed to exist?

        Answer.--The University has a right to be religious, and it is religious. It is distinctively Christian, but not denominational. In this respect it is like other State institutions; i. e., the Legislature, which opens its daily sessions with Christian prayers, and the Supreme Court, which administers the oath on the Christian Bible. This denial of the right to be religious would destroy the entire public school system, would close the doors of all our State charitable institutions, would permit the desecration of the Sabbath, and would, if carried to its logical end, blot out entirely the Christian character of our civilization. In regard to the moral and religious character of the University, the committee of inspection for 1893, Hon. John C. Scarborough, chairman, say: "Your committee as a body and individually were favorably impressed with the high moral tone of the University, as it applies to both Faculty and the students. The morning prayers we attended impressed us as solemnly as would a family worship before the duties of the day begin. It was a company of joyous, hopeful, happy young men."

        OBJECTION 4. Does not the University compete with the church colleges?

        Answer.--There are about twenty colleges in the State and one University. There is room for all and work for all. The State aids them all by releasing them from taxation and granting whatever privileges they ask. Some colleges receive fully two thousand dollars a year in this way. The State seeks no monopoly in higher education, nor can it yield any. It can not abandon the field of higher education entirely to church colleges. Over half of the citizens of the State are not church members. Every college in the State has been benefited by the growth of the University. Since 1875, when the University was reopened, one college has doubled its numbers and trebled its endowment; three others have nearly doubled their numbers; and all have largely increased. The Agricultural and Mechanical College has sprung into life and numbers two hundred and thirty students; Elon College has sprung into life with large attendance; and a great impulse has been given to education all over the State. Honorable competition is helpful. The University was in existence long before any college in the State. It does not desire to damage any other institution.

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        OBJECTION 5. Does the University take boys from other colleges by giving them scholarships?

        Answer.--This charge is emphatically denied. Outside of the Law and Medical Schools only one student, as far as is known, from other colleges attended the University last year, and he paid tuition and other fees in full.

        OBJECTION 6. Does the University give scholarships to rich boys?

        Answer.--Not knowingly. There are several private scholarships bought and paid for, the bestowal of which the University does not control; but all scholarships controlled by the University are given, so far as is known, to boys of talent, character, and poverty. If a few undeserving boys slip in, it is an evil that may and should be corrected; but it is no reason for abolishing or crippling the institution.

        OBJECTION 7. Should not all money now given to the University be given to the public schools?

        Answer.--If the appropriation were so given the University would be destroyed and the public school term lengthened a day and a half. The school system of the State, both public and private, would be weakened and damaged by destroying its head. The University, by its general influence in behalf of education, by sending out men of influence favorable to public education, by supplying the State with teachers for both the public and private schools, by maintaining a regular Summer School for teachers, by regularly educating at least sixty teachers annually (this year one hundred and twenty-five), does more good to public schools than the twenty thousand dollars would accomplish if applied directly to the schools, for that, as said, would support them only a day and a half.

        OBJECTION 8. Is the State being taxed to pay for private scholarships?

        Answer.--The scholarships are of two classes. Those controlled by private individuals and those controlled by the Faculty. Each one of these scholarships represents either sixty dollars annually received by the University from private benefactions, or sixty dollars of interest which the University would otherwise be in honor bound to pay upon just debts. Not a single scholarship is paid for out of funds received from the State. There are no scholarships in the Law School, and only one in the Medical School. This latter was established by the widow of Dr. Thomas F. Wood, as a memorial to her husband, and is conferred annually upon that student in the medical class who is in need of help and has made the best progress in his studies during the year.

        OBJECTION 9. Is the University for the rich or the poor?

        Answer.--The University is for both rich and poor; and both meet within its walls on terms of perfect equality. Fully one-third of

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the students now at the University live on money earned by themselves or borrowed. About one-half of the students board at seven dollars, seven and a half dollars, or eight dollars per month. The average expenses of the last Senior class was only two hundred dollars. Some students live on less than one hundred dollars a year. The poor students enjoy all the advantages of the institution. Over thirty students by labor are supporting themselves wholly or partly, while attending the University. The University can not help the poor talented boys of the State if required to support itself entirely by tuition charges.

        There is no institution in North Carolina that gives aspiring and talented poor boys so much hope, encouragement, and aid as the University. It is a place where all stand upon the level of manhood and rise by the right of merit.


JOINT COMMITTEE REPORT.

        The General Assembly of 1893 appointed a joint sub-committee to visit and inspect the University. They were: Senate--Jacob Battle, of Nash, chairman; B. F. Aycock, of Wayne; F. G. James, of Pitt; T. M. Cheek, of Orange; J. H. Pou, of Johnston. Of the House, M. H. Holt, of Guilford, chairman; M. R. Eure, of Gates; J. H. Parker, of Perquimans; T. M. Robertson, of Randolph; J. W. Starnes, of Buncombe; T. A. Walker, of Rockingham; A. D. Ward, of Duplin.

        The report of the committee gives the condition of the University at that date. It is well to copy part of it. "A Campus of forty-eight acres and five hundred acres of forest land adjacent; seven substantial brick buildings with tin roofs, one substantial brick building with shingle roof, Memorial Hall with slate roof; a framed building for dissecting corpses, a rented frame building for gymnastic training, five laboratories for practical work in chemistry, biology, physics, electrical engineering, mineralogy, and geology; four museums for work and illustration in geology, mineralogy, chemistry, biology, and history; twelve recitation and lecture rooms for instruction in fifteen departments; ninety-nine dormitory rooms for occupation by students; one library and reading room, a Chapel for daily morning prayers, a Young Men's Christian Association hall and reception room, wherein the young men meet five times a week for worship; two society halls for literary culture, containing

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over sixty portraits of the most eminent men produced by the State. This property is valued at half a million dollars, and nearly the whole of it has been given by philanthropists."

        The committee was much pleased with the arrangements of the Library, though it was a regret to see 3,600 or 4,000 volumes piled on the floor for want of space. They saw also eighteen boxes of books of the collection of Dr. Thomas F. Wood, donated by his widow.

        The committee saw the young men in the Chapel at Prayers and in their society halls, and some in their private rooms, and testify to their manly and courteous demeanor and to the spirit of economy and earnestness and student brotherhood. "The committee are entirely satisfied that the University is performing a noble duty to the State, that its power for usefulness is steadily growing in the right direction, and that it merits the care and support of the Legislature, as well as the esteem and patronage of our people."

COMMENCEMENT OF 1893.

        The Commencement of 1893 was more than usually interesting. The Baccalaureate Sermon was by the Rev. Dr. F. D. Swindell, a Presiding Elder of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He gave the students weighty counsels in eloquent language.

        The meeting of the Alumni Association was distinguished by two memorial addresses of uncommon excellence. The first was by Hon. Thomas C. Fuller, alumnus of 1851, one of the ablest jury lawyers in the State, Judge of the United States Court of Land Claims. His subject was Hon. Joseph J. Davis, an alumnus of 1852, a recent Judge of the Supreme Court of this State, one of his friends and brother lawyers. He did full justice to Judge Davis's marked integrity and purity of character, combined with sound sense and knowledge of the law.

        The second address was by Hon. Risden Tyler Bennett, an ex-Member of Congress and Judge of the Superior Court, a Colonel in General Lee's Army. In a style of peculiar strength and picturesqueness, he depicted the features of the life and

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character of a remarkable and unique man, who, without deigning to employ the arts usual with politicians, by mere force of character was elected twice to Congress, and all his life was a leader in his community, Hon. Walter Leak Steele. Among his other good works Colonel Steele was conspicuous for devotion to the University, attending the Commencements under all circumstances and acting on important committees in disregard of inconvenience to his private affairs. His support of the management was hearty and judicious and his counsels candid and wise.

        I happen to know an instance of Colonel Steele's rare devotion to duty. The convention before which his name was proposed for the nomination to Congress was held in Charlotte in the same week of our Commencement. The Colonel, being a Trustee of the University, elected to attend the latter. It is pleasant to know that he did not lose the nomination by his sacrifice.

        The Class Day exercises were uncommonly interesting. The Introductory Oration was by Samuel F. Austin; the History by Howard E. Rondthaler; the Poem by Edward P. Willard; the Prophecies by William Preston Wooten; the Valedictory by James Crawford Biggs.

        The Poem was a description of the selection of the site of the University by the early Commissioners, and the traditional dinner under the Old Poplar, together with points in the subsequent history of the institution. The following extracts show its character:


                         I saw yon hoary poplar, whose mighty trunk
                         Is deeply ribbed and scarred with age and blast.

        The poet proceeds to describe the dinner, eaten by Davie and other Commissioners who chose the site of the University. They sat under the Old Poplar.


                         The day seemed one of gladness and good cheer,
                         Around the table made of rough hewn boards,
                         And holding wassail high with merry speech
                         Of brain and brawn was matched with England's best,
                         And came off victorious in the fight.

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                         'Twas here the germ was planted in the soil
                         Enriched with truth and fostered with a care
                         Well worthy of the fruit it was to yield.
                         'Twas then this institution first saw light,
                         And like a tender plant with timidness
                         It entered. Methought I saw those men of might,
                         Davie and Moore, a Mebane and a Hill,
                         Stooping with kindly touch to guide aright
                         Their precious charge, in future years to be
                         The noblest plant that nature ever formed! * * * * *


                         * * * Half a hundred years
                         Had come and gone, and now before me rose
                         A monarch of the wood, grand, o'ertopping
                         All its fellows, sending forth its branches
                         Far and wide, and roots that drew their life
                         From every Southern State! * * * * *


                         And now again the vision changed; the sky
                         Grew dark and gloomy and from its inmost depth
                         Was heard the muttering, and the fitful gusts of wind
                         Rushed by with swiftness, like roaring demons horrible, * * * * *


                         Slowly, but surer still, giving to the world
                         The semblance of a life, * * * * *


                         And with a crash I saw it yield itself,
                         A victim to the storm, and there it stood
                         Stripped of its glory, a gaunt and naked shell
                         Of what it once had been. * * * * *


                         Looking again, I knew that life was there.


                         I saw an offshoot springing up again,
                         Filled with vigor like its parent stock. * * * * *


                         I saw the hand that trained this youthful plant. * * * * *


                         It was a noble hand by wisdom taught,
                         And moved with noble purpose--a Hand today
                         Honored and loved by all, a Battle's Hand.

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                         Let us forever call our Battle, "Father."
                         And so gain honor to ourselves thereby.


                         My dream had stopped; I woke to find myself
                         But in the present. * * *
                         A Winston's at the helm--a gallant crew
                         Is helping him--the living freight are we.
                         Be not so much dead ballast, then, I plead,
                         But let us show our worth and be alive!
                         That future years, in looking back with pride,
                         May say of '93, "Yes! they are Men."

        The representative speakers of 1893 were: Thomas B. Lee (Di), "The Value of the Priest in History"; William F. Harding (Phi), "Education Opposed to Despotism"; Julian E. Ingle (Phi), "Two Devils--Satan of Milton and Iago"; Joe E. Alexander (Phi), "Future of American Politics"; Louis M. Swing (Di), "Southern Journalism"; Lytle N. Hickerson (Di), "Natural Forces in Human Action." The judges gave the award to Mr. Harding.

        The Faculty Reception was held after the speaking. It was well attended and greatly appreciated by the alumni and their families, inhabitants of Chapel Hill, and other visitors.

        The attendance on Commencement Day was large as usual. There were eight speeches, the orators selected by the Faculty. They were as follows:

  • Z. I. Walser, "The Man of the World." Napoleon.
  • A. H. Koonce, "Ideal State." Republic.
  • F. C. Harding, "Mazzini, the Prophet of Italy."
  • V. E. Whitlock, "Robert Browning, a Prophet of the Age."
  • E. M. Wilson, "The Scholar in Politics." Milton.
  • Howard E. Rondthaler, "A Reform School." North Carolina's need and duty.
  • J. C. Biggs, "The True American."
  • W. P. Wooten, "Local Self-government, the Life Boat of Liberty."
  • Mr. Biggs won the favor of the judges.

        The following were approved, but not delivered: A. B. Andrews, Jr., "The Anglo-Saxon"; S. F. Austin, "Treatment of Criminals"; A. S. Barnard, "Crime and Education"; Perrin

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Busbee, "The Social Evil"; J. M. Cheek, "Philosophy of Social Problems"; R. M. Davis, "Inheritance and Individuality"; A. J. Edwards, "City Water Supply"; H. B. Ferguson, "A National Crisis"; M. Hoke, "The Second Empire"; J. A. Jones, "The Industrial Revolution"; A. McFadyen, "Religion of Our Ancestors"; E. A. Moye, "Parties in the United States"; J. T. Pugh, "Counter Currents"; W. B. Snow, "Children of the Poor"; E. P. Willard, "Relation Between Genius and Insanity."

    MEDALS AND PRIZES:

  • MANGUM MEDAL--J. Crawford Biggs.
  • REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL--J. E. Alexander.
  • ESSAYIST MEDAL--J. M. Cheek.
  • GREEK PRIZE--T. D. Warren.
  • WORTH PRIZE--J. M. Cheek.
  • HISTORY PRIZE--F. L. Willcox.

    SPECIAL CERTIFICATES:

  • LATIN--J. T. Pugh.
  • GREEK--R. M. Davis, J. T. Pugh, W. B. Snow.
  • MATHEMATICS--J. A. Jones, V. E. Whitlock, W. P. Wooten.
  • FRENCH--V. E. Whitlock.

    UNDERGRADUATE HONORS:

    • JUNIOR CLASS:

    • Great Honor--H. H. Horne.
    • Honor--T. J. Wilson.
    • SOPHOMORE CLASS: Great Honor--F. L. Carr.
    • Honor--J. E. Alexander, T. I. Warren.

    • FRESHMAN CLASS:

    • Honor--J. C. Eller.

        The class was addressed by Judge Robert P. Dick, in his usual eloquent style. The graduates numbered:

        
Bachelors of Arts (A.B.) 7
Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.) 9
Bachelors of Science (B.S.) 3
Bachelors of Letters (B.Litt.) 3
Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) 1
Bachelor of Laws (B.L.) 1
Total 24

        The Honorary Degrees were: Doctor of Laws, Thomas C. Fuller, Judge of United States Court of Land Claims; James

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C. MacRae, Judge Supreme Court of North Carolina; Armistead Burwell, Judge of Supreme Court of North Carolina; Eben Alexander, Minister to Greece.

        Doctor of Letters, Charles D. McIver, President of State Normal and Industrial School for Women.

        Doctor of Divinity, Gabriel Johnston, a native of North Carolina, Rector of a Parish in Canada.

FACULTY APPOINTMENTS.

        At a meeting of the Board of Trustees Prof. Edwin A. Alderman was elected Professor of History and Philosophy of Education, and Herbert Cushman Tolman, Ph.D., of the University of Wisconsin, author of "Cuneiform Inscriptions," chosen to be Professor of Sanskrit and Acting Professor of Greek in the absence of Dr. Alexander. Collier Cobb, assistant Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, was made full professor.

        He had been a student of Wake Forest College, of this institution, and of Harvard University, where he procured the degrees of A.B. in 1889 and A.M. in 1894. He taught at Harvard as Instructor and in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; was for six years an Assistant in the United States Geological Survey; was a Lecturer on Geology in Boston University. He has published papers on the political as well as the geological history of North Carolina, and a large map of the State. He has contributed articles of great value on scientific subjects to leading scientific journals.

        New Instructors were: Henry Jerome Stockard, in English; Clarence Greeley, in Sociology. DeBerniere Hooper Whitaker was made Assistant in Physical Laboratory; J. W. Gore, Secretary and Registrar; Professor Alderman, Librarian; F. C. Harding, Assistant Librarian.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1894.

        The Commencement of 1894 was signalized by the presence of Hon. Hoke Smith, a Cabinet officer, Secretary of the Interior under Cleveland's second administration. Secretary

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Smith resided in Chapel Hill as a school boy when his father, Prof. H. H. Smith, was Professor of Modern Languages, and removed to Georgia when the University was closed in 1868. Although then of tender years he retained a vivid recollection of his sojourn here and had not lost his affection for the place.

        The Baccalaureate Sermon was preached by Rev. Dr. Francis J. Murdoch, Rector of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Salisbury. His wise instruction was all the more impressive because, by his counsels and influence, he was known to have induced more young men to become ministers of the Gospel than perhaps any other minister in his church in the Southern States.

        On June 5th, Alumni Day, the first address was by Rev. Dr. Numa F. Reid, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, on the Life and Character of Rev. Charles Force Deems, D.D., LL.D. Sketches of Dr. Deems will be found in the first volume of this History. The tribute of Dr. Reid was appreciative and thorough. He brought out in full relief the love of Dr. Deems for the University, of which he was an honorary alumnus, and for the people of the State, which engrossing labors and high honors in the great metropolis had not dimmed.

        In the afternoon the Seniors met in Memorial Hall led by Chief Marshal John F. Shaffner, Jr. Edward W. Myers was president, J. Weaver, vice-president; Holland Thompson, historian; J. O. Carr, orator; Herbert Bingham, prophet. The critic of the newspaper press thought well of the exercises. The statistics of Mr. Thompson he pronounced interesting and valuable; the prophecies of Mr. Bingham out of the usual line of burlesque--deep, thoughtful, and of philosophical speculation; the parting message of Mr. Myers was tender, rich, and touching, and the oration of Mr. Carr was sensible, strong, and one of the finest specimens of University culture.

        The class song was sung and the pipe of peace was smoked under the Old Poplar.

        The society representatives spoke at night in Gerrard Hall. They were: Herbert Bingham, "Educational Ideals"; J. C. Eller, "Plea for American Commerce"; L. C. Brogden, "Democracy is Immortal"; Herman H. Horne, "Truth and Life";

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Settle Dockery, "The Press and Progress"; James O. Carr, "Growth of the Scientific Spirit." Brogden, Horne, and Carr were Phi's, the others Di's. The judges gave their votes to Mr. Horne.

        On Commencement Day Rev. Dr. Thomas H. Pritchard opened the exercises with prayer. The graduating speeches were:

  • Thomas Scott Rollins, "Two Factors of Modern Civilization."
  • Alexander Caswell Ellis, "Permanence in Change."
  • Ernest Eugene Gillespie, "Plea for Scientific Training of Teachers."
  • Thomas Bailey Lee, "The State and the Child."
  • Charles Leonard Van Noppen, "Influence of Holland on American Institutions."
  • William Frederick Harding, "Truth and Poetry."

        The judges thought Mr. Van Noppen's speech the best.

        After the Senior speaking came the Annual Oration, by Secretary of the Interior Hoke Smith. He feelingly alluded to the ties which bound him to Chapel Hill and then fully and ably portrayed the obligations and duties of citizens in this great republic.

        The diplomas were then conferred as follows:

        
Bachelors of Arts 8
Bachelors of Philosophy 7
Bachelors of Science 7
Bachelors of Letters 5
Bachelors of Laws 2
Total 29

    SPECIAL CERTIFICATES:

  • In GREEK to Thomas James Wilson, Jr.
  • In LATIN, Alexander Caswell Ellis and Thomas James Wilson, Jr.
  • In GERMAN, Thomas Carlisle Smith, Jr.
  • In MATHEMATICS, Frank Brothers McKinne.
  • In GEOLOGY, Charles Henry White.
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    MEDALS AND PRIZES:

  • The HUME MEDAL to George Roscoe Little.
  • The MANGUM MEDAL to Charles Leonard Van Noppen.
  • The REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL to Herman Harrell Horne.
  • The HILL PRIZE to William Cunningham Smith.
  • The KERR PRIZE to Charles Henry White.
  • The WORTH PRIZE to Louis Melancthon Swink.

        Thesis of James T. Pugh, Jr., for Master of Arts, "A Comparative Study of the Infinitive in the Satires of Horace and Persius." For Doctor of Philosophy, Charles Baskerville. His thesis was "Comparison of the Methods of Estimation and Separation of Zirconium."

        The Honorary Degrees were: Doctors of Laws (LL.D.), J. H. Kirkland, Chancellor of Vanderbilt University; Augustus S. Seymour, Judge of United States, Eastern District of North Carolina; Hoke Smith, Secretary of the Interior.

        Doctors of Divinity (D.D.), Robert T. Bryan, President of the Baptist University of Shanghai; I. McK. Pittenger, Rector of the Church of the Good Shepherd, Raleigh.

        The Marshals were very efficient: William A. Graham, Chief, Philanthropic Assistants, John E. Mattocks, Edwin C. Gregory, Pride J. Thomas; Dialectics, William L. Scott, Harvey Armstrong, Frank R. Harty.

        At night, prior to the ball, the Glee Club gave a concert, lively, melodious, and greatly enjoyed by a full house.

THE MASON BEQUEST.

        On July 27, 1894, died Mrs. Mary Elizabeth Mason. Her husband, Rev. James Pleasant Mason, a Baptist preacher, died in June of the preceding year. She bequeathed to the University a tract of about eight hundred acres of land about two miles from Chapel Hill, which had been purchased by her grandfather from the Earl of Granville, and had been in the possession of her family since the purchase. Her husband gave $1,000 in money, the income of the fund to be for the education of indigent students.

        The fund is called after Martha and Varina Mason, only children of the testators. As directed by the testators portraits

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of them were painted, to be hung in a public hall of the University alongside of portraits of their parents. At present all are in the Library.

        The grandfather of Mrs. Mason, once owner of the land, was Mark Morgan, a donor of one hundred and seven acres of woodland to be, with other lands similarly donated, the future site of the University.

THE ALUMNI QUARTERLY.

        In 1894 President Winston issued the "Alumni Quarterly," which was discontinued after the second number, in January, 1895. I abridge some of the articles which contain information about the work of the University at that time. I begin with The Library, from the pen of Professor Alderman.

        For many years the libraries of the two societies and that of the University were kept separate. The University Library had its separate habitation. From 1835 it was in President Swain's lecture room on the second story of the South Building. In 1852 it was removed to Smith Hall. At sundry times, particularly at Commencements, the books were covered with bunting, and at no time were they used, not being such as students cared to read. There were no new publications except what were called "Pub. Docs." The Society Libraries until 1835 were in the dormitories of the Librarians. From that date until 1848 they were in the third story of the South Building. In 1848 the books were removed, the Di's to the third story of the recently built extension of the Old West, and the Phi's to that of the Old East. In 1856 there was a further migration to the highest stories of the New West and New East. In 1886 consolidation of the three libraries was effected, and by the intelligent labors of Dr. Eben Alexander, assisted by students chosen by the societies, one of whom was Benjamin Wyche, who had been trained for this business, the triple collection formed a library not unworthy of the institution. A reading room was attached with the best periodicals and newspapers. That the books were used is proved by the fact that about one thousand volumes were borrowed each month.

        The Library for years was under the intelligent general

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supervision of Dr. Eben Alexander, who directed the activities of a librarian and four assistants. The total number of books is 40,177 and more than 20,000 pamphlets. A number of gifts have been received during the past year, the most valuable being those of Mr. Henry Weil, of Goldsboro; Mr. J. S. Pierson, of New York City; and Messrs. J. Q. Gant, of Burlington; H. G. Chatham, of Elkin, and General T. F. Toon, Superintendent of Public Instruction. The total number of newly acquired volumes in 1901-'02 was 1,679. On former occasions there were valuable acquisitions of the medical libraries of Dr. Francis Jones Smith, of Orange County; of Dr. Thomas F. Wood, of Wilmington, N. C., the former as a donation, the latter in consideration of two scholarships, and by the generosity of Mrs. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, the library of Rev. Dr. James Phillips, her father, mainly theological, about a thousand volumes.

        Mr. Henry Weil, of Goldsboro, made a gift of $1,000 to the Library. It was expended for various improvements and for the purchase of books to be known as "The Henry Weil Collection in Political and Social Science."

        In 1900, the father of our excellent Professor, Samuel May, who died while in office, donated $500, the income of which must be applied to the purchase of books for the department of Modern Languages. A special case of such books has been provided for the collection, bearing the name of our beloved teacher, so prematurely taken from us.

        Dr. Alderman succeeded Dr. Alexander in the general control. The volumes increase at the rate of about one thousand five hundred annually.

        The University Summer Schools, described by Dr. Alderman. Seventeen years ago, in 1877, the University inaugurated a Summer Normal School, which continued in operation eight years. Much of the educational zeal and skill that have increased our school facilities, improved our methods and popularized the idea of public education, sprang directly or indirectly out of that wise movement. The University of today (1894), recognizing the strength and wisdom of the idea, has established four distinct Summer Schools.

        The Summer School for Teachers and Students held its first

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session of four weeks in 1894 under the superintendency of Prof. E. A. Alderman. Both sexes were admitted on a fee of five dollars. There were nine instructors, President Winston, Professors K. P. Battle, Gore, Toy, Holmes, Cain, and Foust, of the University, and Professors W. J. Battle and C. A. Smith, of the Universities of Texas and Louisiana respectively, in the Academic department. In the Pedagogic department there were seven instructors: Professors Alderman, Claxton, Graham, Noble and Misses Bryant, Pool, and Fulghum. Of the above Claxton and Miss Bryant were of the State Normal School, Graham and Noble superintendents respectively of the Charlotte and Washington schools, and Misses Pool and Fulghum of the Raleigh and Goldsboro schools.

        Instruction was offered in twenty-six subjects. The machinery did not differ materially from that of the University. There were seventy-five students, including nine city superintendents and graduates of the University and leading colleges and high schools.

        The Law School was opened by Judge William H. Battle of the Supreme Court in 1845, and continued until 1868. Many distinguished lawyers were its graduates, among them Senators Ransom, Pool, and Vance; Judges Shepherd, Howard, P. H. Winston, the elder, and Solicitor-General Phillips, the last also being Assistant Professor.

        In 1877 Judge Battle resumed his professorship; when he died, in 1879, President Battle, amid other arduous duties held charge of the school until the election of Hon. John Manning, in 1881. Under Dr. Manning's management the number of students has increased from seventeen in 1885-'86 to sixty-six in 1893-'94. In 1892 Dr. Manning associated with him Hon. James E. Shepherd, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The excellence of the school, which has a summer session as well as the nine months session, is shown by the fact that no student holding its certificate has been rejected after examination by the Supreme Court for license to become a member of the bar.

        The Summer School of Geology held its first session at Kings Mountain under the direction of Prof. Collier Cobb. In 1894 two courses were given, one in Elementary Geology and

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Mineralogy for teachers and beginners, the other in advanced geological field work. Excursions were made to the mining regions within a radius of twenty miles.

        The Summer School of Biology was conducted by Professor H. V. Wilson at Beaufort, N. C. A house was rented as a laboratory, boats for collecting specimens were hired and the necessary books and apparatus supplied by the University. Three students pursued the course, the object of which was to acquaint them with the anatomy and habits of the more common marine animals. The collection was peculiarly interesting, owing to the richness of the fauna, equaled by few places north of the Florida Keys. Our laboratory was near those of the Johns Hopkins University and of Columbia College.

        The Literary Societies are doing good work, it is generally believed quite as good as before the war. It was impossible to continue compulsory membership because of the increase in number of professional schools. But they have the present year two hundred and sixty-two members. They coöperate in supporting the Magazine, the Yackety Yack, and the Star Lecture Course. Besides the debates in course with closed doors a number of inter-society debates are held every session. Debates are also held with the Universities of Georgia, Vanderbilt, and Johns Hopkins. More than forty students entered into competition for position as champions. Their training was aided by Professor Williams (Psychology), Professor Raper (Economics), Professor Hume (English), Professor Battle (History), and Mr. McKie, Instructor in Expression. Our system has been studied and praised by other institutions. In the contests for six years, 1897-1902, there have been six with the University of Georgia, the victory equally divided, three each. With Vanderbilt University North Carolina won all three. With Johns Hopkins North Carolina won the only debate. Out of ten contests North Carolina won seven.

        The Young Men's Christian Association or the Y. M. C. A. I abridge an article by Herman Harrell Horne, A.B., 1895, now Professor of Philosophy in the University of New York. The object of the Association is to lead its members to devote their lives to Christ, not only in religion but in secular pursuits.

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is attained through the coöperative work of nine committees. William R. Webb, Jr., is chairman of the Devotional Committee and has charge of the short devotional meetings, held four nights in the week. The services consist of song, prayer, Bible lesson, and a short pointed talk by a member or an outsider specially invited. On two nights in the month the meeting is devoted to the subject of Missions. George S. Wills is chairman and the object is not only to create sympathy in the cause, but to promote the student volunteer movement.

        The Committee on Bible Study, under the general supervision of Mr. E. L. Harris, the University Registrar, and Mr. J. W. Canada in special charge, seeks to enlist the young men in the study of the Holy Scriptures. No less than one hundred and twenty-five students are engaged in this work, either in the Y. M. C. A. classes or outside.

        Mr. George Stephens is chairman of the committee on monthly sermons. He takes care to select men of piety as well as eloquence. Mr. Darius Eatman is chairman of the committee on music as well as leader of the Glee Club. Mr. J. W. Canada is treasurer of the finance committee. The funds come mainly from membership fees. Mr. E. L. Harris is chairman of a committee of seven whose duty is to see that the sick receive proper attention.

        A religious census, though incomplete, shows that out of one hundred and seventeen church members, there are thirty-eight Methodists, eight Baptists, twenty-three Episcopalians, sixteen Presbyterians, one Friend, one Roman Catholic. Of eighty-seven other students, thirty-five incline to be Methodists, thirty-four Episcopalians, eleven Baptists, four Presbyterians, two Friends, one Cumberland Presbyterian.

        The Association issues freely to the students a handbook containing information especially valuable to new students. The Y. M. C. A. likewise gives a reception to the new students.

        The officers for 1894 are H. H. Horne, president; W. R. Webb, Jr., vice-president; J. S. Wray, recording secretary; R. E. Coker, corresponding secretary; J. W. Canada, treasurer.

        The Association does much good but is trammeled by the lack of a building suitable to its needs.*

        * This want has been supplied.


 Mr. L. M. Bristol,
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Musical Director, is chairman of a committee to raise funds to remedy this defect.

        From an article by President Winston, entitled The Expansion of the University, the following information is extracted: The numbers have increased from one hundred and ninety-eight in 1890-'91 to four hundred and forty-six in 1894-'95, the highest before the war being four hundred and sixty-three. Three new departments have been added: History, Biology, and Pedagogics. That of History is in charge of Dr. Kemp P. Battle, LL.D. (A.B., 1849), assisted by Dr. E. A. Alderman. It offers (1) Introduction to Mediæval History, (2) Mediæval History, (3) English History, (4) American History, (5) Constitutional History, (6) North Carolina History, (7) New Testament History, (8) History of Ancient Civilization, (9) History of Modern Civilization. Two hundred and thirty-eight students pursue these courses.

        The Department of Biology is under Dr. Henry V. Wilson, of Johns Hopkins University, for several years in charge of the United States Government Station at Wood's Hole, for the study of Marine Life. There are three laboratories well supplied with aquaria, microscopes and other apparatus. Seven courses are offered (1) Elements of Physiology, (2) General Biology, (3) Practical Biology, (4) Vertebrate Embryology, (5) Vertebrate Histology, (6) Comparative Anatomy and Embryology, (7) Research course in Zoölogy. One hundred and thirty-six students enrolled.

        The Chair of Pedagogics is filled by Professor Alderman. Besides instruction in the Science and Art of Teaching and Methods, efforts will be made to bring the secondary schools in closer relation with the University. Courses are offered: (1) The Science of Education, (2) Art of Teaching, (3) School Supervision, (4) General History of Education, (5) Philosophy of Education.

        Every department offers advanced instruction in one or more courses. There are five advanced classes in Latin with twenty-six students, three in Greek with sixteen, three in Mathematics with seven, two in French with thirteen, three in German with fifteen, four in Chemistry with forty-six, two

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in Geology with sixteen, three in Philosophy, Logic and Ethics, with twenty-nine, one in Astronomy with six, one in Embryology with four, one in Comparative Anatomy with two, one in Electrical Engineering with four, one in History of Civilization with twenty-four, one in the History of Education with fourteen, two in Anglo-Saxon with twenty-four, two in English Literature with thirty-eight, four in History with eighty-five, and one in Surveying with two.

        Besides the general course in Chemistry and Qualitative Analysis the advanced courses are (1) Organic, (2) Industrial, (3) Agricultural, (4) Theoretical and Historical, (5) Quantitative Analysis and Assaying, (6) Quantitative Analysis. The work in course six may fit for agricultural chemists, or iron or manufacturing chemists, or physicians, or druggists, or teachers.

        In Latin the following are offered as electives to Juniors and Seniors: (1) Pliny, Catullus, etc., (2) Roman Philosophy, (3) Roman Satire, (4) Theory and Practice of Teaching Latin, (5) Roman Topography, (6) Private Life of the Romans, (7) Latin Writing, (8) Roman Epigraphy, (9) The Roman Elegiac Poets, (10) Latin Seminary for graduates. A special seminary room has been set apart, with a special library for consultation.

        The Elective System has been extended each year until now it applies to all the studies of the Senior year, half of the Junior and two-fifths of the Sophomore. In the A.B. Course Latin, Greek, Mathematics, and English must be taken through the Sophomore year. In the Junior year Physics and Psychology are required. In the Senior year, while all studies are elective, no elementary studies can be taken but some advanced work in some lines is expected.

        Morale and Discipline. The behavior is very good on the whole. Part of the improvement comes from the Trustees placing the discipline in the hands of the President, part from the abolition of espionage. Part comes from the students being older and more earnest than in old times. Fully one-third support themselves by labor. Nearly $5,000 is earned by students while pursuing their studies. The third cause of improvement

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is the general pursuit of athletics, whether in the Gymnasium or in the field. President Winston describes so humorously the situation that I give some extracts: "The college Hercules of today scorns to carry off city gates or to lug bullocks into third-story recitation rooms. His glory is in the ballground. He weighs himself in the athletic scales, goes on the ballgrounds and in ninety minutes works off two to eight pounds of vice, idleness, and corruption, commonly known as fat. For University athletes of today to amuse themselves as did the muscular students of a generation ago would be as impossible as for lion hunters to run rabbits or to call doodle bugs. It would be dishonest not to say that the greatest force in the University of today contributing to sobriety, manliness, healthfulness, and morality generally, is athletics."

        The esprit de corps of the students is strong and enthusiastic. There is little difficulty about discipline. It is maintained chiefly through the sentiment of the student body. The University rules may be summed up thus: (1) Every man must be kept busy; (2) In conduct and morals no yielding in essentials, no interference in non-essentials.

        University Organizations. The Elisha Mitchell Society meets monthly for encouragement of Scientific work, and issues a journal semi-annually. Its library has about 10,000 books and pamphlets. The North Carolina Historical Society meets monthly. Papers on subjects of North Carolina History are read by students and others. The society possesses a valuable collection of books, old newspaper files, pamphlets, manuscripts, etc. Many of its books have been loaned to the University Library. The Shakespeare Club meets monthly to discuss and study the drama. The Philological Club meets monthly to discuss original work and have reports of work done elsewhere. The Young Men's Christian Association holds short meetings each Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday evenings, has monthly sermons by eminent preachers, and occasional lectures and missionary meetings. It has a membership of one hundred and sixty and is a helpful force in University life. The Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies meet each Saturday night for debates, declamation and essays. The Blackstone

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Club is for legal investigations, discussions and Moot Court practice by law students. The University Press issues University publications and gives employment to students. The University has two weekly papers, The Tar Heel and White and Blue. The University Magazine is a monthly, and the Hellenian is a handsome volume issued yearly. The Coöperative Store has been organized to furnish the students book and other supplies nearly at cost. About one-third of the students board in clubs conducted by students. In fact self-management and self-control are sought to be inculcated everywhere.

        Repairs and Sanitary Arrangements.--With the $10,000 appropriation of 1903 the buildings have been repaired and sanitary conveniences provided. Bathtubs, shower baths, closets have been placed under Smith Hall. A contract has been made for the erection of a cottage to be used as an Infirmary. The sewerage empties into Chapel branch, a stream on University lands south of the Campus. There has been remarkable healthiness among students and Faculty.

        University Spirit. The aim of the University is to develop men. It teaches how to think. It knows that a man must find the truth for himself if he would really comprehend it. Perfunctory graduation has yielded to desire for larger training. The University is distinctly Christian in its moral standards. It seeks to promote character, righteousness, and holiness rather than to emphasize doctrines. It aims to make good citizens, not partisans. It teaches men to love the truth and have respect for others who love the truth. The University is a sort of miniature State, a little world whose members, representing every condition of wealth and poverty, every type of local character, every phase of religious faith and political belief, combine to produce not only a strong resultant of mental, moral, and physical forces, but also a safe and well balanced standard of manhood.

        The Mitchell Society is so flourishing as to justify a short statement of its history. On September 24, 1883, at a meeting of those connected with the scientific departments, it was resolved to organize a society (1) For cultivation of an interest in Natural History and scientific subjects generally. (2) The

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encouragement of workers. (3) Increased knowledge of the State and its resources. (4) Building up of local societies. (5) Collection of specimens. An annual fee of one dollar was proposed for the publication of the journal and a series of popular lectures to be delivered at the University. The call was signed by President Battle, Dr. Thomas W. Harris, James S. Manning, E. A. de Schweinitz, Dr. John M. Manning, Prof. J. W. Gore, Prof. Jos. A. Holmes, Prof. Ralph H. Graves, Dr. Wm. B. Phillips, and Dr. Francis P. Venable. The last named was the prime mover.

        On October 1st, after many favorable responses to the call, another meeting was held and the society was formally organized. Dr. Venable was elected president, Professor Holmes vice-president, and Professor Gore secretary and treasurer. A constitution was adopted with the name of Dr. Elisha Mitchell, who lost his life in pursuit of geographical science. It was not long before those not specially interested in science dropped off, diminishing receipts, and the Trustees, seeing the value of the annual publications, appropriated $100 to this object. By 1894 over one hundred meetings had been held, averaging thirty or forty contributed papers a year. In the first three years the journals were published annually. They were afterwards published twice a year. Ten volumes and one half-volume have been issued, making about thirteen hundred pages. The value of the journal is recognized abroad, three hundred societies, universities and learned bodies exchange their publications with it."

        The society has proved a valuable aid to the Scientific Department in many ways, chiefly in stimulating the professors and advanced students to original work. At least twenty per cent of the articles contributed have been by these advanced students, a small modicum of which would have been executed if there had not been the stimulus of publication.

        The Shakespeare Club has been already described.

        The Historical Society has produced sundry monographs on North Carolina history, rescuing from oblivion many interesting facts in our past.

        The Development of Athletics, from statement by Dr. Venable.

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Ten years ago "athletics" was confined to baseball in a desultory fashion and football of the kind described in "Tom Brown at Rugby." Besides these, muscles were hardened by walks, mainly on the road to the railway station, and secondarily to Piney Prospect and in Battle Park. Tennis was first introduced by Dr. Venable about 1884, the court located in the Grove south of his residence. About the same time a baseball team after a short practice was beaten ignominiously by Bingham School.

        There was no gymnasium but at a somewhat later period an Athletic Association was formed and one or two annual contests were held. In 1885 our first Gymnasium (now Commons Hall), was erected by the aid of the alumni, Dr. R. H. Lewis, of Raleigh, being conspicuous, and a great impetus was given to athletics, which proved of signal benefit to the health of the students. Before this four cases of insanity from overstudy developed, but there were none afterwards.

        At times "knucks" was the favorite pastime and those who are afraid of bodily injuries in modern games should be comforted by the fact that a serious injury to the knee from much kneeling resulted to one of our students, who was taken to Baltimore for treatment by a specialist.

        In 1888 when neither understood well the modern football the University was defeated by Wake Forest. Then the University men sent for printed rules of the mode of playing and after two weeks' practice under them without a coach, unwisely met Trinity, whose President, Dr. Crowell, a graduate of Yale, had seen to their training. Of course they were beaten, their Captain (Bragaw) being badly lamed in the struggle. A need of a coach was seen and Mr. Hector Cowan was chosen to that position. Thus far the students managed the contests of their own motions. Disputes and bad blood between the University students and those of the colleges of the State were engendered. The Faculty thought best to draw in the reins. In 1889 they ordained that games should be played only on college grounds. The next year the Trustees, on the recommendation of the Faculty, forbade intercollegiate contests altogether. Attempts were made to interest the students in class and other contests,

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but with little success. There was apparent an air of gloom and dissatisfaction and signs of the ancient lawlessness were evident. A committee of the students, George M. Graham '91, Alexander Stronach, '89, and Samuel M. Blount, '90, ably presented a petition for the repeal of the prohibitory law. A happy expedient was devised. The regulation of all matters concerning athletics was put into the hands of an advisory committee consisting of one member of the Faculty, one graduate student, and one undergraduate, a plan which has worked well in practice and obviated the objectionable features which induced the Trustees to pass the prohibitory law of 1890.

        Mr. Henry S. Lake, a student, has generously provided a one hundred yard, and a sixth of a mile cinder track. Only one track team has been sent out to compete with other colleges. In 1901 it competed at New Orleans with Vanderbilt, Tulane, and Texas, and won the Southern championship.

        In tennis the University has taken a foremost place. There is a Tennis Association and tournaments are regularly held. In 1893 the University champions, D. R. Bryson, H. C. Bridgers, and George M. Graham defeated the University of Virginia and Richmond College on their grounds. This University by invitation joined the Intercollegiate Tennis Association of ten institutions, ours being the only Southern. Bryson and Bridgers attended the tournament at New Haven, and made a good showing, holding fifth place in the doubles.

        In the spring of 1891 baseball came to the front, under the leadership of Perrin Busbee. An exciting game was played and lost to Virginia. In the next year R. H. Johnston was captain, and one of the two games played with Virginia was won. This team won all but two of its schedule.

        In the baseball season of 1893 the team won four out of seven games, losing to the University of Virginia, and two to the University of Vermont, one by the close score of one to two. The baseball team of 1894 was thoroughly coached by Mr. Bennett, of Charlotte. W. R. Robertson was captain and W. R. Kenan, Jr., was manager. The University gained ten of fourteen games, beating Durham, Lehigh (twice), Vermont, Richmond College, Oak Ridge, Lafayette.

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        The Glee Club, described by Professor Harrington. The Glee Club was established in 1891. Prof. Karl P. Harrington was musical director, T. M. Lee, leader, first tenor; F. H. Batchelor, C. S. Mangum, J. A. Arthur, Jr., Bruce Cotten, second tenors; H. L. Harris, Charles Roberson, William B. Snow, T. M. Lee, first bass; Michael Hoke, E. P. Willard, J. H. Price, Richard Arrington, second bass. The first concert was given in Gerrand Hall January 22, 1892, with a program compounded of college and patriotic songs and others more ambitious, the whole designed for listeners not learned in music. The concert was repeated in Raleigh (twice), Salem, Winston, Greensboro (twice), Durham (twice), Goldsboro, Wilmington, Chapel Hill (twice), and Morehead City. It met with great favor in the press and with public audiences.

        Mr. Lee obtaining his degree, Mr. Harris became leader. The next year Mr. Willard succeeded, with Mr. Roberson as manager. The club was strong enough to include in its repertoire such pieces as Lacome's "Estudiantiana," Hatton's "The Letter," Sodermann's "Peasant Wedding March" and Gade's double quartet Serenade, also local humor, "Variety Seem Phunney." The concerts were in Asheville, Charlotte, Greensboro (twice), Salem (twice), Winston, Chapel Hill. The members of the club were everywhere received with hearty plaudits and with social attentions. At the Commencement concert were added Hatton's "King Witlap's Drinking Horn," Emmet's "Lullaby," Taber's "Cannibal Idyl," Kjerulf's "Last Night," Mendelssohn's "Turkish Drinking Song," and a new local, "The Song of the A. B." A considerable sum over expenses was realized in both expeditions. All over expenses was devoted to the Athletic Association.

        The season of 1893 was successful under the leadership of Charles Roberson and the management of J. L. Patterson. The most noticeable were Messrs. Cooke, McKinne, McKenzie, and A. W. Mangum, who appeared as "Warblers." Leading cities were visited and gave a cordial reception. At Commencement the special feature was "Peter, the Pumpkin Eater," an original burlesque by Professor Harrington.

        In 1894 Mr. Darius Eatman was leader and F. F. Bahnson

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manager. A valuable addition was a large and well trained Mandolin Club.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1895.

        It was determined that the Commencement of 1895 should be the centennial of the opening of the doors of the University for students. Hundreds of the alumni came in, from the west as far as Missouri and south as far as Texas.

        Rev. Alexander L. Phillips, graduate of 1880, of the third generation of preachers, his grandsire being Rev. Dr. James, and his father Rev. Dr. Charles Phillips, preached the Baccalaureate Sermon. Few men in the land equal him in love for the University and his counsels to the young were those of a fellow student as well as of a spiritual father. His text was, "Now the natural man receiveth not the things of the spirit of God, for they are foolishness unto him and he can not know them, because they are spiritually dead."

        If a man would be a great Christian, that is, a man with all his power in a state of development, he must study, imitate, digest, assimilate, be transformed into, the life and conformed to the image of Christ. Put yourselves under the training of the spirit of God.

        After the two societies had held their private reunion, their representatives competed with original orations for the Representative Medal. James Arthur Butt, Phi, "Safeguarding of Citizenship"; McKay Bernard Aston, Di, "A False Tendency"; Van Astor Batchelor, Phi, "Evolution in Politics"; Richard Gold Allsbrook, Phi, "Influence of Corporate Power"; John William Canada, Di, "Tennyson an Interpreter"; Robert Roland Ragan, Di, "Uncrowned Heroism." The judges gave preference to Mr. Allsbrook.

        After the speaking of the representatives there was the Faculty Reception in the Gymnasium, where the alumni, their friends and families, had the opportunity to renew old friendships and make new ones.

        The morning of June 4th was devoted to the Anniversary exercises. Rev. A. D. Betts, graduate of 1855, offered a

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prayer, and the University hymn, written by Mrs. Spencer, was sung, beginning,


                         Dear University, thy sons right loyally
                         Thy praises sing.
                         For thee, our mother dear,
                         May every coming year
                         Fresh crowned with joy appear,
                         Fresh honors bring.

        President Cleveland was invited to attend the Commencement, the invitation being courteously conveyed by General W. R. Cox, then in Congress.

        I give President Cleveland's reply, all in his own handwriting:

        I am obliged to deny myself the satisfaction of participating in the centennial exercises of your University. Occasions of this kind have a most impressive meaning to all who are interested in the progress and development of the most valuable features of American destiny. Not only those who claim the University of North Carolina as their Alma Mater, but every citizen who appreciates the value of education to wholesome national life should be stirred with enthusiasm, as he contemplates the gifts bestowed upon people in a country's beneficient work of such an institution. I hope the celebration of your University's centennial may be filled with profitable enjoyment, and the entrance into its second century may disclose the broadest field of usefulness, and assure the utmost success--the accomplishment of its highest missions.


        Ex-Senator Ransom's telegram was,

        "Am too unwell to be with you today. I send my heart, my hopes, my prayers, for the University. May her virtues and usefulness be perpetual."


        A letter was then read from the oldest living graduate, Dr. Armand J. DeRosset, of the Class of 1824, the class of Judge Matthias E. Manly, Governor William A. Graham, and other great men.

        The following alumni announced their presence: C. M. T. McCauley 1838, Wm. W. Harris '42, Hon. Hill Burgwyn and Rev. J. C. Huske, D.D., '43, Hon. Jos. B. Batchelor and Col. T. C. McIlheny '45, Dr. R. H. Winborne, '47, Col. V. G.

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Ramsey '48, Dr. K. P. Battle '49, Governor T. M. Holt '53, Du Brutz Cutlar, Esq., '53, Hon. R. H. Battle '54, Rev. M. C. Thomas '55, Hon. B. F. Grady '57, Dr. J. M. Richmond '58, M. H. Pinnix, Esq., '59, Major E. J. Hale '60, Hon. James Parker '61, Thos. J. Hadley, Esq., '62, Hon. R. B. Peebles '63, Maj. W. A. Guthrie '64, W. F. Parker, Esq., and Hon. H. A. London '65, Col. P. B. Means '68, Alexander Graham '69, Dr. R. H. Lewis '70, Hon. S. L. Patterson '71, Arthur Arrington, Esq., '77, Hon. F. D. Winston '79, Thos. H. Battle, Esq., '80, J. D. Murphy '81, Dr. E. A. Alderman '82, H. Frank Wilkes '83, Sol. C. Weill, Esq., '83, A. J. Feild '85, Rev. N. H. D. Wilson '86, O. D. Batchelor, Esq., '88, Logan D. Howell, Esq., '89, Henry Johnston, Esq., '90, W. J. Andrews '91, S. L. Davis '92, J. T. Pugh '93, W. P. M. Currie '94.

        The first exercise on the program was an oration by Hon. Alfred Moore Waddell, alumnus of 1852, on "The University from 1795 to 1860." It was exceedingly interesting, as might be expected of one admittedly one of the most graceful speakers in the State, on a subject in which he felt peculiar interest, as his grandfather, Alfred Moore, was one of those who selected the site of the institution, his father graduated in the class of President Polk, and he himself was a student for nearly four years.

        The next speaker was Henry Armand London, graduate of 1865, to whom was appropriately assigned the period from 1860 to 1875. Mr. London is an able lawyer and trusted legislator, and had peculiar knowledge of the period in question, having been called from his classes in the University to serve in the army and receiving his diploma a few weeks after the surrender of General Lee. His address was of absorbing interest.

        Mr. Adolphus Hill Eller then continued the narrative from 1875 to 1895. Being an honor graduate of 1885, and having peculiar facility for eloquent and appropriate utterances, Mr. Eller made one of the happiest speeches of the occasion. His tribute to his old preceptors showed a loyal and kindly heart.

        Dr. Stephen Beauregard Weeks delivered a carefully written and able address on "The University of North Carolina in the Civil War." The paper shows extraordinary diligence in

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collecting, as well as skill in marshaling facts. The part taken by our alumni in military service and their losses has already been detailed in the first volume of this History. I now give some facts showing their activity in civil service.

        All the committee sent to Montgomery, Alabama, to ascertain whether peace was possible, were University men, David L. Swain, M. W. Ransom, and John L. Bridgers, and three of the five attending the Peace Conference at Washington, John M. Morehead, George Davis, and Daniel M. Barringer.

        Of the Convention of 1861, one-third were University men. When the Convention chose the Senators and Representatives to the Provisional Congress its influence was plainly shown. George Davis, W. W. Avery, Bedford Brown, and Henry W. Miller were in nomination for the Senate--all University men, the first two being chosen. Seven others received votes, four being our alumni: W. A. Graham, William Eaton, Jr., J. M. Morehead, George Howard, Jr. For the House seventeen candidates were presented, eight being University men. In the Permanent Congress of the Confederate States the University had George Davis and W. A. Graham and Thomas S. Ashe in the Senate. In the House the University had David W. Lewis, of Georgia; T. S. Ashe, R. R. Bridgers, Thomas C. Fuller, Thomas D. Meares, Josiah Turner, and Waller R. Staples, of Virginia.

        In the Executive Department John Manning was a receiver of sequestrated property. Jacob Thompson was Confidential Agent to Canada. George Davis was Attorney-General. The three Commissioners of Claims against the State were University men, B. F. Moore, S. F. Phillips, and P. H. Winston. George V. Strong was Confederate District Attorney, Robert B. Gilliam and William M. Shipp were State Judges. Thomas C. Manning, H. M. Polk, J. T. Wheat held offices in Louisiana, John Bragg in Alabama, and A. H. Carrigan and Arthur F. Hopkiss in Arkansas.

        Dr. E. A. Alderman, by request of the author, then read the Centennial Ode by Mr. James D. Lynch, of Mississippi alumnus of 1858, whereupon Colonel Kenan introduced Mr. Lynch to the audience amid great applause. We give some

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lines of the Ode, which certainly shows he retains a loving heart in his distant home.


                         Amid the struggles of thy rise,
                         A Hand reached down from yonder skies
                         And wreathed the thorns of destiny
                         With jewels of thy crown to be,
                         And, blossoming from out the frost
                         And fruiting through the beating years,
                         Thou hast all honored places filled,
                         And all the fields of virtue tilled
                         That grow the higher needs of life.
                         Wherever patriotism rears
                         Its crest, thy sons have been foremost--
                         Amid the forum's strife,
                         And on the ermined bench of right,
                         In halls that ring with high debate,
                         And councils compassing the helm of state.
                         With wisdom's virtuous light,
                         And where God's messengers call,
                         Thy sons have honored all. * * * * *


                         Dear friends, who trod these sacred grounds,
                         In dreamy years long since gone by,
                         And you, O dear companion mine,
                         Who walked with me the paths of youth,
                         Who heard with me the voice of truth,
                         And now are near the front advancing line
                         That climbs the ladder's rounds,
                         Which our dear mother clasped against the sky
                         With love sublime
                         And bade us climb,
                         And watched our struggles with a loving eye,
                         Let us the full round blessing due
                         Breathe on her head today,
                         And drink the benedictions new
                         She showers on our way.
                         Oh tell me not the loves of youth can die!
                         The shell tints deepen on the casting soul,
                         And memory's transcript fills the vacant sky,
                         When dimming years begin to wind their scroll.
                         No! All the pleasures of our youth
                         Still reach us down the long grave-furrowed way,
                         And sing to us of innocence and truth,
                         Sweet melodies that tune life's dull-grown lay,
                         Like morning songster sweetening out the day.

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        Henry Jerome Stockard then read the following beautiful poem dedicated to the University:


                         As what to our dim-sighted human eyes
                         Seem damps of evening gathered chill and gray
                         Around a century's slowly sinking day,
                         Relentlessly expunging fields and skies,
                         In truth are only morning mists that rise
                         But to be sundered by a level ray,
                         And backwards driven from the heavens away,
                         Where lift new heights engrained with unknown dyes--
                         So be thy life through centuries unborn;
                         Around thy west no sunset's saddening gloom
                         Nor shades of night thy landscapes falling o'er;
                         But dawning ever of some wider noon,
                         Whose reaches unconjectured suns illume
                         Dayward till years shall come and go no more.

        At the banquet held after the meeting at least two hundred and fifty were present. Charles M. T. McCauley (of 1838), a descendant of Matthew McCauley, one of the "Land Donors," was the oldest alumnus present.

UNIVERSITY CENTENNIAL SONG.
1795.         U. N. C.         1895.

BY MRS. C. P. SPENCER.

AIR. " Rosin, the Beau. "


                         Come forth with your garlands and roses,
                         Entwined with the laurel and bay,
                         All that fair Carolina encloses
                         Be ours this festival day.
                         All hail! to our glorious old Mother,
                         Her century's crown is complete;
                         With loyalty due to no other,
                         Our homage we lay at her feet.


                         Tho' dimly her morning unfolded,
                         And tempests oft darkened her sky,
                         Still, to all the true hearts she has moulded,
                         Her colors in radiance fly.
                         Still she welcomes her sons to her portals,
                         Her cloisters reëcho their tread,
                         While a witnessing cloud of immortals
                         Drop honor and strength on her head.

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                         All the love that religion has taught us,
                         All that freedom and culture bestow,
                         All renown that our heroes have brought us,
                         To her century's vigil we owe.
                         Fond memory recalls her gray teachers
                         Intent on their labor of love,
                         Her poets, her statesmen, her preachers
                         In temple, and forum, and grove.


                         Ye sons of fair science still cherish
                         A spark from the Spirit Divine,
                         Ne'er a hope for our country shall perish
                         Wherever His watch-fires shine.
                         For oft as a noble endeavor
                         Points out where our brothers have trod,
                         To His altars we trace the fair river
                         That gladdens the city of God.


                         Long, long may this fountain be flowing,
                         Carolina be honored and blest,
                         The lights on the Hill-top be glowing,
                         While centuries pass to their rest.
                         Then hail! to our glorious old Mother,
                         Allegiance we pledge her anew,
                         With homage we pay to no other,
                         All hail! to the white and the blue.

        The following toasts were answered most spiritedly. The speeches were not published and can not be reproduced.

        "North Carolina and the University," responded to by Governor Elias Carr, '59.

        "Reopening of 1875," Robert Watson Winston, '79.

        "The University Merits Support of all Patriotic Citizens," ex-Gov. T. M. Holt, '53.

        "The University in Its Relations to Church and State," William Anderson Guthrie, '64.

        "The University and Its Alumni: What She Does for her Sons," Herman Harrell Horne, '95.

        "The Alumni and the University: What Her Sons Owe Their Alma Mater," Locke Craig, '80, and Charles Duncan McIver, '81.

        "The University and the People," Marion Butler, '85.

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        "The University and the Public Schools," Alexander Graham, '68.

        "The University and the Press," Josephus Daniels, '88.

        "Our Sister Universities," Dr. Paul B. Barringer, University of Virginia.

        The regular program was interrupted by calling on the Alumni for subscriptions to Alumni Hall. D. G. Worth gave $500, T. M. Holt $1,000, J. S. Carr $3,000, James Parker $100, Class of '88 through E. M. Armfield $500, A. W. Haywood $100, James Mann for Class of '85 $500, Class of '81 through R. W. Winborne and C. D. McIver $500, Hill Burgwyn, of Pittsburg, Pa., $500, Class of '86 through N. H. D. Wilson $600, Dr. R. H. Lewis $100, Bennehan Cameron $500, T. S. Kenan $100, Class of '80, through T. H. Battle $1,000, F. D. Winston $100, James and John Manning $100, B. A. Capehart $100, R. H. Battle $100, B. F. Grady $100, James E. Shepherd $100, Professor Simmons $100, Edmund Jones $100, Class of '90 $300, Henry Johnston $100, Hugh L. Miller $100, C. C. Covington $100, R. N. Hackett for Class of '87 $500, Geo. S. Wills for Class of '89 $500, Perrin Busbee for Class of '93 $500, A. Arrington for Class of '78 $500, J. Y. Joyner for Class of '81 $500 additional, H. H. Horne for Class of '95 $500, Prof. J. A. Holmes $200, B. A. Capehart thought Class of '53 should raise $1,000.

        Commencement Day opened bright. A numerous throng filled Memorial Hall. The following were the graduates making speeches and their subjects:

  • Lucius Bristol, "Independence in Politics."
  • Herman H. Horne, "Religion and Life."
  • Augustus Quickel, "The Individual in History."
  • Joe Eli Alexander, "Renaissance of the Orient."
  • L. C. Brogden, "The Hebrew and His Religion."
  • Charles Tomlinson, "Democracy and Education."

        The Willie P. Mangum Medal was awarded to Mr. Horne, a high honor, as he had able competitors who won numerous hearty plaudits.

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        The following Degrees in Course were conferred:

        
Bachelors of Arts 11
Bachelors of Philosophy 13
Bachelors of Science 11
Bachelors of Letters 3
Bachelors of Laws 4
Masters of Arts 3
Total (see Appendix) 45

    SPECIAL CERTIFICATES:

  • In LATIN, James O. Carr.
  • In FRENCH, Joe Eli Alexander.
  • In GERMAN, Ashbel Brown Kimball.
  • In ENGLISH, Joe Eli Alexander.
  • In HISTORY, Holland M. Thompson.
  • In MATHEMATICS, Joe Eli Alexander, Ashbel Brown Kimball.
  • In PHYSICS, Dudley Lindsay.
  • In CHEMISTRY, John Legerwood Patterson.

    MEDALS AND PRIZES:

  • HUME MEDAL--Holland M. Thompson.
  • MANGUM MEDAL--Herman H. Horne.
  • REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL--Richard Gold Allsbrook.
  • The HILL PRIZE--Charles Fawcett Tomlinson.
  • The KERR PRIZE--William Jackson Weaver.
  • The WORTH PRIZE--Herman Harrell Horne.

    THE HONORS:

  • Summa cum laude--H. H. Horne, F. L. Carr.
  • Magna cum laude--H. Howell, J. E. Alexander, E. W. Myers, H. M. Thompson.
  • Cum laude--J. T. Farrell, C. R. Turner, L. C. Brogden, Herbert Bingham, J. O. Carr, A. B. Kimball, T. E. W. Borden, T. R. Little, J. L. Patterson.

        In honor of the occasion there were eleven Honorary Degrees conferred: Doctors of Laws, (LL.D.), Richard Henry Battle, Mrs. C. P. Spencer, D. M. Furches, Wm. T. Faircloth, Walter A. Montgomery, Thomas Michael Holt, Alfred Moore Waddell. Of these Battle was the Nestor of the Raleigh bar, was offered and declined a judgeship, a lawyer of sound learning, and once State Auditor. Mrs. Spencer was the only woman ever honored by our University with the Doctor's degree,

Illustration

        ALUMNI HALL

        MARY ANN SMITH BUILDING

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which she fairly earned by her odes and hymns illustrative of University life and by her letters and monographs embodying University history. Judge Faircloth was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of this State and Judges Furches and Montgomery Justices of the same. Thomas M. Holt was Governor of North Carolina, and Waddell a Colonel in the Confederate Army, a lawyer, an author, a polished orator, and Representative in Congress.

        The Doctors of Divinity (D.D.) were Alexander Davis Betts, Johnson Carmon Davis, Alexander Lacey Phillips, and Robert Strange. Of these Mr. Betts is a Methodist preacher of zeal and unction, a graduate of the Class of 1855, and an active and useful Trustee; Davis a learned Episcopal minister of Concord; Phillips, A.B., 1880, a Presbyterian preacher of ability and principal agent in charge of the Sunday Schools of that church in the South; Strange, A.B., 1879, was an Episcopal rector of power and usefulness and is now Bishop of East Carolina.

        A silver cup was awarded by the Class of 1885 to A. J. Feild for its first-born boy, albeit there were sixteen girls; the class cup of 1888 to M. H. Palmer; that of 1889 to C. F. Toms.

        There was a concert at night by the combined Glee, Mandolin, and Banjo Clubs, which gained the plaudits of a large and cultured audience.

        The ball managers, Burton Craige, chief, and J. S. Williams, A. F. Williams, Frank Pinnix, F. H. Gudger, A. H. Edgerton, and Percy Thompson, upheld the traditional excellence of this amusement, and the propriety of conduct of the participants.

FACULTY CHANGES.

        The changes in the Faculty in 1894-'95 were Francis Kingsley Ball in place of Dr. Tolman, elected to a permanent professorship in Vanderbilt University. Dr. Ball is an A.B., A.M., and Ph.D., of Harvard, the last degree obtained in 1894. He was an accomplished and useful teacher. Charles Baskerville was promoted to Assistant Professor of Chemistry. He was a B.S. and Ph.D. of the University of North Carolina. The new

Page 526

Instructors were, Thomas Roswell Foust, in Mathematics; George Stockton Wills, in English; Herman Harrell Horne, in French; Charles Root Turner, in Physics; Thomas Clarke, Assistant in Chemistry; Charles Roberson, Assistant in Biology; George Hughes Kirby, Assistant in Biology.

THE SUMMER SCHOOL OF 1895.

        The Summer School began on the last Tuesday in June and ended last Friday in July, 1895.

        The Faculty was:

  • Edwin A. Alderman, Ph.B., Superintendent and Professor of Pedagogics.
  • Kemp P. Battle, LL.D., Professor of History.
  • Joshua W. Gore, C.E., Professor of Physics.
  • Joseph A. Holmes, S.B., Professor of Geology.
  • Thomas Hume, D.D., LL.D., Professor of English Language and Literature.
  • Walter D. Toy, M.A., Professor of Modern Languages.
  • William Cain, C.E., Professor of Mathematics.
  • Charles Baskerville, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Chemistry.

    INSTRUCTORS:

  • J. T. Pugh, Latin.
  • H. H. Horne, Modern Languages.
  • P. P. Claxton, Educational Psychology and Methods.
  • M. C. S. Noble, Methods in Arithmetic and Algebra.
  • A. Graham, English Grammar and Psychology.
  • L. D. Howell, Elementary Latin.
  • E. B. Lewis, Geography.
  • T. J. Wilson, Greek.
  • Matilda Coffin, Primary Work.
  • Minnie Redford, Primary Reader and Language Work.
  • Clarence R. Brown, Vocal Culture.

        There were one hundred and forty earnest and diligent students. Besides there were thirty-six Summer Law students under instruction by Dr. John Manning and Judge James E. Shepherd.

MEETING OF THE TRUSTEES IN FEBRUARY, 1896.

        At the meeting of the Board of Trustees, February, 1896, President Winston reported three hundred and thirty collegiate students, twenty-nine Law and twenty-nine Medicine, a total

Page 527

of three hundred and eighty-eight, and in addition thirty-one Summer Law students and one hundred and forty teachers. "Some immorality and rowdyism had exhibited themselves during the fall term. Too great reliance had been placed on the power and willingness of young men to conduct themselves properly. The weak and vicious take advantage of such confidence. Prompt action was taken in case of those who violated the moral standard of the University. At first there was a restless spirit of insubordination. Meetings were held and plans proposed for taking the discipline out of the hands of the President and placing it in the hands of a committee of students and Professors. But after several days of discussion the idea of morality sustained by proper authority prevailed by a very decided majority. A course has been pursued in the life of the University, a conflict between authority vigorously executed and a desire for freedom to be idle and vicious."

        There is still, in the University, the President reported, a strong sentiment against authority, but it has learned a lesson. The Faculty will endeavor to prevent a recurrence of these evils by the following measures:

        First. They will exclude from the University those whose chief interest is not in their studies.

        Second. They will exclude from membership on football and baseball teams those who neglect their studies or are on probation for immorality, or those who have not written permits from parents.

        Third. Only players and managers can go outside the State to witness games. Inside the State they must go and return the same day. Written consent of parents and written pledges of good conduct are required.

        Fourth. Members of the teams must pledge themselves not to drink or gamble during their trips.

        Fifth. Those absent from recitations must stand monthly examinations.

        Sixth. Total number of absences allowed the teams equal to five days during the year.

        The privileges of the Fraternities came before the Board of Trustees. Messrs. W. H. Day, R. B. Peebles, and F. H. Busbee

Page 528

strongly advocated the repeal of the rule requiring that the Freshmen should not be allowed to join one until January of their Sophomore year. The recommended to modify the rule so far as to allow the joining to be in October of the Sophomore year. And, it appearing that the Fraternity men had practically nullified the old law by pledging the Freshmen in advance and equipping them with handsome "pledge buttons," the time recommended by the Faculty was agreed to and the pledging was strictly forbidden. Since the enactment of this law there has been harmony between the Fraternities and the rest of the students.

        The Trustees among other things voted to lengthen and strengthen the Medical Course, and Dr. Charles S. Mangum was elected Professor of Physiology and Materia Medica.

        Thanks were voted to Mrs. Francis Baker, of New York, for the gift of $3,000 to make such additions to the gymnasium, now called the Commons Hall, as enables the University to furnish table board at reasonable rates to the students.

        The new Instructors were: George Phineas Butler, in Mathematics; Fred L. Carr, in Latin; William Rand Kenan, Jr., in Physics; Robert Ervin Coker, in Biology; Herman Harrell Horne, in Modern Languages; George Gullett Stephens, in Physical Culture.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1896.

        The Baccalaureate Sermon in 1896 was delivered by Bishop Edward Rondthaler, of the Moravian Church, this being the first time when the usual routine of Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian, and Presbyterian denominations had been broken since 1860 when the Roman Catholic Archbishop Hughes had preached. Bishop Rondthaler's sermon was intensely practical and showed his thorough appreciation of the feelings and needs of young men. The text was, "Lord, to whom shall we go? Thou hast the words of eternal life." (1) We go to Him for peace of our conscience; (2) For a vigorous body; (3) For the comfort of our minds; (4) For the satisfaction of our feelings; (5) For the strengthening of our will power.

Page 529

        The Senior Class of 1896 celebrated their Class Day with R. G. Allsbrook as Orator, Thomas A. Sharpe as Prophet, and V. A. Batchelor as Statistician. The number was thirty-seven: average age 21.07 years; weight 148.6 avoirdupois; height 5 feet, 8 inches. The expected vocations were, life insurance two, cotton manufacturing four, medicine five, teaching five, law nine, journalism two, chemistry one, ministry one, undecided eight. Their church affiliations were Methodists thirteen, Baptists six, Presbyterians nine, Episcopalians six, Moravians three.

        The History of the class was given by W. H. Woodson, and the Poem composed and read by James A. Gywn. John C. Eller made the closing address. The audience heartily applauded the speeches and poem.

        The society representatives competed with one another for prizes in Gerrard Hall the same night. They were William W. Boddie, "Interpretations of History"; Henry G. Connor, Jr., "Two Reformers, Luther and Galileo"; Arch T. Allen, "The Development of the Masses"; Jonathan D. Sowerby, "True Significance of Evolution"; David B. Smith, "The Reformation and America"; Sylvester Brown Shepherd, "Protestantism and Democracy."

        The usual reception was held at ten in the evening. The usual procession was formed under the management of Robert H. Wright, the Chief Marshal.

        The one hundred and first Commencement was opened with prayer by Right Rev. J. B. Cheshire, Bishop of North Carolina, and then a hymn was sung, led by the band. The elected orators of the graduates then spoke:

  • R. Palemon Jenkins "The Two Institutions of History--Social and Religious."
  • William T. Woodley, Jr., "The American Judicial System."
  • John C. Canada, "The Æsthetic in Life."
  • Richard G. Allsbrook, "The Christian State."
  • John C. Eller, "Man's Inhumanity to Man."

        General William R. Cox, the chief clerk of the Senate of the United States, then, in graceful and fitting manner, introduced the Vice-President, Adlai E. Stevenson, who delivered

Page 530

an address to the graduates and to the audience. He was greeted with enthusiastic applause. He spoke of North Carolina being the home of his ancestors and enumerated important epochs of our history. He then gave sound and statesmanlike counsels to the young men, advising them to assist in keeping our country on the lines laid down by Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson, and Madison, and other fathers of the republic. While his address was not eloquent it was full of good sense and wise teachings.

        The degrees were then conferred:

        
Bachelors of Arts (A.B.) 13
Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.) 10
Bachelors of Science (S.B.) 10
Bachelors of Letters (B.Litt.) 4
Bachelor of Laws (B.L.) 1
Masters of Arts (A.M.) 2
Masters of Philosophy (Ph.M.) 2
Master of Science (M.S.) 1
Total (for names, see Appendix) 43

    CERTIFICATES OF SPECIAL PROFICIENCY:

  • In ENGLISH, J. W. Canada, E. C. Gregory, W. C. Smith.
  • In MATHEMATICS, Percy Canaday, R. S. Fletcher.
  • In HISTORY, J. A. Moore.
  • In CHEMISTRY, Thomas Clarke.
  • In BIOLOGY, George H. Kirby.
  • In PEDAGOGY, J. N. Cable, W. C. Smith, T. A. Sharpe.

    MEDALS AND PRIZES:

  • The MANGUM MEDAL, R. G. Allsbrook.
  • The REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL, D. B. Smith.
  • The HOLT MEDAL, A. T. Allen.
  • The HUME MEDAL, M. B. Aston.
  • The HILL PRIZE, J. F. Shaffner, Jr.
  • The HARRIS PRIZE, R. E. Zachary.
  • The TOLMAN PRIZE, W. C. Lane.
  • The WORTH PRIZE, E. P. Carr.

        Four graduates received the distinction of magna cum laude, J. W. Canada, E. C. Gregory, William R. Webb, Jr., and J. C. Eller.

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        The success of the four graduates with great honor was paralleled by their success as athletes. E. C. Gregory was captain of the University football team in 1895, and for four years was one of the star players. W. R. Webb, Jr., was the best player and captain of the "scrub" or second best team; J. W. Canada was one of this second team, and J. C. Eller was for two years the crack player of his class team.

        The devotion of Colonel and Mrs. Thomas S. Kenan to the University was shown by their arrival on Saturday evening in defiance of feeble health on the part of Mrs. Kenan, and selecting rooms at University Inn, adjacent to the Campus, where they could communicate freely with their friends among Faculty and students.

        The following poem by William R. Webb, Jr., was sung by the class, at the close of the exercises:


                         At last the final day has come
                         That ends our college life,
                         When we must go into the world
                         And enter in its strife.


                         Dear Chapel Hill, too soon this time
                         Has come when we must part:
                         We've learned to love the hills and dales,
                         And all thy honest heart.


                         We'll never let our work in life
                         Destroy our love for thee.
                         We'll never use a poison pen
                         In speaking harm of thee.


                         Thou'st nurtured us in truth and right,
                         To us thou hast been true:
                         We'll show the debt of gratitude
                         By being true to you.


                         'Tis hard to leave thee thus today,
                         To enter on our strife;
                         But parting pangs must ebb away
                         In joy of new-sprung life.

Page 532

RESIGNATION OF PRESIDENT WINSTON AND ELECTION OF
DR. ALDERMAN.

        The University again during this year lost its chief executive, President Winston accepting the newly created office of President of the University of Texas, at Austin, at a salary double what could be paid at Chapel Hill. He had shown wonderful energy and power of arousing enthusiasm by pen and speech. The increase in the numbers was largely owing to his personal exertions.

        Mrs. Spencer's praise of President Winston was generally recognized as a just tribute to his character and work. "Keen, active, and full of energy, well accomplished, armed at all points and afraid of nobody, generous, public spirited and liberal to a fault. * * * Besides these gifts of nature he is a thorough scholar, dyed in the wool with love of letters and all the gentle and noble influences which such training imports."

        The Trustees passed resolutions expressive of their deep regreat at his retirement and their warm appreciation of his useful services as an instructor for twenty-one years and as President for five years, a position calling for the exercise of untiring energy, ceaseless tact, unflinching adherence to duty, wise forethought and a determination to achieve success.

        Dr. Edwin Anderson Alderman was unanimously chosen in his place. He was born in Wilmington, N. C., May 15, 1861; was prepared for college at Bethel Military Academy, near Warrenton, Virginia. He entered the University in 1878 and graduated in 1882, receiving special honors in Latin and English Literature and winning the Willie P. Mangum Medal for Oratory. He was Principal of the Goldsboro High School 1882-'85, Superintendent of the Goldsboro Graded School 1885-'89, President of the North Carolina Teachers' Assembly 1885-'87, Superintendent of the Asheville and Newton Summer Normal School. He was the Professor of History and Literature in the State Normal and Industrial School, member and secretary to the Board of Visitors at West Point Military Academy, Professor of Pedagogy and History of Education in the University of North Carolina, Superintendent of the University

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Summer School, honorary member of the Maryland Historical Society and member of the National Educational Association, author of the Life of William Hooper and a Brief History of North Carolina. Both in his writing and speaking Dr. Alderman had shown himself the possessor of a clear and polished style. In matter and manner he is an accomplished orator.

        At the time of his election he was a widower, his wife, Emma, sister of Prof. R. H. Graves, very beautiful and accomplished, having recently died.

SUMMER SCHOOL OF 1896.

        The Summer School of 1896, besides President Alderman, had as its Faculty:

    PROFESSORS.

  • Joseph Austin Holmes, S.B., Geology.
  • Walter Dallam Toy, M.A., Modern Languages.
  • Francis Kingsley Ball, Ph.D., Greek Language and Literature.
  • Charles Baskerville, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Chemistry.

    INSTRUCTORS.

  • Herman Harrell Horne, A.M., Modern Languages.
  • Marcus Cicero Stephens Noble, Methods in Arithmetic and Algebra.
  • Alexander Graham, A.M., English Grammar and Psychology.
  • C. Alphonso Smith, Ph.D., English Language and Literature.
  • Austin C. Apgar, Botany and Zoölogy.
  • A. F. Newland, Vertical Writing.
  • A. Caswell Ellis, A.B., Psychology and Child Study.
  • John J. Blair, B.S., Geography.
  • Clarence R. Brown, Music.
  • Belle Thomas, Primary Work.
  • Blanche E. Little, Drawing.
  • Minnie Redford, Phonics.

        Each day there was a conference of the entire school on teaching and administration. A series of lectures was delivered by the Faculty and prominent speakers from abroad.

INAUGURATION OF PRESIDENT ALDERMAN.

        The inauguration of President Alderman was on the twenty-seventh day of January, 1897. The ceremonies were uncommonly interesting. A special train from Raleigh brought distinguished

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visitors and enthusiastic alumni. On the rostrum were Governor D. L. Russell, Lieutenant-Governor Reynolds, Colonel Kenan, Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, Rev. B. F. Dixon, Rev. L. B. Turnbull, Prof. M. C. S. Noble, Dr. Kemp P. Battle, Mr. R. H. Wright, and President E. A. Alderman. The General Assembly took a recess in honor of the occasion and a majority of the Members were in attendance. A large number of presidents and professors of colleges and prominent citizens were present and letters and telegrams were received from distinguishd educators, notably an eloquent and sympathetic communication from the former President, Dr. George T. Winston, Dr. J. L. M. Curry, Dr. W. R. Harper, President of the University of Chicago, and others.

        Hon. Thomas S. Kenan, President of the Alumni Association, was the presiding officer. At his request Dr. B. F. Dixon opened the exercises with prayer.

        The first speaker was on behalf of the students, Mr. Robert Herring Wright, who did himself much credit by his eloquent and hearty welcome of Dr. Alderman to his high office and assurance of the support of the students. I give part of his address:

        For the past six years this institution had at its head a will power and intense vitality that could move the inert and indifferent, and, through its deep interest in the education of the youth of the State, secure and maintain the support of the entire student body. A born leader, his fame has gone out abroad, and a State which is an empire in itself with its teeming population and vast resources, has attracted our whilom President to its broad field of action.

        Not long did it take for public opinion in the outer world to agree with the student body that another scion of North Carolina was the destined successor of Dr. Winston. Happy we to know that North Carolina had a son and this University an alumnus so admirably suited to fill this responsible position. Our great expectations and high hopes grew into conviction, and four months of administration have filled us with increasing satisfaction and pleasure. I feel no hesitation, sir, in saying you have already won the enthusiastic support of the whole constituency which you direct. We have never seen the inner life of the University purer nor its students more earnest and progressive. And this happy beginning is the augury of a mutual understanding, a cordial fellowship in the work and service for Alma Mater which will make her felt in every part of the State.


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        Indeed, the citizen may point with pride to the advanced methods of his own University. He may well rejoice that its elevated standards of instruction and its esprit de corps have not estranged her sons from the traditions of their fathers nor blinded them to the duties of the hour, and the pressing needs of their less favored fellowmen. Well may he congratulate himself that, while in the North, the South, and the West she is credited with scholarly thoroughness, culture, and vital force, at home she cherishes her people's interests, supplies nurture and vigor to the body politic, and forms a living bond between them and the great public school system. Indeed, she is "of the people, by the people, and for the people."

        "Wisdom is justified in her children"--justified in this opportune choice. State pride, patriotic feeling, as well as culture and scholarship, join hands today with the students to set in his place the efficient executive, the trained teacher, and the friend of youth and of the whole people.

        With welcome and hearty greeting, we bid you and our Alma Mater God-speed in your glorious work.


        Dr. Battle was then introduced by the presiding officer to speak in behalf of the Faculty. Among other things he said:

        Fourteen years ago I presented to that excellent Governor and friend of the University, Thomas J. Jarvis, for his bachelor's degree, one who was of the highest scholarship in his class. He had previously carried off prizes much sought after by our students, and especially the Representative and Mangum medals for excellence in oratory. Never before or since have the Faculty, in my day, awarded a diploma to a graduate more certain of future success.

        In Auld Lang Syne it was the unbroken custom for those worthy to be crowned with the wreath of oratory, to adopt as their life work the pulpit or the bar. I had not noticed in my graduate any particular leanings to the ministerial calling, and hence I was confident that I could see in the near future clients crowding to pour into his pockets grateful fees, and see him brandishing his graceful arms before the imprisoned twelve in the jury box. And then I could see him on the political stump, demonstrating with sonorous voice the angelic goodness of his own principles and the diabolical wickedness of those of his opponents.

        My imagination was a lying prophet. Like Solomon of old, he chose the better part. He looked out over our State and beheld children growing up in the gloomy ravines of ignorance, stunted and distorted, with minds gaunt and hungry and brutish. From the craggy peaks of the Unaka Mountains to the shifting sand dunes of Chicamicomico he saw beauteous gifts of nature uncared for and undeveloped. He saw our people with all the virile qualities of the

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great Anglo-Norman race the subject among our sister States of ridicule or caustic sarcasm. Spurning the temptation to engage in the pursuit of riches, or political honor, he determined to devote all the energies of heart and mind and soul to the uplifting of the children of the land.

        It should be remembered that the public school system is an organization, and like all organizations its most important part is the head, without which it is a lifeless corpse. Without teachers of cultivated minds, genial manners and Christ-like hearts, heavy taxation, costly apparatus, spacious buildings, are useless. The greatest statesman of modern times, the blood and iron Bismarck, wishing to reconcile recaptured Strassburg to the German Fatherland, gave, not wealth of architecture, lofty columns, great works of sculpture and painting, but learned professors to teach in plain and homely halls the God-given truths of all branches of knowledge.

        Our graduate realized these truths. He determined to gain special qualifications for his task. He explored the history of teaching in all ages to learn the secrets of its masters. He sought out experts of the present to gain minute knowledge of their methods. He made practical application of the principles he learned with such success that he soon stood among the foremost in his profession.

        The teachers, recognizing his worth, chose him as the president of their association. The Superintendent of Public Instruction pressed him into the service of imparting his experience to the teachers in the counties. He coöperated with the able and enthusiastic McIver in securing for the young women the Normal and Industrial Institute. On the urgency of President Winston, always on the lookout for the best material for his Faculty, our sagacious Board of Trustees induced him to take charge of the chair for special training of teachers and the conduct of our Summer School. There is not a county which has not felt the influence of his instruction, and the winged words of his public addresses have flown to all observers of educational progress throughout the union.

        In all these relations our graduate showed executive power, knowledge of men, ability to influence others, restless energy, indomitable pluck, and withal the virtues and courtesies of the Christian gentleman.

        And so when the University of a distant State, with larger income than ours, cast its envious lasso over the neck of our able and progressive Winston, and carried him off to the banks of the Colorado, with the plaudits of all intelligent men of our State, our keen sighted Board of Trustees placed the crowning honor of the Presidency of the University, the constitutional head of the public school system, on the head of this ripened product of our University, prepared by long experience in public school work--Edwin Anderson Alderman.


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        Happy omen it is for our future educational progress. For the first time in our history this highest office in the hierarchy of teachers is given, not to one who, like Caldwell and Chapman and Pool, "wagged their heads in a pulpit"; not to one like Swain and Battle, whose experience was gained at the bar and in political office; not to one like Caldwell and Pool and Winston, whose reputations were won in professorial chairs; but to one whose fame has come from arduous and successful labors for the teachers and the children of our public schools.


        Governor Daniel L. Russell, an alumnus of 1861, then delivered to Dr. Alderman the charter and seal of the University and formally inducted him into the office of President, after an eloquent portrayal of the work of the University in the past. He also counselled that early efforts should be made to establish a well equipped and flourishing school of teaching.

        Dr. Alderman replied briefly, accepting the office as a clear duty. He said in closing, "I have faith that the God who prompted the fathers to create will not fail to arm the children with wisdom to preserve."

        The next speaker was Professor Nicholas Murray Butler, of Columbia University, afterwards its president. His theme was that this century is preëminently the century of education. From the kindergarten to the University, education is ready and waiting for the poor as well as the rich, for the child of the farm as well as for the scion of the city. The State University is the most democratic part of a democratic school system. If not provided by the State the privilege of higher education, carrying with it trained directive power and increasing chances of leadership in life, would be restricted to the sons and daughters of the well to do. It is the duty and responsibility of the State to furnish a higher education of its own, liberal, nonpartisan, nonsectarian, and substantially free.

        Founded in the year of our national independence, this University was the first to receive the sanction and protection of constitutional law.

        Dr. Alderman's inaugural address was masterly. Some of his statements should be recorded. "We have the largest number of academic students in the South, three hundred and ninety-three. Besides these there are one hundred and fifty-three

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in the Summer School. * * * All sects, parties, conditions, and occupations are here, and they rise and fall as they have character, brains, and energy. * * * Over one-half are the sons of farmers. Three-fourths are the sons of poor men to whom their presence here means anxiety and self-denial. Eighty are working their way by honorable labor, from waiting at the table to cutting hair. Forty are here as the result of money earned or borrowed. Forty are aided by loans and nearly nine hundred have received aid from the University in the loans or scholarships in the past twenty years." * * * "The presence of many a boy here today, looking down from these galleries, means almost a tragedy in some faraway home. It means that the fathers and mothers lie awake in the still night hours and take counsel together how they may work a little harder each day, saving here and scrimping there, denying themselves this luxury and that comfort, that this child of their flesh may know the life denied to them, may walk upon the mountain ranges of life while they toil in its valley. Is it a crime for the State, for its own sake, to aid such people? It would seem that the angels in heaven would envy mortal men so fine a service."

        Dr. Alderman then testified to the healthy and manly public opinion in the University. "Our first duty is to enable the students to catch the spirit of the great masters of thought; our next is to the people, to aid in developing our resources. We owe a duty too to our women, and should open our postgraduate courses to them." He advocated larger appropriations, especially an adequate water supply, the remodeling of the library, the repair and care of buildings and grounds. "The University also needs a Chair of Political and Social Science, a Chair of Pharmacy and thirdly a strengthening of our Summer School for teachers."

        Dr. Alderman discussed the value of higher education. He said, "Forty-two out of the fifty Signers of the Declaration were college men. Three of the five who drafted it were graduates. Thirty-six of the fifty-five who wrote the Constitution came out of colleges. Fifteen of our Presidents, one-half of the Senate, and one-third of the House of Representatives are college

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men." * * * "The University serves a State: (1) It pours into the community a steady stream of generous minded, capable men who have a sense of public duty and multiply their influence a thousand fold. (2) The University tends to develop and elevate the people. Leaders rule, education develops leaders. (3) It serves the State by gathering together in a common effort all its citizens. The believers in every creed and the adherents of every party meet on common ground and partake of a common pride. (4) The University investigates its public school system. Our ideal should be an eight months school aided by as generous a general tax as possible, and supplemented by local taxation. (5) The University serves the State by ennobling the idea of the State in the minds of its picked youth. Out of the marriage of Christianity and democracy have been born the nobler institutions of society, hospitals, libraries, colleges, universities. In an atmosphere like this young men behold the Christian State not only right and just and law enforcing, but informed with a conscience, a heart, a purpose, and a will. There is born that large civic pride which is so infallibly a note of higher civilization.

        "What can the State do for the University? It can understand and sympathize with it. It can give what it needs for life and growth. It can honor and protect its University. My fancy has sight of the University in the strange new century which awaits it and us, grown more beautiful in its outward seeming, and fairer to look upon; its altar fires alight and glowing, ardent youths bearing our names and flesh of our blood, streaming through its groves and its gray old walls, still inviting out of the busy world all those who would seek the goddess Truth. * * *

        "The University is the people's school. Her watchword and her graven motto shall be creative energy, enlightened civilization, and untrammelled manhood."

VARIOUS FACTS FOR 1896-'97.

        The professions of the fathers of the new men entering this year, 1897, were gathered, and are of interest: Farmers, one hundred and four; lawyers, sixteen; physicians, fifteen;

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merchants, thirteen; manufacturers, five; preachers, eight; teachers, eight, contractors, two; mechanics, nine; bankers, two; miscellaneous, nineteen; unknown, thirteen.

        In the same year there were nine graduate students, forty-five Seniors, forty-seven Juniors, seventy-one Sophomores, ninety-nine Freshmen, forty-five optional. In the collegiate or academic department there were three hundred and seven, including five women, seventy-two in Law, thirty-four in Medicine, a total of four hundred and thirteen. In the Summer School, one hundred and fifty-eight. The number of counties represented was seventy-six; number of States eight, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Virginia, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Massachusetts, and the District of Columbia. The counties sending the largest numbers to the University were Orange, Forsyth, Mecklenburg, New Hanover, Wake, Buncombe, Cleveland, Sampson, Wilson, Wayne, Alamance.

        The record made by the Medical Department of the University for the year 1897 was brilliant. Out of the six prizes competed for by the applicants for licenses before the State Board of Medical Examiners at Morehead City, five were won by University men. R. E. Zachary won the Anatomy Prize and the appointment to the Wilmington Hospital. Charles Roberson won the Surgery Prize and second general average. H. J. Jones took the Appleton Prize for the highest general average on examination. The last was awarded to Charles S. Mangum in 1896 and Lee Coker in 1895, both University men.

        Prizes were also won beyond the borders of the State. J. T. Buxton was president of the graduating class in the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania and won the hospital prize. J. W. Davis led the class in Anatomy at the Charleston Medical College. At the Long Island Hospital College both of the prizes were carried off by our University men, Isaac H. Manning winning the first hospital appointment and Charles Roberson the Anatomy Prize.

        Dr. Eben Alexander, Professor of Greek, who had been absent for four years as United States Minister to Greece, Roumania and Servia, returned to his chair in the University during this year. He had been an energetic and wise officer

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and left Athens with the personal friendship of the King. His experience enabled him to add Modern Greek to his department.

        Mr. Clinton W. Toms, graduate of 1889, who had won distinction as head of graded schools and had conducted the University Summer School with great success, accepted the newly created Chair of Pedagogy. Receiving, however, an attractive offer with a large salary to engage in other business, he resigned the professorship. His duties were for the present distributed, Prof. H. H. Williams teaching a class in the History of Education, and other classes in Pedagogy were taught by President Alderman and Mr. W. C. Smith, Assistant in History. Professor Marcus Cicero Stephens Noble, the energetic and successful Superintendent of the Graded Schools of Wilmington, was elected to the Chair of Pedagogy.

        Dr. Ernest Taylor Bynum was Adjunct Professor of History and Political Economy. Dr. Bynum was an alumnus of this University, a graduate of Trinity College, North Carolina, took a three years course at Johns Hopkins University. He then took a Ph.D. degree at the University of Halle.

        At this period the Professors delivered public lectures on subjects chosen by themselves. The following list will show the scope of these exercises, which were well attended by students, Faculty, and villagers. Dr. K. P. Battle, "Charles Wilson Harris, first Professor of Mathematics in the University"; Prof. William Cain, "The Kalevala (the Epic Poem of the Finns) and What it May Teach Us"; Prof. Collier Cobb, "Living Lakes and Dead Seas" (stereopticon); Prof. E. A. Alderman, "The Theory of the State"; Dr. Eben Alexander, "The Revival of the Olympic Games"; Prof. J. W. Gore, "Cosmogony" (stereopticon); Dr. E. T. Bynum, "The Condition of the Russian Peasantry, as Compared With That of the Southern Negro (personal observations)"; Dr. F. P. Venable, "Science and Modern Life"; Dr. Thomas Hume, "The Messianic Ideal"; State Geologist J. A. Holmes, "The Yellowstone Park" (stereopticon); Prof. Karl P. Harrington, "A Roman Boy" (stereopticon); Dr. Charles Baskerville, "The Gases of the Atmosphere" (illustrated); Prof. H. H. Williams, "Christianity and Every Day Life."

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        The teaching force consisted of a Faculty of twenty, nineteen instructors, eight assistants; preachers to the University four, and of other officers five.

        There were conspicuous changes in the Faculty of 1896-'97. Edwin Anderson Alderman being President assumed the Chair of Political and Social Science. Dr. Richard Henry Whitehead confined himself to the Chair of Anatomy. Charles Staples Mangum, M.D., was made Professor of Physiology and Materia Medica. Samuel May, from Massachusetts, was added as professor in the School of Modern Languages.

        On the twenty-first of February, 1897, the Trustees passed an ordinance admitting women to the postgraduate courses. Courses were offered as follows: Greek four courses, Latin eight, Modern Languages six, English six, History three, Mathematics two, Physics four, Chemistry four, Biology four, Geology five, Pedagogy four, Philosophy one.

        Owing to many excellent female schools in the State and the Girls' Normal and Industrial College the experiment has not met with much success. The attendance has averaged only about half a dozen a year, but of these there have been some brilliant students.

        The Department of Pharmacy was established in March of this year and Mr. Edward Vernon Howell was chosen to take charge of it. Mr. Howell is a graduate of Wake Forest College. He then received the degree of Graduate of Pharmacy, Ph.G., at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. He has won reputation since as a practical pharmacist and has filled high positions in the State Pharmaceutical Association. His life shows that he has energy, ability, and intellectual gifts of a high order. The students in his department have laboratory facilities in the cognate studies of Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Physiology. The course is two years and the degree, Graduate in Pharmacy (Ph.D.).

COMMENCEMENT OF 1897.

        The Commencement of 1897 was in the first year of Dr. Alderman's presidency. The Baccalaureate preacher was Rev. Dr. J. S. Felix, of Asheville. The text was, "All things work

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together for good to those who love God." (1) God created us for His own glory. (2) He is a benevolent God. (3) His purposes will be fulfilled. (4) Those who love God share in His glory.

        The Class Day exercises of the Seniors of 1897 were uncommonly interesting. Rev. N. H. D. Wilson offered prayer. The Class History and Statistics were entrusted to Ralph Henry Graves; the Poem was the work of William Starr Myers, and the Prophecy by Henry Graves Connor, Jr. The speeches were witty, and the Prophecy abounded in the fun of exaggeration. Mrs. Spencer contributed an ode especially in honor of the class. The poem of Mr. Myers was much praised.

        The President, David Baird Smith, then on behalf of the class presented to the University a bust of Robert E. Lee. It was accepted by President Alderman. Colonel Thomas S. Kenan expressed the appreciation of the Board of Trustees.

        The speech of President Alderman accepting the bust of General Lee was singularly elegant and in good taste. At the close he said, "Our hero is not some strange portent, half demon and half angel, 'in whose brain the eagles of inspiration built their eyries and in whose breast hissed the serpent of ambition,' as Heine said of Napoleon, but a great, beautiful, resolute man unshaken by victory and undismayed by disaster. So large and ample his nature, so gifted with royal genius--and yet so merciful, so sweet-tempered and withal so good. * * * He has become an ideal to a whole land, incarnating their aspirations of manliness and realizing their dreams of right living."

        From gallery to ceiling were flags and streamers of white and blue. The portraits of Davie, Swain, Worth, and Hawks were displayed, with the bust of Robert E. Lee conspicuous. The exercises were enlivened by music from Kesnich's band.

        In the afternoon the class marched around and cheered the buildings, then under the Old Poplar smoked the "Pipe of Peace," and sang "The Old North State." The band then gave the tune of "Dixie" with enthusiasm.

        The statistics of the class should be recorded. Average age, twenty-two years, eight months; weight, one hundred and fifty

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and one-half pounds; height, five feet seven and one-half inches; brown-eyed men, fifteen; blue-eyed, thirty; town boys, thirty-two; country boys, thirteen; future professions: lawyers, seven; physicians, three; preachers, two; chemists, three; commercial men, two; teachers, fourteen; manufacturer, one; journalist, one; mining engineer, one.

        At night there was the usual private meeting of the honorary and the working members of the two societies and the usual speeches of those who had gone out into the world and ventured to review then the scenes of their youth.

        The banquet, attended by the alumni and those specially invited and the Seniors, possessed more than the usual interest and pleasure. The speaking was of high order. In the absence of Governor Russell, Lieutenant-Governor Charles A. Reynolds, alumnus of 1868, spoke on North Carolina and Her University. The next speaker was Warren G. Elliott, alumnus of 1865, president of the Coast Line Railroad Company after the death of Colonel R. R. Bridgers, whose subject was, "The University in the Industrial Development of the State."

        Then came United States Senator Lee S. Overman on "The University and Citizenship." He was followed by ex-Colonel and Editor Edward Joseph Hale, A.B. 1860, "The University and Her Alumni--What the University Owes to Her Sons."

        Claude Dockery, a graduate of 1887, was the next speaker, his subject being "The Alumnus and the University--What the Alumni Owe Their Alma Mater."

        George Edwin Butler, of the Class of '89, spoke on "The University and the Public Schools."

        The oldest alumnus present was John L. Williamson, of the graduating class of 1847.

        On Wednesday night came the speaking of the representatives of the two societies. Those of the Philanthropic were William Willis Brogden, on "Revolution and Life"; Pleasant Daniel Gold, Jr., on "Social Discontent," and James Daniel Parker, on "Liberty and Law." The Dialectics were James McEntire Carson, on "Education and Nature"; Paul Finley Cheek, on "The Poet of Democracy"; Paul Cameron Whitlock,

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on "The Truce of God." The judges, selected by the speakers from prominent visitors, decided in favor of Gold.

        After this exercise the company adjourned to the Faculty Reception in the Gymnasium. With music and promenading and handshaking there was notable enjoyment until midnight.

        The next morning, after the procession and prayer in Memorial Hall, four Seniors competed for the Mangum Medal in the presence of the usual numerous audience. Arch Turner Allen spoke on "The Relation of Government to Freedom"; S. Brown Shepherd on the "Growth of Law"; Donald McIver on "The Conflict Between Knowing and Feeling"; David B. Smith on "American Civilization." The judges awarded the coveted medal to Smith, but many thought Shepherd "ran him to his throat latch."

        The graduates and the audience were then privileged to listen to a polished and thoughtful address from Hon. William Lyne Wilson, LL.D., President of the West Virginia University. He left the University of Virginia in 1862, as a private in the Confederate Army. He was a Representative in Congress for twelve years and was accorded the honor of the Chairmanship of the Committee on Ways and Means. He was author of the Wilson tariff bill, which, mutilated in the Senate by the high protectionists, was as near an approach to a "tariff for revenue only" as could pass Congress at that time. He was eminent as a clear, eloquent and graceful speaker.

        He was much pleased with the University and its progress. When he left he donated his expenses as a prize to the student who would write the best essay on "The Influence of Madison on the Constitution." He strongly and wisely showed that it requires educated intelligence to secure liberty. "Names, constitutions, even universal suffrage signify little; the potential energy, the living spirit of freedom is found in none of these, nor yet in charter or bills of rights, or declarations or statutes, but in the individual enlightenment and morality of the people and in their devotion to personal liberty. The responsibility for wise leadership falls directly upon those who are trained for citizenship in the great schools founded and maintained by

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the State. Liberty is not a boon bestowed on the weak, the ignorant, the unpatriotic, and the undeserving, but the highest and noblest reward of moral and intellectual development."

        The prize offered for the best essay on "Madison and the Constitution" was won by a very promising student, William M. Walton, descended from General Charles McDowell, of the Revolution and from Governor Charles Manly, of this State. He afterwards volunteered for the Cuban War, then enlisted as a private, won a Second Lieutenancy on examination, rose to be a First Lieutenant, and fell a victim to tuberculosis, contracted in hard soldier's life in the Philippines. He had the gifts which lead to a distinguished military career.

        The degrees conferred were:

        
Bachelors of Arts 17
Bachelors of Philosophy 9
Bachelors of Science 9
Bachelors of Letters 7
Bachelors of Laws 2
Master of Arts 1
Master of Science 1
Total 46

        All degrees granted in course appear in the Appendix.

    HONORS IN THE JUNIOR CLASS:

  • Peter Harden Ely, Archibald Henderson, Charles H. Johnston, John G. McCormick, Percy W. McMullan, John D. Parker, Edward Emmett Sams.

    IN THE SOPHOMORE CLASS:

  • Highest to John Robert Carr, Thomas J. Hill.
  • Honors to Marsden Bellamy, Jr., Claude B. Denson, Jr., John Donnelly, Benjamin B. Lane, James E. Latta, William J. Webb.

    IN THE FRESHMAN CLASS:

  • Highest to William Frank Bryan.
  • Honors to Lester VanNoy Branch, Ernest Graves, John F. Green, John W. Greening, John W. Hinsdale, Jr., Kemp P. Lewis, Claude L. Miller, David P. Parker.
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    CERTIFICATE in LATIN was awarded to Darius Eatman.

  • In ENGLISH to William W. Boddie, William J. Horney, Thomas L. Wright.
  • In PHYSICS to Arch T. Allen, Robert S. Fletcher.
  • In BIOLOGY to Alfred F. Williams, Jr.
  • In GEOLOGY to John H. Andrews, Allen H. Edgerton, Donald McIver and Lionel Weil.

    MEDALS AND PRIZES:

  • HOLT MEDAL--Archibald Henderson.
  • HUME MEDAL--Robert Vance Whitener.
  • MANGUM MEDAL--David Baird Smith.
  • REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL--Pleasant Daniel Gold, Jr.
  • HILL PRIZE--John Gilchrist McCormick.
  • HARRIS PRIZE--George Edgar Newby.
  • WORTH PRIZE--Sylvester Brown Shepherd.
  • KERR PRIZE--Donald McIver.
  • MANNING PRIZE--Lewis Lake Rose.
  • MATERIA MEDICA PRIZE--Edwin Jones Nixon and William Jackson Weaver.
  • EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY PRIZE--Wm. Johnston Horney.

SUMMER SCHOOL OF 1897.

        The Summer School had an able corps of teachers under Professor Clinton W. Toms, who did not resign his charge until after its close. The other teachers were:

        Prof. Wilbur S. Jackman, of the Chicago Normal School, author of "Nature Study," in Natural Sciences.

        Prof. William F. Gordy, author of "The Pathfinder in American History," had charge of American History.

        Dr. Charles A. McMurry, University of Chicago, Secretary of the National Hebart Society, author of "General Method" and "Special Method in Literature and History," discussed Scientific Pedagogy.

        William J. Milne, Ph.D., LL.D., President of the New York State Normal College, author of Algebra and Arithmetic, on the teaching of Arithmetic.

        Miss Nettie Bemis, graduate of Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, teacher in the Durham Graded Schools, had charge of the class in Manual Training.

        Prof. Edward P. Moses, Winthrop Normal School, author of Moses' Reader, had charge of Primary work.

        Superintendents of city schools gave courses of lectures: Superintendents Noble in Mathematics, Graham of Charlotte in History, McLaughlin of Wadesboro, author of "Prima Pensa Latina," in Latin.


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        Prof. Philander P. Claxton, of the Normal and Industrial College, instructed in Physiography.

        Prof. Joseph A. Holmes made excursions with the teachers for study of Geology, Geography, and Physical History.

        Members of the Faculty of the University took part in the School, viz., Alderman, Toms, Toy, Hume, Cobb, Mangum, Baskerville, Linscott, Webb, Coker.


  • L. D. Howell, Elementary Latin.
  • E. B. Lewis, Geography.
  • T. J. Wilson, Jr., Greek.
  • Mathilde Coffin, Primary Work.
  • Minnie Redford, Primary Reading and Language work.
  • Clarence Brown, Vocal Culture.

        Each day there was a conference of the school for the discussion of vital matters. Each student received a certificate of attendance on his lectures and had credit for the same, if he became a student of another department of the University.

        The expenses were light, tuition five dollars, registration fee one dollar; a small extra fee for music. Board at the hotels fifteen dollars, but cheaper elsewhere. The dormitories were not thrown open to the pupils and teachers. The attendance was one hundred and eighty-five.

ATHLETICS IN 1897.

        The arguments in favor of football playing published in 1897 were strong then and are strong now. Premising that much exercise is needed for growing youth, it was contended that gymnasium exercises, prescribed for all but Seniors, were irksome and often avoided. The majority do not find recreation and amusement in it. Excitement is necessary to healthy exercise. The thought of books should for an hour or two be swept from the mind. Again, absorbing exercise is essential for disciplinary ends. It has secured exemptions from the riots of old times.

        "If football should be given up, what should be substituted? It interests more students than any other game. It is a scientific game and requires much headwork. The necessary self-control requires careful training. It requires the activity of every muscle and of eye and brain. Although it is a rough

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game, no one is allowed to play without the assent of parents. That players may be accidentally injured is admitted, but there is danger in hunting, bathing, railroad traveling, baseball. The game has been played here for eight seasons, half a dozen match games have been played each season, and fifty or sixty practice games, and no one has received serious or lasting injury. There are too many lesser injuries, however, and the University is endeavoring to secure a modification of the rules in order to diminish them. The University allows five days absence during the year. This is not a serious loss to study, while many of the team derive great benefit from traveling to important places. As a rule the members of the team show commendable scholarship. Of the twenty-five connected with it the present year four are classed as poor students, about one-fourth as fair, three-fifths are good students and over half of these stand good chance of winning honors. A student who has failed to pass one-half of his examinations is barred from being a member of a team or musical organization." As another writer says:

        "A nation can not afford to lose its aggressive manliness, endurance, courage, restraint, the power to act surely and unfalteringly in an emergency. A man in football must learn to be cool headed while he is impetuous, to think and act on the instant. And if he has the making of a man in him he attains the blending of courage and courtesy, which distinguishes the strong man from the powerful brute."

        In addition to the foregoing points it should be mentioned that the popularity of the game increases the desire of young men to attend the University. To these points mainly appertaining to the players, it should be added that the effect on the non-players is wholesome. The game develops a strong esprit de corps in the student-body and in the intense desire for success the attention of the students is withdrawn from the pranks and annoyances liable to occur among young folks with no occupation to fill up vacant hours. It must be said, however, that besides providing that unnecessary roughness shall be eliminated from the game, the tendency to bet on the result of the contest is an evil which should be controlled as far as possible.

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        In track athletics Fabius Haywood won in the one hundred yards dash (ten seconds) and two hundred and twenty yards dash (twenty-three and three-fourths seconds); C. E. Harris highest in pole vault (eight feet ten inches); G. M. Monk first in hammer throw (eighty-seven feet seven inches); C. E. Harris first in high hurdle (twenty-one and one-fifth seconds); R. A. McEachern, four hundred and forty yards run (fifty-six and four-fifths seconds). The Director was H. E. Mechling.

        The baseball team of 1897, B. E. Stanly, captain, with A. W. Mangum and Roy Williams, pitchers, did not win conspicuous laurels. They defeated Oak Ridge, Wake Forest, Lafayette (twice), Franklin, and University of Georgia. They tied Lehigh. They went down before University of Virginia (twice), Lehigh, Yale, Princeton, and once before University of Georgia. It thus appears that they came out second best in the contests with the larger institutions. The score was close in games with the University of Virginia, six to seven; University of Pennsylvania, five to six; University of Georgia, ten to eleven.

        On November 21, 1897, died David Gaston Worth, only sixty-six years old, an honor graduate of 1853, only son of Governor Jonathan Worth. He was a Trustee and liberal benefactor of his Alma Mater, the founder of the Worth Prize in Philosophy. He was a prosperous commission merchant of Wilmington.

        Special honor being due Mr. Worth, a memorial service was held in Gerrard Hall on November 26th. Rev. N. H. D. Wilson made the opening prayer, tenderly referring to his Christian character. Dr. Manning was the first speaker and testified to his life, crowned by virtue, integrity, honesty, and purity. Dr. Battle, who had taught him at the University and had been State Treasurer when his father was Governor, pointed out how the noble qualities of an upright father had descended to the son.

        President Alderman then made the address of the occasion, in his usual eloquent style. From boyhood he had known Mr. Worth. He declared "that this University has nourished on

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her broad bosom no worthier son, nor one who better used the time appointed him to live. * * * The thing most worthy to be learned from the life of our comrade is this: there is dignity and even glory in an upright life, however hidden from public gaze, and any bit of good work into which heart and blood and nerve have gone is, by that token, immortal. * * * The tablet bearing the name of David Gaston Worth in Memorial Hall shall commemorate a Christian gentleman who lived the good life and did not ever fail in his work, and his fame shall vie with all jurists, statesmen, soldiers, and rulers."

        Two other alumni of unusual prominence died this year.

        Armand John DeRosset, M.D., of Wilmington, the oldest graduate, of the Class of 1824, the oldest railroad director in America, commission merchant, treasurer of the Diocese of North Carolina and later of East Carolina. Died December 9, 1897, ninety years old. He was a man of extraordinary virtues.

        Thomas Lanier Clingman graduated with highest honors in 1832; a resident first of Surry County and then of Asheville. Representative and Senator in Congress; Brigadier-General C. S. A., twice wounded; Member of Constitutional Convention of 1875; author of "Speeches of T. L. Clingman," with explanatory comments. Died November 3, 1897.

REPORT OF VISITING COMMITTEE.

        The report of the Visiting Committee, composed of Hons. C. A. Cook, A. W. Haywood, and J. Lindsay Patterson, was singularly able and exhaustive. Their testimony was emphatic in its praises of the teaching, the management and the behavior of the students. Their recommendations were approved by the Board as to appropriations for equipment, changes in the Library, the election of an Assistant Professor of Law, and the establishment of a Department of Engineering.

        The committee expressed great satisfaction at the inner life of the institution, especially for the willingness of needy students to labor for their support, and the manliness and courtesy of all. The relation between the professors and students is of respect and friendliness on both sides. The committee did not

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see or hear of a case of drunkenness nor did they hear a profane or indecent word in the two days of their visit.

        "If a parent wishes his son trained in an atmosphere of religion and refinement, intellectuality and toleration (both political and sectarian), of sobriety and absence of vulgarity and profanity, of plain and economical living and high thinking, he will make no mistake in having him enrolled among the student body of the University of North Carolina."

COMMENCEMENT OF 1898.

        The ceremony of laying the corner stone of Alumni Hall was very interesting. It was done by the Free and Accepted Order of Masons. The funds were a free gift of alumni. The building was modeled after the Boston Public Library, the architect being Mr. F. T. Wilburn. In it are the public offices of the President and other officials, lecture rooms and laboratories. In the corner stone were deposited the University charter, list of donors of the site, sketches of Presidents Caldwell, Swain, Battle, and Winston, and of Vance; Dr. Hooper's "Fifty Years Since"; Golden Jubilee Number of University Magazine, 1844; Mrs. Spencer's University Ode and Song of the Old Alumni; Inauguration of Memorial Hall; list of the Confederate dead of the University; Sketches of Benefactors and their Gifts; the Inauguration of Alumni Hall, with list of subscribers in 1895. Many of the documents were of striking value. Also were enclosed copies of The Tar Heel, University Magazine, News and Observer, and Charlotte Observer of June, 1898.

        After the corner stone exercises there was adjournment to Memorial Hall, where General Julian S. Carr, in behalf of the alumni, presented the building to the Trustees and Hon. Francis D. Winston accepted it for the University. Both speeches were received with hearty applause.

        The Baccalaureate Sermon of 1898 was preached by a North Carolinian, the Dean of the Theological Department of Vanderbilt University, Rev. Wilbur Fish Tillett, D.D. He was once a teacher in our Summer Normal School and therefore well known to the elders of his audience. The discourse was

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scholarly, impressive and instructive, and was full of religious fervor. His text was "Till we all come in the unity of the faith and of the knowledge of the Son of God." His subject had three subdivisions: (1) Perfect manhood, the ideal of Christ life; (2) The place of faith and knowledge in ideal manhood; (3) Conformity in Christ, the only perfect pattern; the final test of perfect manhood. He closed with a strong plea for the union of knowledge and faith and the striving after this ideal by all educational institutions.

        "Is St. Paul's measure of success ours? I believe it to be the sole abiding measure for all men worthy of the name of man! * * * To stand at the end like this old man, and say, I have not made money, I have not held office, my name has not been sounded in the trump of fame, but 'I have fought the good fight, I have finished the work I set out to do, I have kept the faith,' is the only true success."

        On Monday, for the first time, there was an address before the Law Class and a large miscellaneous audience by Hon. Thomas C. Fuller, Judge of the United States Court of Land Claims, alumnus of 1851. He admirably and aptly followed Dr. Tillett in elaborating the subject, "The Perfect Man of the Law." "Stay at your office and go often to your books" is a much better commandment than one that says "Go West, young man." He gave and explained golden rules for the guidance of young attorneys. In closing he said, "I declare unto you that in all my travels I have not found a place that will surpass or even equal the Old North State."

        The society reunions at night were attended by the alumni present and many reminiscences of the old days were brought up.

        Tuesday was given up to the closing exercises of the Senior Class. After prayer in Gerrard Hall and an hour's interval they marched into the same place in cap and gown. In the presence of a goodly audience the President of the Class, J. D. Parker, in happy style gave the welcoming address. Then came the Historian, James G. McCormick, who gave the class history for four years and its statistics. He stated that the first woman graduate of the University was the proud distinction

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of 1898 in Miss Sally Stockard. He was followed by Paul C. Whitlock, the Prophet, who "brought down the house" by his satirical and ludicrous presentations of the future careers of his fellows. P. W. McMullan delivered the Class Poem, which met with rounds of applause.

        The class then, by its representative, W. J. Brogden, presented to the University two handsome flags, one of North Carolina and the other of the United States.

        In the afternoon the class marched in front of the buildings and gave their class cheer, then smoked the pipe of peace under the Davie Poplar, and sang the University Song, surrounded by an interested company of ladies and gentlemen.

        On Tuesday night were delivered original speeches by representatives chosen by the two societies. The Dialectics were Thomas Contee Bowie, who spoke on "Political Progress as Illustrated in American History," and Gilbert Roscoe Swink, whose subject was "Types of Southern Statesmanship." The Philanthropics were Edgar D. Broadhurst, who spoke on "By Way of the Sea," and Robert Diggs Wimberly Connor, whose theme was "The Problem of the Age." The judges gave the preference to Mr. Broadhurst. The audience then adjourned to Commons Hall, formerly known as the Gymnasium, to participate in a pleasant social function, called the Faculty Reception.

        On Commencement Day there were only four speakers, chosen by the members of the Faculty from those offering to compete for the honor. They were all good men, Pleasant Daniel Gold, Jr., on "The Feudalism of the Nineteenth Century"; Charles Hughes Johnston, on "The Hebrew versus the Greek"; James Daniel Parker on "The Scholar's Duty to Society"; Edward Kidder Graham on "The Economic Man." The judges decided that Mr. Graham was the best.

        The Commencement Address was then delivered by Hon. Hannis Taylor, LL.D., an alumnus of 1867-'68. Settling in Mobile, Alabama, Dr. Taylor distinguished himself as a lawyer and writer on Constitutional History, and as Minister to Spain and Professor of International and Constitutional Law in Columbia University. He received the degree of Doctor of

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Laws from the Universities of North Carolina, Edinburgh and Dublin. His scholarly address received the profound attention and admiration of the very large audience.

        The graduating class then received their degrees, viz.: fourteen Bachelors of Arts (A.B.), eight Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.), nine Bachelors of Science (B.S.), two Bachelors of Letters (B.Litt.), thirty-three in all. To these may be added four Bachelors of Laws (B.L.), two Masters of Arts (A.M.), and one Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). The names of all graduates will be found in the Appendix.

        Governor Daniel L. Russell addressed the graduating class in a short and very appropriate speech. He complimented them as the most polite class that ever left the University, because it was the only class that had a woman in it. He concluded with eloquent words that it was a solemn duty of the State, whether in the throes of adversity or on the topmost wave of prosperity, to maintain and strengthen its greatest institution of learning.

        Medals and Prizes were awarded as follows:

  • The HOLT MEDAL to Ernest Horatio Woodson and Willis James Brogden.
  • The HILL PRIZE to Pleasant Daniel Gold, Jr.
  • The HARRIS PRIZE to George Mary Pate.
  • The WORTH PRIZE to Charles Hughes Johnston.
  • The MANNING PRIZE to Charles Exum Best.
  • The WILSON PRIZE to William McEntire Walton.
  • The MATERIA MEDICA PRIZE to George Edgar Newby.

        The Faculty for the year numbered twenty-one, Instructors five, Assistants ten; preachers to the University, five; Academic students, three hundred and sixty; Law students, sixty-nine; Medical students, forty-three; Pharmacy students, twenty-one.

        The Summer School Faculty numbered twenty-five and pupils one hundred and forty-seven. The Instructors were: William Robert Webb, Jr., English; William Cunningham Smith, Pedagogy; Harry Ellsworth Mechling, Physical Culture; Arch Turner Allen, Assistant in Physics; John Gilchrist McCormick, Assistant in Geology.

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FROM THE REPORT OF DR. ALDERMAN.

        In 1857-'58 the number of students reached four hundred and sixty-one; in 1897-'98 four hundred and seventy-two. A comparison of the work required at each period shows as follows: The Academic curriculum in the first period comprised nine departments, with full professors in charge, comprising twenty-two classes, consuming sixty-two hours a week. In 1897-'98 there are thirteen departments, with a full professor at the head of each, seventy-three classes being taught with one hundred and eighty hours of instruction.

        The Sciences in 1857-'58 were represented by Chemistry, Physics, Geology--a single department under one professor. In 1897-'98 there are separate departments of Chemistry, Physics, Geology, and Biology. Provision is made for experimental instruction and practical work in these sciences by building, fitting up and equipping laboratories for each. In 1857-'58 there were the departments of Civil Engineering and Chemistry applied to Agriculture and Arts. These studies were pursued principally by those taking a partial course, though to a limited extent could be elected by candidates for the bachelor's degree.

        The only professional department in the former period was Law. In the latter also Medicine and Pharmacy. A bacteriological laboratory and a dissecting hall have been provided.

        In 1857-'58 it so happened that the institutions south of us had not gained popularity with their people, and there were numbers of emigrants from North Carolina to the Southwest, whose sons were ready for college. Hence we find one hundred and sixty-students from other States and out of the total attendance of four hundred and sixty-one only two hundred and ninety-nine from our own State. In 1897-'98 there were only twenty-seven extra-State students, while out of the total of four hundred and seventy-two there were four hundred and forty-five natives. This certainly shows that the University has a much prized popularity at home. A comparison of numbers from Orange, seven in the former, with forty-two in the latter period, is an indication that it is more highly appreciated by its neighbors.

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        The differences in the patronage from many counties are striking. For example Buncombe in 1897 had nineteen to one in 1857, Forsyth twenty-four to none, Mecklenburg nineteen to two, Sampson thirteen to four, Wake twenty-seven to fifteen, Wayne eleven to five, Wilson thirteen to three. Some, however, show a falling off. For example, Chatham in 1897 had three, with ten in 1857; Granville six, with fourteen; Halifax five, with ten. Evidently as a rule the counties having prosperous towns had the greatest increase.

        The diminution of the numbers from other States is very striking. Alabama in 1857 had twenty-two, in 1897 one; Arkansas in 1857 had three, Florida five, Georgia ten, Louisiana, twenty-six, Mississippi twenty-eight, South Carolina eight, Tennessee thirty-five, Texas nine. It appears that four States that sent us one hundred and eleven students in 1857 sent only three in 1897; three that sent eighty-nine in 1857, sent not one in 1897.

        The Dramatic Club this year was very successful. They presented "London Assurance," by Boucicault, in Chapel Hill, Tarboro, Wilson, and Wilmington; "Modern Ananias" in Chapel Hill, Winston-Salem, Greensboro, and Reidsville. Prof. Samuel May was director and stage manager, R. E. Follin, business manager, with G. D. Vick as assistant.

        The Library during the year acquired by purchase seven hundred and thirty-five volumes, and four hundred and seventy-seven by gift. The principal donors were Captain Francis T. Bryan, Gen. J. S. Carr, Miss Mary O. Rogers, Mr. W. L. Arendell, Hon. Walter Clark, Col. J. B. Killebrew, and Messrs. J. M. P. Otts and B. L. Wheeler.

        President Alderman returned in May after a three months' visit to the Holy Land and other countries, recruited in health. He was welcomed with enthusiasm.

        The athletic record during 1897-'98 was creditable. In football the University beat A. and M. of North Carolina forty to nothing, Guilford sixteen to nothing, Greensboro twenty-four to nothing, Clemson twenty-eight to nothing, University of South Carolina twelve to nothing, University of Tennessee sixteen to nothing, Bingham School fourteen to nothing. It

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was beaten by V. P. I. four to nothing, by Vanderbilt thirty-one to nothing, by University of Virginia twelve to nothing; seven games won, three lost. W. A. Reynolds, of Princeton, was coach, with W. L. Kluttz chief, and Jones Fuller assistant manager.

        In baseball the University beat William Bingham School nine to one, Oak Ridge eight to two, Trinity six to nothing, Wake Forest twenty-eight to one and seven to one, Lafayette nine to seven, Johns Hopkins twenty to nothing, Oak Ridge fourteen to two, Trinity eleven to two. Lost to Lafayette nineteen to nine, to Trinity nine to four. Tied Harvard University ten to ten. W. A. Reynolds was coach, R. H. Lewis, Jr., chief, and Junius E. Caldwell assistant manager.

        The Faculty changes and additions in 1897-'98 were as follows: Henry Farrar Linscott, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Classical Philology; Ernest Taylor Bynum, Adjunct Professor of History and Political Science; Marcus Cicero Stephens Noble, Professor of Pedagogy; J. C. Biggs, Assistant Professor of Law. Instructors, not heretofore named: Edward Emmett Sams, in Physics; Albert Franklin Williams, Jr., in Biology; Edward Jenner Wood, in Biology; George Edgar Newby, in Biology; Henry Mauger London, in Geology; Thomas Gilbert Pearson, Assistant Curator in Biological Museum.

COLLEGE SERVANTS IN PERIOD 1875 TO 1900.

        The college servants were colored men. The chief was Wilson Caldwell, whose father was for many years servant under the old régime, Doctor November by name. His mother was Rose, a slave of President Swain. Wilson, often called by the students Wilkes, worked for the University from boyhood. When it was closed in 1868 he was made a Justice of the Peace by Governor Holden, and as such had the honor to issue a warrant for larceny of a dog against an ex-Professor, which, however, was absurd and was quashed on a point of law. He taught school for awhile in Pasquotank County. His judicial and professional dignities did not turn his head and

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when the doors of the University were reopened in 1875 he again entered her service. He was perfectly reliable and efficient and had the unlimited confidence of Faculty and students. It is a remarkable proof of his probity and good sense that in the course of thirty years' service he was not censured by either.

        Caldwell was in all his career in life truthful, faithful, intelligent, respectful but free from obsequiousness. He held his head up like a man of good sense, and of a good conscience. He would never inform the Faculty of the misconduct of a student, but he did not hesitate to give good advice to one of wayward tendency whose room was under his charge.

        He was a tall black man, very straight and with an intelligent countenance, in manner courteous but with no appearance of servility. Not long before his death, at the request of the editor of the North Carolina University Magazine, I furnished a sketch of him, which was published with an idealized portrait. Being dissatisfied with this likeness which was almost a caricature, he republished as a pamphlet the sketch with a faithful engraving made from a photograph. When he died, July 8, 1898, at the request of his pastor, of the Congregational Church, Rev. Paul LaConte, I delivered in the church a eulogy to his memory. General Carr and Judge Manning, and others from Durham and Hillsboro, attended the funeral. He had been a Methodist, but on account of the prosecution of one of his sons by the church authorities for interruption of public worship he joined the Congregational Church. This denomination did not flourish in Chapel Hill. Soon after Caldwell's death its authorities sold their church building and schoolhouse and left the village. Mr. Wm. J. Peele (1879), published a sketch of Wilson of rare literary power, fully endorsing the foregoing statement of his virtues.

        Another of the colored servants was Rev. Charles Johnson, of the Colored Christian Church, a handsome yellow man who was of undoubted probity, and with excellent manners. After several years service he came to me to resign his place and said, "My Bishop has a circuit in the eastern part of the State that he wants me for. He says it needs a man who has associated

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with educated men about the University, and so he picked me out and I feel bound to go." I parted from him with great reluctance. He was a good man. He still retains his residence in Chapel Hill.

        Tom Kirby, a big burly yellow man, an "old issue free man of color," served the West building. He was capable, but never gained a high character for probity. He was suspected in the days before the war of selling whiskey on the sly to students, a most lucrative business if detection did not follow, as the profits were from one hundred to a thousand per cent on the cost. Good behavior wiped out this suspicion, at least to the extent of making him eligible for employment by the University. As he approached old age he became negligent and a change was made to Eli Merritt, elsewhere described.

        I witnessed, in truth I acted as judge, a ludicrous criminal trial of Kirby by a moot court, a trial conducted with all due solemnity, and as ably as could be expected of neophytes in the law. Kirby was charged with mixing waters, that is of pouring fresh water from the well into buckets whose contents remained over from the night before. The fact was proved and then Frank Hines, a bright young man, soon afterwards drowned at Nag's Head, was brought in as a scientific expert, to prove that water kept for hours in a bedroom took in solution quantities of carbonic acid gas (carbon dioxide) and other deadly poisons. Of course Kirby was convicted by the jury but no punishment followed.

        Tom Kirby had a son, Edmund, who was employed in the Chemical Laboratory. He was a preacher and some of his sermons are said to have contained most lurid metaphors, blazing with the transformations he had witnessed in the Laboratory. These fiery reactions were typical of the flames awaiting the damned for their sins.

DR. MANNING.

        The Professor of Law, Hon. John Manning, died of angina pectoris, February 12, 1899, and was buried in the churchyard at Pittsboro. Dr. Manning was born in Edenton, July 30,

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1830, and graduated with high honor at the University in 1850. He settled in Pittsboro and was a lawyer of ability and success. He served in the General Assembly, the Secession Convention of 1861, as Commissioner to Revise the Statute Laws, as Adjutant of a regiment in the Confederate Army, as Receiver under the Sequestration Laws, as Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1875, and in the United States House of Representatives. He was a Trustee of the University for twenty years. He was a devoted member of the Episcopal Church, and served in all the offices allowable to a layman--Vestryman, Senior Warden, Superintendent of Sunday Schools, Lay Reader, Delegate to Diocesan Conventions and to the General Convention. Appropriate resolutions of a hearty recognition of his lofty character as a man and teacher were adopted by the Faculty, the Board of Trustees, the Philanthropic Society, the law classes, and the Chatham County bar. One of his students, Hon. Thomas D. Warren, State Senator, wrote to the University Record a tribute of uncommon eloquence, testifying to his extraordinary excellence as a man and as a teacher.

        Memorial services in honor of Dr. Manning were held in Gerrard Hall on the 19th. He was greatly loved in this community and the Chapel was filled with a sympathetic concourse. President Alderman presided and the services were begun by the singing of the hymn, "Jesus, Lover of My Soul" by the University Quartet. Rev. Dr. William M. Meade, Dr. Manning's rector, read a selection from the Scriptures and offered a prayer. The quartet then sang "Abide With Me."

        The first address was by Dr. Kemp P. Battle, who had been thrown with Dr. Manning in various relations, in social intercourse when they were students together, in practice at the bar, in the Convention of 1861, as colleagues in the University, as Trustees, and as neighbors and intimate friends. As the reporter said, "He dwelt very tenderly and pathetically upon his lifelong intercourse with him and sketched in outline his useful career," doing justice to the strength of his intellect and the treasures of his heart.

        Dr. Eben Alexander spoke next. He said Dr. Manning's

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life illustrated the fulfilment of life's truest, highest aims, high service and simple truth and honor.

        Prof. J. Crawford Biggs, the colleague of Dr. Manning in the Law School, followed, telling of Dr. Manning's excellence as a teacher, his affection for his pupils and their love for him. By his daily life he gave them inspiration to seek for what is good and noble.

        Mr. J. F. Newell, of the Law class, then presented the resolutions adopted by the class. He gave a touching account of the overpowering sense of loss felt by the law students and the benefits which they derived from their intercourse with their friend and teacher.

        The last speaker was President Alderman. He declared that Dr. Manning's life was an epitome of all that the grand old term gentleman should mean. His success as a teacher came from his sympathy, his unfeigned love for those he taught, as well as his learning and experience.

        In place of Dr. Manning ex-Chief Justice James E. Shepherd, an alumnus of 1867, was elected by the Board of Trustees. His learning was widely known and his aptness to teach had been demonstrated in the Summer Schools, in which he assisted. For family reasons he was unable to give up his residence in Raleigh. In his place ex-Judge James Cameron MacRae was chosen.

        Judge MacRae was a broad minded man, an able lawyer, hightoned and honorable. As a Member of the Legislature from Cumberland he was one of the foremost in providing for reopening the University in 1875. He supported prohibition of the sale of ardent spirits when all his friends assured him that his political prospects would be ruined by the vote. It shows the uncommon strength of his character that he was promoted to the Supreme Court bench by a great majority soon after this vote. His opinions as Judge showed that he was a sound lawyer and his instruction at the University demonstrated that he was a brilliant teacher. The Law School of Manning and Shepherd lost no reputation under MacRae, McGehee, and Ruffin.

        

Illustration

        H. V. WILSON

        COLLIER COBB

        J. E. SHEPHERD

        J. C. MACRAE

        CHAS. S. MANGUM

        E. V. HOWELL

        H. C. TOLMAN

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        At the Commencement of 1899 the preacher of the Baccalaureate Sermon was the Right Reverend Hugh Miller Thompson, D.D., Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Mississippi. His manner was rugged but this rather made more impressive his strong, vigorous and eloquent utterances.

        Bishop Thompson's description of St. Paul was very striking. "The prisoner's ancestors were kings and princes and prophets when the old Norman-blooded English were running wild in the German forests. His pedigree was a part of the nation's life. He was educated in Jerusalem, at the highest school, to learn the theology of his own people, was a Roman lawyer and a Roman gentleman. He was not only a Jew of high descent and highly educated, but he was a Roman citizen. His psychology was that of Plato--body, soul and spirit make up the man. This man began life with every element of success. But one day there came to him a conviction, and he cast away every advantage he had in life. His friends turned against him and slandered him, and heaped malediction and persecution upon him who had been the hope of his race, with any place open to him as a Roman or a Jew. He had gone to a sect which every man talked against. He left all these advantages at the very dawn of life, not for great rewards, for I think he was aware of what awaited him, but for bonds and punishment, imprisonment and shipwreck--at last the Roman prison and the Roman death.

        "And yet this man had decided to advise the young man he loved as a son to take the same course. By the measure of the forum St. Paul had made a most abject failure, yet he does not seem to think so. 'I have fought a good fight, I have finished the course laid out, I have kept the faith, henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness.' He claimed the victory with his feet on the brink of the grave, and the grave crumbling underneath, and the grave a bloody one."

        On the next day the address was by Hon. Henry G. Connor, late Speaker of the House of Representatives. It was wise and strong. I quote a few sentences: "The conservatism of the American bar will be the most potent factor in preserving liberty regulated by law, and in restraining within proper

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bounds the aggressions of wealth, and the unreasoning demands of labor. In his office, in the forum, on the hustings, in the halls of the Legislature, and on the bench, he should ever keep in view his duty in this respect. * * * The lawyer must stand for the maintenance and integrity of constitutional guarantees of civil liberty and must proclaim and enforce the truth that monopolies of all kinds are dangerous to liberty. * * * He must at the same time see to it that in repelling this danger those principles on which depend the sanctity of society are not violated."

        On Monday were the Class Day exercises of the graduating class. At eleven o'clock the members marched into the Chapel, arrayed in cap and gown. The officers sat on the rostrum. The address of welcome was by Julian S. Carr, Jr. The History was by James E. Latta; the Poem by Joseph M. Sitterson; the Prophecy by Howard B. Holmes. These speeches were in the usual lively and interesting vein.

        Then the President, J. S. Carr, Jr., on behalf of the class, presented to the University a bronze bust of our great war Governor, Zebulon B. Vance, likewise an alumnus, a Trustee and warm friend of the University. It was accepted in happy style by President Alderman in behalf of the University and Robert T. Gray, for the Board of Trustees, of which he was a member.

        After this came the reading of the statistics of the class by William E. Cox, and in the afternoon there was the usual cheering of the University Buildings, around which clustered reminiscences of studious toil, of lasting friendships, of youthful jollity. In addition hearty cheers were given to the baseball captain, to the football coach, to ex-President Battle and to President Alderman. This was succeeded by planting a sprig of ivy from the mausoleum of Robert E. Lee on the South Building. Then came smoking the pipe around the Davie Poplar, class songs and the final yell.

        On the next day the Class of 1879 had a reunion, Hon. Francis D. Winston delivering an address full of humor, pathos, and pleasant reminiscences. Of the members James S.

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Manning became a Judge of the Supreme Court; Gaston A. Robbins, now deceased, member of the United States House of Representatives; W. J. Peele, a strong lawyer and author; F. D. Winston, a Judge and Lieutenant-Governor; Robert W. Winston, a Judge; Dr. John M. Manning, a prominent physician; Dr. K. P. Battle, Junior, a specialist; R. B. Henderson, a prominent physician; James C. Taylor, a bank president and cashier; W. L. Hill, a trusted and successful lawyer. Besides these, but not present, were Alva C. Springs, a bank president; Robert Strange, Bishop of East Carolina; Isaac M. Taylor, Superintendent of the Morganton Sanitarium; John C. Angier, president of a railroad; Archibald H. Arrington, Secretary of the Penitentiary Board; Lunsford C. Clifton, of South Carolina. It thus appears that 1879 was an uncommonly successful class.

        On Wednesday the society representatives delivered their orations. The Dialectics were: George Nelson Coffey, "A Menace to Republicanism"; Alfred Rives Berkeley, "The Great Commoner"; Thomas Tillett Allison, "The Perfect State." The Philanthropics were David Preston Parker, "What Shall be Our National Ideal?"; Allen Johnson Barwick, "The True Sectionalism"; Needham Erastus Ward, "The World Power." The judges decided in favor of Mr. Coffey.

        There were five Seniors selected by competition for speaking on Commencement Day. They were: Thomas Contee Bowie, "Republicanism is Imperialism"; John Mabry Greenfield, Junior, "Colonial Assemblies"; James Edward Latta, "Institutionalism and Its Demands"; Thomas Gilbert Pearson, "The Quaker as a Factor in Civilization." The committee awarded the victory to Mr. Bowie.

        The Commencement Address was then delivered by Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, then Professor of Philosophy in Columbia University, New York, afterwards President of that institution. His subject was "The Function of Higher Education in the State." The address was a most scholarly argument in favor of universities and colleges, and of their support by the State.

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        The degrees were then conferred, as will appear in the Appendix. There were thirty Bachelors of Arts (A.B.), twelve Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.), eight Bachelors of Science (B.S.), one Bachelor of Laws, and four Masters of Arts. The total number of graduates in course was fifty-five.

    MEDALS AND PRIZES:

  • The HOLT MEDAL--Charles Whitehead Woodson.
  • The HUME MEDAL--Louis Round Wilson.
  • The HARRIS PRIZE--Walter Vernon Brem, Jr.
  • The WORTH PRIZE--Francis William Coker.
  • The GREEK PRIZE--Philip Hall Busbee, Milton McIntosh.
  • The EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY PRIZE--John Wm. Canada.
  • The REPRESENTATIVE MEDAL--George N. Coffey.
  • The MANGUM MEDAL--Thomas C. Bowie.

    CERTIFICATES AWARDED:

  • In GREEK--V. L. Jones, Mary P. Kendrick.
  • In LATIN--H. P. Harding, V. L. Jones, C. B. Denson, Jr.
  • In GERMAN--Katherine C. Ahern.
  • In FRENCH--C. B. Denson, Jr.
  • In ENGLISH--C. C. Brown, J. Donnelly, C. F. Harris, J. H. Hewitt, H. B. Holmes, Bessie L. Whitaker.
  • In HISTORY--E. D. Broadhurst, C. C. Brown, F. J. Coxe, H. P. Harding, R. G. Kittrell, H. M. London.
  • In PHYSICS--J. E. Latta.
  • In MATHEMATICS--W. S. Crawford, J. H. Hewitt, R. F. Jenkins, E. H. Woodson.
  • In CHEMISTRY--E. V. Patterson.

THE FACULTY IN 1898-'99.

        The following changes in the Faculty occurred in 1899: George M. McKie, graduate of the Boston School of Oratory, was made Instructor in Expression; Thomas Clarke, Ph.B., became Instructor in Chemistry, in especial charge of Dyeing, etc.; Dr. Karl P. Harrington resigned the professorship of Latin, and accepted a similar professorship in the University of Maine; James Crawford Biggs, Ph.B., resigned as Assistant Professor of Law, and resumed practice in the courts of North Carolina, settling at Durham; James Cameron MacRae, LL.D., late Judge of the Supreme Court of North Carolina, accepted the head of the Department of Law; Collier Cobb dropped

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Mineralogy from his title and became full Professor of Geology; Charles Baskerville became Associate Professor of Chemistry; Professor Bynum resigned his position and accepted a professorship in a Western university.

        The new Instructors were: Archibald Henderson in Mathematics, James William Calder in Physical Culture, Henry Mauger London in Geology, Wm. Edward Cox in Physics, Jesse Knight Dozier in Physics, Francis Moore Osborne in Mathematics; Ralph Henry Graves, Librarian; Dr. Alexander was appointed Supervisor of the Library.

        The preachers who officiated in our Chapel at the instance of the Y. M. C. A. were Rev. E. W. Smith, D.D., of Greensboro, on "Character Building"; Mr. S. M. Sayford, College Evangelist for the United States, a series of ten sermons; Rev. Junius Horner, afterwards Bishop, on "Internal Evidence of Christianity"; Rev. H. F. Christberg, D.D., "The Ideal and Practical in Christ," or "Christian Character"; Rev. W. W. Staley, D.D., President of Elon College, "The Christian's Light That Lighteth the World"; Rev. F. F. Marr, Salisbury, "Bible Ideals."

        The preachers to the University were Rev. Peyton Harrison Hoge, D.D., Rev. Rodney Rush Swope, D.D., Rev. Howard Edward Rondthaler, A.B., Rev. Samuel Bryant Turrentine, D.D., Rev. Junius Millard.

        The officers were Professor Toy, Secretary; Dr. Alexander, Supervisor of the Library; R. H. Graves, A.M., Librarian; E. L. Harris, Ph.B., Registrar; W. T. Patterson, Bursar.

        Professor Karl P. Harrington, who resigned the professorship of Latin, was an accurate and learned scholar and a very efficient teacher. He was besides useful in other ways, particularly in advancing interest in music, in which he was proficient.

        Prof. Henry F. Linscott was advanced to fill the vacancy. He was a native of the State of Maine, and was trained in the University of Chicago. He was an enlivening teacher, broadminded, courteous, and generous in aiding his pupils or others. He was a skilled writer and had the gifts of a poet. He soon brought a wife from Chicago, a lovable lady. In about a year

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thereafter, to the general grief of the Faculty, students and villagers, he died.

OTHER ITEMS OF INTEREST FOR 1898-'99.

        An interesting census was taken of the parentage of the students then in the University, as follows: Those whose fathers were farmers, thirty-six per cent; merchants, fourteen per cent; physicians, seven per cent; lawyers seven per cent; manufacturers, six per cent; preachers, five per cent; teachers, five per cent. Seventeen other professions, contractors, master mechanics, carpenters, bankers, railroad men, sawmill men, insurance agents, millers, editors, cotton buyers, civil engineers, revenue agents, county court clerks, butchers, army officers, postmasters, hotelists, twenty per cent.

        Donations received in 1899: From J. S. Carr, to finish the Carr building, $3,000; Mr. Henry Weil, of Goldsboro, a Trustee of the University, gave $1,000 for equiping the Library--half will be used for the purchase of works on Political and Social Science; a gift from Mr. James Sprunt, of Wilmington, of $100 annually for the publication of Monographs on the History of North Carolina.

        A course of Dyeing and Bleaching was established. Dr. Thomas Clark, who was employed to take charge of the laboratory work, had prepared himself for this in the course of two years study in Germany. The lectures in the course are given by Dr. Venable.

        The Visiting Committee this year were Hon. Virgil S. Luske, General Julian S. Carr, and Mr. Henry Weil. They made a thorough inspection, interviewed separately members of the Faculty, and addressed the student body. Their report was eminently favorable.

        The total amount of the Deems Fund was $19,056. During the last two years fifty-eight students have been aided. The cash on hand is $1,946.79. During the last year one scholarship was given by James D. Murphy, '81, of Asheville.

        The Potter collection of medical books and instruments was the gift of Mrs. F. W. Potter, of Wilmington. A handsome globe for the library was presented by Phi Kappa Sigma Fraternity.

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        The third Annual Debate between this University and that of Georgia was held on March 17th. The representatives of Georgia were Messrs. P. L. Tison and P. H. Doyal, and those of North Carolina were Messrs. E. D. Broadhurst and T. C. Bowie. The subject was, "United States Senators should be elected by a direct vote of the people," the Georgians having the affirmative. The debate was at Athens, Georgia. The judges were Hon. Porter King, of Atlanta; Hon. W. S. Miller, of Abbeville, S. C., and Prof. H. W. Smith, of Rome, Georgia. The award was to the North Carolinians and many compliments were made as to the excellence of their speeches and manner of delivery.

        The University Magazine, which had been suspended during the administration of President Winston, was revived in 1897, Mr. S. S. Lamb being editor in chief and Mr. F. O. Rogers business manager. It is supported by the University and the two societies. Its main object is to cultivate the literary art among the students, and has many articles of value from time to time.

        Christian education is much in the mouths of some of our people. They seem to think that education in State institutions is "godless." The fallacy of this notion may be seen by the following facts: Of the twenty-nine acting Professors and Instructors in the University at this time fifteen had taught or were then teaching in the Sunday Schools of Chapel Hill. One or more Bible classes for students were conducted by members of the Faculty in each of the four churches for the whites in the town, and a general class was regularly held on Sunday mornings in Gerrard Hall. Thirteen members of the Faculty were then officers in their churches. Twelve out of seventeen of the Professors were, or had been, officers in their respective churches. The truth is that Christian education is the rule at Chapel Hill, but denominationalism is avoided.

        For the football season of 1899 the captain was S. E. Shull and the coach W. A. Reynolds. This University was moderately successful; victorious over the North Carolina A. and M. College, Oak Ridge School, Guilford, Horner School, Davidson College, University of Maryland, and University of Georgia.

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It was beaten by the United States Naval Academy, by Princeton University, and Sewanee, and tied in a second game with A. and M. College of North Carolina.

        Mr. E. N. Graham was elected President of the Athletic Association.

PRESIDENT ALDERMAN'S REPORT.

        The report of the President to the Board of Trustees shows seventeen full Professors, one Associate, two Assistant Professors, seven Assistants, and five officers, thirty-seven officials in all. The Summer School had twenty-one instructors.

        Prof. M. C. S. Noble entered on his duties in Pedagogy, James Crawford Biggs in Law, and Mr. Archibald Henderson succeeded Mr. George P. Butler as Assistant in Mathematics.

        The President thanked the Board for leave of absence to recruit his health in the South of Europe and Orient. Professor Gore, as Dean of the Faculty, wisely administered the affairs of the Faculty during his absence.

        The registration of students, 1898-'99, shows: First year, matriculating, one hundred and twenty-seven; second year, one hundred and nine; third year, fifty-four; fourth year, fifty-seven; graduate students, fourteen; special, one, a total of three hundred and sixty-two. Law--Summer, forty; Fall and Spring, forty-three; Medicine, forty-three; Pharmacy, twenty-one; four hundred and ninety-one in all. Summer School, one hundred and forty-nine. Eighty-five counties were represented, the largest being Orange with thirty-five, Forsyth twenty-six, Wake twenty, Mecklenburg and Johnston thirteen each. By States there were thirty-six from twelve States (counting the District of Columbia), other than North Caroline. We still led the South in Academic students and were fifth in total enrolment. In 1857-'58 there were four hundred and sixty-one students.

        Previous to 1892 the only building supplied with water was the Chemical Laboratory--by a small tank and a hand pump. During the summer of 1893 an attempt was made to supply water throughout the institution from a large well, the water pumped by steam into capacious iron tanks in the attic of the

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South Building. This proved insufficient. The General Assembly of 1899 appropriated $7,500 for an adequate system of water works. Steam pumps were put up on Bowlin's Creek, about one and a half miles from the Campus, from which the water was forced into a lofty tank, from which it descends by gravity to the places needed. The amount is not sufficient, and it may be necessary to apply for an additional appropriation.

RESIGNATION OF PRESIDENT ALDERMAN AND ELECTION OF
DR. VENABLE.

        On the fifth of May, 1900, Dr. Alderman resigned as President to accept the presidency of Tulane University. Dr. Francis Preston Venable was unanimously elected in his place.

        Doctor Venable graduated from the University of Virginia in 1879, then studied at Bonn and Goettingen, gaining the degree of Ph.D. at the latter place in 1881. He was elected Professor of General and Analytical Chemistry in this University in 1880 and his department has always been regarded as one of the strongest. He is a member of the American and the German, and Fellow of the London Chemical Society, vice-president of the Section of Chemistry of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Sixty or more of his papers have been published in the scientific journals of this and other countries. He has been the leading spirit of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. He is author of "A Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis," "A Short History of Chemistry," "Development of Periodic Law," and (in coöperation with Howe) of "Inorganic Chemistry According to Periodic Law." He is regarded as one of the ablest chemists in the United States.

        Doctor Venable is the only son of Colonel Charles S. Venable, one of the Aides of General R. E. Lee in the Confederate Army, Professor of Mathematics in the University of Virginia and for some years Chairman of the Faculty. The son was born in Prince Edward County, Virginia, November 17, 1856. He married Sallie S., daughter of the late Hon. John Manning, Professor of Law, University of North Carolina. Doctor Venable

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was known to have executive power, and there was general approval of his election.

        Doctor Alderman's character and career were sketched at the time of his election as President. His determination to leave us was greatly regretted. The Trustees passed strong resolutions of regret at his resignation. They testified that his progressive and enlightened policy had at all times had the approval of the Board. They realized the wisdom and force of his far reaching plans for the growth and development of the State's educational system. They offered to him their heartfelt thanks for his patient, wise, talented, and successful service.

VARIOUS ITEMS FOR 1899-1900.

        The first number of the James Sprunt series of Historical Monographs was issued during this year under the direction of the Professor of History, Dr. Battle. It comprised first, a brief sketch of all the members and officers of the Convention of 1861, by Mr. J. G. McCormick, and, second, a statement of every ordinance and resolution passed or attempted to be passed by that Convention, known as the Secession Convention. Professor Battle was a member of the body and fortunately preserved all the papers. A valuable feature was the publication of amendments to the State Constitution proposed by such wise statesmen as ex-Governor Graham, Chief Justice Ruffin, etc., but not acted on because of the final adjournment.

        In this year the Faculty adopted the plan of licensing students, with the approval of the heads of departments, to coach unprepared students. They were called Docents. The first who received this dignity were W. S. Bernard in Greek and Psychology, J. E. Latta in Physics, and G. N. Coffey in Geology.

        The requirements for admission into the Freshman Class were raised. Hereafter an approved examination must be had in Arithmetic, the whole of a School Algebra, a College Algebra to Quadratics, and three books of Plane Geometry.

        Debating with other institutions was likewise begun at this period. The first contests were with Vanderbilt, at Nashville, Tennessee, and the University of Georgia, at Chapel Hill.

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        It may be of interest to record the preliminary steps here in preparation for these debates. The query is agreed on by correspondence with members of the rival institution. Two weeks after this agreement those striving for the honor have a contest between themselves before a committee, generally of the Faculty. Those chosen undergo thorough preparation by reading and study, and then by practice. New books are ordered if deemed necessary. After full opportunity for completing their arguments, they must undergo the attack of a "scrub team," composed of two of the best debaters in the societies, who take the sides of their opponents. This is in public and is largely attended by the students. This is no child's play. I have seen a "scrub" make the best speech on either side. The position of Intercollegiate Debater is much prized, not only for the honor, which is great, but for the substantial benefit and pleasure of a trip, if the contest is not at home, and the amenities which usually fall to the lot of the victors at the hands of their hospitable adversaries.

        There was a noticeable change in the requisites for obtaining postgraduate degrees. For the Master's degree three cognate studies must be pursued with residence for one year, or, as a nonresident, for two years. Examinations and a thesis are required. Graduates of other institutions are admitted only on residence. For Doctor of Philosophy there must be two years residence after obtaining the Master's degree. The candidate must show high attainment in one or two studies and submit a thesis showing independent research. There were this year nine resident and thirteen nonresident candidates seeking the Master's degree, and two the Doctor's degree. There were only fourteen in 1889 and fifteen in 1897-1898. Subsequently residence was required in all cases.

        The University achieved a fine record in Athletics during this year. The baseball team lost once to Oak Ridge and gained one, beat Lafayette twice, Cornell once, University of Tennessee twice, University of Georgia once and tied once, University of Maryland once. R. B. (Bob) Lawson was captain.

        The football record was equally good. The University was

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victor over the Morganton team, the University of Tennessee, Vanderbilt, Georgia, Sewanee, and Georgetown, and tied Virginia Polytechnic. It was defeated by the University of Virginia.

        This year the University put out a track team of which Francis M. Osborne was manager. They captured the loving cup offered by Mr. J. C. Horner of the Horner School by a score of one hundred and twenty-nine and one-half to eleven and one-half.

        The alumni of Mecklenburg were organized into a Branch Association. Colonel Hamilton C. Jones was elected President, Alexander Graham, Vice-President, and George G. Stephens, Secretary and Treasurer. About thirty alumni were present at the meeting of the one hundred and thirty living in the county. There were thirty undergraduates then at the University.

        The Association of Forsyth met at Winston. John W. Fries was President, Rev. Dr. R. E. Caldwell, Secretary and Treasurer. About forty-two were present of the seventy-four in the county.

        At New York ex-Judge Augustus Van Wyck was elected President of the Branch Association, George Gordon Battle. Vice-President, and Ralph H. Graves, Secretary and Treasurer. More than sixty alumni were in the city.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1900.

        At the one hundred and fifth Commencement the Baccalaureate preacher on the Sunday preceding Commencement Day was Rev. Givens B. Strickley, of the Union Theological Seminary, in Richmond, Virginia. His text was, "But without faith it was impossible to please Him." Faith is the controlling principle of human conduct, not only in religion but everywhere, in the family, in human society, in the business world, in fact all knowledge of every sort rests at bottom on faith and faith alone.

        On the following Monday night there was a spirited debate by two members from each society. The Dialectics were James

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King Hall and Dorman Steele Thompson; the Philanthropics, George Vernon Cowper and Luren Thomas Johnson.

        The question was, "Resolved, That the English were justifiable in entering into war with the South African Republic." The judge were charged with the duty of deciding first which side was best, and second, who was the best speaker. This debate was substituted for the representative speaking heretofore in vogue, the winners getting twenty dollars offered by President Alderman.

        Before this system was inaugurated the committee was accustomed to retire and, consulting together, make up their decision. The students had a shrewd suspicion that there would probably be one of the number who would overpersuade, or even dominate, the others. They therefore adopted the rule that the judges must vote without delay, and by secret ballot. In this case the Dialectics won the question and a Philanthropic, Cowper, tied with Thompson as best speaker.

        The graduate speaking for this year was on June 5. There were only three speakers, George N. Coffey, Peter H. Eley, and David Preston Parker. The subject of Mr. Eley was "The Symmetry of Life," of Mr. Coffey "Anglo-Saxon versus Latin," of Mr. Parker "England and America: Forces which shape our coming relations." The judges decided for Mr. Parker.

        At the close of the speaking the President and Faculty gave a general reception in Commons Hall, which as usual was full of pleasure.

        Tuesday was Class Day. The Seniors at nine o'clock assembled for Prayers, which were conducted by Rev. Dr. Hume. An hour afterwards Mr. W. F. Bryan, president of the class, delivered an address of welcome. Then followed the History by Mr. C. G. Rose, the presentation speeches by Mr. Graham Woodard and President Bryan, and the Prophecy by Mr. J. W. Greening. All four were interesting and highly complimented.

        The gift by the class was a handsome reproduction of the Venus of Milo. The Professor of Greek, Dr. Eben Alexander, in behalf of the University, accepted the statue, giving the history of its finding and the theories concerning it.

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        In the afternoon the usual ceremonies were held under the Davie Poplar. Mr. A. J. Barwick read the statistics of the class, as follows: Graduates, fifty-five. Chosen professions: Teaching fourteen, law fourteen, ministry five, medicine four, engineering three, chemistry two, geology one, manufacturing and farming one each; six were undecided. Eleven receive honors, five high honors, and one highest honors. The average weight was one hundred and fifty-three pounds; height five feet eight and one half inches; age twenty years and eight months.

        Commencement Day, the one hundred and fifth since the opening of the doors for the admission of students in 1795, was devoted mainly to the celebration of its twenty-fifth anniversary since the reopening in 1875. The success was largely due to the energy and forethought of Mr. James C. Taylor, who presided during the exercises, one of the sixty-nine who constituted the student body in 1875-1876. There were nineteen in attendance who testified their appreciation of his gratuitous labors by the gift of a golden chain. Their names should be recorded. Arthur Arrington, teacher; Julian M. Baker, physician; Kemp P. Battle, Jr., physician; George W. Britt, civil engineer; Robert Ernest Caldwell, Presbyterian minister; Aaron W. E. Capel, cotton manufacturer; Charles C. Covington, importer and jobber; John H. Dobson, lawyer; Malachi R. Griffin, bank cashier; James S. Manning, Judge of Supreme Court; John M. Manning, physician; Robert L. Payne, physician; William J. Peele, lawyer; John H. Sawyer, lawyer; David C. Stanback, cotton broker; Isaac M. Taylor, physician; James C. Taylor, chemist, bank cashier; Rev. John C. Troy, Methodist minister; Francis D. Winston, Judge, Lieutenant-Governor.

        These had a banquet, at which no speeches were made but there was a revival of the old college stories and unlimited enjoyment of boyish fun, howbeit gray hairs and no hairs at all were not infrequent.

        The public ceremonies were opened by prayer by one of the students of 1875, Rev. Robert Ernest Caldwell, who was some years afterwards cut off in the midst of a most useful and

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honorable life when minister of the Presbyterian Church of Winston. Then ex-President K. P. Battle gave a history of "The Struggle and Story of the Rebirth of the University." The facts of his address are embodied in this History and need not to be repeated. Ex-President George T. Winston followed with an interesting account of "The First Faculty: Its Work and Its Opportunity"; Mr. W. J. Peele on "The Students of 1875"; and lastly came a masterly address by President Alderman on "The University: Its Work and Its Needs."

        As President Winston was Professor in the University in 1875, and continuously until 1891, and was then President for five years, a period of twenty-one years, his address is doubly valuable. I therefore give the extracts from it contained in the University Record.

        The first problem of the new University was existence. However small the beginning, provision must be made for teachers, equipment, and running expenses. The three sources of support for colleges and universities are student fees, private philanthropy, and public taxation. A century ago our leading universities were supported almost entirely by student fees. Up to the Civil War the University of North Carolina had accumulated from this source, and from a fund derived from escheated land warrants, over $100,000. Today there is nowhere in the world a college or university that is self-supporting. Their chief sources are private philanthropy and public taxation. The University of St. Louis has just received a bequest of five million dollars; the University of California receives annually from public taxation an income of more than $300,000; the revenues of Harvard University exceed those of the State of North Carolina.

        To start the new University, and keep it going during the hard years of its early struggle, required the combined resources of private philanthropy, public taxation, and student fees. The chief resource was public taxation--a power that had not yet been employed for this purpose in North Carolina.

        But a new era had come, the era of popular education both in lower schools and in higher. It was well for this era to be heralded by the opening of a new University, a people's University, and to be marked by a new right, the right of people acting through their own representatives to tax themselves for the higher education of their sons in their own institutions.

        It is worthy of note that the establishment of this right, and through if the establishment and maintenance of this University

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was due, though indirectly, to the wisdom and beneficence of the Federal Government. The hand that had smitten down was now strongest in raising up. The appropriation to the University of the interest of the Land Scrip Fund which had been donated by the National Congress for the promotion of industrial education, was the beginning in North Carolina of the new principle of popular taxation. The principle once established was bound to grow. New necessities were met by larger grants. State aid soon ceased to be a theory and became an accomplished fact. The people learned that the new University, the State's University, meant neither aristocracy nor theocracy, but eternal democracy. But the lesson was slow to learn, and its teaching was attended with amazing difficulties. Those early years were full of struggle, glorious and heroic, but difficult to bear and doubtful in issue. Surely no institution ever survived a more precarious childhood. With annual expenses greater than annual income; with widespread agricultural depression growing more intolerable year by year; with falling prices, a contracting currency and financial panics; with popular ignorance, indifference and misunderstanding of the purpose and character of the new University; with persistent opposition from political leaders and influential educators; with constant demands by politicians of all parties for false economy in educational expenditures; with old debts to discharge and new debts accumulating year by year, it is little wonder that the new University made slow progress during the early years of its existence. The wonder is that it lived at all.

        But human endurance is ever equal to human misfortune, and great causes will never lack for leaders. The problem of the new University was solved through the efforts and during the administration of its first President. For ten years he performed the duties of a dozen men and received the salary of one. As President of the University and executive officer managing the discipline and conducting the large correspondence without clerk, typewriter or stenographer; as Secretary and Treasurer of the Board of Trustees, negotiating loans each quarter upon his own credit; as Professor of Political Economy and Constitutional History, teaching lessons not only from books, but from a storehouse of personal knowledge and experience; as Professor of Law and Dean of the Law School without assistance in teaching or otherwise; as speaker and lecturer at school commencements, public gatherings and agricultural fairs; as canvasser for funds, endowment, and students; as assiduous and patient attendant upon every session of the State Legislature; as watchful guardian of every interest of the struggling University; as promoter of public education through normal and teachers' institutes; as pioneer of scientific agriculture in establishing the State Experiment Station; as friend and adviser, upon critical occasions, of the State Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry; as selector and

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encourager of efficient professors and sympathetic messenger of woe to the inefficient; as reconciler to the irreconcilables; as suppressor of fools within the University and without; calm, cheerful and hopeful amid difficulties and disasters; overwhelmed with calcumnies, misrepresentations, and misunderstandings; amid personal and official sorrows, misfortunes and disasters that would have ground other men to powder; nothing could have sustained him, during the years of his presidency but a heart full of unselfish devotion to the great interests of this great University. He shall be known as "the Father of the new University," for he called it into life and solved the problem of its existence. The present endowment, which has made possible expansion in all directions, has been of his creation. May he live to see it doubled! And may those who take up the work be spared the labor and sorrow that were the price of his splendid achievement.

        The next problem before the new University was organization. It is amusing to recall the discussions of that day, as to whether our little band of seven teachers should organize themselves into a German University, rivaling Goettingen, or an English University, the peer of Oxford, or descend to a still lower plane, as competitor with the University of Virginia.

        It required many years to elaborate our present system of instruction. The Faculty discussions incident thereto, covering a great variety of topics, were usually prolonged far into the night, with little satisfaction to the participants and less to the gentle dames who presided over expectant households awaiting the return of professorial debauchés from the joys of a weekly Faculty meeting. But, if the Faculty meetings lost us occasionally the confidence of our better halves, they drew us closer together, and threw interesting side lights upon attractive characters.

        Whatever difference of opinion existed on matters of organization, there was unanimity on one point, that the spirit of the new University should be, if possible, the spirit of the old; a spirit which emphasized character above scholarship, and considered the best equipment for life to be genuine manhood. It is easy to find fault with the education offered in institutions of learning fifty years ago. Critics are not lacking of the University of North Carolina; but in the list of her teachers we find the names of Joseph Caldwell, David L. Swain, Elisha Mitchell, Denison Olmsted, William Hooper, DeBerniere Hooper, James Phillips, and Charles Phillips. An institution which trained for life such men as James K. Polk, William R. King, Thomas H. Benton, Archibald DeBow Murphey, Leonidas Polk, James H. Otey, Francis L. Hawks, John Y. Mason, Francis P. Blair, James Johnston Pettigrew, James C. Dobbin, William A. Graham, Willie P. Mangum, Thomas Ruffin, John M. Morehead, Charles and Matthias Manly, William H. Battle, William and DeBerniere Hooper,

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William L. Saunders, John W. Graham, Charles and Samuel Phillips, James H. Horner, William and Robert Bingham, Kemp P. and Richard H. Battle, Zebulon B. Vance, Matthew W. Ransom, David M. Carter, Thomas Settle, William B. Rodman, Thomas S. Ashe, R. P. Dick, Joseph J. Davis, Walter L. Steele, Alfred M. Scales, and others of like character and ability--such an institution may well take its stand among the great universities of the world.

        The old University has nobly done its work. During the better part of a century it upheld for State and nation pure and lofty standards of public and professional life. Well might its banner float again over the new laboratories and the new theories of the new University. We flung it proudly to the breeze; and held up before a new generation of young men as the chief jewel for them to seek that which the old University had always sought to fashion, the sterling character of a Southern gentleman.

        The new University realized that a student's life is nourished by books; that a real university is a great collection of books. After long efforts and violent opposition, the three libraries were consolidated into one and moved into the present Library building.

        An improvement equally great in the work of organization was the provisions of scientific equipment. From the old University no equipment had been inherited, excepting "the Vienna cabinet of minerals,"*

        * This collection of minerals, bought in Vienna, is intrinsically very valuable, but has not been properly displayed. We need a museum building.


 whose chief function seems to have been to fill a page in the annual catalogue. If any age might be called the age of science, it was that in which the new University was born. Such wonderful advances had been achieved in all departments of science, such universal application of scientific knowledge in the industrial arts, such far reaching theories concerning the phenomena of life and matter, such marvelous invention of tools, apparatus and machinery for work and experiment, that no teaching of science was now possible without ample equipment of teachers and apparatus for experimental work of the most delicate and accurate character.

        Our new University was not heedless of the demand. A Chemical Laboratory was provided, with new equipment and new methods of instruction. Apparatus was secured for physical experiments; Geology and Mineralogy were organized into a separate department, with working laboratories and field excursions; and a Biological Laboratory, modern and well equipped, was established in the hall of the old Philanthropic library. The new University made provision for modern instruction in every science excepting Astronomy. Each step taken was in accord with the spirit of the age and in harmony with the requirements of the new education. Everything was accomplished that could be done with the limited resources available.

        It is not the least glory of the new University that it maintained,

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from the very first, high requirements of scholarship, thereby elevating the teaching standard throughout the State. This was accomplished mainly by the selection of well qualified and competent professors for all the chairs of instruction.

        One of the greatest problems before the new University was how to make its opportunities accessible to lads of talent and character without the means to bear the expense of education away from home. It was the problem of free tuition and cheap living. This problem appealed more strongly to philanthropists than all the other problems before the University. At the very beginning it moved the Legislature to establish scholarships for every county, and year by year it touched the hearts of men and women longing to lift up struggling lads to higher opportunities in life. Fund after fund was established and additional scholarships were provided, * * * with free instruction by law for lads preparing to serve the State as teachers or preachers, or handicapped in the struggle for life with bodily infirmity; until it could be truly said that the doors of the new University were practically open, free of charge, to every lad who was worthy to enter and unable to pay. It only remained to reduce the expense of living, which was accomplished in 1896 through the combined generosity of the alumni in donating the use of yonder building, and of Mrs. Mary Baker in supplying the funds for the equipment of Commons Hall as a token of the appreciation of the benefits received by her son in this institution. May these facilities for cheapening the cost of education in this institution continue to grow and multiply. May we behold at an early date upon this campus a commodious and well furnished dormitory for the free lodging of lads who have climbed to these splendid heights along the steep path of poverty and labor.

        In completing its organization, the new University was not unmindful of student life and of the larger opportunities demanded by modern education for the exercise of student activities. The old literary societies which had trained in forensic and literary culture the foremost men of the nation, were still retained and fostered. For scientific study and research, the Mitchell Society was organized; for Shakespearean study the Shakespeare Club, and for linguistic the Philological Society. It was an era of organization and development. But the greatest improvement was made in college athletics. Under the old University, as outlets for superfluous physical energy, students arranged running matches during the small hours of night with college professors, signaled by the vigorous ringing of the college bell, or with unwearied energy placed upon the roofs of college buildings the wagons and stock of neighboring farmers; or guided Freshmen from twilight to midnight in the unavailing pursuit of the ever-vanishing snipe. College athletics in those days was one ceaseless, tremendous, vigorous kick by the entire

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student body against every regulation of the Faculty. But through the wisdom of modern education, now introduced into the new University, how beautifully was all this changed! Students no longer pursued the fleeting snipe and kicked the Faculty; but on a thoroughly prepared field, according to scientific rules, in pursuit of a bag of wind, they vigorously kicked at each other! The new athlete, as he rearranged his broken nose or pushed into socket his dislocated knee, gave not a passing thought to horned cattle, snipes or college professors. The new idea was gradually comprehended by the Faculty and due encouragement was given to college athletics.

        The organization of the alumni must not be omitted, for the new University realized that she must grow with the help of her sons. Local associations were organized throughout the State and the central association was quickened into new life and energy. Meetings were held with banquets, toasts and speeches, where college memories were revived, good fellowship was strengthened, and plans for the growth and expansion of the University were set forth by the visiting President. At the annual Commencement the alumni were gathered together in large numbers and the alumni banquet became the most attractive feature of Commencement. Class reunions were organized at intervals of five, ten, fifteen, and twenty years, and great occasions in the past life of the University were celebrated with due preparation and great enthusiasm. On one of these occasions in celebration of the centennial of the charter, a fund was raised for the endowment of the Chair of History, and later, at the centennial celebration in 1895 of the reopening of the University one hundred years before, amid much enthusiasm, a movement was started for the erection of Alumni Hall, and a large fund was subscribed for that purpose. Previous to this the enthusiasm and devotion of the alumni had manifested itself in the erection of *

        * Memorial Hall.


this splendid building, as a memorial to the distinguished sons of the University, who in peace and in war gave their lives to the service of the State. Thus the new University wisely organized into active beneficence the devotion of its alumni. Recently a loyal son, born in this village within the sound of the college bell, mindful of the happy hours which youth and childhood brought him here and mindful of the duty which goes with wealth and power and talent, has added to the gifts of other sons and to other gifts from his own generous heart, a splendid dormitory, to be the home of future generations of North Carolina boys and to stand as a perpetual memorial that a mother's love is sometimes equaled by a son's devotion. Fifty years ago the name of Carr was written upon a little store in this humble village. It is inscribed today upon this University, and in the coming years it will grow brighter and more enduring.

        The new life of a new State produced another great necessity,

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which the new University undertook to supply, and did supply, with excellent results. This was the promotion of education. To this task the new University devoted itself with untiring energy. Its President and Faculty canvassed the State. Its Summer Normal Schools furnished enthusiasm, inspiration and power to teachers in a hundred communities. Its alumni, full of enthusiasm, conducted teachers' institutes, superintended city schools, secured increased taxation for public education, and became the recognized leaders in the great movement for public schools. The establishment of its Chair of Pedagogy was the first recognition ever made in North Carolina, or in any Southern university, of necessity for the distinct and special training of young men for the teaching profession.

        The great work of the new University, like that of the old, has been in the direction of general education; to fit men for technical and professional education by broad and thorough general education; to hammer iron into steel before fashioning it into tools.

        No words can describe the labors and difficulties that have attended the life of this University during the past twenty-five years of its childhood. The presence at this time on this platform of four Presidents of this University, each rejoicing in the work that they have all wrought, a scene probably unparalleled in the history of colleges, testifies to the great and exacting labors required, as well as the University's power to equip her own leaders. All four are practically her sons.

        I need not call the roll of those who laid these enduring foundations. Some are still here, laboring with zeal, fidelity and modest merit. Others, elsewhere, are upholding lofty ideals of life and rearing other temples of culture.

        Many have finished the tasks of life and returned their talents to the Master. Their work is ended. Other hands will take up the task; new minds, with larger knowledge; new hearts, with fresher hopes, will complete upon these foundations the structure of a great University. May it stand forever! and may it grow forever in usefulness, in power, and in noble achievement.


        This able address, delivered in President Winston's peculiarly forcible manner, aroused great enthusiasm among the alumni.

        Mr. William Joseph Peele, an honor graduate of 1879, a member of the Raleigh bar, then made his address on "Pen Pictures of the Times of '75." It abounded in piquant recollections and sage arguments for University education. I give some extracts:

        On my arrival at Chapel Hill, I noticed that there was a subdued silence throughout the grounds. A few lonely looking students

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could be seen going in and out the old buildings, selecting their rooms, which were now musty from long disuse. Occasionally might still be seen relics and reminders of old student life. I saw written in chalk in one of the old recitation rooms a memorandum of the brief and disastrous attempt to continue the University after the death of Governor Swain by those unfamiliar with its traditions. It read: "This old University has busted and gone to hell today," and then the writer fixed the day and date of the catastrophe, which I have forgotten, and will have to rely on Dr. Battle to supply.

        At the formal opening Col. W. L. Saunders was present, and he it was who reorganized the Phi Society. He gave into our keeping with becoming solemnity its books and archives, which he had preserved from the destruction which attended Sherman's army. His strong, full face, his round head, his serious, anxious eyes, and his pathetic voice mellowed by suffering were all fitted to inspire the young men with the reflection that they were helping to make history.

        In my day we thought much of the honors which were the reward of power to sway men's hearts and heads in public assembly. I can still remember the apostrophe to the motto of the Phi Society, uttered by one of its representatives in 1876: "Let us then, in conclusion," he said, "unite in striving to cultivate these three principles, Virtue, Liberty, and Science, the motto of that society which I represent; virtue, that we may desire to do right; liberty, that we may be free to do right, and science, that we may know how to do right."

        In those days the two literary societies were potent factors in upholding the standard of good morals. As long as the student was ashamed of his shortcomings, the societies were content with being privately ashamed of him; but if he was blatant and public in his defiance of the moral code, they had summary methods of dealing with him. Since my experience in the Phi Society I have never doubted that the Anglo-Saxon youth, in bodies of one hundred, more or less, is capable of self-government.

        Julian S. Carr was present at the rebirth, too, and not at Raleigh with the politicians. He was seeking some way to do rather than to get good. How often has he been here since in every hour of need, a prince and pioneer of benefactors in North Carolina, and an example to rich men in all generations. Well, he has written for himself on this campus a poem in brick and stone which shall be read for all time; around it will cluster the memory of his many good deeds, kept ever fresh by successive generations of those who shall enjoy his benefactions. May God bless him and continue his useful life and his great prosperity to a ripe old age.

        Of the Faculty of the University it is not my special province to speak. The Chairman, Dr. Charles Phillips, or "Old Fatty," as we

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called him, was the most impressive looking man among them: head massive, face leonine, and his heart big as a water bucket. His expression was good natured, his gait gouty, his coat short. The boys sported with his nickname and infirmities, but respected his character and learning.

        Professor Mangum was essentially a preacher, and, though he had good natural literary instinct, he was never fully at home unless in his pulpit, or the lesson in Moral Science allowed him to make a pulpit of his chair and his class a congregation. We all knew that in his heart of hearts he would rather see us on the "King's highway of holiness" than in the way of getting our diplomas, and some of us took the occasion to appear pretty regularly in his congregation to advertise the fact that our hearts were right, anyhow.

        Professor Hooper was a model of decorum, gentility, scholarship, and culture. His dignity and urbanity did not, however, suffice to protect him from his nickname, "Old Frog." Nothing ever ruffled his temper or rattled his understanding. He was never sick; or if so, he never complained. He was never in a hurry, but never behind in his appointments. He had cultivated away his enthusiasm, but not his charity. He spoke evil of none and had no outspoken enemies; he never flattered and had no false friends. Envy was too busy with easier game to waste much time on his reputation.

        Beyond all doubt, the most successful teachers in college were the youngest professors, Graves and Winston. It fell to my lot in 1890 to read on this rostrum a brief sketch of Professor Graves. Dr. Winston, I am happy to say, is here with us, and still looks almost as vigorous as he appeared a quarter of a century ago.


        Mr. Peele chronicled the fate of a lawn party given by some who were opposed to dancing. The few who attended it paused a few minutes and went on to the ballroom. The viands were good, but Terpsichore signally triumphed. The lawn party vanished into the Elysian Fields, the land of pleasant shadows. Mr. Peele thus continues:

        I subscribed to it, but went to the ball. Making some inquiries about it, I heard it was very slimly attended. At last I concluded I would go out and see how it fared, for wherever a small portion of a man's treasure is, there will be found a small portion of his heart also. When I arrived on the scene--though it was so comparatively early in the night--the lawn party was quite deserted. The chairs and tables were still there and Chinese lanterns still burned in a semi-circle round the spot where the feast had been. Over beyond the Old East building, in what is now the Library, then the ballroom (Smith Hall), I could hear the wail of the "devil's

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music"--(he seems to have a good ear for the "harmony of sweet sounds"); the music of the lawn party, if they had any, had ceased. Without the ballroom stood the great walls of darkness, intersected by the parallelograms of light which streamed through the long windows. Within, youth and beauty whirled in the delirium of life and pleasure. The rush of many feet and the hum of many voices floated out into the night. The dim lawn party lanterns flickered in their sockets until, one after another, they went out. The great trees of the campus swayed as they interlocked their arms or swung singly in the night breezes which whispered nature's untranslated song of love to their trembling leaves. Above, the white stars moved with silent majesty in their long procession across the sky--circling through the ages to the "music of the spheres." Below, at times, among the shadows and along the gray walks, floated the visions of fair women, whose spirits are with us still--called annually to Commencement, by some magician, from hill and dale, from glen and forest--to vex, delude, and vanish and again to materialize as the joy of a thousand happy homes.


        Mr. Peele closed with a beautiful peroration:

        Fellow alumni, I have finished the crude picture you asked me to make to remind you of our first college days. Many who were with us then are not here today, and some will never come. With some who remain the blue haze of youth is reddening toward evening, and the gray forms which seem to be taking shape among the clouds along the nearing sky line may well be the headlands on the unknown shore. The voices which call to duty now are sometimes mingled with those which chant of rest. What we would do for our State and nation, for humanity and our Alma Mater, we must do with all diligence, for behold, successive troops of younger men with ever hastening steps are coming to take our places! Be it so; it hath been so decreed.

        A few days ago, from the top of our Capitol at Raleigh, I saw the encroaching darkness from another world encircling our own and spreading its weird and sinister shadow along the path of the sun. When the gloom was deepest, I beheld what seemed the smile of God Almighty bursting from behind the black obstruction, illumining the heavens and breaking the "disastrous twilight" which overcast the earth.

        A few years ago--it does not seem so very long--it was my privilege, with Vance and Saunders and the many who have gone, and with some I see around me, to witness Heaven's propitious smile break the ill-starred gloom which had hung for years over this institution. We beheld with our own eyes the chilling shadow pass and the darkness flee away before the advancing light of learning.


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        Her place firmly fixed in the Constitution and laws of our State and in the hearts of its people, her orbit determined by the counsels of those who guide its destinies, under God, it is my prayer and the prayer of all our children that our Alma Mater shall see the night of eclipse no more.


        President Alderman's address was in his best vein, clear, cogent, eloquent. We give a brief abstract.

        Four distinctive traits of institutional character mark the life of the University.

        First. Its freedom from academic aloofness. It has from the first seen the relation of culture and training to social service. Of the United States Senators from this State, forty-four per cent went from this University; of the Representatives in Congress, forty per cent; of the Governors of the State, fifty-eight per cent; of the Lieutenant-Governors, fifty-nine per cent; of the Speakers of the House of Representatives, fifty per cent; of the State officers, twenty-two per cent; of the Judges of the Superior Court, thirty-eight per cent; of the Judges of the Supreme Court, fifty-two per cent. In the professions of teaching, of agriculture, of industrial and mechanical endeavor, the formative influences have come from this institution. In the Civil War, forty per cent of the total enrollment from 1825 to 1867 were in the Confederate Army. The average enrollment of the New England Colleges in the Federal Army was twenty-three per cent, and of Yale University, the highest of them all, twenty-five per cent.

        Since the reopening of this institution in 1875, two thousand eight hundred and ninety-six students have matriculated here, five hundred and sixty-two have graduated. There is no arithmetic that can calculate the good these men have done, or can estimate the loss to the State if this army of trained men had not been sent out into its life. Ninety-three per cent of these matriculates have come from this State. Fifty per cent have been the sons of men who never knew the advantages of college training.

        Second. The University has accomplished greater results on smaller means than any American institution. Its annual income from the State is $25,000, from all sources $48,000. It has thirty-five members of the Faculty, students five hundred and twelve. It maintains a continuous session and a summer school for teachers. It has opened its doors to women. No Southern institution on so small an income can exceed this result.

        Third. There is the spirit of freedom, toleration, and equality in its life. Three-fourths of the students are the sons of poor men or are here as the result of money borrowed or earned. All sects, parties and conditions meet and mingle on an equal footing.


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        Fourth. The passionate affection of its alumni. A boy comes, hard of hand, strong of face, ungainly of dress. But he has faith shining in his eyes. Four years go by and something rich and strange comes into his face, something subtle enters into his motions and speech, and he stands erect and free, that noblest of God's creatures, an effective, cultured gentleman. Whenever a true conception of what a real university is gets into the bone and marrow of North Carolina this institution will have the finest chance in America to realize its ideal. Fifteen years ago the State's duty to its children was a debatable proposition, but today it is an axiom and measures the growth of the public conscience during that period. The church approves it, the statesman proclaims it and pleads for it, the rich man sees its force in society, and the poor man thanks God for it. A good public school is our supremest need, and I may say with Jefferson that, as my first plea in life was for public schools, my latest shall be for them also, but the University is as much a part of this system as the log schoolhouse. The University is the dynamo, the public school the incandescent light. It must be the source of power to all below it, and everything may justly be taught in it necessary to citizen life, livelihood and character in the twentieth century.

        The University of North Carolina is an honest, faithful force. North Carolinians need it as Virginians, Texans, Louisianians need theirs. The time has come to decide what sort of a University we are going to make here out of this noble institution. While I do not believe that any Yale or Harvard can be built here, yet I do believe that the State of North Carolina has the opportunity to make here a far reaching and powerful institution.

        It seemed to be my duty to set my hand to work elsewhere in this Southern land. * * * I go to wide and honorable labors, but all the aspirations of my heart shall at all times stretch their hands hitherward and lift up their eyes to these hills for help--in the grim winter, when the westering sun blazes against the severe old buildings; in the soft spring, when greenness and blooming fall like magic about the Campus byways; in the autumn time, when the maple leaves flame red like fire in the eager air. May God put in the brain and purpose of our people to cherish this great school.


        The presentation of the Carr Building to the University was made by Colonel W. H. S. Burgwyn, a graduate of 1868, in an address most appropriate and eloquent. It was accepted by Hon. Richard H. Battle, Secretary and Treasurer of the University, who did full justice to the generosity and large heartedness of General Julian S. Carr, the donor. The building is

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three-storied and for dormitories only. The cost was eighteen thousand dollars; the architects were Messrs. Pearson and Ashe. This is one of the many acts of beneficence to his Alma Mater by General Carr, who, while a student in 1864, became a volunteer in the Confederate Army.

        Academic degrees were granted to members of the Senior class, namely, to twenty-one Bachelors of Arts (A.B.), seventeen Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.), eight Bachelors of Science (B.S.), one Bachelor of Letters, and two Bachelors of Laws (B.L.). Five graduates received the degree of Master of Arts (A.M.) The names are in the Appendix.

    MEDALS AND PRIZES:

  • The HOLT MEDAL--Marcia Louise Latham.
  • The HUME MEDAL--Marcia Louise Latham.
  • The HILL PRIZE--Joseph Sidney Atkinson.
  • The HARRIS PRIZE--Julius A. Caldwell, Alonzo E. Cates, William DeB. MacNider.
  • The GREEK PRIZE--William McClellan Stevenson.
  • The WORTH PRIZE--Charles Grandison Rose.
  • The EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY PRIZE--Henry Evan Davis Wilson.
  • The JAMES B. LLOYD PRIZE--Needham Erastus Ward.
  • The PRESIDENT'S PRIZE--George Vernon Cowper and Dorman Steele Thompson.

FACULTY CHANGES.

        The Faculty of 1899-1900 was not greatly changed. George McFarland McKie was Instructor in Expression; Thomas Ruffin, D.C.L., Assistant Professor of Law; Thomas James Wilson, Jr., Ph.D., Instructor in Greek and Latin; Palmer Cobb, Assistant in Modern Languages; Thomas Donnelly Rice, Ph.B., Assistant in Geology; James Edward Latta, Assistant in Physics; Clarence Albert Shore, Assistant in Biology; Dorman Steele Thompson, Assistant in Biology; William Stanley Bernard, A.B., Librarian; Baird Urquhart Brooks, Assistant in Library; David Maxwell Swink, Assistant in Library.

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CHAPTER VIII.

THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT VENABLE.

        In addition to the Summer School for Teachers in this year was inaugurated for the first time in the history of the University a Summer Term of the University. Twenty full courses of the University instruction were offered. Graduate and undergraduate instruction was included. This term was designed to aid, (1) such as desired to join the University and could only do so in the summer months; (2) teachers desiring to review or advance in their work; (3) students wishing to get credit in their University work for a diploma. The work in the Summer Term was accepted in place of work to a like amount in the regular University courses. The courses offered were in Latin, Greek, Chemistry, Mathematics, Modern Languages, English Literature, History, Pedagogy, Psychology. Those entering had to submit to the usual entrance examinations. The tuition was twenty dollars. Work began June 12, 1900, and continued twelve weeks.

        The Summer School for Teachers began June 12 and continued four weeks. It was a School of Methods. Those attending it could elect without charge any of the Summer Term classes. All the University resources were at their command, including free use of the thirty thousand volumes in the Library. The registration and tuition fees amounted to six dollars. President Venable had general charge, and under him Professor Noble, Superintendent, and Professors Toy, Alexander, Cain, C. L. Mangum, McKie, T. J. Wilson, and Raper. Additional teachers were F. M. Osborne, Alexander Graham, E. P. Moses, E. P. Mangum, G. A. Grimsley, William C. A. Hammel, George S. Wills, Charles Benthein, Fritz Gaul, E. L. Norton.

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        On University Day, October 12, 1900, President Venable delivered an address. He gave a rapid review of the History of the institution:

        The founders of this State in their sturdy independence and far seeing wisdom recognized its importance, * * * the chief safeguard of their children against the loss of these liberties for which they fought. * * * The truest democracy in the State is found right here--a wise tolerance for all shades of opinion and belief. * * * When I enter yonder Memorial Hall and read on those tablets the roll of our Confederate dead a great wave of pride and deep emotion fills my heart. * * * Twelve in each hundred of all her sons fell, one in every eight. Of the Freshman Class of 1859, all but one, who was unable to bear arms, entered the service. Of the Freshman Class of 1860 one in every three gave up his life.

        The University's first and greatest work is the sending forth such men as David Gaston Worth, John W. Fries, Julian S. Carr, and a host of others, who have truly served and uplifted their fellows.

        The sons of the University have led or done their share in all great forward movements. Archibald D. Murphey laid the foundation of our schools and Calvin H. Wiley established the system. Many of its students are teachers therein. The University established the first Normal School for teachers, as a part of a State University, and McIver, Alderman, Joyner, Noble, Graham, and others have been foremost in the great work. It was largely through the influence of our alumni, headed by McIver, that gave to our women equal opportunities with men. The first attempt at agricultural and mechanical training, and the establishment of the Agricultural Experiment Station and Analysis and Control of Fertilizers was the work of the University. The Geological Survey was directed by Dr. Kerr and Dr. J. A. Holmes, University men.

        The story of the University during the last quarter of a century is one of which any people might justly be proud. It required pluck and energy and brains to keep up that fight against poverty and ignorance and narrow hostility. Prejudices were overcome by masterly tact and care. The University grew until from a handful of professors and a few dozen students it has come to be recognized as a leader among educational institutions of the South, its walls are overflowing with students, taught by an able and enthusiastic Faculty, seven times as large as that twenty-five years ago. It is with its meager income doing the work of thrice its wealth.

        In the last twenty-five years the matriculates have been two thousand eight hundred and ninety-six, graduates five hundred and sixty-two. The teachers in the Summer School over two thousand, the actual matriculates with duplicates, three thousand four hundred

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and eight. Forty per cent of the graduates have been teachers. Twenty superintendents have been supplied for the city graded schools, and a large number of principals for these and private schools. The professors sent out for various colleges number more than fifty.

        If we assume that fifty students a year had gone beyond our limits, and fifteen been drawn to the State from abroad, these two elements alone mean a balance over all appropriations from the State of $175,000. Add to this $125,000 in gifts of money and $90,000 in buildings and we have an excess of $390,000. We should also consider the fact that the State secured for itself without cost the education of two thousand, who are counted as not going beyond our limits.

        In one way or another certainly more than one-fourth of our students are working their own way. Of the present four hundred and sixty there are ninety-eight who have already taught, seventy-four of them in the public schools.

        The letters which have come to me during the past summer are many of them touching appeals for help. They tell of desperate struggles against poverty and ignorance, of grinding economy and loving self-sacrifice of parents that these children might have the advantages which they themselves never enjoyed; the despairing efforts of a widowed mother that her son might reach the ideal of the dead father; the mortgage on the little farm; the disappointment of the failing crops; of sickness and the death of the bread winner. And all turn to the University for help, that they in some way may be permitted to play a man's part in life, and lift the shadow from the lives of their loved ones.

        And now, young gentlemen, you who have gathered at the feet of this fair mother to learn of her, let me tell you that most which you receive from her is her free gift, and through her the gift of the State. The fees paid by you scarcely suffice to cover the interest on the capital invested in these buildings and their furnishings. The University asks those things which no coined metal can ever purchase, that the hours spent here may not be wasted, but filled with earnest labor and striving after wisdom; that you may grow into wise men, strong men, true men. Thus you can best show your gratitude and your love. It is the highest aspiration of any mother. The greatest longing of her heart is that each year shall see a goodly band of strong and faithful men, vigorous in their fresh young manhood, buoyant with hope, armed with all the care and skill of her training, go forth to the service of the State. So may she fulfill her high mission.

        The motto of the University should read, "An education for every deserving young man in the State."


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        President Venable's description of the true function of the University is strong and eloquent. "A shining light in the darkness, clearly and patiently directing the course of those who would travel the pathway to knowledge and the higher life; a center of gracious and helpful influence streaming out into the whole land; a strong foundation unmoved by frenzied passion, by the shifting sands of political change, by the bigotry of ignorance, or the selfish bias of wealth, a treasure which can not be bought or sold away from the people, by whom and for whom it was created; a loving mother of many noble sons, whom it is her pride to help and nourish and lead upwards to the light!"


        In 1901 was inaugurated as Governor, and as such, President of the Board of Trustees, one of whom the University has cause to be proud, Charles Brantley Aycock, a graduate of 1880. He was one of our most exemplary students, among the first in studies, oratory, influence, and character. He was Chief Marshal, and won the Mangum Medal. He became a successful lawyer, an eloquent and persuasive stump speaker, and was elected Governor by a grand majority. His administration was signalized by wonderfully successful efforts to advance education in the public schools as well as in the University. He is distinguished for intelligence, for bold manly pluck in standing to his convictions, as well as for broad statesmanlike views of public questions.

        Thus far I wrote when the wires flashed the sad news that while delivering an eloquent educational address in Birmingham, Alabama, ex-Governor Aycock suddenly died from heart failure. The University has thus recently lost two of her sons foremost in labors for the uplifting of our people, the other being Charles Duncan McIver, the father of higher female education by the State, whose degree was obtained one year after that of Aycock.

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PRESIDENT VENABLE'S FIRST REPORT.

        President Venable in his first report to the Trustees said that the year had seen good order, good work, good health in general, and but one death. The Faculty had numbered thirty-five. The students numbered five hundred and twenty-seven. Of these four hundred and eighty-six were from North Carolina.

        The influence of the University on the State, he said, can not be estimated. It has furnished twenty-eight Governors, one hundred and five Judges, seventeen Senators of the Union, sixty-six Federal Representatives, six hundred members of State Legislatures, and a large band of public-spirited men in every community. Archibald D. Murphey, graduate and professor, began the crusade for popular education. Bartlett Yancey followed in urging the beginning of a permanent fund for aiding public schools. W. W. Cherry worked for the increase and distribution of the fund, and Calvin H. Wiley devoted the best part of his life to the successful establishment and working of the system. After the reopening of the University in 1875, President Battle, through the Summer University Normal School, carried it to success for seven years, 1877 to 1884. Nearly four thousand teachers have attended the Summer Schools of the University, counting those above mentioned and those recently established. One graduate of the University estimates that we have sent out three hundred teachers into the public schools.

        After the reopening of the University doors in 1875 it was demonstrated that educated leadership was necessary to the restoration of prosperity to the State. From the new University came at once men of its enlightenment, Charles B. Aycock, the eloquent and broad-minded Governor, James Y. Joyner, the devoted Superintendent of Public Instruction, Charles D. McIver, the father of the Normal and Industrial College, which has trained forty of every hundred women teachers in the graded schools, and hundreds of the country school teachers; Edwin A. Alderman, who, as teacher, superintendent

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of a graded school, professor in a college and in the University, and president successively of three universities, has done such brilliant work; Marcus C. S. Noble, who as teacher, superintendent of graded schools, Professor in the University and Superintendent of the Summer Normal School, has reached hundreds of teachers, and George T. Winston, for sixteen years a Professor in the University from its reopening, then its President, and President of the University of Texas and of the State's great technical college, and scores of others like these, for example, J. I. Foust, President of the Normal and Industrial College.

        Over one-half of the city graded schools had University men as Superintendents, and the majority of the present Superintendents and Principals have been trained at Chapel Hill. In every community our alumni have been among the strongest and most active advocates of popular education.

        Of the present county superintendents more than one-fifth are young University alumni. Of the present students over one hundred have taught in the public schools, and many secured schools in the summer. Over three thousand matriculates have entered the University since 1875. Forty per cent have taught while twenty-five per cent have continued to teach. The church schools and colleges have done a noble work, and the University has not fallen short of the high ideals set by the forefathers.

IMPROVEMENTS IN 1900-'01.

        There were notable improvements in 1901. The Mary Ann Smith Dormitory was completed, giving thirty-eight rooms. The Alumni Building was finished, giving fourteen new lecture rooms besides the offices of the administration. A new heating plant was inaugurated after consultation with the Government engineers in Washington. It is the hot water system with forced circulation. The contractors were Evans, Alminal & Company, of New York. The water works and sewerage were completed.

        Gerrard Hall or the Chapel was reroofed and the interior renovated. The stiff backed pews gave way to chairs, the old

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doors walled up and two doors opened on the east, the "bull pen" made a thing of the past. The old decayed porch and the massive columns on the south side, erected when there was a futile effort to make the University plant front the south, were pulled down. Intimation was given that they would be reërected over the eastern doors, but the intention has been delayed, if not abandoned.

        A new boiler house, a workshop and a printing office were built, and two large dynamos, doubling the capacity of the electric lighting plant. Altogether the amount expended in changes and improvements during the past few months exceeded $60,000.

OTHER ITEMS FOR 1900-'01.

        The Lecture Course was very attractive, Mr. A. W. Hawks, the humorist; Hon. Thos. W. Mason, Hon. James C. MacRae, Mr. W. Hinton White, the traveler; Professor H. W. Linscott, Professor Eugene C. Foster, "Liquid Air" with Demonstration.

        The Gymnasium exercises were well managed by Mr. W. R. Weeks of Yale University. Memorial Hall was used as a gymnasium, but a building specially fitted for the purpose in contemplation. There was a healthy interest in athletics. At least one hundred students played football, no serious injury occurring.

        The Carr Building accommodates seventy-four students but even with this additional domitory building more than half must find rooms in the village.

        One intercollegiate debate was won by the University champions, making five victories out of seven. In football we won seven out of eight; in baseball eleven out of fourteen. In track athletics a group of five won the Southern championship against the heaviest odds.

        During the past session the University received as gifts, from William Jennings Bryan $201.40, his expenses to and from Chapel Hill, to establish a prize; from Edward May $500 as a memorial to his son, Samuel May, a former esteemed Instructor; from Dr. Thomas D. Martin, at the death of his

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wife, a bequest (amount not known) to provide for needy students.

        The State now gives $25,000 annually to the University. The least to any Southern State except North Carolina is $27,000 to South Carolina, the largest $72,500 to Texas. The University on the smallest income has more students than any other except the Universities of Virginia and Texas. It has more academic students than any other in the South.

        From the itemized statements of expenses handed in by students, the average expense of those having free tuition, and acting as waiters at Commons, was $63, the lowest being $57.

        During this year by the efforts of Professor Gore the first long distance telephone was established. It is by way of Durham.

LECTURE COURSES AT UNIVERSITY.

        The following program for the year 1900-'01 will give an idea of the lecture courses given at the University:

  • President F. P. Venable, "The University and the State."
  • Dr. Kemp P. Battle, "Some Remarkable Trials, Civil and Criminal, in North Carolina."
  • Mr. Ramson Reyes Lala (St. Johns, London), "The Philippines." Illustrated.
  • Dr. Archibald Henderson, "The Latter Day and Its Influence on Modern Life."
  • Dr. Eben Alexander, "Some Old Teachers."
  • Dr. John De Motte, "The Harp of the Senses." Illustrated.
  • Ex-Judge James C. MacRae, "John Marshall and His Influence on the Construction of the Constitution."
  • Prof. M. C. S. Noble, "Southern Blockading."
  • Prof. H. H. Williams, "Some Vital Economic Problems."

COMMENCEMENT OF 1901.

        The one hundred and sixth Commencement, June 2, 1901, was begun by Rev. Carter Helm Jones, D.D., pastor of the Broadway Baptist Church, Louisville, Kentucky, who preached the Baccalaureate Sermon. The subject was "Christ's Call to the Best Culture," the text being "Mine Own with Interest." It was a sermon of rare power and wisdom.

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        Monday evening there were reunions of the Dialectic and Philanthropic societies. Probably their influence has been greater and they hold the hearts of their members to a greater extent than any others in the South.

        At 9:30, June 4, the Seniors attended Prayers for the last time as a body. The services were conducted by Rev. Dr. Hume. An hour later the Class Day exercises were held. The President, Mr. D. M. Swink, happily welcomed the audience. W. B. Speas read the Class History; W. H. Swift the Prophecy, and F. B. Rankin, the Last Will and Testament. The class gift was then presented by Eben Alexander, Jr. It is a fine cast of the Minerva Giustiniani. Hon. A. M. Scales, of the Class of 1891, accepted the gift in behalf of the Trustees. In his concluding remarks he said: "Possibly no classical divinity touched so many phases of life as did Minerva. Her festivals were celebrated by scholars, poets, painters, sculptors, spinners, weavers, fullers, and cobblers--all and many more being under the care and protection of the Goddess of Wisdom, of the liberal arts, of skilled labor and scientific warfare. And so the influence of the University is felt in all phases of North Carolina life. We realize that the training and broadening of the mind is not lost in any calling."

        At the conclusion of these exercises, Mr. Locke Craig, of the Class of 1881, delivered the Alumni Address. He spoke with his accustomed earnestness and power. "North Carolina in her poverty and misfortune gave of her necessities for the education of her boys and girls, and reopened for her young men the doors of her University. Now in the day of her prosperity, when she is great in agriculture, when she is developing her mines, building cotton mills and railroads and cities, she is building up the manhood and womanhood. * * * A new Renaissance has begun. In the fields of the east there is a dawning in the light of a grander morning, and on the mountaintops there is the day-spring of a grander destiny. This University, as the head and front of our public school system, is responsible for the advancement of this educational movement, and her alumni must be her foremost apostles."

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        At the Alumni Luncheon, Colonel Thomas S. Kenan, 1857, presided, and Rev. J. William Jones asked the divine blessing. After luncheon Mr. James C. Taylor acted as secretary. President Venable related the past year's work of the University. Bright short talks were made by Messrs. Josephus Daniels '85, C. D. McIver '81, Fred Philips '85, W. H. Swift '01, E. M. Armfield '88, J. S. Manning '79, Paul B. Means '68, and W. S. Wilson '99.

        Late in the afternoon the Campus was dotted with the gay dresses of women and the dark clothes of men, witnessing the cheering of the buildings and the parting of the classmates around the Old Poplar.

        At night there was the debate between the representatives for the President's prize. The query was, "Should Congress Pass a Subsidy Bill?" Messrs. S. J. Everett and E. D. Sallenger, Philanthropics, were for the affirmative, while Messrs. H. M. Robins and G. V. Roberts, Dialectics, supported the negative. The judges decided for the affirmative.

        The Reception by the President was largely attended and much enjoyed.

        On Wednesday the exercises of Commencement Day were opened with prayer by the Rev. Joseph Blount Cheshire, D.D.

        President Venable read the titles of theses offered by candidates for degrees, after which orations were delivered by the four speakers selected:

  • Charles Paul Coble, "Individualism as a World Movement."
  • Emmett Clive Willis, "The Man and the Trust."
  • Dorman Steele Thompson, "The Opportunity of a State."
  • Wiley Hampton Swift, "The Organization of Capital."

        The judges thought Mr. Thompson's speech the best.

        Dr. J. H. Kirkland, Chancellor of Vanderbilt University, then delivered a most scholarly address.

        The Bibles were presented by Rev. J. A. B. Fry, D.D., with a most touching short address.

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        Gov. Charles B. Aycock then presented, with wise and weighty counsels, the diplomas:

        
Bachelors of Arts (A.B.) 18
Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.) 20
Bachelors of Science (B.S.) 10
Bachelors of Laws (B.L.) 3
Masters of Arts (A.M.) 4
Doctors of Philosophy (Ph.D.) 2
Total (for names see Appendix) 57

    HONORS:

  • Magnum cum laude--E. C. Gudger, J. K. Hall, P. Cobb, W. H. Swift, D. S. Thompson, C. A. Shore.
  • Cum laude--J. E. Avent, P. H. Busbee, C. P. Coble, J. C. B. Ehringhaus, W. A. Murphy, L. L. Stevens, J. W. Turrentine, N. R. Blackman, D. M. Swink

    MEDALS AND PRIZES:

  • The HOLT MEDAL for Mathematics--R. N. Duffy.
  • The HUME MEDAL for English Composition--L. L. Stevens.
  • The HILL PRIZE in North Carolina History--E. D. Sallenger.
  • The HARRIS PRIZE, Anatomy--E. G. Alexander and J. K. Hall.
  • The GREEK PRIZE, Greek Translation--J. R. Giles.
  • The WORTH PRIZE, in Philosophy--D. M. Swink.
  • The DEBATER'S PRIZE--S. J. Everett and E. D. Sallenger.
  • The BRADHAM PRIZE, Pharmacy--J. M. Cutchins, Jr.
  • The MANGUM MEDAL, Oratory--D. S. Thompson.

    SPECIAL CERTIFICATES:

  • In GREEK to J. K. Hall, A. C. Kerley, Susan W. Moses, K. B. Thigpen.
  • In LATIN--J. R. Conley, William Davis, J. K. Hall, Susan W. Moses, K. B. Thigpen.
  • In GERMAN--Palmer Cobb, Susan W. Moses, C. A. Shore.
  • In FRENCH--Palmer Cobb, Susan W. Moses, L. L. Stevens.
  • In ENGLISH--J. C. B. Ehringhaus, J. F. Stokes.
  • In PHYSICS--R. F. Jenkins, D. M. Swink.
  • In CHEMISTRY--R. O. E. Davis.
  • In BIOLOGY--C. A. Shore, J. W. Turrentine.
  • In GEOLOGY--E. C. Gudger.
  • In PEDAGOGY--J. E. Avent, J. R. Conley, B. S. Skinner, W. H. Swift.

        The Chief Marshal of 1901, the first of the new century, was Ivey Foreman Lewis, to graduate in 1902. His uncle, Colonel

Illustration

        F. K. BALL

        CHAS. BASKERVILLE

        A. S. WHEELER

        C. L. RAPER

        M. C. S. NOBLE

        H. F. LINSCOTT

        T. J. WILSON

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Ivey Foreman Lewis, who won his title as a Confederate soldier, a planter in Alabama, was Chief Marshal in 1853, the only instance in the history of the University of two persons of the same name holding this honorable office.

        The sub-Marshals were C. M. Byrnes, R. N. Duffy, Q. Gregory, Brent Drane, W. F. Stafford, C. A. Moss. It is interesting to note that Mr. Charles Metcalfe Byrnes is a lineal descendant of the first Professor, who was also Presiding Professor of the University and opened the doors for students in January, 1795, Dr. David Ker, afterwards Judge of the Federal Court in Mississippi. Byrnes is a native of Natchez, in that State. His course at the University was highly creditable.

CHANGES IN THE FACULTY.

        In the afternoon a meeting of the Board of Trustees was held, to which the report of the Visiting Committee, Messrs. Lindsay Patterson, John W. Fries and Dr. R. H. Lewis of Raleigh, was submitted. The following changes in the titles of the Faculty and new members were adopted: Isaac H. Manning, M.D., Professor of Physiology; F. P. Venable, Ph.D., President and Professor of Theoretical Chemistry; W. D. Toy, Professor of Germanic Languages and Literature; Charles L. Raper, A.M., Associate Professor of Economics and History; Thomas J. Wilson, Ph.D., Instructor in Latin; W. S. Bernard, A.B., Instructor in Greek; J. E. Mills, Ph.D., Instructor in Physical Chemistry; J. E. Latta, A.M., Instructor in Physics; C. A. Shore, B.S., Instructor in Biology; L. R. Wilson, A.B., Librarian; Palmer Cobb, Ph.B., Assistant in Modern Languages; B. F. Page, Assistant in Pharmacy; R. N. Duffy and M. H. Stacy, Assistants in Mathematics; R. G. Lassiter and R. A. Lichtenthaeler, Assistants in Geology; R. O. E. Davis, Ph.B., Assistant in Chemistry; Dorman S. Thompson, Ph.B., Assistant in Biology; James K. Hall, A.B., Assistant in English.

        Dr. James D. Bruner, elected Associate Professor of the Romance Languages, was born in Kentucky, took his Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins, and studied a year in Europe. He was a Professor in the University of Illinois and the University of

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Chicago, but was forced to give up work for a time by reason of trouble with his eyes. This addition to the Modern Languages Department leaves the German to Professor Toy while French and Spanish are assigned to Dr. Bruner.

        Dr. Charles Lee Raper, chosen to be Associate Professor of Economics and History, is a native of this State, graduating with high honor in Trinity College, North Carolina, in which he was afterwards an Instructor. Later he became a Professor in Greensboro Female College. While studying at Columbia University, at which he obtained the Ph.D. degree, he was one of the lecturers.

        Isaac Hall Manning, elected by the Trustees at their June meeting to fill the newly created professorship of Physiology, is the youngest son of the late Professor Dr. John Manning. He is an alumnus of the University, 1886-'91. After completing the Medical course here, he graduated with honor from the Long Island Medical College, winning a place as physician and surgeon in the Hospital. He then was in charge for over a year of the Hospital of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company. He has also taken graduate work at the University of Chicago.

SUMMER SCHOOL OF 1901.

        The Faculty of the Summer School this year was the following:

  • Francis Preston Venable, Ph.D., President.
  • Marcus Cicero Stephens Noble, Superintendent of the Summer School and Professor of Pedagogy.
  • Kemp Plummer Battle, LL.D., Lecturer in History.
  • Joseph A. Holmes, S.B., State Geologist and Lecturer on the Geology of North Carolina.
  • Joshua W. Gore, C.E., Lecturer in Physics.
  • Thomas Hume, D.D., LL.D., Lecturer in English Literature.
  • Eben Alexander, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Greek.
  • Collier Cobb, A.M., Lecturer in Geology.
  • Alvin S. Wheeler, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Chemistry.
  • George M. McKie, Instructor in Expression.
  • Thos. J. Wilson, Ph.D., Instructor in Latin.
  • Palmer Cobb, Instructor in German.
  • Clarence A. Shore, Instructor in Biology.
    Page 603

  • Alexander Graham, A.M., Superintendent of Charlotte Schools, Instructor in Physiology.
  • Edward P. Moses, A.M., Superintendent of Raleigh Schools, Instructor in Reading and Primary Work.
  • George A. Grimsley, A.M., Superintendent of Greensboro Schools, Instructor in English.
  • James E. Mills, A.M., Instructor in Mathematics.
  • Francis M. Osborne, Instructor in English.
  • Ernest P. Mangum, A.M., Superintendent of Wilson Schools, Instructor in Geography.
  • Thomas R. Foust, Superintendent New Bern Schools, Instructor in Arithmetic and Algebra.
  • J. E. Matheson, Superintendent Durham Schools, Instructor in Latin.
  • George F. Atkinson, Ph.B., Cornell University, Teacher in Botany.
  • Thomas Gilbert Pearson, S.B., Guilford College, Lecturer in Ornithology.
  • Benjamin Sledd, Wake Forest College, Lecturer in English.
  • Daniel H. Hill, A.M., A. and M. College, Lecturer in English Literature.
  • Euler B. Smith, Georgia State Normal School, Instructor in English Grammar.
  • W. R. Garrett, Ph.D., Peabody Normal College, Instructor in History.
  • J. Lustrat, Bach.Lett., University of Georgia, Instructor in French.
  • Margaret A. Johnson, B.A., Beaufort Kindergarten Training School, Kindergarten.
  • Franklin Sherman, Jr., State Entomologist, Lecturer in Zoology.
  • Charles Ledley, Maryland State Normal College, Instructor in Sloyd.

EVENTS OF 1901-'02.

        The following additions were made to the Faculty since the last session, besides those already named. Instructors: J. E. Mills, Ph.D., Chemistry; W. S. Bernard, A.B., Greek; J. E. Latta, A.M., Physics; C. A. Shore, B.S., Biology; E. von den Steinen, Physical Culture. Assistants: Palmer Cobb, Ph.B., Modern Languages; James K. Hall, A.B., English; Dorman S. Thompson, Ph.B., Biology; R. O. E. Davis, Ph.B., Brent Drane, H. H. Bennett, Chemistry; R. N. Duffy, M. N. Stacy, Mathematics; R. G. Lassiter, R. A. Lichtenthaeler, Geology; B. F. Page, Pharmacy; L. R. Wilson, A.B., Librarian.

        On October 12th was celebrated the one hundred and seventh anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of the Old East.

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The exercises were opened with prayer by Rev. E. Pendleton Jones. President Venable then introduced as the orator of the day Colonel Thomas William Mason, an A.B. of 1858, then of Virginia, now of North Carolina. He was an officer in the Confederate Army, and since the war an able lawyer, a wise planter, Member of the General Assembly, Railroad Commissioner. He spoke of "Useful Learning," and the "Spirit of the University." All his hearers admired the beauty of his diction and depth of his thought. Colonel Mason is one of the chief ornaments of the University and of the State.

        The officers of the Young Men's Christian Association were J. E. Luther President, C. E. Maddry Vice-President, G. M. Stevens Recording Secretary, T. J. Hill Corresponding Secretary, and J. M. Justice Treasurer.

        A most instructive lecture was given by Dr. Green, Missionary to China. He showed that substantial progress had been made by Christianity although the vast mass of this populous country was still untouched.

        A lecture of singular enthusiasm and interest was by an able and well informed man, who had served as Chaplain in the Army of Northern Virginia and had intimate personal acquaintance with Generals Lee, Jackson, and all the other chief officers, Rev. Dr. J. William Jones. The questions connected with the operations of several campaigns, and especially the great battles, had been his constant study and, although he was apparently biased somewhat by his Southern feelings, this did not prevent strong enjoyment of the lecture. Among other statements he gave Lee's force at Gettysburg as 60,000, the Federals numbering 105,000. He states Lee's Army at 73,000, in 1864, as opposed to 275,000 under Grant. To show the different estimates of numbers I state that Professor Hart gives the numbers at Gettysburg as 75,000 Southerners and the Northerners 88,000. He places Grant's Army at 102,000 and Lee's 61,000.

        There were two sermons of much power in this year. One was on invitation of the Young Men's Christian Association, by Rev. Ashby Jones, D.D., of Louisville, Kentucky, son of Rev.

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Dr. J. William Jones. His text and subject were "Now I know in part."

        The other was the regular University Sermon by Rev. T. N. M. George, Rector of Christ Church, New Bern. His argument was that Christ's religion is positive, and he enforced this truth in a manner well calculated to fix the attention of young men and inspire them with the desire to follow in His footsteps, although haud passibus æquis.

        In the Inter-Society Debate the query was, "Resolved, That an Educational Qualification is Preferable to Universal Manhood Suffrage in the United States." The Phi's had the affirmative, Messrs. R. M. Harper and F. S. Hassell representing that society, and Messrs. S. S. Robins and J. A. MacRae, Di's, took the negative. The decision was in favor of the latter.

        The annual debate with Vanderbilt University was held in Gerrard Hall. The question was, "Is the Concentration of Capital Into Trusts and Combines an Economic and Social Advantage?" Messrs. B. B. Lane and W. H. Swift for the University upheld the affirmative and the Vanderbilt men, T. R. Reeves and R. H. Scott, championed the negative. It was a debate of great merit and the North Carolina boys were much elated with their victory.

        A memorial meeting in honor of President McKinley was held in Gerrard Hall on September 16. Mr. Whitehead Kluttz spoke extremely well, as he is wont to do, as representative of the various schools of the University, and Rev. Dr. J. William Jones, on behalf of the citizens. Judge J. C. MacRae, on behalf of Faculty and students, reported the resolutions. Besides recording the general grief at the cruel murder of the President, they expressed the highest appreciation of his character and patriotic impulses, avoiding expression of opinion as to his political views.

        Early in 1902 Dr. Paul Barringer, Chairman of the Faculty of the University of Virginia, and member of its Medical Faculty, lectured in Gerrard Hall on "Some Problems in Hygiene." Dr. Barringer is a son of the late General Rufus Barringer and has honored the State of his birth by his attainments

Page 606

in science. Another Faculty lecture was by Dr. Hubert A. Royster, Dean of the Medical School at Raleigh. From his wide reputation for medical knowledge and skill, his large audience expected and obtained an able exposition of the progress of medical science. One of the Faculty lectures was delivered by Dr. Thomas Hume on the subject "From Mystery to Shakespeare." He gave a vivid review of the influences which prepared the way for the new romantic drama. And another was by Dr. C. L. Raper on "The South Economically Transformed." In clear and interesting words he showed the wonderful advance of the South since the war.

        In May, 1902, Dr. Hamilton W. Mabie delivered a lecture in Gerrard Hall, presenting his subject with the skill of a master. It was "The Spirit of a Great Book." He said, "A book may have power, it may have imagination, but a great book must have vitality." This was the last of the "star course," a series of lectures, concerts, etc., about once a month, procured by a committee of the Faculty and the two literary societies and at their expense. As the societies pay a lump sum for all, the members have free admittance. All others pay for the privilege.

        The first Intercollegiate Debate between this University and that of Johns Hopkins was had in March. The question was "Do Modern Trusts Threaten the Welfare of the American People?" Johns Hopkins, for the affirmative, was represented by Messrs. H. W. Plaggemeyer and Harry B. Stone, and their adversaries were Messrs. R. R. Williams, Di, and P. D. Stern, Phi. This University was victorious. The meeting was in Baltimore.

        The sixth debate between the Universities of North Carolina and of Georgia was in Chapel Hill, on the query "Are the Democratic Institutions of the United States in Danger from the Growing Power of Centralization?" North Carolina had the affirmative and her champions were C. A. Bynum (Di) and R. W. Herring (Phi). Georgia was represented by W. M. Hardy and J. D. McCortney. Dr. Battle presided and the judges were Hon. H. G. Connor, Rev. Dr. L. W. Crawford, and Mr. Matt Thompson. They decided in favor of Georgia.

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        In March the University of North Carolina met Vanderbilt University in debate. The speakers of the former were Messrs. T. A. Adams (Phi) and Charles G. Ross (Di). The question was "Should the Federal Government Own and Control the Railroads?" The victory was won by this University.

        The winter was signalized by the labors of Weston Raleigh Gales, a revivalist of distinction, a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, but not an ordained minister. Mr. Gales was of lineage noted in North Carolina. His great-grandfather, Joseph Gales, left England to avoid arrest for being Secretary of a society which Pitt's ministry, in dread of the spread of the principles of the French Revolution in Great Britain, pronounced to be treasonable. He settled in Raleigh and until his death was the able editor of the Republican organ, the Raleigh Register. Under his son, Weston Raleigh Gales, it espoused the cause of the Whigs. When he died, his son, Major Seaton Gales, a first honor graduate of the University, 1848, succeeded to the editorship, but the paper was a financial failure and his son went into mercantile business in New York. Failing in this, after falling into dissipation, he was aroused to a higher life and became successful as an evangelist. He used no impassioned rhapsodies but appealed to reason in a simple, straightforward diction and manner. During the week his services were attended by large audiences of students and villagers. He held a series of meetings in the Methodist Church with the same happy results as in Gerrard Hall.

PRESIDENT VENABLE'S REPORT, 1902.

        In February, 1902, President Venable made a report of the condition of the University, which I condense.

        The Faculty has grown in number to sixty-four; students five hundred and seventy-five; equipment $500,000; income $77,000. Since 1875 private persons have donated $200,000.

        In the last three years have been added the Carr Building, $18,000; the Mary Ann Smith Building, $16,000, and the Alumni Building, $36,000. The power house has been doubled in size and a new athletic field with stand laid off. The water works and sewage system completed, $20,000; an excellent

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system of heating completed, $28,000; four new laboratories have been equipped, and three others enlarged. There are eleven scientific laboratories, occupying thirty-four rooms. For higher work in Latin, Greek, German, English, History, and Political Economy have been fitted up seminary rooms and also provision made for a Law Library.

        The policy is to have a teacher for every thirty or forty students. An Instructor has been added in Greek, an Assistant Professor in Latin; the Department of English, which three years ago had one Professor and one Instructor, now has two Professors, an Associate Professor, an Instructor and an assistant, making it the strongest in the South. The same is true of the Department of Chemistry, which has two Professors, an Instructor and three assistants. The Chair of Economics and Finance has been established and additional assistance provided in History. The Department of Biology has been divided and an Associate Professor of Botany appointed. An assistant in Mineralogy and one in Pharmacy have been appointed.

        As to the relative standing with other institutions in the South, counting graduates and academic students only, University of North Carolina has four hundred and fourteen, University of Virginia two hundred and fifty-seven, Vanderbilt two hundred and twenty-three, Tulane one hundred and twenty-eight, Texas seven hundred and thirty-two. Of members of the Academic Faculty University of North Carolina has twenty-one Professors and nineteen Instructor assistants, in all forty; Virginia sixteen, and in all twenty-four; Vanderbilt sixteen and eight, in all twenty-four; Tulane fifteen and four, in all nineteen, and Texas twenty-three and forty, in all sixty-three. It thus appears that University of North Carolina has one hundred and sixty-two more Academic students than the University of Virginia and nearly twice as much teaching force.

        As regards the training of the Faculty there are four holding the degree of LL.D., one of D.C.L., thirteen Ph.D., fourteen A.M., thirteen M.D., one Ph.G., one M.S., two C.E., twenty-three A.B., four Ph.B., five B.S.

        In our Faculty our own University has thirty-four alumni, University of Virginia has eight, Johns Hopkins six, Harvard

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five, Chicago three, Cornell three, Yale two, Columbia two, Vanderbilt, Bowdoin, Columbian, Georgetown, Mississippi, Jefferson Medical, Long Island, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Emerson School of Oratory, one each; Pennsylvania and Maryland two each, Bellevue six, and the following foreign universities, Berlin four, Paris, La Sorbonne, College de France, Leipsic, Bonn, Goettingen, Florence, one each.

        The University comprises the departments of College, Graduate, Mining, Law, Medical, Pharmacy, Summer School, and Pedagogy.

        The Graduate Department, sometimes called Postgraduate, open to graduates of this University and other universities and colleges of high standing. Residence required of the latter but not of our own graduates, unless studying for Doctorate of Philosophy.

        Mining. Thirty-four courses offered. Funds badly needed for equipment and teachers, but a number of young men have been trained. Six of them are in the service of the United States Government, and others are promised positions.

        Law. In charge of two Professors. Sixty-four students in attendance last year. Nine months in session and three months in vacation. Our law students very successful in standing the Supreme Court examinations. Study of two years is required for the degree of Bachelor of Laws (B.L.).

        Medicine. This department, on the removal to Durham of its chief, Dr. T. W. Harris, was discontinued for want of funds. It was revived in 1891 under Dr. Richard H. Whitehead. In a few years Dr. Charles S. Mangum (1891) was called in as Professor of Materia Medica and Instructor in Anatomy. It was then incorporated into the University. The department was strengthened in 1897 by the addition of Dr. Isaac H. Manning as Professor of Physiology. A dissecting hall, and physiological, bacteriological and pathological laboratories have been provided.

        At the beginning of the session the Medical Department in Raleigh was established, lengthening the course to four years and granting the degree of Doctor of Medicine (M.D.). The Professors in the Raleigh or Advanced Department were

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Hubert Ashley Royster, A.B., M.D., Dean and Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Augustus Washington Knox, M.D., Surgery; Wisconsin Illinois Royster, M.D., Practice of Medicine; Richard Henry Lewis, A.B., M.D., Diseases of the Eye and Ear; Kemp Plummer Battle, Jr., A.B., M.D., Diseases of the Nose and Throat. These constituted the Medical Department at Raleigh, where they reside.*

        * The department at Raleigh was increased from time to time until it contained fifteen professors and assistants. In 1910, as will be seen, it was discontinued.


        The Medical Faculty now numbers twenty-four. During this term eighty-one students have been enrolled. The students stand high. Two years of the course are received for two years at most of the reputable medical colleges.

        Pharmacy. This department was established in 1896 with Prof. Edward V. Howell, Ph.G., as Dean. In 1901 it was incorporated in the University. The laboratory and lecture accommodations have been doubled and the equipment largely increased. There are valuable collections of medicinal plants. An assistant has been added, and including Chemistry, Biology, etc., the Faculty numbers twelve. The number of students already enrolled is forty-one.

        The Summer School. The Summer Normal School of 1877-'84, under guidance of President Battle, has been fully described. It is estimated that over three thousand five hundred teachers have been in attendance since that time. The attendance on the recently revived school is ninety-one, the lack of funds preventing its full development. The General Education Board has agreed to add enough hereafter to develop this department.

        Normal Department. There are sixty-nine students in the class of Pedagogy this year. Many trained teachers have been sent out to the graded and other higher schools, and these in turn have furnished teachers to the lower public schools. The resources of the University at present do not allow it to have a department for the especial training for taking charge of primary teaching. A special appropriation of $5,000 to $7,500 would suffice for this.

        For the year 1902-'03 the five hundred and seventy-five students are distributed as follows: Academic, three hundred and ninety; Law, sixty-six; Medicine, eighty-one; Pharmacy,

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forty-one; Graduates, twenty-three; Seniors, sixty-four; Juniors, sixty-five; Sophomores, one hundred and one; Freshmen, one hundred and thirty.

        Ages. The general rule is to admit those only who are sixteen at nearest birthday. In 1901-'02 only twelve were under seventeen; in 1902-'03 the number is twenty-one. For five years the average age at entrance for 1898-'99 nineteen years four months; 1899-1900 nineteen years fourteen days; 1900-'01 eighteen years twenty days; 1901-'02 nineteen years six months; 1902-'03 eighteen years, nine and one-half months. The average age of the graduating class, 1899, is twenty-three years six months; 1900, twenty-one years six months; 1901, twenty-three years eight and two-thirds months; 1902, twenty-two years five months. This list shows that a number of the older men drop out after remaining a year or two and go into business.

        Preparation of Students. The entrance requirements have been steadily increased and are in excess of those agreed on by the Southern Association of Colleges. The schools and academies of the State have greatly improved. All over the country it is found necessary to condition students on one or more studies. Fifty-seven per cent of the Freshmen entering Harvard are in this category. With us the Freshman must make good his deficiency before becoming a Sophomore. The studies required for admission are English, Greek, Latin, History, Mathematics, French, German, and Physics. For the A.B. course the first five are required. For the Ph.B. course either French, German, or Physics may be substituted for Greek. For the B.S. course two of these may be substituted for Greek and Latin. No entrance into the Academic Department without satisfactory attainments in at least three of the requirements, but admittance may be had on certificates from the principal of certain specified schools.

        In 1902-'03 in Latin there were eighty-one admitted and thirty-one conditioned; in Greek twenty-eight admitted, five conditioned; in English one hundred and thirty-five admitted, sixty-seven conditioned; in Mathematics one hundred and thirty-five admitted, fifty-six conditioned. Freshman entering

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various courses, for the degree of A.B. 24.4 per cent, Ph.B. 36.4, B.S. 22.1; no degree 16.1 per cent. The graduates were in A.B. 45 per cent, in Ph.B. 35, in B.S. 20 per cent, in B. Litt., none. The statistics show that there was a gradual diminution in proportion of those electing the A.B. course.

        Of those who entered as Freshmen twenty-nine per cent graduated. This shows that over two-thirds leave the University before completing their course. This is caused partly by poverty, partly by a restlessness to begin their life work. Sickness has no appreciable effect. Of this twenty-nine per cent those having no entrance conditions are thirty-three per cent; those having one entrance condition, twenty-six per cent; those having two entrance conditions, twenty-six per cent; those having three entrance conditions, fifteen per cent. Those having no conditions attended the more expensive schools. The percentage of those who left the class was seventy-one. Of these those who had no entrance conditions were thirty-three; those having one entrance condition, twenty-five per cent; those having two entrance conditions, twenty-four per cent; those having three entrance conditions seventeen per cent; died one. The large number of our students who leave before finishing their course is a great drawback to its prestige. This evil will possibly diminish as the country becomes more prosperous.

        About sixty per cent of the students are church members. In the Senior Class of 1902 ninety per cent are church members. The Y. M. C. A. membership this year is one hundred and seventy-five. A building for the Association is much needed; $1,662 is in hand and subscriptions for $1,924. If their hopes were realized and a neat home for the Association secured, there would be notable increase of numbers and influence.

        The Gymnasium is under a skilled instructor, Mr. E. von den Steinen. The three lower classes attend. A new Gymnasium, with modern conveniences, has been erected by the munificence of ex-Judge W. P. Bynum, and will be of signal benefit. Out-door sports are directly under the charge of the Athletic Association, subject to the control of a committee of the Faculty.

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The Faculty rules governing athletics are: (1) A student not registered before October 12th can not be a member of the University team; (2) a former student must pass on six hours of work; (3) he can not be a member if deficient in a majority of his classes; (4) nor can a student who has received compensation for athletic services.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1902.

        The Baccalaureate Sermon was preached by Rev. O. E. Brown, D.D. It abounded in eloquent diction and wise counsels.

        The Senior Class exercises of 1902 were very interesting. After attending Prayers in a body the President, M. H. Stacy, made an address of welcome. H. M. Robins gave a delightfully humorous History of the class, which was followed by the Prophecy by R. R. Williams. The presentation of prizes, a feature sparkling with humor, was then conducted by B. S. Drane. The class gift, a reproduction of the Apollo Belvidere, was made by D. P. Stern in a graceful speech and was accepted on behalf of the Trustees by Mr. F. H. Busbee.

E. W. POU'S ADDRESS.

        The address of Hon. Edward W. Pou, alumnus of 1884, on June 3, 1902, on "Individual Responsibility in Government," was a thoughtful and frank presentation of the subject. Some of the sentences about higher education should be recorded.

        He asked "What is the University? Not the chartered corporation, not the Faculty, not the student body, not the Alumni Association, not these stately buildings, their equipment, and the Campus with its irresistible attractiveness. University life is confined not to the present. The century which has just been registered is part of it. They are in its treasury to be preserved forever. It embraces every State in the Union, every department of the Government and every condition in life. The time has passed when the State can claim exclusive title to the University. It is the agent of the republic, the sub-treasury of the republic wherein are conserved and nurtured all ideas which tempt the human family to struggle for higher and better things.


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        This is the day of the educated man. * * * There is a greater demand for genuine culture than ever before in the history of the world. * * * In the humblest homes in our State there is yearning for knowledge. Every condition of life is quickened. From the mountain to the sea goes up the cry "Education is light: ignorance is darkness. Education is hope: ignorance invites despair. Help us to dispel the darkness around us. Turn the light into our little homes that hope may be quickened in the breast of the poorest child in the State." * * * To our University and colleges we must look to a very large extent for the correction of any tendency toward error in our national life.

        My friends! This great institution is the University of all the people. It belongs to no particular class. The taxpayers of the State will always maintain it. It is strong. It is the exponent of righteousness. It is one of the beacon lights of the republic which illumines the pathway of man as he struggles onward and upward even to the end of time.


        At night the representatives of the two societies contended in debate. The Philanthropics were Reuben Oscar Everett and Francis Sylvester Hassell. The Dialectics were Lester Leonidas Parker and Roach Sidney Stewart. The award of the Bingham Prize for superiority in debate was given to the Dialectics, Parker and Stewart.

        The next day the Senior orators contended for the Mangum Medal. They were Pinckney Broadfield Groome, Marvin Hendrix Stacy, Robert Ransom Williams, and Thaddeus Awasaw Adams. The medal was awarded to Mr. Stacy.

        The Commencement Address was then delivered by Hon. Hilary A. Herbert, Secretary of the Navy, and was eminently worthy of his distinguished reputation.

        The Degrees in Course were then granted, with diplomas and Bibles.

        
Bachelors of Arts 23
Bachelors of Philosophy 18
Bachelors of Science 10
Bachelors of Laws 3
Graduate in Pharmacy 1
Masters of Arts 4
Masters of Science 3
Total (for names see Appendix) 62

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    MEDALS AND PRIZES:

  • The HOLT MEDAL--Rufus Clegg Morrow.
  • The HUME MEDAL--Richard Nixon Duffy.
  • The HILL PRIZE--John Atkinson Ferrell.
  • The HARRIS PRIZE--Leone Burns Newell.
  • The GREEK PRIZE--Sidney Swain Robins.
  • The WORTH PRIZE--Charles Metcalfe Byrnes.
  • The BRADHAM PRIZE--Benjamin Franklin Page.
  • The EARLY ENGLISH TEXTBOOK SOCIETY PRIZE--Minna Curtis Bynum.
  • The BINGHAM PRIZE--Lester Leonidas Parker, Roach Sidney Stewart.
  • The MANGUM MEDAL--Marvin Hendrix Stacy.

    CERTIFICATES:

  • GREEK--Christiana Busbee, Julius Fletcher Duncan, Robert Amsei Merritt, Helen Louise Odum, Buxton Barker Williams, Robert Ransom Williams.
  • LATIN--Minna Curtis Bynum, David Clark Ballard, Helen Louise Odom, James Thomas Smith, William Faris Stafford.
  • FRENCH--Claude Oliver Abernethy, Louis Graves, Mary Groome, Henry Moring Robins.
  • ENGLISH--Mary Groome.
  • HISTORY--Julius Fletcher Duncan, John Atkinson Ferrell, Guy Vernon Roberts, Edward Duncan Sallenger.
  • PHYSICS--David Clark Ballard, Metrah Makely, Jr.
  • MATHEMATICS--Christiana Busbee, Richard Nixon Duffy, John Steele Henderson, Jr., Marvin Hendrix Stacy, George Phifer Stevens.
  • CHEMISTRY--Hugh Hammond Bennett, Fred Henry Lemly, Eugene Grissom Moss, John William Turrentine, Hubert Raymond Weller.
  • GEOLOGY--George Chadbourn.
  • PEDAGOGY--Gardiner Marion Garren, James Harry McIver, Robert Amsei Merritt, Marvin Hendrix Stacy, Edward Swain.
  • BIOLOGY--Ivey Foreman Lewis.

        The editors of the University Magazine make a serious complaint that many of the Faculty and students are absent at Commencements, thus diminishing the éclat of this literary festival. The editor says "It is discreditable that the crowd should consist only of the Seniors, the dancing men, a very few others, together with visitors from the village and from a

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distance." He excuses students of slender means who find it more economical to go home or to their vacation work, but thinks the others ought to stay to add to the attendance as well as hear the words of wisdom from the speakers. He fears that those of the Faculty who avoid Commencements, may, some of them, be wishing to be rid of the trouble or expense of entertaining visitors. There are some, however, who hasten to begin their vacation appointments.

        Those who remember the brilliant Commencements of old times sympathize with this criticism. President Swain, who was admirably well acquainted with the tastes and modes of the people of his day, insisted on making them as imposing as possible. Every member of the Faculty was compelled to attend a Faculty meeting the day after the exercises were over and assist in making out the reports on the work of the students. The first or second year after he entered on his office in 1836 a young professor who insisted on leaving before Commencement in order to visit the young lady whom he was shortly to marry, was censured by the President. He resented this and appealed to the Faculty, who sustained him, but the President appealed to the Trustees and carried his point. After this the professors remained and dispensed hospitalities sometimes sorely beyond the range of their small salaries. I have known of the good "professoresses" having to care for twenty-five or thirty guests, to the notable increase of the popularity of the University. "Friday after Commencement," became a proverbial expression for wornout muscles and tired nerves, for hastening off of visitors and assurance of restful times. One student who remained in vacation, worn out by Commencement duties and exactions, his roommate and neighbors being gone, repaired to his solitary couch Friday evening at eight o'clock and slept uninterruptedly for eighteen hours.

        The second of the James Sprunt Historical Monographs was a notable one, "The Congressional Career of Nathaniel Macon," by Edwin Moore Wilson, with Letters of Macon and W. P. Mangum, fully annotated by Kemp P. Battle, LL.D.

        Mr. Wilson's work is very thorough, candid and just. Senator

Illustration

        THOMAS RUFFIN

        GEORGE HOWE

        J. E. LATTA

        C. ALPHONSO SMITH

        J. E. MILLS

        J. D. BRUNER

        HUBERT ROYSTER

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Macon's letters are valuable as showing the views of an extremely strict constructionist. State or United States aid to railroads he views with horror as destructive of government. Dr. Battle's sketch of him and his family and his elucidations of the numerous allusions to public and private matters are full.

        There were noteworthy changes in the Faculty for the session of 1902-'03, especially in English and Biology. Charles Alphonso Smith, born in North Carolina, took charge of the instruction in the English Language, Dr. Hume retaining English Literature. Dr. Smith had been Professor of English in the Louisiana State University. He took the degrees of A.B. from Davidson College in 1884, A.M. in 1887, and Ph.D. in English from Johns Hopkins University in 1893; then in 1900-'01, studied in London, Paris, and Berlin. He is a member of Modern Language, American Dialect, and German Shakespeare societies, and the Shakespeare Society of New York. He is author of "Repetition and Parallelism in English Verse," "Old English Grammar and Exercise Book," Associate Editor of the World's Orations, Editor of McCauley's Essays on Milton and Addison; joint author with Dr. Gustav Kruger, Berlin, of the English-German Conversation Book. He has ready for publication "A Grammar of Modern English."

        Dr. Archibald Henderson was granted a year's leave of absence and spent it in study in the University of Chicago, in which he lectured in place of one of the Instructors, who spent his year's absence in Europe. His place as Instructor in Mathematics was filled by Messrs. M. H. Stacy and G. P. Stevens.

        The Department of Biology was divided so as to have an Associate Professorship of Botany. William C. Coker, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, 1901, was chosen. He is from South Carolina, has spent a year in Germany, and is well equipped in his department.

        Henry Van P. Wilson, Professor of Biology, was given a year's leave of absence in order to complete a work in which he was engaged. During his absence Dr. J. E. Duerden had

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his classes. Dr. Duerden was born in England, is a graduate of the Royal College of Science, and has taught in the University of Dublin and in the Institute of Jamaica. He held the Bruce Fellowship in Johns Hopkins University. He has published a number of important papers on scientific subjects. He is now (1912) a Professor in South Africa.

        As Assistants in the Department of Biology, Messrs. Ivey F. Lewis and F. M. Hanes took the place of Mr. Dorman Thompson.

        Mr. E. K. Graham was granted leave to continue his studies in Columbia University, in which he held a fellowship. His work in the Department of English was divided between Instructors Bernard and McKie, with Messrs. J. C. B. Ehringhaus and B. F. Huske as Assistants.

        Mr. J. E. Latta, Instructor in Physics, was allowed to accept a fellowship in Harvard University for a year and his work was carried on by Dr. J. E. Mills, and Assistants H. R. McFadyen and F. L. Foust.

        Mr. Palmer Cobb resigned in order to study in Columbia University. Mr. Louis Graves was made Assistant in French and Mr. W. C. Rankin Assistant in German.

        Mr. M. C. Guthrie was Assistant in Anatomy.

        Mr. R. F. Leinbach was appointed to train the musical organizations of the University.

FACULTY OF THE SUMMER SCHOOL IN 1902.

  • Francis Preston Venable, Ph.D.: President.
  • Marcus Cicero Stephens Noble: Superintendent and Professor of Pedagogy.
  • Kemp Plummer Battle, LL.D.: Lecturer in History.
  • Joseph Austin Holmes, S.B.: Lecturer in Geology.
  • Joshua Walker Gore, C.E.: Lecturer in Physics.
  • Thomas Hume, D.D., LL.D.: Lecturer in English Literature.
  • Eben Alexander, Ph.D., LL.D.: Professor of Greek.
  • Collier Cobb, A.M.: Professor of Geology.
  • Alvin Sawyer Wheeler, Ph.D.: Associate Professor of Chemistry.
  • George McFarland McKie: Instructor in Expression.
  • Thomas James Wilson, Jr., Ph.D.: Instructor in Latin.
  • Palmer Cobb, Ph.B.: Instructor in German.
  • Clarence Albert Shore, S.B.: Instructor in Biology.
    Page 619

  • Edward Pearson Moses, A.M.: Instructor in Reading and Primary Work.
  • James Edward Mills, Ph.D.: Instructor in Mathematics.
  • Francis Moore Osborne, A.M.: Instructor in English.
  • Alexander Graham, A.M.: Instructor in Physiology.
  • George Adonijah Grimsley, A.M.: Instructor in English.
  • Ernest Preston Mangum, A.M.: Instructor in Geography.
  • Thomas R. Foust, B.E.: Instructor in Mathematics.
  • J. E. Matheson, A.B.: Instructor in Latin.
  • George F. Atkinson, Ph.B.: Lecturer in Botany.
  • Thomas Gilbert Pearson, S.B.: Lecturer in Ornithology.
  • Benjamin Sledd, A.M.: Lecturer in English.
  • D. H. Hill, A.M.: Lecturer in English Literature.
  • Euler B. Smith: Instructor in English Grammar.
  • W. R. Garrett, Ph.B.: Instructor in History.
  • I. Lustrat, B.L.: Instructor in French.
  • Margaret A. Johnston, B.A.: Instructor in Kindergarten.
  • Franklin Sherman, Jr.: Instructor in Zoology.
  • Charles Ledley: Instructor in Sloyd.

        There were ninety student-teachers in attendance at this session of the Summer School.

FURTHER EVENTS OF 1902.

        August 2, 1902, died Hon. Alexander McIver, once Professor of Mathematics in Davidson College and in the Pool administration of the University, afterwards State Superintendent of Public Instruction. He graduated at the University in 1853 with first honor. His efforts towards the revival of the University in 1874-'75 have been explained. He was a faithful, good man, an able mathematician and a thorough instructor.

        On August 6th there was a fierce wind from the northeast. Coming from an unusual direction there was a sad destruction of venerable trees. There was general grief because the symmetry of the Old, or Davie, Poplar was destroyed. Two immense limbs were torn off and it appeared that the loss was irreparable. Since the disaster, however, the noble and majestic tree has made mighty efforts to renew its boughs and hope is felt that something of its original grace will be restored.

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        University Day was celebrated in 1902 on the 13th of October, the 12th falling on Sunday. Rev. Dr. J. W. Jones made the opening prayer and Dr. Venable introduced the orator of the day, Dr. Kemp P. Battle. His address was on the Early History of the University, much extended in Volume I of this History. It was gratifying to witness the interest taken by the audience in the beginnings of the institution.

        On the 11th of November, 1902, died the Registrar of the University, Eugene Lewis Harris, a most faithful, intelligent, and efficient officer. He graduated in 1881, and for some years devoted himself to painting, for which he had a natural aptitude. On account of his health he accepted the secretaryship of the Young Men's Christian Association with good results in Winston-Salem and Raleigh and in the far South. In 1894 he was appointed Registrar of the University and was a shining example of attention to duty even under failing health. He left a wife and two daughters, accomplished young ladies engaged in teaching.

        The James Sprunt Historical Monograph in 1902 was "Letters of Nathaniel Macon, John Steele and William Barry Grove, with Sketches and Notes by Kemp P. Battle, Professor of English." The sketches are short biographies of the letter writers.

        After two years of experiment the University withdrew from the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, which included the States of Tennessee, South Carolina, and the far South, the location of this University throwing it out of touch with them.

        Public lectures were frequently given in Gerrard Hall during the year. The names of the lecturers were: Prof. William Cain, Prof. Collier Cobb, Prof. Charles L. Raper, Rev. Dr. J. William Jones, Prof. H. F. Linscott, Prof. C. Alphonso Smith, Prof. James C. MacRae, Rev. Dr. Samuel P. Verner, Prof. J. E. Duerden, Prof. Joshua W. Gore, Dr. Garrett P. Serviss, Hon. George Wendling, Dr. John B. DeMotte, Mr. Alton Packard, Dr. George W. Cable, Dr. W.

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J. Holland, Dr. Charles Baskerville, Dr. Richard H. Lewis, of Raleigh, Prof. J. D. Bruner.

        It is of interest that Mr. P. A. Lee, of the University School of Pharmacy, this year passed the highest on examination by the State Board of Pharmacy. Of the six highest five received their training here.

        Dr. W. C. Coker was chief of the botanical staff of the expedition organized for a scientific survey of the Bahamas. Messrs. C. A. Shore, 1900, and F. M. Hanes, 1903, accompanied the expedition as assistants.

        The Carnegie Institute appropriated $1,000 for Dr. H. V. Wilson's use in researches on sponges and $1,000 to Dr. J. E. Duerden in his researches on corals. The Botanical Academy of Science appropriated $350 and the American Association $150 to Dr. Baskerville for his researches on thorium.

        The James Sprunt Historical Monograph issued in 1903 was "Letters and Documents Relating to the Early History of the Lower Cape Fear, with Introduction and Notes by Professor K. P. Battle."

        The evening of May 7, 1903, was given to the graduating exercises of the Medical Department. Dean H. A. Royster presented Zebulon Marvin Caviness, Willis Dowd Gilmore, William DeBerniere MacNider, and Martin Luther Matthews, and the M.D. degree was conferred for the first time in the history of the University. Dr. Henry T. Bahnson, of Winston-Salem, one of the State's most noted physicians, delivered an able and inspiring address.

THE COMMENCEMENT OF 1903.

        The Baccalaureate Sermon was preached by Right Reverend Alfred Magill Randolph, Bishop of Southern Virginia. The subject was Law, the text being Romans viii: 3-4. St. Paul pleads for justification by faith, but not the life that is in violation of the laws of God and man. The spirit of this world says to God, Rule in your own kingdom and leave me to mine. But the church teaches the truth and invites God to enter the human heart and dwell there. It was a great sermon.

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        At night Rev. Thomas R. English, D.D., delivered the sermon before the Young Men's Christian Association. He was of the Union Theological Seminary at Richmond. He took as his texts, Job iv: 20-23, Eccles. ii: 12-17, and Phil. i: 21. He discussed interestingly and ably the great question, "Is life worth living?" "If this life be the vestibule of life eternal, it is worth living, though clouds of darkness be about us and every breath a groan."

        This year the two societies gave a joint banquet in Commons Hall. Mr. Graham H. Andrews was toastmaster and made an address of welcome to which Judge Fred Philips responded. For the societies Mr. Charles Ross spoke on "The Societies of Today," and Mr. R. W. Herring on "The Place of the Societies in the University." Dr. C. Alphonso Smith explained their "Literary Value," and Dr. K. P. Battle gave some "Reminiscences" of student life. Judge Walter Clark made by invitation the principal address, his subject being "The Greater University," making an earnest plea for greater appropriations to the University.

        Tuesday was largely devoted to Senior Class Day exercises. The president, R. S. Stewart, made the address of welcome. Mr. R. W. Herring gave the History, Mr. T. J. Gold the Prophecy. The Last Will and Testament was read by Mr. G. L. Jones, and Mr. Z. V. Judd gave the statistics. After the exercises around the Davie Poplar Mr. H. R. McFadyen presented in a handsome speech the class gift to the University--a handsome electrolier and other electric light fixtures for Gerrard Hall, which Senator Lee S. Overman accepted in eloquent terms.

        The Alumni Luncheon was most enjoyable. The president of the Association, Col. Thomas S. Kenan, presided, Judge Fred Philips being toastmaster. There were no set speeches, but the informal talks by Governor Aycock, Col. T. S. Kenan, Judge F. D. Winston, Hon. Thomas W. Mason, Dr. W. J. Holland, Mr. George Watts, President C. D. McIver, Superintendent J. Y. Joyner, Speaker S. M. Gattis, Mr. Josephus Daniels, Dr. J. B. Killebrew, Mr. J. S. Hill, Mr. R. S. Stewart, President Venable and others were sparkling with happy thoughts.

Page 623

        The Alumni Address was by John Sprunt Hill, Esq., an honor graduate of the Class of 1889, who had practiced law in the city of New York, served in the Cuban War, and then returned to his native State, settling in Durham. His thoughts were strongly and clearly expressed and showed an enlightened discernment of the educational needs of the State. He gave a luminous exposition of the legal history of the University and of its influence in training our political and industrial leaders. The people from 1776 to the amended Constitution of 1876, one hundred years, have ordered the lawmaking power to establish and promote the University. Without the training of teachers the schools will be worthless. Mr. Hill advocated giving the alumni some share in the Board of Trustees. He lauded the beneficence of the gifts of Dr. Deems and of Mr. W. H. Vanderbilt. "Will not some great hearted son or daughter of the Old North State give our people a great library, the head of the library system of the State, to illumine the homes of all the people of every creed and every station, and show them the hidden paths to the kindly fruits of the earth and to the eternal blessings of Heaven? Pearls and palaces, diamonds and dinners will vanish with the tolling of a bell, great fortunes will be made and lost in a century in a whirlpool of luxury and extravagance, princes will follow princes in the lengthening cycles of debauchery and corruption, but the rich fruits from this, the most beautiful flower of philanthropy in the garden of fine nativity, will give ever-increasing hope and happiness to your people and prove immortal and divine."

        Mr. Hill then in earnest words advocated the erection of a building for the Young Men's Christian Association and the strengthening of the graduate department. "Moved by the love in our own hearts that sends its warmth down into our very soul, and that lifts its beauty up to the face of high Heaven, let us make a great common effort to take up the burdens that our fathers have so faithfully carried, and lift up to a higher plane of strength and usefulness this grand old guardian of the civil and religious liberties of the people of North Carolina."

Page 624

        The orator concluded with the welcome announcement of his donation of the interest on four thousand dollars to establish a Fellowship in the Department of History, the first year's interest to be applied to the erection of the hall of the Young Men's Christian Association.

        At night came the debate by representatives from the Dialectic and Philanthropic societies. The Dialectic speakers were Neill Ray Graham and Andrew Hall Johnston. The Philanthropics were James Horner Winston and Edgar Samuel Williamson Dameron. The judges decided in favor of a Dialectic, Mr. Johnston.

        On Commencement Day the Senior speakers, chosen by competition, were Thomas Jackson Gold, Bartholomew Fuller Huske, Curtis Ashley Bynum, and Charles Edward Maddry.

        The Commencement Address was then delivered by William J. Holland, D.D., LL.D., a native of North Carolina, who settled in Pittsburg, Pa., and is now in charge of the important Carnegie Museum. It was eminently practical and suggestive, and tending to infuse into the minds of the young the thoughts and aspirations necessary for best citizenship. His subject was "The Opportunities and Duties of Educated Men in Relation to the South of the Future."

        In presenting the Bibles to the graduates, Rev. Howard E. Rondthaler made a short speech full of feeling and wise thoughts.

        The Degrees in Course were then granted:

        
Bachelors of Arts 25
Bachelors of Philosophy 20
Bachelors of Science 12
Bachelors of Laws 5
Graduates in Pharmacy 4
Masters of Science 2
Masters of Arts 3
Doctor of Philosophy 1
Total (see Appendix) 72

        

Illustration

        YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION

        RALEIGH ROAD FROM FRANKLIN STREET

Page 625

    MEDALS AND PRIZES:

  • The HOLT MEDAL--Thomas Felix Hickerson.
  • The HUME MEDAL--Nathan Wilson Walker.
  • The HILL PRIZE--Robert Withington Herring.
  • The HARRIS PRIZE--Joseph Flanner Patterson.
  • The GREEK PRIZE--Herbert Henry Moses.
  • The WORTH PRIZE--Curtis Ashley Bynum.
  • The LIBRARY PRIZES--Charles Phillips Russell and Edgar Samuel Williamson Dameron.
  • The MAGAZINE PRIZES--Preston Cumming, Jr., and Harvey Hatcher Hughes.
  • The EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY PRIZE--Nathan Wilson Walker.
  • The BINGHAM PRIZE--Andrew Hall Johnston.
  • The BRYAN PRIZE--Robert Withington Herring.
  • The MANGUM MEDAL--Charles Edward Maddry.
  • The BINGHAM PRIZE--Leonidas Coleman Griffin.

    THE CERTIFICATES:

  • ECONOMICS--R. W. Herring, G. R. Ward.
  • ENGLISH--A. L. Moser, J. K. Ross, N. W. Walker, H. Whitehurst.
  • FRENCH--W. J. Gordon, J. B. Thorpe.
  • GERMAN--B. F. Huske.
  • GREEK--J. R. Giles, W. J. Gordon, R. C. Morrow, H. Whitehurst.
  • HISTORY--R. W. Herring.
  • LATIN--J. R. Giles, A. L. Moser.
  • MATHEMATICS--H. B. Frost, T. F. Hickerson.
  • PEDAGOGY--E. P. Holt, G. L. Jones, J. E. Pearson, R. S. Stewart, J. Tomlinson.
  • PHARMACY--A. G. Ahrens, L. C. Griffin.
  • PHYSICS--B. H. Bridgers, R. A. Lichtenthaeler.

        The President than made the following announcements: Dr. Charles Wyche, of St. Louis, established the Hunter Lee Harris Medal for the best story published in the University Magazine. As said elsewhere Hunter Lee Harris graduated in 1889 and lost his life by an accident soon afterwards. He had great promise.

        Mr. Hayne Davis, of high honor in Class of 1888, had given a medal for the best essay bearing on the Hague Tribunal.

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FACULTY CHANGES FOR 1903-'04.

        The Board of Trustees elected George Howe, Ph.D., Professor of Latin, in place of Dr. H. F. Linscott, who died in December. Dr. Thomas Ruffin was raised to a full professorship of Law. Instructor E. K. Graham was made Associate Professor of the English Language. Dr. R. O. E. Davis was made Instructor in Chemistry. Messrs. L. B. Lockhart and W. M. Marriott were made Assistants in Chemistry, L. B. Newell in Anatomy and Pathology, J. B. Cramer in Anatomy, W. J. Gordon in French.

        Dr. George Howe, Professor of Latin, was born in Columbia, South Carolina. His father was a distinguished clergyman, and his grandfather a highly esteemed physician. He is a nephew of the eminent author, late President of Princeton University, Governor of New Jersey, Woodrow Wilson. He graduated at Princeton, taught for three years in New York, then spent three years at the University of Halle, taking there his degree of Ph.D.

THE SUMMER SCHOOL FACULTY, 1903.

  • Francis Preston Venable, Ph.D.: President.
  • Eben Alexander, Ph.D., LL.D.: Dean of the Faculty and Professor of Greek.
  • Robert Marshall Brown, A.M.: Instructor in Geography.
  • James Dowden Bruner, Ph.D.: Professor of French.
  • Collier Cobb, A.M.: Professor of Geology and Mineralogy.
  • William L. Foushee, Ph.D.: Professor of Latin.
  • Julius I. Foust, Ph.B.: Instructor in Mathematics.
  • Maurice Garland Fulton, M.A.: Instructor in English.
  • W. C. A. Hammel: Professor of Physics and Manual Training.
  • Herman Harrell Horne, Ph.D.: Professor of Psychology.
  • Margaret A. Johnston, B.A.: Instructor in Kindergarten.
  • Melville Vincent Fort: Instructor in Drawing.
  • George M. McKie: Instructor in Expression.
  • Charles Staples Mangum: Professor of Physiology.
  • James Edward Mills, Ph.D.: Instructor in Physics.
  • Arthur B. Morrill, A.B.: Professor of Psychology.
  • Marcus Cicero Stephens Noble: Professor of Pedagogy.
  • Charles Lee Raper, Ph.D.: Professor of History.
  • Franklin L. Riley, Ph.D.: Professor of History.
    Page 627

  • D. N. Shoemaker, Ph.D.: Instructor in Botany.
  • C. Alphonso Smith, Ph.D.: Professor of English.
  • Marvin Hendrix Stacy, Ph.B.: Instructor in Mathematics.
  • Walter Dallam Toy, M.A.: Professor of German.
  • Alvin Sawyer Wheeler, Ph.D.: Professor of Chemistry.

        The general plan of instruction consisted of a total of forty-three courses, including subjects of special value to teachers in every grade, grouped under the following heads: Common School Subjects and Methods--Kindergarten, Reading, Expression, Elementary Physiology, Elementary Physics, Elementary Arithmetic, Manual Training, Elementary Algebra, English Composition, Geography, Drawing, Elementary History of the United States, History of North Carolina. Psychology and Pedagogy--Psychology, Art of Teaching, Philosophy of Education, Philosophy of Method, History of Education. High School and College Subjects--Latin Grammar and Literature, Greek Grammar and Literature, English Grammar and Literature, French Grammar and Literature, German Grammar and Literature, American History, English History, Greek and Roman History, Arithmetic and Algebra, Geology, Mineralogy, Advanced Physiology, Botany, Chemistry.

        There were lectures by fourteen prominent men, such as Governor Aycock, President McIver of the State Normal and Industrial College, Superintendent Joyner, President Smith of Davidson, President Poteat of Wake Forest, ex-President Battle, Professors Carlyle, Mims, and Hume, ex-Judge MacRae, J. W. Bailey, editor of the Biblical Recorder, Secretary of the General Education Board Buttrick, Mr. Murphy of the same Board, Dr. Lewis, Secretary of the North Carolina Board of Health, and a series of practical lectures on school buildings and beautifying buildings and grounds, also on the hygienics of school life, by Dr. R. H. Lewis and other experts.

        In addition to the President and twelve members of the University Faculty, the Faculty of the Summer School included professors and teachers from the New Bedford (Mass.) schools, the North Carolina Normal and Industrial College, the Maryland Manual and Training School, the Beaufort (N. C.) Kindergarten Training School, the Hartsville (S. C.) school, Richmond (Va.) College, Dartmouth College, Connecticut State Normal School, and the Universities of Mississippi and Michigan.

Page 628

NOTES FOR 1903-'04.

        The seventh annual debate between the Universities of North Carolina and Georgia was held at Chapel Hill on April 1, 1904. The former was represented by Messrs. A. H. Johnston and I. C. Wright, and the latter by Messrs. A. G. Goluck and W. W. Patterson. The judges were Mr. Joseph G. Brown, president of the Citizens National Bank of Raleigh, Mr. J. Van Lindley, owner of the Lindley Nurseries, and Rev. W. T. D. Moss, Presbyterian minister at Chapel Hill. The question was "Are Labor Unions Inimical to our Industrial Development?" this University having the affirmative. The judges gave the decision to the affirmative.

        Mr. Eugene Morehead Armfield, 1888, donated to the University $5,000, the interest to be used for the purchase of books for the advanced study of English Philology, enabling the University to buy the extensive works needed for the study of the earlier periods of English History.

        The athletic record for 1903-'04 was notable for a marked football victory over the University of Virginia. We came out ahead over Guilford College, Oak Ridge Institute, South Carolina College (now University), Virginia Military Institute, Clemson College, and the University of Virginia. We went down before Georgetown University, University of Kentucky, and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute--winning in six and losing in three, but one of the victories was the crowning one at Richmond over a strong team by a score of sixteen to nothing.

        In baseball the record was not so good. Our University won over Bingham School at Mebane, Oak Ridge Institute, St. Alban's School (twice), Randolph-Macon, North Carolina A. and M. College. It lost to Lafayette (twice), University of Maryland, Davidson College, Cornell, North Carolina A. and M., University of Virginia (twice), Georgetown University.

        Mr. John R. Lemmert, of Baltimore, donated a handsome silver cup to be given each year to the class team which wins the largest number of points in field and track athletics at the spring meet.

Page 629

        The Commencement of the Medical Department at Raleigh was held at Chapel Hill on May 5th. The graduates were Marshall Crapon Guthrie, Frank Louis Sharpe, John Haywood Stanley, and Arthur Ponder Willis. Dr. L. J. Picöt, then of Littleton, now Superintendent of the State Central Hospital at Raleigh, in an intensely practical address, pointed out to the new followers of a noble profession the steps mounting to the plane of highest usefulness.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1904.

        On the morning of May 29, 1904, the Baccalaureate Sermon was preached by Rev. James Isaac Vance, D.D., pastor of the North Reformed Church, Newark, New Jersey. Dr. Vance is a native of Tennessee, a graduate of King's College and of the Union Theological Seminary. His sermon was an able discussion of the second verse of the thirty-second chapter of Isaiah, "A man shall be as an hiding place from the wind, and a covert from the tempest, as rivers of water in a dry place, and the shadow of a great rock in a weary land." Christ was such a man.

        At night the sermon before the Young Men's Christian Assosiation was preached by the Rev. G. H. Detwiler, a Presiding Elder of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His sermon made a profound impression. His subject was "The Function of True Manhood."

        The Debaters' competition of representatives of the two societies took place at night of the same day. The Dialectics were Charles Walter Miller and Charles Carroll Barnhardt. The Philanthropics were Henry Stewart Lewis and John Kenyon Wilson. The judges concluded that Mr. Lewis was the best speaker. The subject debated was, "Resolved, that the National Government should Compel the Settlement of all Labor Troubles of National Importance through a Board of Arbitration."

        After this discussion a pleasant hour was spent in a reception given by the Faculty.

        At the joint Society Banquet Monday night Mr. E. S. W. Dameron, a Phi, presided and made a pleasant address of

Page 630

welcome. The blessing was asked by Rev. Dr. A. D. Betts of the Class of 1855. Messrs. A. H. Johnston, A. W. Haywood, and J. B. Ramsey responded to the toast to the Dialectic Society, Messrs. A. L. Cox, J. S. Newton, and R. S. Stewart to the Philanthropic. For the Class of 1854 Hon. Richard H. Battle spoke; for the Class of 1879 Hon. Francis D. Winston. Major John D. Broadnax, of the Class of 1841, the "oldest living graduate," and others, made interesting short talks. The address of the occasion was by Dr. Charles D. McIver, 1881, in his happy and forceful style.

        For encouragement to bashful youths Dr. McIver gave his personal experience as a speaker. When at the University he dodged all speaking and declamation, regularly paying his fines in the society for delinquencies. After he became Principal of the Graded School at Durham, at the celebration of the close of the first session he was called on in such a way that he could not honorably refuse to make a short talk. He made a miserable failure. As he left the hall deeply unhappy, an old countryman said to him in a pitying tone, "Yer ain't used to speakin', is yer, Mr. McIver?" He determined then that he would never decline an opportunity to "talk on his feet." Of course he did not boast of his success, but the truth is that he became one of the strongest and most effective of Southern teacher-orators. He accomplished a great work and his untimely death caused general grief.

        Senior Class Day of 1904 began with prayer in Gerrard Hall. The President, S. S. Robins, made happily an address of welcome. W. E. Pharr read the History of the class, C. P. Russell, the Prophecy, N. R. Graham, the Last Will and Testament. These speeches had the usual sound doctrine and piquant and amusing hits. E. S. W. Dameron then, for the class, presented to the University a handsome reading desk for the Chapel. It was accepted in behalf of the University by Col. Thos. S. Kenan, Governor Aycock being detained in Raleigh by official duties. The closing exercises were in the afternoon around the Davie Poplar, when the class statistics were read by A. H. Johnston. The mild rain did not chill the enthusiasm of the class nor of the onlookers.

Page 631

        On the morning of May 31st the address before the Alumni Association was by Hon. Francis Donnell Winston, then a Judge, and soon to be Lieutenant-Governor. He won hearty plaudits by the mixture of wise counsels with humorous history of the early days of the revived University. It has been told how he was the first student to enter Chapel Hill at the reopening in 1875.

        I must interrupt the narrative by giving an incident in Governor Winston's University career. He was the leading editor of the University Magazine. Rev. Jordan Weaver was a widely known aged colored preacher who had burst into prominence by being accused by Tom Dunston, the barber, of defrauding him in the division of the catch of a fish trap of which they were partners. It was part of my policy to keep on good terms with the denominational colleges. When the next University Magazine appeared, great was my horror to read, "We are glad to state that the Rev. Jordan Weaver has accepted the invitation to preach the Baccalaureate Sermon at the next Commencement of Wake Forest College." I sent in haste for the editor. "Mr. Winston, the University can not afford to make enemies. Our position is a critical one. I fear your pleasantry will raise up enemies. I wish you would apologize in your next issue." "All right sir, they ought not to get angry over a joke, but I will set it straight." Here is the way he set it straight: In the next number of the periodical was this item, "We were mistaken in saying that Rev. Jordan Weaver has accepted the invitation to preach the Baccalaureate Sermon at the next Commencement of Wake Forest College. Rev. Jordan Weaver has declined the honor."

        The laugh was on me. I said no more about it. If the Wake Forest boys ever saw the items they sensibly thought best to consider it a pleasantry, and to "fight shy" of Frank Winston. If I had been attacked on the subject I had made up my mind to say, "Oh, that is one of Frank Winston's jokes. He is a free lance. Nobody takes offense at what he writes. As Sidney Smith said, he would not be afraid to speak disrespectfully of the North Pole. He really thinks kindly of Wake Forest. His father was a student there."

Page 632

        After Judge Winston's address luncheon was served to the alumni in Commons Hall. Col. Thos. S. Kenan, '57, President of the Association, occupied the chair until the business of the meeting was finished and then requested ex-Judge Fred Philips to be toastmaster, he having a peculiar power of enlivening such an occasion. The Secretary, Major H. A. London, read the minutes of the last meeting and the Treasurer, Mr. James C. Taylor, '77, presented his report. Then speeches were made by President Venable, Dr. Charles D. McIver, '81, Dr. George T. Winston, '68, and Colonel Robert Bingham, '57.

        The committee appointed the year previous, Dr. Venable and Messrs. J. S. Hill, S. M. Gattis, and Charles D. McIver, on the condition of the University, made their report.

        Among other things the committee expressed great gratification at the organization of the Graduate Department, with Dr. C. Alphonso Smith as Dean. They also praised the opening of a summer course of instruction in Library work, and the organization of a State Library Association, as tending to make the librarian not a mere custodian but a trained worker among books.

        The committee recommended a more thorough organization of the alumni, and that there be a general meeting in each locality at least once a year, preferably on University Day, October 12th, delegates to be appointed to attend an annual assembly during Commencement week. The committee was reappointed to look further into the needs of the University and report from time to time.

        At the meeting of the Board of Trustees the resignation of Dr. Charles Baskerville, Professor of Chemistry, was accepted. He went to the Chair of Chemistry in the College of the City of New York. He left a notable legacy to his Alma Mater by addressing to the Visiting Committee a strong statement of the inadequate accommodations of the Chemical Building. He showed that the number had increased from two hundred and fifty-three electing Chemistry in 1900-'01, to four hundred and five in 1903-'04. Fifty-eight students could not be admitted in the laboratory, and one class of thirty-eight

Page 633

members was given only an abbreviated course in the laboratory of the Department of Pharmacy. Owing to the lack of room the atmosphere was often intolerable, and it was not unusual to see the workers with handkerchiefs over their heads to protect their lungs from the noxious vapors. One laboratory class had been discontinued on account of the lack of room.

        In spite of these obstacles our graduates were sought for as teachers or for industrial laboratories. A number of reports of scientific researches had been published in the journals, and assistance in money had been received from the Carnegie Institute and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

        The Visiting Committee, Messrs. Alfred M. Scales, Perrin Busbee, and Charles W. Worth, approved the paper of Dr. Backerville, and the General Assembly, on the application of the Board of Trustees, granted funds for a handsome and commodious new building, the committee for memorializing the Legislature being Victor S. Bryant, P. Busbee, W. A. Guthrie, and R. H. Battle.

        There was universal regret at the departure of Dr. Baskerville. He was a tireless worker and was always ready to assist those in need of help. He was a valuable officer of the University, not only in instruction and investigation, but in many other directions, being especially useful in encouraging and directing athletics.

        A most pleasant event was the presentation in Gerrard Hall of a loving cup to Dr. Baskerville by Faculty and students. Dr. Venable presided and Professor H. H. Williams made the presentation address. Dr. Baskerville responded with much feeling.

        The speakers selected from the Seniors delivered their addresses on June 1, Commencement Day. They were:

  • Erasmus Alston Daniel, Jr., on "The Origin of Law."
  • James Horner Winston, on "Race Destiny."
  • Lawrence Erastus Rudisill, "A Just Conservatism."
  • Edgar Samuel Williamson Dameron, "America in World Politics."
Page 634

        The judges decided that Mr. Dameron was the best speaker. The Commencement Address followed. It was by John Huston Finley, LL.D., President of the College of the City of New York. The audience was large and attentive, and the problems of education and government were ably discussed.

        The Degrees in Course were then conferred:

        
Bachelors of Arts (A.B.) 24
Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.) 21
Bachelors of Science (B.S.) 9
Bachelors of Laws (B.L.) 3
Graduates in Pharmacy (Ph.G.) 4
Masters of Arts (A.M.) 6
Master of Science (M.S.) 1
Total (see Appendix) 68

        The Honorary Degrees conferred were Doctor of Letters (D. Litt.) on Rev. Robert Paine Pell, A.B., 1881, Assistant Professor University North Carolina, President of Presbyterian College for Women, Columbia, S. C., and now of Converse College, Spartanburg.

        Doctor of Laws (LL.D.), Charles Duncan McIver, President of the North Carolina State Normal and Industrial College for Women.

    PRIZES AND MEDALS:

  • The HUME MEDAL--Charles Phillips Russell.
  • The HARRIS PRIZE--Robert Frederick Leinbach.
  • The GREEK PRIZE--Victor Lee Stephenson.
  • The WORTH PRIZE--Sidney Swain Robins.
  • The LIBRARY PRIZES--Thomas Bragg Higdon, Otho Bessent Ross.
  • The EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY PRIZE--Louis Round Wilson, A.M.
  • The BINGHAM PRIZE--John Kenyon Wilson.
  • The MANGUM MEDAL--Edgar Samuel Williamson Dameron.
  • The BRADHAM PRIZE--John Bunyan LeGwin.
  • The HILL FELLOWSHIP--John Henry Vaughan.

    CERTIFICATES:

  • CHEMISTRY--E. F. Bohannon, J. P. Irwin, G. A. Johnston, R. A. Lichtenthaeler, L. B. Lockhart, W. M. Marriott, Ernest Sifford, W. A. Whitaker.
  • ECONOMICS--A. H. Johnston, W. E. Osborne, E. L. Sawyer.
    Page 635

  • ENGLISH--N. R. Graham, J. B. Huff, W. F. McCanless, E. E. Randolph, C. P. Russell.
  • FRENCH--Gray Archer, W. P. Jacocks, W. E. Osborne, W. C. Rankin, J. H. Winston.
  • GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY--R. A. Lichtenthaeler.
  • GERMAN--W. C. Rankin.
  • GREEK--W. H. Mann.
  • HISTORY--E. E. Randolph, E. L. Sawyer, J. H. Vaughan.
  • LATIN--Gray Archer, W. C. Rankin, J. H. Winston.
  • PEDAGOGY--G. A. Johnston, W. E. Osborne, J. H. Vaughan.
  • PHYSICS--A. L. Cox, T. F. Hickerson, H. B. Frost, T. D. Morrison, J. H. Pearson.

FACULTY CHANGES FOR 1904-'05.

        Other business of the Trustees was to accept reluctantly the resignation of Dr. Thomas Ruffin as Professor of Law, who designed to practice law in Charlotte. In his place was chosen Mr. Lucius Polk McGehee. Mr. J. E. Latta, 1899 with honors, A.M. '01, was advanced to be Associate Professor of Physics. Mr. N. C. Curtis, Ph.B. 1900, was elected Instructor in Drawing.

        Mr. Lucius Polk McGehee is a grandson of Senator Badger and a descendant of Colonel William Polk of the Revolution, who was Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the University. He was a graduate with highest honors in 1887. After procuring his law license he was editor of a law publishing firm in New York, and is author of a law book entitled "Due Process of Law," a high authority. His father, Montfort McGehee, was a Representative in the General Assembly and for some years Commissioner of Agriculture, and an enlightened Trustee of the University. It has been explained how he was a prime factor in procuring the amendment to the Constitution, which led to the reopening of the University doors in 1875.

        Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt was elected Professor of Economic Geology. He was born in Hartford, Connecticut. His father engaged in sugar planting in Louisiana, and was a Colonel in the Confederate Army. Dr. Pratt took his Ph.B. degree in Yale University in 1893 and Ph.D. in 1896. He was Instructor in Yale for three years and then in the Harvard Summer

Page 636

School. He has been State Mineralogist for North Carolina since 1897, resident in Chapel Hill. He has published a number of articles and pamphlets on geological and mineralogical subjects. He declined the presidency of the Colorado School of Mines. He held high rank in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and is a member of the chief scientific societies in America. He is now North Carolina State Geologist in place of Dr. Joseph A. Holmes.

        Dr. James Edward Mills, A.B. Davidson College, graduate student University of North Carolina, 1899, Ph.D. 1901, Instructor, was promoted to be Associated Professor of Chemistry. He has published results of investigations in chemical journals, which are rated as of decided value.

        Edgar David Broadhurst, 1899, Superintendent of Graded Schools of Thomasville, Georgia, and at Greensboro, N. C., was appointed Instructor in English. He afterwards moved to Greensboro for the practice of law.

        John McLaren McBryde, Jr., was made Associate Professor of the English Language, in the place of Professor Edward K. Graham, who took a year's furlough to prosecute his work at Columbia University. He is son of Dr. J. M. McBryde, President of the Virginia Polytechnic, and formerly of the South Carolina College. The son was born in Virginia. He graduated at the South Carolina College in 1890, obtained A.M. 1893, and Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins, 1897. He was Assistant in English at South Carolina College and at Johns Hopkins, at the latter being a Scholar and a Fellow. For six years he was Professor of the English Language and Literature at Hollins Institute, and was very successful.

        The summer activity of many of the Faculty rivals their work in the session. The following examples taken from the record for the summer of 1904 will give a fair notion of it:

        Prof. M. C. S. Noble gave a course of lectures on Pedagogy at the University Summer School; a course of lectures on Arithmetic, Geography, and North Carolina History at McDowell County Teachers' Institute; also "Public Schools and the People," at Marion, N. C.

        

Illustration

        J. F. ROYSTER

        N. W. WALKER

        W. M. DEY

        I. H. MANNING

        L. P. MCGEHEE

        PALMER COBB

        A. C. MCINTOSH

Page 637

        Professor J. A. Holmes filled positions of responsibility and usefulness at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. He was Chief of the Department of Mines and Metallurgy; a member of the committee of three appointed by the United States Geological Survey to supervise the United States Geological Coal Testing Plant; and a member of the Superior Jury of Awards.

        Prof. Collier Cobb gave two courses in Geology in the University Summer School, and spent the remainder of the summer in the study of the sand movements between Cape Henry and Kitty Hawk. He presented a paper on "The Origin of the Dune Topography, from Cape Henry to the Isle of Palms," at the eighth International Geographic Congress, Washington, D. C., September 8, 1904. The paper appears in full in Comptes Rendus.

        Dr. Thomas Hume delivered lectures many times: "The Spiritual Element in Character," Durham, January 15; a series on "The Drama of English National Life in Shakespeare's Historical Plays," Summer School of A. and M. College, Raleigh, July 4-10; "The Literary Study of the Bible," ibid., July 9; "Literature in Schools," ibid., July 7. A series of lectures on "The Literature of the Bible," Summer School of the South, Knoxville, July 11-August 6; "The Divine Spirit in Man," Knoxville, July 24; "The Consecration of Common Life," Hillsboro, September 24.

FALL TERM OF 1904.

        The opening of the Fall Term of 1904-'05 was the best in the history of the University up to that date. The Academic students numbered four hundred and seventeen, Law seventy-eight, Medicine, ninety-three, Pharmacy thirty-seven, total six hundred and twenty-five. By classes the Academic students were, Seniors sixty-seven, Juniors fifty-eight, Sophomores one hundred and two, Freshmen one hundred and sixty-six. The average age of the Freshman class was nineteen years one month and eleven days. Ninety-three per cent of all the students were from North Carolina. Virginia sent thirteen, South Carolina ten, New York five, Pennsylvania four, Florida four, Ohio two, and District of Columbia, Georgia, Massachusetts,

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Texas, Maryland, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Indiana, one each, in all forty-six extra-State students.

        Of the counties represented by more than fifteen men, Orange, Wake, Guilford, Mecklenburg send each twenty-seven, Forsyth nineteen, Wayne seventeen, New Hanover sixteen, Alamance sixteen, Buncombe sixteen, Edgecombe sixteen.

        There were one hundred and ninety-seven Methodists, one hundred and seventeen Presbyterians, one hundred and forty-one Baptists, ninety-three Episcopalians, thirteen Lutherans, ten Disciples, seven Moravians, four Christians, four Hebrews, four Roman Catholics, two Congregationalists, two Unitarians, two Seventh Day Adventists, and one Reformed Dutch. Of the graduates sixteen engaged in teaching. Of the seven who received the Master's Degree, five were teaching. The number engaged in teaching shows how intimately connected the public schools are with the University.

UNIVERSITY DAY, 1904.

        University Day, 1904, was celebrated with enthusiasm. The orator of the day was Dr. C. Alphonso Smith, whose subject was "The Literature of the South." It was worthy of the subject.

        Dr. Venable also made an address, giving many points of interest connected with his first entering on his duties in 1880.

        He was called to his professorship while working in Germany at the University of Bonn, and came as fast as steamship and rail could bring him. In entering the old United States he found that things were not to be unduly hurried. On leaving the train at Greensboro in a wretched little shanty of a depot, he learned that his train had left and he had twenty-three and a half hours to wait in a very ordinary tavern. The town had only two to three thousand inhabitants. Durham was then as unpretentious as Greensboro. He finished his journey in a hack, ascending the worst hill it had been his fortune to drive over. The kindly greetings made him feel at home and he has felt at home ever since. Only one person was known to him, Prof. R. H. Graves, a collegemate at the University of Virginia. He arrived on Thursday. He was advised to begin lecturing next day, but told his adviser, Professor Graves, that it was unlucky to begin on Friday (hangman's day), so he deferred it until Monday. Only twenty-three years old with no teaching

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experience in college, with only one assistant, a colored man, who made fires and pumped water into a barrel in the library above, he was expected to take charge of the entire School of Chemistry. The first year was "a year of unremitting toil and yet fruitful in growth, in knowledge and self-reliance, and doubly pleasant in the gracious friendships which it brought." As it was required of unmarried professors in that day to occupy a room in one of the college buildings, he had a habitation in the Old East. His lecture room was the old Person Hall before its enlargement towards the west. The basement of Smith Hall was the home of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. The Library above had no books which any one cared to read, the chief use of the room being for dancing at Commencement and practicing for a month previous. Ten University buildings have been erected since. At the morning Chapel services the Professors in turn called the roll of the students.

        There were then only seven Professors, besides the President. There were two Instructors. They were heavily taxed. Rev. Dr. A. W. Mangum was Professor of Philosophy, History, and English. His settee--the word chair is inapplicable--is now occupied by Professors Williams, Battle, Hume, Smith, McBryde, Raper, and Noble, aided by Instructors Broadhurst and McKie.

        The College of Natural History, as it was styled in the catalogue of 1880, was presided over by Dr. Simonds, now Professor in the University of Texas. He was the whole college and held forth in the old Phi Library in the north end of the Old East. His work is now done by Professors Cobb, H. V. Wilson, and Coker, assisted by Messrs. Allard, Leinbach, Kibler, Amick, MacNider, and Perry. The then work of Dr. Venable is now done by three Professors, one Instructor, and three assistants. Dr. Battle was President, Professor of Constitutional and International Law, and Economics, and had sole charge of the Law School, his father having died the previous year. And so through the list. The work was heavy, but was done cheerfully and faithfully. There should be added the Summer Normal School, which did so much for the creation and encouragement of the graded schools and other public schools of the State. For five weeks most of the University Professors as well as President Battle were a constituent and working force in the School. They were not induced to do this by the emolument paid, because the salaries were of the smallest and the President received nothing.

        Dr. Battle and myself are the only two left in the service of the University. Dr. Winston is President of A. & M. College and Professor Simonds is at the University of Texas. The rest are dead: the courtly Hooper, the eloquent Mangum, Graves with his real genius for mathematics and rare sense of humor, and Grandy, loyal friend and hightoned gentleman, the first to lay down his work in the very beginning of its promise.

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        Two others were nominally connected with the University, Dr. Thomas W. Harris and Dr. Charles Phillips, for both of whom the struggle has long been over. To the last named I owe more than I can ever express. Wise counselor and helper, I found him the truest of friends in all times of perplexity and discouragement. That was a small Faculty and, as I have said, a heavily taxed one, but the instruction was sound and the work was faithfully done. It has stood the severest of all tests, the test of time. There were one hundred and ninety-one of the youth of the State committed to their charge. A number of these have been Members of the Legislature, and one was Speaker of the House. There are four Trustees of the University, one Judge, one Member of Congress, one Attorney-General of North Carolina, one Superior Court Judge of the State of Washington, one assistant District Attorney of New York City, and one director of the North Carolina Experiment Station. The present Superintendent of Public Instruction was among those students, and from their number have come six college professors and four college presidents, including Alderman, President of the University of Virginia, and McIver, President of the State Normal College for Women. One artist and explorer of national reputation was furnished for the Klondike, and a strong body of lawyers, physicians, ministers, and business men who have played their part well in the work of the State. The University is proud of these her sons.

        I can not take the time to describe for you the growth of the University from that day to this. I can not pass it by, however, without paying a tribute to the unselfish devotion, the unflagging zeal, the patience and courage of him who presided over the University during the fifteen most trying years of its existence, and who now sits among us honored and beloved--Dr. Kemp Plummer Battle. He it was who first impressed upon the people of the State the great fact that this is the people's school and it must be supported by the people for the sake of the people. For in all the ninety preceding years of its history the State had never made a single direct contribution to its support nor given it a building. Amid poverty, misrepresentation and bitter opposition, he laid the foundation for the present University, and at last, when worn down by the struggle, turned over the later building to younger hands.

        And the University stands as a fair sight today, making glad the heart of one who knew it in its galling poverty. With twice the number of buildings and additional equipment valued at $300,000; its income seven times as large, its Faculty seven times as numerous, and four hundred and fifty more students, its future is bright with promise for the State and for the country. But I would have you today to think of all this as a priceless heritage from the fathers, with the golden thread of their love woven in its fabric and the

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scarlet thread of their very heart's blood. Oh! think of it as the creation of their hopes, their labor, and their love, and cherish it from all harm.


        In the evening there was a reception in Commons Hall, given by the Faculty to the Seniors, graduate students, and members of the professional schools in the second year. The whole body of students would have been included, but unfortunately there is no room on the Hill, except Memorial Hall, which can hold half of them. The refreshments served were of unusual excellence; guests and Faculty mingled pleasantly, and the evening was enjoyed by all.

        The County Alumni Associations were flourishing during this year. At Raleigh, Greensboro, Wilmington, Durham, and some other cities elaborate banquets were had.

        Mr. William Thornton Whitsett, the founder of an academy far famed in our Southern land, contributed the following stirring poem on the University Day of 1904:

NORTH CAROLINA UNIVERSITY.


                         Proud is the story that the records bear,
                         Serene she moves, and tolerant, calm but bold;
                         Seeking new fields, but treasuring well the old;
                         Guarding the rich past with all a mother's care
                         For valiant deed and strong, emblazoned there;
                         Yet eagerly as men search for veins of gold,
                         Her sons e'er seek for Truth. Nor hold
                         It hardship if Truth's paltry crust they share.


                         In war, her heroes stood 'mid bursting shell,
                         Where Death was shrieking in the startled air,
                         And Ruin rode upon each rushing blast;
                         In peace, in forum, and in Senate well
                         Her sons have striven; dispassionate, fair;
                         Content if Right applaud their act at last.


                         For hundred years at home and far away
                         True manhood's part her sons have dared to do,
                         And walk the way of noble men and true.
                         'Mid her stern oaks God's liberal breezes play,
                         Nor sect nor schism e'er has turned astray
                         Her forward glance; the poor, the favored few
                         Of wealth--all alike may here renew
                         Their vows for Freedom's broader, clearer day.

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                         Aspiring youth, through all the circling days,
                         The deathless way the mighty dead have trod;
                         Pouring thy blessings on a favored land,
                         A bounteous gift; treading fore'er the ways
                         That bless mankind and upward lead to God.

        The James Sprunt Historical Monograph for 1904 was, "Minutes of the Kehukey Association (Baptist), with Letters of Joel Battle Fort, and Introduction and Notes by Professor K. P. Battle." These minutes were carried to Tennessee about 1769 and had never before been published.

        The closing exercises of the Medical Department in 1905 were held on May 4, when the degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred on Charles Everett Conwell, John Burrell Cranmer, John Donnelly, Mont Royal Farrar, Joseph Newitt Moore, Leone Burns Newell, Ralph Sanders Stevens, and Lorenzo Stephenson Webb. An address full of sound advice to the graduates was made by Dr. Albert Anderson, then of Wilson, N. C., his subject being "Opportunity."

COMMENCEMENT OF 1905.

        The exercises of Commencement week were opened May 28, 1905, with the Baccalaureate Sermon by Rev. Charles S. Gardner, D.D., pastor of Grace Street Baptist Church, of Richmond, Virginia. His theme was "The Higher Life," from the text, "I came that they may have life, and may have it more abundantly." He handled the subject with singular eloquence.

        At night the Rev. William Meade Clark, D.D., editor of The Southern Churchman, preached at the invitation of the Young Men's Christian Association. Dr. Clark had been Rector of the Chapel of the Cross (Episcopal) at this place, and was remembered for his most interesting discourses and agreeable conversations. His sermon therefore was listened to with profound attention and made a deep impression.

        Monday of Commencement week at this time was a day between days. In the forenoon the new members of the Phi Beta Kappa were received into the society. The men who by reason of their high scholarship were elected members are: R. M.

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Brown, R. H. McLain, J. E. Pogue, Jr., P. E. Seagle, V. L. Stephenson, and F. M. Weller. L. R. Wilson was also admitted to membership because of the high character of his work for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

        The third of the banquets given jointly by the members of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Literary societies, was as successful as its two predecessors.

        At the banquet, served in Commons Hall, C. W. Miller acted as toastmaster, and made an address of welcome to which Dr. Richard H. Battle, of '54, responded for the alumni. The regular toasts were: "The Societies," to which C. C. Barnhardt responded; "The Modern System of Debating," Graham Kenan; "The Societies and Culture," A. C. Dalton; "The Societies and the State," J. K. Wilson.

        The Annual Address was made by Judge Robert W. Winston, of the Class of '79, sustaining his high reputation as a thoughtful orator.

        From half past nine in the morning, when the Seniors went for the last time as a class to the Chapel for Prayers, until the close of the Faculty reception at midnight, Tuesday was crowded with events. The exercises of Class Day began at 10:30. In the absence of N. A. Townsend, President of the class, C. C. Barnhardt presided, and read the address which the President had prepared. Mr. Townsend was seized with pneumonia a few days before Commencement, but fortunately recovered.

        The Class History was read by J. V. Howard; the Prophecy, by A. H. King; the Last Will and Testament, by C. W. Miller. I. C. Wright announced the class gift, which showed an originality characteristic of the Class of 1905. The plan is to reserve the formal presentation of the gift until the decennial reunion in 1915, each member pledging himself to an annual contribution to the fund, now in hand, during the intervening years. In this way the University is assured of a larger gift than she usually receives at the yearly Commencements, and the permanent organization of the class is strengthened. Among other good things, it will insure the attendance of a large portion of the class at the reunion.

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        At the close of these exercises, which were listened to with interest by a large audience, as well as by the members of the class, Colonel Thomas S. Kenan, President of the Alumni Association, was called to the chair.

        In the absence of Judge W. P. Bynum, President Venable read a letter from him, presenting to the University the William Preston Bynum, Jr., Gymnasium:

CHARLOTTE, N. C., May, 1905.

TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA.

        DEAR SIRS:--With your permission, I have caused to be erected on the grounds of the University, a gymnasium, intended for the use and benefit of the students, and in memory of a grandson who died before his graduation at this school.

        Naturally, the place desired and selected for this building was the University of North Carolina, an institution that has accomplished and is accomplishing so much for the educational growth and prosperity of the whole State.

        With the hope that this building will be of some assistance in this great work, I respectfully and cordially present the gymnasium to the Board of Trustees of the University of North Carolina.

Most respectfully,

W. P. BYNUM.


        "I know of no other act," commented President Venable, "so gracious, so generous, and done with such fine simplicity."

        Dr. Richard H. Lewis was chosen to accept this gift on the part of the Board of Trustees. His speech was peculiarly happy:

        Speaking for the Trustees, as well as for the people of the whole State, whose institution this is, I wish to express to the generous donor whom we honor and esteem as the brave soldier, the able lawyer, the upright judge, and patriotic citizen, our high appreciation of this noble gift. We thank him most sincerely for this rich provision he has made for the proper physical training of our students for generations to come; and we are especially gratified that it has taken the form of a memorial to his talented grandson and namesake.

        William Preston Bynum, Jr., was a student here of the Class of 1893, but lived to complete only two years of his course. The Dean of the Faculty, in the absence of the President, replying to my inquiries, tells me that he was an exceptionally brilliant student, of fine manly qualities and lovely character, and adds: "I have been teaching for thirty-two years, and have known many fine students

Illustration

        UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

        BYNUM GYMNASIUM

Page 645

and young men, but young Bynum's name always comes first to my mind when I think of them."

        In the dawn of a manhood of such rare promise, with the glow of the east shining on his bright young face, "God's finger touched him and he slept." But his is not the sleep of oblivion. He will never be forgotten as long as the records of the institution remain and its walls stand. Among the very foremost on its long roll of honor extending back more than a hundred years, his name is writ in indelible ink, and on the front of this beautiful building it is carved in stone that will withstand the "tooth of time" for centuries to come.

        There could not have been devised a more fitting memorial to a college boy than this. The gymnasium is the center of this department in the university life--it is its very heart. And therein is enshrined for future generations of manly young men the name of William Preston Bynum, the name of both grandson and grandfather, ever to be held in grateful remembrance.

        No gift could have been more opportune. A suitable gymnasium was sorely needed in our athletic life. Not infrequently one hears some one say that boys are sent to college to study, not to play ball. Such are incapable of feeling the wild delight that follows upon a home run in the ninth with a short score and the bases full, or the delirious joy of the touchdown which brings victory. I am sorry for them. And in my humble judgment they are all wrong, too, from the practical point of view. As a father, as a physician, and especially as one who has for years paid more than usual attention to the problems of health, I do not hesitate to express the opinion that boys should go to college to study and to play ball, if they are to reap the full benefits of the course.

        The effects of proper physical training, according to one of the highest authorities on hygiene, is to "increase the capacity of the lungs and the breathing power, to strengthen the heart and the circulation, to invigorate the brain and the nerve centers, to improve digestion and nutrition, to make the muscles more powerful, more responsive to the will and their capacity for endurance greater, and to lessen the amount of adipose tissue." The brain, through which swiftly courses the energizing current of rich, pure, healthy blood, can do more and better work than one fed by a sluggish stream clogged with waste materials that only exercise can throw off. And the benefits of this training are not physical only, but moral as well. It is the school in which self-discipline is most effectively taught, in which courage, self-reliance, force of will, promptness of decision and action and the ability to give and take without anger or malice are all fostered. It makes for temperance likewise. We have the word of the great Apostle to the Gentiles for it, when he says: "Every man that striveth for the mastery is temperate in all things." The experience of every college president confirms this

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statement. It is generally accepted that athletics is the most powerful and effective agency for keeping under control large bodies of students.

        The aim of this University is to train men--not one-sided men, but well-rounded men--for the honor, support, and protection of the State and for its own lasting glory. And this can not be done without the athletic feature.

        It may be a mere fancy, but the architectural style of the building, it seems to me, is most appropriate. While very handsome, it is very simple, as befits a people whose motto is Esse quam videri. It is a square building, and in this respect I trust symbolical. It stands firm and strong "four square to all the winds that blow." And so I hope will ever stand the Athletic Association of the University of North Carolina to the athletic world, straight and true, firm and strong, four square against all temptations to achieve success by trickery or deceit, remembering that defeat with honor is worth a thousand victories that are besmirched. The general Athletic Association, which is essentially the student body, is the chief maker of college opinion. May this beautiful building of theirs be to them a temple of honor, from which emanate such influences that no man guilty of dishonorable conduct, either on the athletic field or in the class room, can continue to live within its shadow. In such a consummation would the beautiful character in whose honor it has been erected be indeed fitly commemorated.


        On Tuesday at 11 o'clock came the Alumni Address by Hon. Charles Randolph Thomas, of the Class of 1881, Representative in Congress. When his father of the same name, Judge Thomas, graduated in 1849, he left the University with the reputation of being the most eloquent orator in the institution. His son has shown that he inherits his gifts and his discourse today received hearty and unanimous plaudits. He was introduced by Mr. Daniel E. Hudgins of '92.

        Soon after the conclusion of Mr. Thomas's eloquent address the alumni went to Commons Hall for luncheon. Everybody regretted the absence of Judge Fred Philips, of '58, whose presence had for many years contributed greatly to the pleasure of this gathering of the alumni, but who came for the last time in 1904. Colonel T. S. Kenan, of '57, presided, with Samuel M. Gattis, Esq., of '84, as toastmaster. After the minutes had been read by the Secretary, Colonel H. A. London, of '65, President Venable made a brief report of the condition of the University.

Page 647

        The University is prosperous. The number of students, six hundred and sixty-seven, now exceeds the enrollment in any previous year. The graduating class this year is the largest since the institution's new life began in 1875. There has been constantly higher attainment in scholarship, and we hope for the students that they may be square, true, honest, and upright, striving to do justice, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with their God. The new Gymnasium has been built. The Legislature has increased its annual appropriation to $45,000, as compared with $25,000 four years ago. The Legislature made a new departure in appropriating $50,000 for the Chemical Laboratory. Mr. Andrew Carnegie has made an offer of $50,000 for a Library, worth any five departments in the University, on condition that a like sum be raised for its maintenance. Twenty-seven thousand of the required $50,000 is already in sight. But the burden of collecting this money is too great for the President alone, and he requests that a committe be appointed to share the work and the responsibility.

        The committee asked for was appointed as follows: President Venable, C. Alphonso Smith, and E. Alexander, from the Faculty, and E. M. Armfield, of High Point, and George G. Stephens, of Charlotte, from the alumni.

        Speeches were made by Messrs. Fred Carr, Lieutenant-Governor F. D. Winston, Col. J. B. Killebrew, Josephus Daniels, J. C. Horner, J. C. McNeill, Kemp P. Battle, J. A. Lockhart, Jr., James M. Gudger, Jr., Lindsay Patterson, J. Y. Joyner, John W. Graham, W. A. Betts, J. S. Hill, C. D. McIver, Henry Weil, C. C. Barnhardt, and others. Hon. Henry S. Boutell also made a short speech, full of enthusiasm, which was heard with great interest by the alumni. On motion of Mr. Josephus Daniels, the officers of the Association, who have served it well and faithfully, were reëlected.

        Late in the afternoon the Seniors held their closing exercises around the old Davie Poplar, with the reading of the class statistics by T. B. Higdon.

        At 8:30 in the evening a large audience gathered in Gerrard Hall to hear the debate between the representatives of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies, on the question, "Resolved, that Congress Should Confer on the Inter-State Commerce

Page 648

merce Commission Full Power to Regulate Railway Traffic Rates (subject to review by a Court of Transportation)." Lieutenant-Governor Winston presided. The Philanthropic Society on the affirmative, was represented by Messrs. J. S. Kerr and J. A. Parker; the Dialectic, on the negative, by Messrs. W. L. Mann and V. L. Stephenson. As announced on the following day, the affirmative won.

        After the debate, a reception was given in Commons Hall by the President and Faculty.

        On Wednesday, the 31st, at 10:15, the academic procession formed in front of Alumni Hall, and proceeded to Memorial Hall for the exercises of the one hundred and tenth Commencement. The members of the Faculty were, almost without exception, clothed in academic costume of cap and gown.

        The exercises were opened with prayer by Rev. William A. Betts, D.D., of '80, of the South Carolina Conference. Orations were then delivered by four members of the graduating class:

        Walter Kenneth Perret, "The South's Movement Toward a World Point of View."

        Judge Buxton Robertson, "America as a Liberator."

        Isaac Clark Wright, "The Best Conditions for Southern Progress."

        Henry Stuart Lewis, "The American Spirit."

        Lest the reader think that Mr. Robertson's name of Judge is a nickname I state that it was given to him by his parents as a token of their admiration for Judge Ralph P. Buxton, a graduate of this University in 1845.

        The Commencement Address, an admirable production, was delivered by Hon. Henry Sherman Boutell, Representative in Congress, of Chicago. To the surprise of his audience he possessed familiarity with the history of the State. The discourse showed throughout an intelligent sympathy with the Southern people in the solution of their difficult problems. His theme was "The Obligation of Culture to Democracy." It was of such interest and importance that it was resolved to publish it in pamphlet for the benefit of those who did not hear it spoken.

Page 649

        The graduates then received their diplomas--

        
Bachelors of Arts 25
Bachelors of Philosophy 19
Bachelors of Science 16
Bachelors of Laws 7
Graduates in Pharmacy 4
Masters of Arts 7
Doctor of Philosophy 1
Total (all in Appendix) 79

    MEDALS AND PRIZES:

  • The HOLT MEDAL--Robert Henry McLain.
  • The LITERARY ESSAY MEDAL--George Lucas Paddison.
  • The HARRIS PRIZE--Vernon Albert Ward.
  • The WORTH PRIZE--Otho Bessent Ross.
  • The GREEK PRIZE--John Johnston Parker and Percy Hoke Royster.
  • The MAGAZINE PRIZES--Thomas Bragg Higdon, Quincey Sharpe Mills.
  • The EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY PRIZE--William Stanly Bernard.
  • The HUNTER LEE HARRIS PRIZE--Quincey Sharpe Mills.
  • The BRETT PRIZE--Charles Hassell and William Thomas Shore.
  • The BRYAN PRIZE--Newman Alexander Townsend.
  • The THOMAS HUME PRIZE--Julie Hamlet Harris and Louis Round Wilson.
  • The HILL FELLOWSHIP IN HISTORY--John Henry Vaughan.
  • The TOCH FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--Charles Wigg Martin.
  • The BINGHAM (REPRESENTATIVE) PRIZE--James Stephens Kerr.
  • The MANGUM MEDAL--Judge Buxton Robertson.

    SPECIAL CERTIFICATES:

  • CHEMISTRY--V. C. Daniels, L. McL. Kelly, C. W. Miller.
  • BIOLOGY--W. G. Amick, A. F. Nichols.
  • ENGLISH--J. R. Cox, R. G. Lewis.
  • FRENCH--W. C. Cathey, J. R. Cox, H. S. Lewis, C. Wren.
  • GERMAN--F. McLean.
  • MATHEMATICS--J. C. Hines, Jr., R. H. McLain, F. M. Weller.
  • LATIN--F. McLean.
  • HISTORY--K. B. Nixon.
  • PEDAGOGY--G. L. Tabor.
  • PHYSICS--J. C. Hines, Jr., F. M. Weller.

        The Honorary Degrees were: To be Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.), President Robert Paine Pell, of Converse College, South Carolina. Doctor of Laws (LL.D.), Charles Duncan McIver, President State Normal and Industrial College.

Page 650

        The James Sprunt Historical Monograph of 1905 was "Diary of a Geological Tour by Dr. Elisha Mitchell in 1827 and 1828, with Introduction and Notes, by Dr. K. P. Battle." Much light is shed on the history and people of Western North Carolina fourscore years ago.

SUMMER SCHOOL FACULTY, SESSION OF 1905.

  • Francis Preston Venable, Ph.D., D.Sc., LL.D.: President.
  • Eben Alexander, Ph.D., LL.D.: Greek.
  • John Addison Bivins: Geography.
  • James Dowden Bruner, Ph.D.: French.
  • Collier Cobb, A.M.: Geology and Photography.
  • Nathaniel Cortlandt Curtis, Ph.B.: Drawing.
  • Alexander Graham, A.M.: North Carolina History.
  • Edward Kidder Graham, A.M.: English.
  • William C. A. Hammel: Manual Training.
  • Thomas Perrin Harrison, Ph.D.: English.
  • Herman Harrell Horne, Ph.D.: Psychology and Education.
  • George Howe, Ph.D.: Latin.
  • Margaret A. Johnston, B.A.: Kindergarten.
  • James Edward Latta, A.M.: Physics.
  • George McFarland McKie: Expression.
  • Isaac Hall Manning, M.D.: Physiology and Hygiene.
  • Marcus Cicero Stephens Noble: Pedagogy.
  • Julia Raines: Manual Training.
  • Franklin Lafayette Riley, Ph.D.: History.
  • Charles Alphonso Smith, Ph.D.: English.
  • Marvin Hendrix Stacy, A.M.: Mathematics.
  • Frank Lincoln Stevens, Ph.D.: Applied Nature Study.
  • Mrs. Frank Lincoln Stevens: Primary Nature Study.
  • Walter Dallam Toy, M.A.: German.
  • Louis Round Wilson, A.M.: Library Methods.

        There were two hundred and thirty-eight student teachers in attendance, deeply in earnest and as a rule successful in their work.

        October 12, 1905, was celebrated with interesting exercises at the University and by alumni unions in New York City, Charlotte, Greensboro, High Point, Raleigh, Salisbury, Wilmington, Winston-Salem, and other places. One of the telegrams was: "We endorse the broad views of the present administration of our Alma Mater and rejoice in the awakened appreciation of her services to the Commonwealth."

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        The exercises at Chapel Hill were opened with prayer by Rev. J. W. Wildman. The University orchestra furnished uncommonly good music, and many voices sang with spirit the University Hymn.

        The principal speaker was Colonel Robert Bingham, whose theme was "The Status of the South in the Past, the Decadence therefrom; the Status in the Present and the methods whereby we may restore it to its proper station." Colonel Bingham stated that this institution has furnished from its graduates Presidents to Antioch College in Ohio, to the North Carolina A. and M. College, Tulane University, and the Universities of Texas and Virginia; and professors or associate professors or instructors to the State Universities of Georgia, Texas, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Mississippi, Florida, Tennessee and the Kentucky State College; to Dartmouth, Columbian, now George Washington, Princeton, Harvard, Clemson, Rutgers, City of New York, Lafayette, Cornell, Alleghany, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, Southwestern Baptist at Jackson, Texas, Virginia Polytechnic, Westminster College, Maryland, University of Pennsylvania, Baltimore City College, North Texas State Normal at Denton, and the Pennsylvania Normal College at Strasburg; to Wake Forest, Trinity, Guilford, Elon, Lenoir, and Catawba; to the following colleges for women, North Carolina Normal and Industrial, Winthrop Normal and Industrial College, at Rock Hill, S. C., Mount Holyoke College, Massachusetts, and the Sophie Newcomb College at New Orleans.

        Washington's Birthday in 1906 was celebrated "on schedule time." Prayer by Rev. M. T. Plyler was followed with a short address by the presiding officer, Walter B. Love. After music Laurance E. Rudisill spoke on "The Curtained Corner in Washington's Life." James S. McNider spoke humorously on "American History from the Viewpoint of the Country Schoolboy." Then the orchestra gave in full and with power, one of our national hymns, "America." The Annual Address, by Dr. C. Alphonso Smith, followed. His subject was "Individuality," and he handled it with his accustomed thoroughness and power.

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        The closing exercises of the Medical Department in 1906 were held on May 11. The address was made by an honored alumnus of this University, who has continued in Norfolk a successful career begun in his native. State at Lexington, N. C., Dr. Robert Lee Payne. The graduates were: Claude Oliver Abernethy, James Garrett Anderson, Arthur Brown English, Logan Elmore Farthing, Battle Applewhite Hocutt, Harry Murray Jones, William Stone Jordan, George Ammie McLemore, John Hamlet Merritt, Jesse Womble Willcox, Charles Baynes Wilkerson.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1906.

        The one hundred and eleventh Annual Commencement, 1906, was opened by the Baccalaureate Sermon, preached by Rev. H. P. Dewey, D.D. Counsel especially valuable to the young was given in weighty words and attractive manner. His text was I John 3:5; his subject "The Bruised Heel." God's schedule of occupations: (1) Pursuit of Truth; (2) Exertion of personal influence; (3) Deeds of mercy; (4) Business.

        At night the sermon at the instance of the Young Men's Christian Association was by Rev. J. C. Mitchell, D.D. The members of the Association, and others who ought to join them, were encouraged to be active in their noble work. They were laboring faithfully and diligently to extend the kingdom of Christ on earth--the raising mankind nearer God.

        At noon on Monday the elected members of the Phi Beta Kappa were received into the society. They were J. H. D'Alemberte, T. W. Dickson, W. H. Duls, E. B. Jeffress, C. H. Keel, Q. S. Mills, J. J. Parker, J. M. Robinson, W. S. O'B. Robinson, and H. L. Sloan. J. J. Parker was elected president. The requirements were raised for future classes.

        The afternoon was enlivened by a game of baseball between the Faculty and Seniors. The Dean of Pharmacy (Dr. Howell) pitched for the Faculty, who lost, four to six. There were some brilliant plays and some which the Tar Heel calls "incoherent."

        Tuesday of Commencement week was Class Day, looked forward to with great eagerness. After morning Prayers,

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attended by all the Seniors, arrayed in their gowns, the literary exercises were held in Gerrard Hall. The President, Walter B. Love, made the opening address, followed by the Class Historian, Henry W. Littleton. The Prophet was Benjamin F. Royal, making many humorous hits. Perry E. Seagle read the Last Will and Testament of the class. Then John A. Parker explained the class gift. Each member subscribes a certain sum to be paid annually. The fund thus accumulated in ten years, at the decennial reunion of 1916, will be presented to the University. It will probably be about $2,000.

        In the afternoon the Seniors formed at the well and marched to the Davie Poplar. The Campus was alive with an admiring company of old and young. The Statistician's report was made by Archie C. Dalton. The Pipe of Peace and Fellowship was then smoked. Class songs were sung and then came the final procession to the area in front of the South Building, where the benches used by the class under the Old Poplar were piled and burnt to the music of shouts and yells and singing.

        At noon of Tuesday the Alumni Address was delivered by Shepard Bryan, Esq., of the Class of 1891. Son of ex-Judge Henry R. Bryan, of the Class of 1856, and grandson of Hon. John H. Bryan, of the Class of 1815, a prosperous lawyer of Atlanta, Georgia, he was one of the best in his class and an Instructor in the University. His address was able and eloquent. It was full of love of his Alma Mater.

        His peroration was of peculiar eloquence. "Anchored some fourteen miles at sea off Hatteras is a lightship. In storm and sunshine, in fair weather and foul, by day and by night, ever faithful, this ship warns the mariner of the dangerous sands of Hatteras, guides him between the hungry shoals on the land side and the gulf stream seaward, and tells him of anxious hearts safe in the security of shore and home, who watch and pray for his safety. The University is a lightship to the State. Let it warn the people of North Carolina of the folly of ignorance. Let it guide them into the channel of wisdom and knowledge. Let it shine like Hatteras light, to show

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the youth of the State that there are willing hands and loving hearts waiting to help them upward and onward in the race of life."

        At the conclusion of Mr. Bryan's address the alumni repaired to Commons Hall for luncheon. The attendance was large and enthusiastic. The President of the Association, Col. Thomas S. Kenan, welcomed all with his usual heartiness and brevity. President Venable gave an oral gratifying report of the condition and prospects of the University. Hon. Fabius H. Busbee, '68, was called to the toastmaster's chair and called out speakers with pleasing humor. Judge R. B. Albertson '81, now of Seattle, Mr. W. B. Love '06, Hon. Richard H. Battle '54, Major John W. Graham '57, Mr. George Stephens '96, President Charles D. McIver '81, and Mr. J. C. B. Ehringhaus '01, all responded with fervid words of love for the benignant Mother. Hon. H. A. London, the Secretary, was charged with the reception of subscriptions necessary to complete the $50,000 needed to secure the conditional gift of Mr. Andrew Carnegie of like amount for a Library building.

        The classes of 1881, 1891, 1896, and 1901 held reunions during the day. The proceedings were not in public.

        At 7:30 came the banquet given by the two societies. It was attended by about two hundred and fifty guests. John A. Parker was toastmaster. T. W. Simmons and W. S. O'B. Robinson responded to toasts as Phi representatives, and V. L. Stephenson and A. C. Dalton spoke for the Di's. A visitor said, "Those students make far better speeches than one hears made by men of distinction at similar gatherings in our larger cities."

        Ex-Senator Marion Butler, '95, specially invited by the two societies, made the address of the evening. It was eminently strong and practical. He quoted from his graduation speech twenty-one years ago, entitled "Victories of Peace," as being in the nature of a prophecy. The triumphs of industry are even greater than he predicted. In 1885 we had in North Carolina sixty cotton mills with 150,000 spindles and less than $4,000,000 capital; now two hundred and forty-three mills with 2,465,000 spindles, with a capital of $33,000,000. In 1885

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the total capital in all manufactures was less than $20,000,000, now $141,000,000. This capital turns out $142,000,000 annually. Many more examples were given of the progress of our Southern country in prosperity. The orator closed with some excellent advice to the students, especially those about to graduate. Senator Butler is a strong and earnest speaker.

        The debate at night by representatives of the two societies was by Roby Council Day and Stahle Linn, Dialectics, and John Brame Palmer and Edwin McKoy Highsmith, Philanthropics. The subject debated was: "Barring constitutional objection, Resolved, that Congress should impose a Progressive Income Tax." The judges decided in favor of the Dialectics and gave the Bingham Medal to Mr. Day. Ex-President Battle presided and Mr. S. R. Logan was secretary.

        The Commencement Day was on Wednesday, June 5. The procession marched from Alumni Hall to Memorial Hall. The chosen Senior speakers were Walter Bennett Love, who spoke on "Individuality in American Life," Perry Edgar Seagle on "The Principles and Responsibilities of Scholarship in the South," Barrie Bascom Blackwelder on "The South as a Field for Romance," Walter Raleigh Jones on "The Forces That Make American Citizenship."

        The Commencement Address was delivered by President Francis Preston Venable, Ph.D., D.Sc., LL.D., in the absence of Governor Robert Broadnax Glenn, detained by sickness. His subject was "The Responsibility of the College-bred Man." "The audience appreciated it heartily," was the verdict of the reporter.

        The Degrees in Course were then conferred:

        
Bachelors of Arts (A.B.) 26
Bachelors of Philosophy (Ph.B.) 8
Bachelors of Science (B.S.) 6
Bachelors of Law (B.L.) 7
Graduates in Pharmacy (Ph.G.) 2
Masters of Arts (A.M.) 4
Master of Science (M.S.) 1
Total (for names see Appendix) 54

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    MEDALS, PRIZES, AND FELLOWSHIPS:

  • The HOLT MEDAL--C. H. Keel.
  • The HARRIS PRIZE--J. D. Schonwald.
  • The GREEK PRIZE--P. J. Haley.
  • The WORTH PRIZE--A. C. Dalton.
  • The EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY PRIZE--H. H. Hughes.
  • The THOMAS HUME PRIZE--R. M. Brown.
  • The INTERNATIONAL MEDAL--J. W. Haynes.
  • The HENRY R. BRYAN PRIZE--H. H. Philips.
  • The TOCH FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--F. P. Drane.
  • The SUTHERLAND FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--J. E. Pogue, Jr.
  • The W. J. BRYAN PRIZE--J. J. Parker.
  • The HUNTER LEE HARRIS PRIZE--P. H. Royster.
  • The BINGHAM PRIZE--Roby C. Day.
  • The MANGUM MEDAL--W. R. Jones.

    CERTIFICATES:

  • CHEMISTRY--R. T. Allen, F. P. Drane, S. Jordan, J. E. Pogue, Jr.
  • ENGLISH--R. M. Brown, J. B. Goslen, W. L. Mann, B. E. Washburn.
  • FRENCH--E. L. Cole, W. L. Grimes, O. L. Hardin, T. H. Haywood, S. Linn, H. W. McCain, L. W. Parker, J. D. Pemberton, J. M. Robinson, B. F. Royal, J. W. Winborne, J. G. Wood, Jr.
  • GEOLOGY--H. W. McCain, B. F. Royal.
  • GERMAN--E. E. Connor, C. C. Loughlin.
  • GREEK--T. W. Dickson, J. W. Parker.
  • HISTORY--R. M. Brown.
  • LATIN--J. B. Palmer.
  • MATHEMATICS--C. H. Keel, W. T. McGowan.
  • PEDAGOGY--P. E. Seagle.
  • ZOOLOGY--W. L. Grimes, W. H. Kibler, S. T. Nicholson.

        The Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) was conferred on William Louis Poteat, President of Wake Forest College, and on Henry Lewis Smith, President of Davidson College. Dr. C. Alphonso Smith was the spokesman in both cases.

        The Marshals, Charles L. Weill, chief, and L. W. Parker, Thomas O'Berry, William A. Houck, E. M. Highsmith, James H. D'Alemberte, assistants, lacked nothing in efficiency.

MEETING OF TRUSTEES, JUNE, 1906.

        At the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees the Visiting Committee, viz., Messrs. John W. Fries, Henry A. London,

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and Bennehan Cameron, made their report. They sustained the President in his estimates, that owing to the increase in the number of students $2,000 a year additional income would be needed, and also sustained his recommendations as to new buildings. The Committee urged the immediate building of an Infirmary worthy of the institution.

        The Visiting Committee finds the conduct of the students very good. As an indication of this the following is pertinent: In 1902 the damages to the rooms chargeable to the inmates was $570; in 1905, $347; in 1906, $220 only.

        What was known as the old Hotel, at one time the Eagle Hotel, and lately Chapel Hill Hotel, and now University Inn, came into market. It was thought best to buy it, for $19,700, because it is needed for dormitories and because it lies so near the University buildings. The property consists of two acres and at the sale in 1792 brought $200 for the land without buildings.

        The President's Report to the Trustees was as usual full of interest. One Trustee had died, Charles Price, whose pluck and legal learning had saved for the University its investments in Stanly and Wilkes County bonds. Dr. R. H. Whitehead, the efficient head of the Medical Department since 1890, left us for the University of Virginia. The Medical Department was reorganized and enlarged, Dr. Isaac H. Manning being made Dean and Professor of Physiology. Dr. Charles S. Mangum was Professor of Anatomy and Dr. W. DeB. MacNider Professor of Pharmacology and Bacteriology. Dr. H. V. Wilson had charge at present of Histology but another Professor was needed. Dr. L. B. Newell was Demonstrator of Anatomy. Several assistants had been added.

        Dr. Charles H. Herty was Professor of General Chemistry and Director of the Laboratory. The Associate Professor, Dr. James E. Mills, had a year's leave of absence for study in Europe.

        Professor Nathan W. Walker had taken up the duties of the Chair of Secondary Education, to which he was elected. So far his chief work has been visiting the high schools and

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studying their conditions. Mr. T. F. Hickerson was Instructor in Mathematics in place of Mr. M. H. Stacy, who was granted a year's absence to take certain courses at Cornell University. Mr. Frank McLean was appointed Instructor in English.

        It was necessary to enlarge the corps of teachers. For example the class in Freshman Mathematics had one hundred and eighty-five members. It should have five Instructors, but only three were available. There should be five additional Assistants, six Instructors and six full and associate Professors.

        Out of the $50,000 granted by the General Assembly for the purpose $45,000 had been used for the new Chemical Building, which can accommodate three times as many students as the old. The residue, $5,000, will be used in fitting up the old Chemical Building (Person Hall) for the Medical Department and changing the New East Building for the Department of Biology.

        One month after the opening of the session there were twenty-six graduate students, fifty-two Seniors, sixty-seven Juniors, one hundred and eleven Sophomores, and one hundred and seventy-nine Freshmen, in all six hundred and fifty-two. Of these there were four hundred and thirty-five Academics, one hundred and two Law students, ninety-three Medical, thirty-six Pharmacists. Ninety-two per cent are from our State. South Carolina sends fifteen, Virginia twelve, Florida seven, New York four, Tennessee three, Pennsylvania two, New Jersey two, and Montana, South Dakota, and Texas one each, in all fifty, as against forty-six in the preceding year.

        The counties most numerously represented were Orange thirty-five, Mecklenburg thirty, Wake twenty-eight, Guilford twenty-three, Edgecombe nineteen, Forsyth sixteen, Wayne fifteen, Alamance fourteen, New Hanover thirteen, Anson eleven, Rowan eleven, Sampson eleven, Cumberland ten, Durham ten. Those having less than ten are not given.

        In regard to religious affiliations there are two hundred and thirteen Methodists, one hundred and thirty-six Baptists, one hundred and thirteen Presbyterians, ninety-two Episcopalians,

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thirteen Christians (Campbellites), seven Lutherans, seven Roman Catholics, six Moravians, six Disciples, six German Reformed, three Friends, three Hebrews, one Congregationalist, and one Dutch Reformed.

        Seventy students out of every one hundred are church members, that is four hundred and fifty-six out of the six hundred and fifty-two.

        The average age of the Freshmen on entrance was nineteen years five months and seven days, higher than for three years past, but about the same as in 1901-'02.

        There is a striking change in the classification of the institutions which sent the one hundred and seventy-nine Freshmen. The colleges sent twelve per cent, the public graded schools thirty per cent, whereas in 1894 it was twenty-one per cent. Only fifty-eight per cent came from private schools as against seventy-one per cent last year. This statement indicates that the public schools are extending their instruction. Counting all, eighty-five schools are represented and ten colleges.

        Of applicants for entrance thirty-six out of one hundred failed on Mathematics and were conditioned, six per cent in History, forty-two per cent in English, sixty-one per cent in Latin, thirty per cent in Greek.

        The gifts to the University for the year are: From W. G. Peckham, of New York City $50 annual prize, to be called in honor of Dr. Thomas Hume, for best work in old English Ballads, or Shakespeare or Milton. Shepard Bryan, Esq., 1891, of Atlanta, Georgia, has established a $25 annual prize for the best thesis by a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.). The Alumni Associations of Guilford and Wake counties a scholarship to a deserving student from those counties. Mr. Maximilian Toch, of New York, a fellowship in Chemistry, $100 annually for research work.

        The University is not responsible financially for the management of the Commons, but a committee of the Faculty supervises its operations. The chairman, Professor W. D. Toy, has managed it with wisdom and success. There is a student treasurer and paid matron. Students are employed

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as waiters, free board being thus obtained by some twenty-five young men. The numbers during the past year have averaged one hundred and sixty, but two hundred could be accommodated. The charges for board have been eight dollars per month. Surplus receipts are used for improvement in the food or adding to the equipment.

        The total income of the University, exclusive of gifts for special purposes and special appropriations, was $104,121.33. The total expenditures $108,621.96, leaving a deficit of $4,500.63.

UNIVERSITY DAY, 1906.

        University Day, October 12th, was celebrated with unusual dignity. The music was furnished by the University Orchestra. Prayer was offered by Rev. LeRoy Gresham of the Presbyterian Church. Then came the University hymn; then the report of President Venable on the year's work. The song "Hail to U. N. C." followed, after which there were short addresses. Then was sung "The Song of the Old Alumnus."

        President Venable read a short report prepared for the occasion, copies of which were sent to all the Alumni Associations. It contained interesting items about the University's progress during the past year. The new Chemical Laboratory has been completed and the department expanded to its proper bounds. The Medical Department is housed in Person Hall and its additions, containing laboratories in pathology, bacteriology, physiology, etc. In the New East Building the Botanical Laboratory has been enlarged. The $50,000 endowment for the new Library has been raised and the Carnegie subscription of $50,000 paid. The John Calvin McNair fund has become available by the sale of the plantation bequeathed by him, nearly $15,000 for annual lectureships. The Thomas D. Martin bequest of about $7,500 has been received, a new loan fund. Three scholarships have been established. The Kenneth Murchison, by James Sprunt, the Wake County and Guilford County Scholarships by the alumni of those counties. Five new professors, besides instructors and

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assistants, have been employed. The session has been one of the best in the history of the University for attention to duty, and the present Seniors are unusually free from conditions. It is pleasant to recall that a son of a grandson of Hinton James, the first student in 1795, has just entered the University. Four years ago Charles M. Byrnes, a son of a granddaughter of Judge David Ker, the first Professor in 1795, graduated with honor from the institution which his ancestor inaugurated.

        General Julian S. Carr followed Dr. Venable with a most interesting address, modestly stating that the birthday of the University is also his own. In glowing language he called on the State to support the institution more generously.

        Dr. C. Alphonso Smith followed. He gave a word picture of the early Trustees under the Old Poplar, when they located the University. Without the aid of precedent or prototype they set themselves to build upon this Campus a seat of learning that should guide the impulses, temper the spirit, and conserve the institution of a democratic society. With prophetic intuition they foresaw that democracy and education are one and inseparable.

        Mr. E. S. W. Dameron, '04, now a member of the Law Class, spoke for the student body--a capital speech. The spirit of it is found in the following words: "To us this occasion is indeed an inspiration. It gives expression and stimulus to ideals, feelings and impulses, which animate and actuate us not only on the 12th of October, but throughout every day of the year. In classroom and in dormitory, on campus and athletic field, this spirit is ever with us, inciting us to our highest endeavors, restraining us in the hour of temptation and trial, and beckoning us ever onward and upward towards the University's ideal of the educated Christian gentleman.

        After Mr. Dameron's address greetings were presented by John Sprunt Hill, Esq., '89, from the Durham Association and Col. Wescott Roberson, '96, from that at High Point. They were followed by Dr. Edwin A. Alderman, '82, as the reporter hath it, "with the wise eloquence which marks him

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as the leading academic orator of the United States." When he finished, the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) was conferred upon him, ad eundem. He already had the like degree from Tulane, Johns Hopkins, and Yale Universities. The ceremony was accompanied with most appropriate words of commendation by Dr. C. Alphonso Smith.

        Greetings by telegraph and mail came from many alumni and associations. The oldest alumnus, Col. Richard Benbury Creecy, wrote "I am admonished by failing sight and other infirmities of age that it is not safe for me to make visits in untrodden paths. Please present kind greetings to my brethren and ask them to remember in their festivities the dear old Class of '35. It was a small class but it was as gallant and genial as ever trod the Campus." Colonel Creecy lived only ten days longer, dying on the 22d, at the age of ninety-four. He was called by some "the Nestor of North Carolina journalism." His newspaper, The Economist, was a model of truthfulness and sanity. He was a gentleman of the old school, the advocate of education and of all measures tending to promote the advancement of the State, the author of many monographs elucidating our early history. At a banquet in his honor in Elizabeth City not long before his death, he said, "My life has had its enmities; its friendship. But its friendships have been written in marble; its enmities in dust."

FACULTY CHANGES, 1906-'07.

        From the report of President Venable to the Trustees in December, 1906, we get the following information. His reports are uncommonly exhaustive and able.

        Joseph Gregoire de Roulhac Hamilton, a graduate of the University of the South and a Doctor of Philosophy of Columbia University, was made Associate Professor of History. Dr. David H. Dolley, a graduate of Randolph-Macon College and of Johns Hopkins University, and Assistant Pathologist at Western Reserve University, was elected Professor of Pathology and Histology in the Medical Department. The duties of the deanship requiring that Dr. Alexander should

Illustration

        M. H. STACY

        L. R. WILSON

        W. DE B. MACNIDER

        C. H. HERTY

        G. M. MCKIE

        G. B. VILES

        H. W. CHASE

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be relieved of part of his professorial duties, Mr. William S. Bernard was made Associate Professor in Greek. Dr. J. E. Mills, Associate Professor in Physical Chemistry, and Mr. M. H. Stacy, Associate Professor of Engineering, have returned after their year's absence. Dr. G. R. Berkeley (University North Carolina 1903 and Jefferson Medical College 1906) succeeds Dr. L. B. Newell as Demonstrator of Anatomy. Mr. J. I. Eldridge (A.B., Harvard) was appointed Instructor in Romance Languages. Dr. C. S. Mangum, Dr. W. DeB. MacNider, Dr. H. V. Wilson, and Professor W. S. Bernard spent a portion of the summer in special study at the University of Chicago. The University is cooperating with the United States Government in the Soil Survey, Bureau of Forestry, and Geological Survey. During the absence of Professor Gore, by leave, on account of his health, his place was acceptably filled by Professor Gustavus C. Crawford, A.M., Harvard. Dr. R. B. Lawson had charge of the instruction in the Gymnasium and Mr. Charles D. Wardlaw was his assistant.

        The graduating exercises of the Medical School in 1907 were held in Gerrard Hall on May 9. Dr. George W. Long, of Graham, an ex-president of the State Medical Society, delivered the address. The graduates, presented by Dean H. A. Royster, were: Julius Jackson Barefoot, Henry Blount Best, John Atkinson Ferrell, Emmett Wightman Gibbs, Robert Primrose Noble, Wilbur Calhoun Rice, Ivey Alphonso Ward, Alert Gideon Woodard, William Tilson Woodward.

ONE HUNDRED AND TWELFTH ANNUAL COMMENCEMENT.
JUNE 4, 1907.

        The Young Men's Christian Association began the exercises on Friday evening, May 31st, with an enjoyable banquet in their new building.

        On Class Day at 9:30 a. m. the Seniors formed in front of Memorial Hall and marched to Chapel for Prayers. At 10:30 a. m. there were Class Exercises in Chapel. First came the President's address by John Johnston Parker, on "The Mission

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and Duty of the Educated Man." This was followed by the Class History by William Henry Duls. Then came the Class Prophecy by Oscar V. Hicks. After this was the reading of the Last Will and Testament by Quincy S. Mills, and then the presentation of the class gift by W. S. O'Brien Robinson, Jr. At 5:30 p. m. the Seniors formed at the well and marched to the Davie Poplar for the closing exercises. The Statistician's report was made by T. Holt Haywood, succeeded by smoking the Peace Pipe, and "ye old class songs" by the class. Then came the final procession to the funeral pyre--the burning of the discarded benches, which the class had used for their meetings.

        In the afternoon of Saturday the corner stone of the new Library was laid by the Grand Lodge of Masons of North Carolina, led by the Worshipful Grand Master, Lieutenant-Governor Francis D. Winston, of the Class of 1879. His address was most appropriate, in parts eloquent. Among other things he said:

        Andrew Carnegie came from the land of John Knox. * * * No land ever illustrated more gloriously the power of education. Its people have conquered a bleak climate, a barren soil, a savage coast. * * * In her universities have been born the ideas that have changed the destiny of man and will shape civilization for centuries. * * * From this land came Andrew Carnegie, a Scotch lad, to build a colossal fortune and to disburse it himself for the benefit of his fellows. The Grand Lodge of North Carolina is no stranger to the history of this great University. One hundred and fourteen years ago, amid primeval forests, sweet gums and maples, golden-hued in the autumn sun, our Grand Lodge laid the foundation of yonder building, and marked the rise of this institution, which has been the most potent force in North Carolina civilization.


        As indicating the interest of Masonry in education Governor Winston stated that more than half of the Grand Masters of the State have been Trustees of the University. Governor Davie was such an active Trustee that he was called the "Father of the University" by the Board of Trustees.

        Governor Winston was assisted in the ceremonies by the Senior class, who rendered college songs, and by Deputy Grand Master M. C. S. Noble, Senior Grand Warden Dr. Eric A.

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Abernethy, and Junior Grand Warden Dr. R. O. E. Davis, of the Chapel Hill lodge.

        The annual joint banquet of the two literary societies was held in Commons Hall in the evening, about twenty-five alumni being present. Mr. Stahle Linn '07 presided. Addresses were made by T. W. Andrews '07, Di, E. L. Stewart '08, Phi; also by E. D. Broadhurst, Senator Lee S. Overman and others.

        After the banquet anniversary meetings were held in the two society halls, not open to the public.

        The Baccalaureate Sermon of 1907 was preached on Sunday, June 2d, by the Right Reverend Eugene Russell Hendrix, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of the Methodist. Episcopal Church, South. It was in Memorial Hall on account of the large congregation. His subject was "Men of Ideas and Men of Ideals." The text was II Cor. iv:13. "While we look not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen; for the things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eternal." The Bishop used no manuscript. It was a great discourse.

        Before the Young Men's Christian Association at night the preacher was Rev. Claytor S. Cooper, of New York City. It was a thoughtful and cogent discourse on the "College Man's Opportunity." The text was Mark xiv:41, 42. At the conclusion of the sermon the new building of the Young Men's Christian Association was formally dedicated. Prof. J. W. Gore, on behalf of the Building Committee, made the address of presentation. Dr. R. H. Lewis, on behalf of the Board of Trustees, accepted the building. Rev. Mr. Cooper spoke of the full meaning of the National College Movement, of which the erection of the building is only an example.

        The Alumni Address on the next day was by Hon. Charles Manly Stedman, of '61, a Major in the Confederate Army, soon to be Lieutenant-Governor and then Representative in Congress. It was eloquent, full of feeling for his Alma Mater and his alumni associates. I give a few sentences:

        The memories of our college days ever come back laden with fragrance and delight. They are the chimes that bring melody in

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all the years which follow, and as they linger with us their echo of long ago is soft and low and sweet. How delightful to recall the association of those years of happiness and joy! Yet to one separated from them by the lapse of nearly half a century, there comes with the memory of them a sad pathos, which is the music of the vesper hymn.

        The speaker then announced his subject: "What Constitutes Genuine Success?" 1st. Follow duty. 2. Avoid scrambling for wealth. 3. He gave illustrations of those who have renown and genuine success--the great men of history. He paid special tribute to Major John T. Jones, '61, of the Twenty-sixth North Carolina Regiment, who lost his life at the Battle of the Wilderness, his last moments like those of Wolfe at Quebec, and to the gallant Thomas C. Holliday, '61, one of our ablest students.

        Major Stedman rapidly reviewed the careers of Nelson, Marlborough, Napoleon, and dwelt with enthusiastic admiration on Lee and Stonewall Jackson. He then discussed the grounds of the greatness of our country and said, "Great and wonderful as are its natural resources, its chiefest glory will not be discovered in them. It will be found in the Constitution of our common country and its legal institutions, which maintain and enforce justice for all with no discrimination, and which give equal chance to each in the battle of life."


        Reunion exercises of certain classes next followed. The President of the Association, Col. Thomas S. Kenan, stated that fifteen members of the Class of 1857 were still living. Of these seven were present at the reunion, Col. Robert Bingham, Hon. B. F. Grady, late Representative in Congress, Major John W. Graham, Dr. Joseph Graham, Col. Thomas S. Kenan, Rev. John H. Tillinghast, and Nathan B. Whitfield. Colonel Bingham was introduced as the youngest survivor, whose grandfather was a Professor in the University and whose father was an honored student--three generations of the Binghams having trained students for the University. His son Robert, Mayor of Louisville, Kentucky, and his grandson of the same name, were also present.

        The Class of 1882 was next in order. The members present were S. C. Bellamy, J. W. Jackson, David S. Kennedy, Rev. F. N. Skinner, Dr. George W. Whitsett, Prof. H. Horace Williams, Charles W. Worth. Mr. Worth as President made a brief address and was followed by Rev. F. N. Skinner, who read a history of the class since leaving the University.

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        The members of the Class of 1897 who were present at the reunion were John H. Andrews, W. W. Boddie, W. D. Carmichael, W. A. Crinkley, A. H. Edgerton, R. S. Fletcher, I. N. Howard, J. D. Lentz, J. A. Long, Donald McIver, W. H. McNairy, S. Brown Shepherd, R. V. Whitener, Lionel Weil, J. S. Wray. Mr. Carmichael read his report as Historian. Members of the class are scattered widely and doing well.

        Nine of the class are engaged in education. After the report was prepared, Eatman, a noble fellow, lost his life by drowning in Granville County. Lentz died in the midst of his usefulness in Concord. These men were of exceptional merit.

        The Class of 1902 had the largest number present, viz.: Nineteen of the graduates, M. H. Stacy, R. S. Hutchison, C. E. Maddry, F. A. L. Reid, G. G. Stephens, Tod R. Brem, Louis Graves, A. C. Kerley, J. H. McIver, I. F. Lewis, Guy V. Roberts, J. A. Ferrell, C. O. Abernethy, J. S. Henderson, Jr., B. S. Drane, E. D. Sallenger, J. B. Cheshire, Jr., H. M. Robins, R. A. Merritt. Mr. M. H. Stacy resigning the Presidency of the class, Mr. Robert S. Hutchison was substituted. Mr. R. A. Merritt was elected Secretary and Treasurer. Arrangements were made to issue annually a bulletin containing the addresses and occupation of each member of the class.

        More than three hundred and fifty were present at the alumni luncheon in Commons Hall. Mr. Walter Murphy, '89, was toastmaster. Brief addresses were made by Governor Glenn, ex-Governor Aycock, State Auditor B. F. Dixon, Judge B. B. Winborne, Congressman W. W. Kitchin, George G. Stephens, General Carl Woodruff, of the United States Army; Ed Chambers Smith, Esq., Dr. V. E. Turner, Mr. J. J. Parker, and President Venable.

        The Annual Debate between the representatives of the two societies was held after nightfall. The Dialectic debaters were Patrick Murphy Williams and Thomas Levy Simmons; the Philanthropics were Oscar Ripley Rand, Jr., and John William Hester. The judges awarded the Bingham Prize to Mr. Rand. The subject of debate was, "Barring Constitutional objections, Resolved, that Congress should impose a Progressive Income Tax."

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        After the debate the reception by the President and Faculty was held in the new building of the Young Men's Christian Association. The rooms were filled to their utmost capacity.

        Tuesday, June 4th, at 10:15, the academic procession formed in front of Alumni Hall and marched to Memorial Hall for the final exercises of Commencement. Prayer was offered by Rev. F. N. Skinner of '82. Orations were delivered by four members of the graduating class, in competition for the Mangum Medal.

  • Roby Council Day, "The University Man and His Mission."
  • Edwin McKoy Highsmith, "The Southern Ideal of Citizenship."
  • Stuart Grayson Noble, "The Determining Force of Modern Education."
  • John Johnston Parker, "A New Unfolding of Human Power."

        The judges awarded the medal to Mr. Parker.

        President Venable announced the resignations of Professors Kemp P. Battle and Thomas Hume, both of whom had been placed on the Carnegie Foundation, saying, "I can not report the resignation of these two honored Professors without some expression of the great debt which the University owes them for their distinguished services. They have borne a splendid part in its upbuilding, and have earned the years of rest and leisure for congenial labor which lie before them. These come to them now through a noble philanthropy. The pain of parting with them as active colleagues is borne upon me in this hour. To you especially, my beloved President, for you are my President still, I turn with deep, affectionate reverence. Through these years your kindness has been that of a father, and in no hour has your wise help and counsel failed me. May the years deal gently with you, and may you long be spared as our counselor and friend."

        The President then announced appointments as follows: James Finch Royster to be Associate Professor of English. He is an A.B. of Wake Forest, 1900; student at the University of Chicago two years, in Berlin one year; Professor of English

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at the University of Colorado; Ph.D. of the University of Chicago, and assistant in English there two years.

        Henry McGilbert Wagstaff to be Associate Professor of History. An A.B. of University of North Carolina, 1899, he was then teacher for three years; Fellow in History and Ph.D. of Johns Hopkins University; Acting Professor of History in Allegheny College.

        Palmer Cobb to be Associate Professor of German. He graduated at the University in 1901 and was then Instructor in French and German; A.M. and Ph.D. of Columbia University; studied two years in Germany; Instructor in German in the College of the City of New York. Mr. Cobb's brilliant career was cut short by death in 1910.

        Mr. George M. McKie, of the Department of Public Speaking and English, was granted a year's leave of absence, Mr. Irvin L. Potter filling his place.

        The following nominations of Assistants, Instructors and Fellows were approved by the Board of Trustees: Latin, L. W. Parker, Instructor; Greek, J. J. Parker, Fellow; English, W. F. Bryan, J. M. Grainger, H. H. Hughes, Instructors; Mathematics, W. H. Duls, Instructor; W. T. McGowan, Assistant; Physics, J. H. McLain, Instructor; P. H. Royster, Fellow; Chemistry, S. Jordan, R. B. Hardison, John Q. Jackson, W. C. Woodard, Jr., Assistants; Zoölogy, L. H. Webb, C. F. Kirkpatrick, Assistants; Geology, H. N. Eaton, Instructor; Hubert Hill, Assistant; Assistant Librarian, Miss N. Strudwick; Library, B. E. Washburn.

        The Commencement Address was then delivered by Andrew Fleming West, Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D., Dean of the Graduate School of Princeton. His subject, most ably unfolded, was "Of What Use is a College Education?" It was of such value that it was published in full.

        The degree of Bachelor of Arts was then conferred on forty-seven graduates; that of Bachelor of Philosophy on ten; that of Bachelor of Science on eight; that of Bachelor of Law on two; that of Graduate in Pharmacy on five. Four were granted the degree of Master of Arts, three that of

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Master of Science, and one that of Doctor of Philosophy. The names of all recipients of degrees are given in the Appendix.

    MEDALS, PRIZES, AND FELLOWSHIPS:

  • The HOLT MEDAL--J. W. Speas.
  • The HARRIS PRIZE--R. E. Summer.
  • The GREEK PRIZE--K. D. Battle.
  • The WORTH PRIZE--W. A. Jenkins.
  • The EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY PRIZE--Frank McLean.
  • The THOMAS HUME PRIZE--H. H. Hughes.
  • The KERR PRIZE--J. E. Pogue, Jr.
  • The BRADHAM PRIZE--R. E. Kibler.
  • The HENRY R. BRYAN PRIZE--B. H. Perry.
  • The TOCH FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--F. B. Stem.
  • The SUTHERLAND FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--G. F. Leonard.
  • The W. J. BRYAN PRIZE--R. C. Day.
  • The PRIZES IN PEDAGOGY--G. F. Leonard, J. L. Hathcock.
  • The BINGHAM PRIZE--O. R. Rand.
  • The MANGUM MEDAL--J. J. Parker.

    CERTIFICATES:

  • CHEMISTRY--D. B. Allen, W. S. Dickson, Hampden Hill, Hubert Hill, W. S. Hunter, G. F. Leonard, F. B. Stem.
  • ECONOMICS--C. V. Cannon.
  • ENGLISH--N. R. Claytor, M. G. Morrison, J. H. Vaughan.
  • FRENCH--C. L. Weill.
  • GEOLOGY--E. B. Jeffress, Jr.
  • GERMAN--J. A. Fore, Jr., E. M. Highsmith, P. H. Royster, W. H. Royster.
  • GREEK--P. H. Royster, W. H. Royster.
  • LATIN--P. H. Royster.
  • MATHEMATICS--J. M. Porter, J. W. Speas, G. T. Whitley.
  • PEDAGOGY--J. L. Hathcock.
  • PHYSICS--P. H. Royster.

        The Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.), was conferred on Governor Robert Broadnax Glenn and ex-Governor Charles Brantley Aycock. They were presented by Prof. C. Alphonso Smith, Ph.D.

        The new members of the Phi Beta Kappa were J. W. Speas, whose marks entitled him to the Presidency, T. W. Andrews, W. C. Coughenour, W. B. Davis, H. B. Gunter, J. M. Porter, Marmaduke Robins, P. H. Royster, B. O. Shannon, G. T. Whitley, and W. E. Yelverton.

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        The Visiting Committee for this year were F. A. Daniels, Z. V. Walser, R. B. Redwine.

        Rev. Dr. Thomas Hume, Professor of English, having resigned his chair in order to accept a Carnegie pension, being moved thereto by continued indisposition, the Committee certified to his "large and unselfish service, his great force in the life of our State, his spiritual ideals, his promotion of the study of Shakespeare and English Literature in general, his assistance in the reorganization of the Young Men's Christian Association, his promotion of the study of the English Bible, a conspicuous factor in the growth, development, and renown of the University."

        The Committee report, as showing the need of additional dormitories, that only three hundred out of eight hundred room in the College buildings. Two-thirds of the sickness is among those rooming in the village. The Infirmary is very successful.

        The Committee report the Faculty as of eminent worth and culture. The salaries should be on a higher scale in order to secure and to keep the best men.

        The James Sprunt Historical Monograph for 1907 was "William Richardson Davie: A Memoir," by J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, followed by Letters of Davie with Notes by Kemp P. Battle.

        Mrs. James Sprunt, for the Colonial Dames, offered prizes of $50 and $25 for the best and next best essay on our Colonial Period by a student of the University.

SUMMER SCHOOL OF 1907.

        Prof. Walter D. Toy was Chairman of the Faculty of the Summer School for Teachers June 17 to July 27, 1907. The Faculty were G. M. McKie, English; J. D. Bruner, French; W. D. Toy, German; J. G. deR. Hamilton, History; George Howe, Latin; M. H. Stacy, Mathematics; J. E. Latta, Physics, all Professors in the University.

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UNIVERSITY DAY, 1907.

        University Day was celebrated appropriately on October 12, 1907. A procession was formed at Alumni Hall and marched to Memorial Hall where the exercises began at eleven o'clock a. m. The music was by the University Orchestra. After prayer and the University Hymn, the Annual Address was by Rev. Dr. St. Clair McKelway, of Brooklyn, N. Y., a strong and exhaustive plea for university education. The choir then sang a great favorite with the students, "Hail to N. C. U."

        President Venable made a report, showing the prosperous condition of the University, and then read telegraphic and other greetings from various Alumni Associations, followed by the Song of the old Alumnus and the benediction.

THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1907.

        President Venable's report to the Trustees for 1907 states that "the General Assembly increased its annual appropriation from $45,000 to $70,000, and granted $50,000 for buildings and repairs--very generous but not yet sufficient. The enrollment of students is seven hundred and eighty-five, an increase of fifty-four students over last year.

        "The new Library, begun in October, 1906, received its furniture in September, 1907. It will cost $70,000 and has a capacity of about 200,000 volumes, but now having about 50,000 with 25,000 pamphlets. Portraits of six Presidents of the University and of some of the donors of books have been hung in it. It is designed to form a memorial gallery of noted Professors and benefactors of the University. The safety vault is of inestimable value for security of irreplaceable documents, and the entire structure is of incalculable usefulness.

        "The new Infirmary is now in use. The cost of building and equipment is about $20,000. It has all the usual modern accommodations for about twenty patients, including a well equipped chamber for surgical operations.

        "The President's house has been completed at a cost of about $15,000. It is a handsome building on a commanding elevation, a worthy residence for the head of the institution.

        

Illustration

        DR. BROWN'S HOME

        PRESIDENT'S HOME

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        "Expenses have increased. In 1900 those who had scholarships reported that they could live on $150 a year, now it costs $250. Then those who had no scholarships lived on $250, now they must spend $350 in round numbers. These changes are due to increased standards of living. Hence the importance of enlarging Commons Hall and building dormitories under control of the Faculty.

        "In order to aid the students in defraying their way the Faculty have a Self-Help Committee, whose duty it is to find remunerative work for those who are willing to work. While some do not communicate with the committee, still we have a fairly accurate approximation of the laudable efforts of our young men to obtain a University education, about one hundred and sixty-four earning nearly $20,000. Besides these amounts earned by labor during the year fifty-six students borrowed from the Deems and Martin Loan Funds $4,269.60.

        "The Law Library, originally founded by the late Dr. John Manning and called in his honor, has about two thousand volumes and bids fair to be one of the best law libraries in the State.

        "The Medical Library has made a promising beginning. The Western Reserve University has, through Dr. Dolley, donated four hundred and fifty volumes, and the wife of Dr. Thomas F. Wood, lately deceased, generously contributed about one thousand volumes out of her husband's library.

        "The health of the students is unprecedented. The entire absence of typhoid fever among so many at the susceptible age during the most favorable season is as remarkable as it is gratifying. There has been only one case of serious illness among seven hundred students--a case of acute appendicitis. He has been successfully operated upon and has returned to his duties. Surely such a record speaks strongly of healthy climatic conditions and rational hygienic régime."

MEMORIAL SERVICE IN HONOR OF PROFESSOR GORE.

        There was a Memorial Service on May 10, 1908, in honor of Prof. Joshua Walker Gore, Professor of Physics and Dean of the University, whose death occurred on April 9th.

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        The program called first for a hymn, "He Leadeth Me." Rev. J. W. Wildman then read some extracts from the Scriptures, and led in prayer. Dr. F. P. Venable feelingly spoke of the influence of Professor Gore on the University. He was followed by a student, W. P. Stacy, taking as his theme "As the Students Knew Him." Then came music by the University Quartet, after which Prof. M. C. S. Noble discussed Mr. Gore as a Citizen, followed by Charles E. Maddry, who told of him as a Christian Man. The addresses being over a hymn was sung, "Supreme in Wisdom as in Power," after which was the benediction.

        There was universal grief at the death of Professor Gore. He was a hightoned Christian gentleman, a patriotic and useful citizen, a learned and progressive professor, a stimulating instructor. He was a wise counselor, always ready to advance the interests of the University, whether in his department or out of it, a most agreeable associate and friend. And his knowledge of the practical details of organization and administration was of the utmost value to the President and his colleagues and to the Trustees, the governing power of the University. It is an interesting evidence of his benevolence that he and his devoted wife, daughter of Rev. Dr. J. W. M. Williams, of Baltimore, spent much time and labor in ministering to the intellectual and spiritual needs of the country parents and children in the region south of Chapel Hill, he and the children of Dr. Williams erecting the Williams Memorial Chapel as a center of influence.

        This estimate of Professor Gore is abundantly corroborated in resolutions of the Faculty, reported by Dr. C. Alphonso Smith, Dr. Eben Alexander, and Prof. Walter D. Toy, and by a resolution of the Board of Trustees, reported by Hon. John W. Graham, chairman of a committee.

MEMORIAL SERVICE IN HONOR OF MRS. SPENCER.

        On the 17th of May a service was held in Gerrard Hall in memory of Mrs. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, daughter of Rev. Dr. James Phillips, long Professor of Mathematics in the University. She was born March 20, 1825, one year before

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her father arrived in Chapel Hill, and with the exception of a few years of married life spent in Alabama, was a resident of Chapel Hill until 1894, when she joined her daughter and son in law in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where she lived till the end on March 11, 1908. She was an ardent lover of the University and kept it before the public by frequent letters to the press, narrating portions of its history and composing odes and hymns, some of which are regularly sung on festival occasions.

        At the service was first sung the hymn written by her for the reopening of the doors of the institution in September, 1875, to the tune of "Old Hundred," and heretofore printed. Then followed Scripture reading by Rev. LeRoy Gresham, followed by introductory remarks by President Venable. Successively came Prof. Collier Cobb on "The Woman," and Prof. W. C. Smith, of the Normal and Industrial College, on "The Writer." Dr. Kemp P. Battle came next with "Reminiscences," and then came the oration of the day by Mr. James H. Southgate on "Mrs. Spencer's Life and Services."

        Mr. Southgate was one of her friends and admirers. His address was eloquent and appreciative, earnest and from the heart. He emphatically declared that "No educational institution of the new world has received from a woman so large a contribution of enduring wealth as that received by the University of North Carolina from the loving ministry of Cornelia Phillips Spencer. This single feature of her beautiful life furnishes inspiring material for biographer, historian, poet, and philosopher." The last thing her dying eyes rested on was a picture of the Campus and her last spoken utterance referred to the University, not a message but a reverie, "The University is prospering evidently. As I resign my interest in it, I leave it in good hands. Deo gratias."

        Dr. Battle gave a sketch of the many activities of Mrs. Spencer in behalf of the University in its brightest and darkest hours. He claimed for her true lyrical talent, to which testify a number of her poems given in this History. To these may be added the following closing stanzas of an ode penned for the anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of the first

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building, the Old East, showing her pride in and love for the University:


                         The summer's roses all are gone,
                         The summer's story's told,
                         And October's marching on
                         In crimson and in gold.


                         The monarch of the dying year,
                         This day to him we owe,
                         That brought good will to Chapel Hill
                         One hundred years ago.


                         And all along the coming years
                         That time for us may fill,
                         Our hearts will burn, whene'er we turn
                         To thoughts of Chapel Hill.


                         Still higher may her glory rise,
                         And prouder may we see
                         Thy fame exalted to the skies,
                         Dear University.

        Professor Cobb's was an eloquent tribute, founded on long acquaintance and numberless mutual kindnesses. He dwelt on her wit and humor, her wide knowledge in literature and science, her loyalty as a friend, her open-handed charity, her undoubting piety.

        Dr. Alphonso Smith spoke feelingly and earnestly of Mrs. Spencer's effective work with her pen in the cause of education, of history, of wise instruction of the rising generation of the women of our State in high ideals. In recognition of her eminent services in this regard a building at the State Normal and Industrial College has been given her name.

        In this year was held the debate between E. O. Schreiber and James Berry of the University of Georgia, and T. W. Andrews and W. P. Stacy of this University. The query was, "Does the Open Shop Subserve the Interests of the Wage Earning Class?" Georgia had the affirmative. The judges were President W. L. Poteat and Messrs. E. L. Moffitt and E. W. Sikes, who decided in favor of the negative. Dr. C. Alphonso Smith presided and Mr. D. B. Teague was secretary.

Page 677

The debate drew many encomiums from the large audience, not only as to the strength of reasoning but the manner of delivery.

        The closing exercises of the Medical School were held in Gerrard Hall May 21st at 8 p. m. The opening prayer was by Rev. W. B. Royall. The address to the graduating class by Dr. George G. Thomas of Wilmington, N. C., President of the State Board of Health, was very interesting and able. He gave a noble tribute to Dr. James H. Dickson, who lost his life fighting yellow fever. The candidates for the degree of Doctor of Medicine were presented by Dean Hubert A. Royster and the degrees were conferred by President Venable, viz.: James Marion Buckner, William Willis Green, Jr., David Watson Harris, Evander McNair McIver, Robert Gray MacPherson, Julian Decatur Maynard, George Monroe Monk, Austin Flint Nichols, Everett Joseph Stewart Scofield, Albert Johnson Terrell, John Blois Watson, Samplett Edgar Webb.

        In June the examination by the State Board was held and thirty-one students of the Medical School, including those who spent only the first two years at Chapel Hill, were successful. Only one failed. Two, Drs. Kitchin and Terrell, tied with a third for the highest grade.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1908.

        On Saturday morning, May 30, 1908, at 9:30 o'clock, the fifty-seven Seniors assembled in Gerrard Hall for religious service, Rev. Dr. Hume leader. At 10:30 the formal exercises took place. The President's address was by Oscar Ripley Rand, grandson of Oscar Ripley Rand, of 1854, Captain C. S. A. The Class History was by Thomas Wingate Andrews; the Prophecy by Herbert Brown Gunter; the presentation of the class gift by John W. Hester; the Last Will and Testament by Martin Leroy Wright. President Rand, who recently won the Cecil Rhodes Scholarship in Oxford University in England, chose for his theme "Education and Democracy."

        In announcing the class gift Mr. Hester stated that each member of the class agrees to give not less than two dollars

Page 678

a year for ten years. These sums will be put out on interest and the total at the end of ten years will probably be applied to the erection of a building chiefly for the use of the two literary societies.

        The History of the class, the burlesque Prophecy of the probable fate of the members hereafter, and the humorous Last Will and Testament, gave immense pleasure.

        At 5:30 on the greensward, under the tall oaks, surrounded by gentlemen and ladies, whose brilliantly colored dresses flashed in the rays of the declining sun, under the historic Davie Poplar, the class met for the last time. Mr. James A. Gray, Jr., read the class statistics. Then college songs were sung, yells were given, the pipe of peace was smoked and the open air benches were burned. The photographer in waiting took a picture of the group and the exercises were over.

        Eight members of the Junior Class attained membership in the Phi Beta Kappa Society. F. E. Winslow, who will be President, Frank P. Graham, who will be Secretary, Kemp D. Battle, W. L. Long, C. W. Tillett, Jr., J. M. Costner, H. P. Osborne, David D. Oliver. Mr. Winslow excelled Mr. Graham by only one-fiftieth of a point.

        Reunions were held by the two societies at 7:30 Saturday evening. They were of a private nature. At 9:30 the joint annual banquet of the societies was eaten in Commons Hall, under the presidency of Mr. John W. Hester. Short addresses were made by Messrs. R. R. Williams and Milo J. Jones, Di, and T. R. Eagles and D. P. Stern, Phi.

        The guest of honor and special orator was Judge Jeter C. Pritchard of the United States Circuit Court since 1904, United States Senator 1894-1903. His subject was "The History of the Judiciary" and his discussion of it was luminous and convincing.

        The Baccalaureate Sermon was preached in Memorial Hall, the audience being too large for Gerrard Hall. The preacher was the Right Reverend Thomas F. Gailor, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Tennessee. His text was "Jesus Increased in Wisdom." The sermon was of extraordinary power.

        The sermon before the Young Men's Christian Association

Page 679

was preached in Gerrard Hall Sunday night by Dr. Egbert Watson Smith, of the Second Presbyterian Church of Louisville, Kentucky. His text was "Learn of Me," and the discourse was worthy of the eminent preacher. Dr. Smith is one of four distinguished sons of a distinguished father, Rev. Dr. J. Henry Smith, of Greensboro, who was a frequent visitor and favorite preacher at Chapel Hill for many years.

        On Monday, June 1, the reunion exercises of certain War Classes began in Gerrard Hall. Prayer was offered by Rev. Dr. Robert H. Marsh, of 1858. Dr. Venable spoke of the pleasure of the University in receiving back the classes of the war period. Rev. Dr. A. D. Hepburn, the only surviving Porfessor of 1859, was invited but his health did not permit the journey from his distant home.

        The Class of 1858 was first called. Dr. Marsh, who read the history of the class, and Francis M. Johnson were alone present. The class numbered ninety-six. Many were killed in battle.

        The Class of 1859 was then called and Mr. James P. Coffin, of Arkansas, read its history. He spoke with eloquence and wit of the incidents connected with the careers of his fellow students, enlarging on those who had won distinction in civil and military life.

        The Class of 1860 had four representatives. Thomas W. Davis, R. A. Bullock, Algernon S. Barbee, and George W. Askew, of Mississippi. No memoir of the class had been prepared.

        The Class of 1861 had four representatives, Captain Benjamin M. Collins, Joseph C. Bellamy, William R. Bond, and Charles H. Barrow. At the request of Mr. Bellamy, the spokesman, Mr. James P. Coffin read the history of the class which had been prepared. There were eighty-seven graduates but only thirty appeared at their Commencement, the rest having entered the Confederate Army. All had their diplomas. He claimed that Captain Collins fired the last gun at Appomattox. Bond's "Pickett or Pettigrew" contributed to give her due honor at Gettysburg to North Carolina. The tribute to Col. J. T. Jones by Major Stedman was read and met with

Page 680

hearty applause. Some of the class have attained distinction in civil life, for example Major C. M. Stedman, Col. J. Turner Morehead, and the late Judge Spier Whitaker.

        The Class of 1883 was called. It had thirteen graduates out of forty-two who entered as Freshmen. There was no representative present.

        The history of the Class of 1898 was read by Paul C. Whitlock. The Class of 1903 held their exercises at five in the afternoon.

        The Alumni Luncheon was served in Commons Hall after the reunion exercises. President Venable's welcome was hearty and well received. Colonel Kenan, President of the Association, appointed Major W. A. Guthrie toastmaster, in which position he excelled. The speakers were generally ante-war students and interestingly indulged in reminiscences of old days.

        At 8:30 the Inter-Society Debate was held in Gerrard Hall. The query was, "All Interstate Railways should be Incorporated by the Federal Government." David P. Stern, '02, presided, and W. W. Michaux was secretary. The Di debaters, Oliver C. Cox and M. J. Jones, upheld the affirmative. The Phi debaters upheld the negative, viz., W. M. Gaddy and J. W. Umstead, Jr. The judges were Messrs. Paul Whitlock, J. Crawford Biggs, and Dr. J. E. Brooks. They decided in favor of the negative.

        The day ended with the reception to the alumni and visiting guests by the President and Faculty in the Library, an ideal place for such functions.

        On Tuesday, June 2, Commencement Day, first came the contest for the Mangum Medal. Messrs. Patrick Murphy Williams, Thomas Levy Simmons, and Walter Parker Stacy were selected by the Faculty to deliver addresses. Mr. Williams, whose subject was "The Function of Law in the Life of the People," was unable to speak on account of sickness. The subject of Mr. Simmons was "The Needs of Popular Government." That of Mr. Stacy was "American Democracy and its Third Crisis." The judges decided that Mr. Stacy was the better speaker.

Page 681

        The resignation of Dr. Kemp Plummer Battle from his professorship, accepting a pension on the Carnegie Foundation, has been mentioned. A long preamble and resolution reciting his services to the State and to the University, prepared by Col. Paul B. Means, chairman of the committee of which George W. Connor, Lindsay Patterson, and Judge J. S. Manning were the other members, were reported to the Board of Trustees at their annual meeting in January, and ordered to be read from the rostrum by Colonel Means at the next Commencement. Similar resolutions were passed by the Faculty and the societies.

        It should be said that the author of the resolutions, Colonel Means, was an active, intelligent and efficient worker, as Trustee, legislator and citizen, in giving the new life to the University. This was his last public work for the institution he loved with his whole heart. He left the University to be an active and fearless cavalry officer in the Confederate Army, returning to take his degree in the last class of the old University, 1868. In the State Senate and on the stump, in attendance on University exercises and official duties, no one exceeded him in enthusiasm and zeal for his Alma Mater. I record with gratitude that he was of intelligent and tireless assistance to me in my labors for the University, at all times and on many occasions. He died April 20, 1910.

        The orator of the day was Judge Martin Augustus Knapp, Chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission. He was presented to the audience by President Venable and delivered a carefully prepared address on "Transportation."

        The President then announced that the Trustees had appointed Dr. Charles H. Herty to be Dean of the School of Applied Science, Associate Professor J. E. Latta to be Professor of Electrical Engineering, Professor A. H. Patterson to be Professor of Physics. The last is a graduate of this University of 1891, a Master of Arts of Harvard University, and late Professor of the same department in the University of Georgia.

        Associate Professor Joseph Gregoire de Roulhac Hamilton, Ph.D., Columbia University, had been appointed Alumni Professor

Page 682

of History; Associate W. C. Coker, Ph.D. Johns Hopkins University, Professor of Botany; Associate Professor Archibald Henderson, Ph.D. University North Carolina, Professor of Pure Mathematics; Mr. George M. McKie Associate Professor of Public Speaking; Mr. W. W. Ashe Lecturer on Forestry; Dr. R. B. Lawson Associate Professor of Anatomy.

        The Degrees conferred in Course were as follows:

        
Bachelors of Arts 52
Bachelors of Philosophy 2
Bachelors of Science 3
Bachelors of Laws 3
Graduates in Pharmacy 9
Masters of Arts 5
Masters of Science 4
Total (for names see Appendix) 78

        The Honorary Degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred, Dr. C. Alphonso Smith being spokesman, on Rev. St. Clair Hester, A.B. 1888, rector of the Church of the Messiah in Brooklyn, and on Rev. Neill McKay Watson, graduate of the Theological Department of Vanderbilt University, winner of the Founder's Prize for the highest average.

        The Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred on Henry Groves Connor, and Platt Dickinson Walker, Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of North Carolina; on Louis Lindon Hobbs, President of Guilford College; and on James Yadkin Joyner, a graduate of 1881, once Superintendent of the Graded Schools of Goldsboro, later professor of the English Language and Literature in the State Normal and Industrial College, then State Superintendent of Public Instruction, filling this high office with conspicuous energy, intelligence and success.

    MEDALS, PRIZES AND FELLOWSHIPS:

  • The HOLT MEDAL--J. M. Costner.
  • The HARRIS PRIZE--A. B. Holmes.
  • The GREEK PRIZE--R. A. Urquhart.
  • The WORTH PRIZE--L. P. Matthews.
  • The EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY PRIZE--Anna H. Lewis.
  • The HUNTER LEE HARRIS MEDAL--S. R. Logan.
    Page 683

  • The SUTHERLAND FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--E. J. Newell.
  • The TOCH FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--L. G. Southard.
  • The BRADHAM PRIZE--R. R. Herring.
  • The HENRY R. BRYAN PRIZE--J. J. Parker.
  • The W. J. BRYAN PRIZE--J. W. Hester.
  • The BINGHAM PRIZE--J. W. Umstead, Jr.
  • The MANGUM MEDAL--W. P. Stacy.

    CERTIFICATES:

  • FRENCH--T. W. Andrews, W. C. Coughenour, H. B. Gunter, W. E. Yelverton.
  • GERMAN--W. B. Davis, S. R. Logan, J. W. Speas.
  • GREEK--W. B. Davis.
  • LATIN--W. B. Davis, O. R. Rand, J. W. Speas, B. B. Vinson, G. T. Whitley.
  • PEDAGOGY--E. W. S. Cobb, Z. H. Rose, B. E. Washburn, G. T. Whitley.

FACULTY OF THE SUMMER SCHOOL FOR TEACHERS IN 1908.

  • Francis Preston Venable, Ph.D., LL.D., President.
  • Nathan Wilson Walker, A.B., Director of the Summer School: Professor of Secondary Education.
  • Walter Dallam Toy, M.A.: Professor of the Germanic Languages and Literatures.
  • George Howe, Ph.D.: Professor of the Latin Language and Literature.
  • James Dowden Bruner, Ph.D.: Professor of the Romance Languages and Literatures.
  • James Edward Latta, A.M.: Associate Professor of Physics.
  • Marvin Hendrix Stacy, A.M.: Associate Professor of Civil Engineering.
  • Joseph Gregoire deRoulhac Hamilton, Ph.D.: Alumni Professor of History.
  • Louis Round Wilson, Ph.D.: Librarian.
  • James Moses Grainger, A.M.: Instructor in English.

        On August 28, 1908, died at Seattle while on a journey, Mr. Fabius Haywood Busbee. He graduated with highest honor in 1868, after seeing service as Second Lieutenant of Junior Reserves, became an able lawyer, United States District Attorney, and commanded a large practice, was the author of Busbee's Criminal Digest. He was a warm friend of the University, a Trustee twenty-five years and during much of that time member of the Executive Committee, a wise adviser. He was born March 4, 1848.

Page 684

UNIVERSITY DAY, 1908.

        Marshaled according to classes, with the Faculty at their head, a procession was formed at Alumni Hall and marched to Memorial Hall. The exercises were opened with prayer by Rev. Dr. W. H. Meade. Mr. W. H. Grimes of the Law class, in a very neat and interesting speech, extended the greetings of the University. President Venable then read his report and also a large number of cordial greetings from all parts of the land. The address of the occasion was then delivered by Hon. Elmer E. Brown, United States Commissioner of Education. His subject was "Government by Influence." While government can not be by influence alone, it is evident that education and science are more and more aiding right government.

        Dr. Venable reported that the Faculty was enlarged from seventy-eight to ninety-four, the number of students in the collegiate undergraduate departments reaching five hundred and thirty-seven, the total being seven hundred and ninety. The new Infirmary and Library had come into use, as also the new dissecting hall. At a cost of about $1,000 a new athletic field had been added and additional tennis courts erected. A barren part of the Campus was being turned into an arboretum. A bequest of $500 from Mrs. Margaret Bridgers had been received. The new Biological Laboratory had been named after General (and Governor) William R. Davie.

VARIOUS ITEMS FOR 1908-'09.

        Much adverse criticism has been made of the old Trustees for selling the tier of lots fronting on Franklin Street. To this there are two answers. The campus was then in thick woods, there was only one building projected, the Old East, and its distance from Franklin Street through the dark forest seemed sufficiently great. Secondly, the propriety of orientalization, or facing Jerusalem, was in those days a favorite notion. It was intended that the Old East should be the north wing of a central larger edifice.

Page 685

        The Sprunt Monograph this year was on "The Provincial Council of North Carolina and the Committee of Safety." It was thoroughly and ably written by Miss Bessie Lewis Whitaker, a student of the Senior Class.

        In January of this year, 1909, the University issued in the Record Series a High School number, containing suggestions to teachers written by the professors at the head of the departments. The suggestions were very wise and can not fail to be useful. The accredited schools of the State were thirty-seven in number. Of these schools all were credited with English, Mathematics, History, and Latin, thirty-three with Physical Geography, nineteen with French, twenty-four with Physics, ten with Greek, eleven with German, ten with Physiology, eleven with Civics, a small number with Botany, Chemistry, Drawing, and Spanish. Eleven had libraries of one thousand volumes and over, while one had one thousand nine hundred and forty-three and six had over two thousand.

        On January 19, 1909, exercises in honor of the one hundredth birthday of General Robert E. Lee were held in Gerrard Hall. The music was by the University Orchestra.

        There was an address by President Venable explanatory of the object of the meeting and in most appropriate terms introducing the orator of the day, President Woodrow Wilson of Princeton University. The portrayal by Dr. Wilson of the life and character of our great Southern soldier was worthy of the theme. "This man was not great because he was born of a soldier and bred in a school of soldiers, but because, of whomsoever he may have been born, howsoever he was bred, he was a man who saw his duty, who conceived it in high terms, and who spent himself not on his own ambitions, but in the duty that lay before him. We like to remember all the splendid family traditions of the Lees, but we like most of all to remember that this man was greater than all the traditions of his family."

Page 686

COMMENCEMENT OF 1909.

        The one hundred and fourteenth Annual Commencement was begun on Saturday, May 29, 1909. At 9:30 a. m. the seventy Seniors assembled in Gerrard Hall for their last joint worship, which was led by Rev. Dr. Thomas Hume. After a short recess the class exercises began. An excellent address was made by the President, Mr. Frank Porter Graham, on the relation of the University to the State. He discussed ably (1) the relation to the State; (2) the attitude of the Legislature to the University; (3) misunderstanding of the University on the ground of religion; (4) misunderstanding in regard to athletics; (5) the general spirit of alumni and students.

        After President Graham's address there were the Class History by J. W. Umstead, Jr., presentation of gift by C. W. Tillett, Jr., Last Will and Testament by F. E. Winslow, and Class Prophecy by W. L. Long. These speeches were admirable mixtures of humor and sarcasm, good sense and hard facts. For example, the Last Will by Mr. Winslow bequeathed the electric light plant, then inefficient, to the Institution for the Blind at Raleigh. The gift presented by Mr. Tillett is the promise of an annual payment by each classmate of such a sum as will in ten years amount to about $2,000. The members of the class then living will determine to what University purpose it shall be applied.

        Then came the Phi Beta Kappa address by Prof. Edwin Augustus Grosvenor, LL.D., President of the National Phi Beta Kappa. It was an eloquent and scholarly production, entitled "The Attitude of the Scholar." "A celebrated college president recently said on a public occasion, 'Learning is on the defensive, even among college men.' This is not true. It is unfortunate. It is discouraging. 'Not with dirges but with bugle calls and beating drums, are men sent into battle.' " The speaker expressed the hope that no sons or daughters of this society will rest content in the contemplation of what they have already done. "Over it let the spirit of aspiration and reverence and humility continually abide."

Page 687

        The Juniors attaining membership in the Phi Beta Kappa Society were T. P. Nash, Jr., President, A. H. Wolfe, Secretary, O. W. Hyman, Leon McCulloch, C. S. Venable, J. W. Lasley.

        The Inter-Society banquet was largely attended. Short, pointed addresses were made by Messrs. W. H. Swift, R. O. Everett, W. M. Gaddy and Clifford Frazier, the two latter of the Senior Class. Mr. Charles W. Tillett was a ready and witty toastmaster. The guest of honor and special orator was President W. W. Finley of the Southern Railway. His subject was "Transportation in its Relation to Southern Development." He depicted clearly and strongly the immense resources of the South, the duty of the railroad companies to increase them by transportation for reasonable prices, and by improving the railroad running stock and fixed property. One of these improvements is double tracking, of which the South has only 1,883 miles, as against 19,420 miles in the United States.

        The Baccalaureate Sermon was delivered Sunday morning by Rev. Dr. A. C. Dixon, pastor of the Moody Church, Chicago, when a young man pastor of the Baptist Church of Chapel Hill. The text was, "Thy commandment is exceeding broad." The subject was "The Book of Books." If you study the history of nations, of jurisprudence, of literature and art, of education, the nature of great modern movements, you must study the Bible.

        On Sunday evening the sermon before the Young Men's Christian Association was preached by Rev. Theron H. Rice, D.D., of the Union Theological Seminary (Presbyterian) at Richmond, Virginia. His text was "As many as received Him to them He gave the power to become the sons of God." In the order of nature, regeneration precedes faith, but in the order of experience faith precedes regeneration. Both are in every genuine conversion.

        The leading feature of Monday morning's exercises, or Alumni Day, was the address of Hon. Whitehead Kluttz,

Page 688

Speaker pro tem. of the State Senate. He was introduced by Mr. A. L. Cox. His subject was "The North Carolina Boy of Today." He handled his subject with rare eloquence.

        The meeting was then turned over to the classes scheduled for reunions. Col. Thos. S. Kenan, President of the Alumni Association, presided.

        The first class to take the platform was that of 1879, of whom ex-Judge R. W. Winston, Dr. John M. Manning, Judge James S. Manning, Dr. Kemp P. Battle, Jr., Wm. J. Peele, Esq., Dr. Isaac M. Taylor, and Hon. Frank D. Winston were present. Ex-Lieut.-Gov. Frank D. Winston was spokesman, with his accustomed humor and liveliness. Mr. Peele's address in behalf of the class abounded in numerous pleasantries about old days. He especially commended Hon. R. H. Battle and Dr. R. H. Lewis for constant attendance as Trustees. He chronicled the winning of the Willie P. Mangum Medal by R. W. Winston, and the fact of Charles D. McIver, Class of 1881, winning a prize for excellence in Greek.

        The next class reunion was that of 1884. Hon. Samuel M. Gattis was the spokesman. Those present were Prof. James Lee Love, Messrs. S. M. Gattis, John L. Borden, J. C. Roberts, M. R. Hamer, Samuel G. Neville, A. J. Harris, and J. B. Hawes. This was the last class to receive their diplomas in Gerrard Hall.

        Of the Class of 1889 were present John Sprunt Hill and Rev. Walter M. Curtis.

        Of the Class of 1899 were present J. S. Carr, Jr., H. M. Wagstaff, Henry Meredith, Joel Whitaker, H. M. London, John R. Hawes, L. R. Wilson, E. D. Patterson, R. D. W. Connor, R. H. Sykes, and F. M. Osborne. Neither of these two classes had public exercises.

        The Class of 1904 had interesting exercises, the speakers being A. L. Cox and E. S. W. Dameron. There were nineteen present.

        To the general gratification President Venable announced that the alumni had presented to the University an oil portrait of the late Professor J. W. Gore, of blessed memory. It will be hung in the memorial room of the new Library.

Page 689

        The Alumni Luncheon given in Commons Hall immediately after the reunions was the source of much pleasure to all present. Rev. Francis M. Osborne (1899) invoked the blessing. Hon. Thomas S. Kenan requested ex-Lieut.-Gov. Francis D. Winston, whose ready humor and intellectual quickness admirably qualify him for such functions, to act as toastmaster. The net beneficial result of the banquet was the promise by the members of the classes present to endow forty-one scholarships, $1,000 each, in the University. President Venable welcomed the homecoming sons.

        Judge A. W. Graham, being called for, stated truly that in all relations he stood forth as the friend and champion of Chapel Hill. Ex-Judge R. W. Winston was recognized as a member of the Class of 1879. He fully sympathized in the efforts to foster a University equal to other institutions with their millions of money. Other speakers were James Lee Love, John Sprunt Hill, H. M. London, E. S. W. Dameron, Gen. J. S. Carr, W. J. Andrews, J. W. Umstead, R. D. W. Connor. General Carr paid a glowing tribute to the Confederate soldiers of the University, closing with the endowing of five scholarships to be known as the James Johnston Pettigrew Scholarships. Mr. E. S. W. Dameron for the Class of 1904 announced the endowment of seven scholarships.

        In the course of the banquet President Venable stated that after an interview with Mr. Buttrick, of the Southern Educational Board, they had concluded that, under the rules and restrictions of the Board, it is not best for the University to receive money from that source. He likewise stated that no one man could offer a million dollars to this institution and find acceptance. This gave rise to an animated debate, which closed by the toastmaster inviting the millionaires present to try the experiment and he would endeavor to prevent the donation from breaking up the college curriculum. He told with applause the incident of Rev. Dr. Closs accepting a twenty-dollar gold piece for missions from a liquor seller, saying it had served the devil long enough, and must now serve the Lord.

        The toastmaster requested one of our alumni, William J. Andrews, who is also an alumnus of Cornell University, to

Page 690

make any suggestion which might occur to him tending to advance the popularity and usefulness of the University. Mr. Andrews made an enthusiastic speech and advocated the application to the General Assembly for permission to elect sixteen out of the eighty members of the Board of Trustees.

        The scholarships promised at the banquet were as follows: Alumni of Wilmington two, of Charlotte two, of Greensboro three, of Salisbury two; Class of 1879 one, of 1884 two, of 1889 two, of 1899 one, of 1904 seven--from the class as a whole two; Dr. R. L. Payne, for Virginia, one; William Fisher, for Florida, one; W. F. McCanless one, J. Sprunt Newton one, Anonymous one, Class of 1908 one, Class of 1909 two, Gen. J. S. Carr five to sons of Confederate soldiers; Edgar Love two (Cornelia Phillips Spencer scholarships); Zeta Psi Fraternity, Upsilon, one; name of donor withheld, one. A total of forty-one.

        The Inter-Society Debate was held in Gerrard Hall Monday evening. The query was "Are the Closed Shop Policies of the Trades Unions in the United States Detrimental to Our Industrial Development?" The Dialectics, Messrs. William Rufus Edmonds and Michael Seth Bean upheld the affirmative, and the Philanthropics, Langdon Cheves Kerr and James Albert Highsmith, the negative. State Auditor B. F. Dixon presided over the meeting. The judges, Messrs. James Lee Love, Whitehead Kluttz, and E. S. W. Dameron, decided for the affirmative. After the debate there was a reception by the President and Faculty in the new Library, at which the alumni, old and new, and their friends, delightedly interchanged social courtesies.

        Tuesday, June 1st, was Commencement Day. The assemblage was in Memorial Hall. The first exercise was the competition for the Mangum Medal by picked members of the Senior Class. Harvey Clyde Barbee spoke on "Democracy and Education"; Charles Walter Tillett, Jr., on "The Meaning of History"; Stuart Van Bowen, on "International Arbitration"; Kemp Davis Battle on "Democracy and the Trusts." The judges decided in favor of Mr. Battle.

        The Commencement Address was by William Henry Welch,

Page 691

M.D., LL.D., Professor of Pathology in Johns Hopkins University. He began by complimenting the University and stating that its students entering the Hopkins Medical School did exceptionally good work. He then announced his subject, "Preventive Medicine in Its Relation to Society." During the past fifty years the experimental method of study has brought greater results than were in all the centuries gone before. We have penetrated into the causation of infectious diseases, have well nigh crushed leprosy, the Black Death, smallpox. Typhus fever, bubonic plague, cholera, yellow fever, diphtheria, hydrophobia, have yielded to preventive medicine, and typhoid fever partially so. The crusade against tuberculosis is now worldwide and will produce better conditions of living. Preventable accidents cost us three hundred and forty-eight millions of dollars in one year. The highest asset of a country is national health. We should direct our attention to preventable death and race homicide. In fighting yellow fever the career of Issington is of dramatic interest. He gave himself for the experiments, stipulating that he should receive no reward. He was a greater hero than the soldier who faced bullets on the battlefield. The experiments to which he submitted led to the extermination of fever in Cuba. They render possible the Panama Canal.

        President Venable then spoke most feelingly to the Senior Class, bearing testimony to their industry and high standard of morals and gentlemanly conduct.

        Degrees in Course were then conferred.

        
Bachelors of Arts 61
Bachelor of Science 1
Bachelors of Philosophy 2
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering 1
Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering 1
Bachelors of Science in Electrical Engineering 4
Bachelors of Laws 3
Graduates in Pharmacy 6
Masters of Arts 11
Master of Science 1
Doctor of Philosophy 1
Doctors of Medicine 12
Total (for names see Appendix) 104

Page 692

        The Degree of M.D. was this year, for the first time, conferred at the main Commencement exercises instead of a special Medical Commencement in May.

    MEDALS, PRIZES, FELLOWSHIPS, AND CERTIFICATES:

  • The HARRIS PRIZE (Medical)--Arnold Shamaskin.
  • The GREEK PRIZE--A. L. Feild.
  • The WORTH PRIZE--T. J. Armstrong, Jr.
  • The EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY PRIZE--Claud Howard.
  • The FRESHMAN PRIZE IN ENGLISH--L. N. Morgan.
  • The BRANDON PRIZE--J. G. Beard.
  • The HENRY R. BRYAN PRIZE--S. T. Stancell.
  • PRIZES IN NORTH CAROLINA COLONIAL HISTORY--D. D. Oliver, F. E. Winslow.
  • The MATHEMATICAL PRIZE--O. P. Rhyne.
  • The TOCH FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--E. J. Newell.
  • The SUTHERLAND FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--H. N. Dumas.
  • FELLOW IN GREEK--W. L. Long.
  • LIBRARY FELLOWS--G. G. Sparkman, G. T. Whitley.
  • The W. J. BRYAN PRIZE--O. G. Cox.
  • The BINGHAM PRIZE--W. R. Edmonds.
  • The MANGUM MEDAL--K. D. Battle.
  • Elected to membership in the PHI BETA KAPPA SOCIETY, 1909--T. P. Nash, Jr., A. H. Wolfe, O. W. Hyman, J. W. Lasley, Jr., L. McCulloch, C. S. Venable.

    CERTIFICATES:

  • ENGLISH--G. T. Whitley.
  • FRENCH--J. W. Umstead, Jr., C. D. Wardlaw.
  • GREEK--W. M. Gaddy.
  • HISTORY--J. W. Umstead, Jr., N. L. Willis.
  • LATIN--W. M. Gaddy, J. F. Thomson.
  • PEDAGOGY--E. S. Welborn, N. L. Willis.
  • ZOOLOGY--C. F. Kirkpatrick.

        The Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws, (LL.D.) was conferred on George H. Brown, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of North Carolina; on William Alexander Hoke, likewise Associate of the Supreme Court; on Richard Henry Whitehead, M.D., late Dean of the Medical Department of the University of North Carolina, now holding a similar position in the University of Virginia; and on Joseph Austin Holmes, once Professor of Geology in this University, then State Geologist of North Carolina, and now Superintendent of Mines of the United States.

Page 693

        The recipients of the honorary degrees were presented in most felicitous terms by Dr. C. Alphonso Smith.

        In his annual report Dr. Venable bore testimony to the "ability, scholarly reputation, harmony and unity of purpose" of the Faculty. "They represent the training of the best universities at home and abroad. The list of their publications proves them to be productive scholars, and their reputation is shown by the really remarkable list of positions held by them in their various learned societies. They are approved teachers and cultivated gentlemen. Their salaries are inadequate and must be increased, or we can not hope to retain them. Efforts have been made to relieve them of drudgery in order that they may have opportunity to win recognition among their fellows in the various fields of knowledge. Care is taken however that their chief labors shall be as teachers."

        He announced the following changes in the Faculty: "George C. Crawford, of St. Johns, New Brunswick, has been made Assistant Professor of Physics with a salary of $1,000, and J. M. McBryde, Jr., 1904-'05, of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, Assistant Professor of English, with the same salary. Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, is to be Professor of Economic Geology with salary of $250.

        "Prof. James D. Bruner, Ph.D., has resigned the Chair of French and is President of the Chowan Female Institute. Dr. Bruner had been Professor in the University of Illinois and Assistant Professor in the University of Chicago. He is an accomplished linguist, and inspiring teacher.

        "Prof. J. E. Latta has resigned as Professor of Electrical Engineering to take up the practical side of his profession.

        "Prof. R. O. E. Davis resigns from the Department of Chemistry for special chemical work in the Department of Agriculture in Washington, D. C.

        "Prof. Edwin Mims, Ph.D., is added to the Department of English. He has for fifteen years been Professor of English in Trinity College, N. C. He has been granted a year's leave of absence for study in Europe. Mr. John M. Booker, A.B. Johns Hopkins University, takes his classes during his absence, becoming Associate Professor of English.

Page 694

        "Prof. William M. Dey, Ph.D., formerly Associate Professor of Romance Languages and acting Head of that Department in the University of Missouri, has been appointed Professor of Romance Languages and Head of that Department.

        "Mr. Oliver Towles, A.B., University of Virginia, has been added as Associate Professor in the same department.

        "Messrs. Walter Grimes in the Law School, Parker H. Dagget, B.S. in Electrical Engineering, and Hampden Hill, B.S. in Chemistry, are temporarily appointed to fill vacancies in those departments.

        "Mr. Thomas F. Hickerson, A.M., after a year's study in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is Instructor in the Department of Mathematics, and returns to his work in the University.

        "Mr. G. K. G. Henry, A.M., formerly first assistant in the Chocowinity School, is transferred from the Instructorship in Mathematics to that of Latin; C. E. McIntosh, Principal of Raeford Institute, is appointed Assistant in History; C. C. Alexander, A.M. Columbia, formerly Assistant Professor in the University of Arkansas, and Claud Howard, A.M., University of North Carolina, are made Instructors in English.

        "Eben Alexander, LL.D., Professor of Greek and Dean of the University, has been granted a year's leave of absence on account of failing health.

        "Willie T. Patterson, for twenty-five years Bursar of the University, has been retired on a Carnegie pension, and Mr. A. E. Woltz, A.M., formerly Superintendent of the Goldsboro Graded Schools, has been appointed in his place. Charles T. Woollen takes a newly created office--that of Proctor."

        Major Patterson did not live long to enjoy his well earned leisure. Although dignified with the title of Major he was only a private in the Confederate ranks. He had a leg shot off at Sharpsburg, lay on the field all night without attention and was ever after a sufferer, even to the verge of the grave, from the consequences of his wound. He was of highest integrity, of unfailing courtesy, a noble Christian gentleman. The University never had in its service a more faultless man. He was

Illustration

        W. C. COKER

        A. H. PATTERSON

        W. S. BERNARD

        EDWIN MIMS

        J. H. PRATT

        E. K. GRAHAM

        P. H. WINSTON

Page 695

not an alumnus as he volunteered in the army before he was prepared to enter the University.

        "Edward K. Graham, A.M., Ph.D., has been made Head of the Department of English and Dean of the College of Liberal Arts. Charles L. Raper, Ph.D., Professor of Economics, has been made Dean of the Graduate School. Henry M. Wagstaff, Ph.D., is promoted from Associate to Professor of History.

        "C. Alphonso Smith, Ph.D., Professor of the English Language and Literature, and Lucius Polk McGehee, LL.B., Professor of Law, have resigned. The University regrets the loss of these strong and helpful members of the Faculty."

        Dr. Smith obtained his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins; studied in England, France, and Germany; has LL.D. from the University of Mississippi; was Professor of English in Louisiana State University, and has written school books of great merit. He went to the University of Virginia and had the extraordinary honor of being appointed Roosevelt Professor in the University of Berlin for 1910-'11. Mr. McGehee took a position with the Edward Thompson Law Publishing firm in Long Island but later returned to his Alma Mater.

        The report of Dr. Thomas J. Wilson, the Registrar, showed that the enrollment was: Undergraduates five hundred and eighty-five, Graduates twenty-seven, Law one hundred and five, Medicine seventy-two, Pharmacy forty, a total of eight hundred and eighteen. The roll by classes of Undergraduates and Graduates, omitting Professionals, was, Graduates twenty-seven, Seniors seventy, Juniors one hundred and seventeen, Sophomores one hundred and seventy, Freshmen, two hundred and twenty-six, a total of six hundred and ten. The average age of the Freshmen was nineteen years five months.

        Perhaps the two best ball teams of the University were those of 1903 and 1909. An interesting game was had in the afternoon between such of the two as were present, vacancies being supplied by choice of the captains. The team of 1903 was successful by 4 to 0. The lineup of 1903 was: Thompson, pitcher; Noble, catcher; Holt, first base; Cheshire, second base; Carr, shortstop; George Graham, third base; Donnelly,

Page 696

left field; Hart, center field; Cox, right field. The lineup of 1909 was: Stewart, pitcher; Moore, catcher; Hamilton, first base; Duncan, second base; Armstrong, third base; Tillett, shortstop; Stacy, left field; Thomas, center field; Lambeth, right field. The star play was the knocking of the ball by Thompson over the athletic field fence, thereby insuring a home run.

        There was a reception in the Library room (Smith Hall) from 9 to 11 o'clock. Owing to the exertions of Professor Toy the arrangements were such that it was greatly enjoyed.

        The young people enjoyed to the full the Commencement dances. No one could complain of their infrequency or of the style in which they were conducted. The first was on Tuesday afternoon, known as the Sophomore Dance. The Senior Ball was given at 10:30 Tuesday night. It was, as were also the others, in Commons Hall, which was beautifully decorated and has an ideal floor. There were many visitors to witness the lovely figures and graceful maidens. At 11 o'clock on Wednesday came the Morning Hop and in the afternoon the German, at 4:30, and the final dance began at eleven in the evening. The managers were John Hall Manning chief; with H. P. Masten, R. M. Robinson, R. S. McNeill, Donald MacRae, D. B. Sloan, and J. M. Venable, submanagers.

        The Marshals were John M. Reeves, chief; B. L. Fentress, J. A. Highsmith, J. H. Boushall, James Patterson, D. L. Struthers, and O. A. Hamilton, assistants.

SUMMER SCHOOL OF 1909.

        The Summer School for Teachers had ten instructors, nine from the University Faculty and one from the Goldsboro Graded Schools. They were Professor Toy in German, Dr. Howe in Latin, Dr. Bruner in French, Prof. Stacy in Mathematics, Dr. L. R. Wilson, Library Administration; Prof. Walker, Secondary Education; Mr. J. M. Grainger, English; Miss Susie Fulghum, Goldsboro, Primary Methods. There were enrolled seventy-six students, forty-two women and thirty-four men. Sixty-eight were from North Carolina, representing thirty-two counties.

Page 697

        The Visiting Committee for 1909 was Major C. M. Stedman and Adolphus G. Mangum. They gave unqualified commendation to the students. "The students now look on life as real and earnest. Although under the excitement of a victory over the University of Virginia there was no dissipation. It was pleasant to see the spirit of loyalty, self-sacrifice and enthusiasm of officers and Faculty, a combination of conservatism and progress." They reported the following needs:

  • $25,000 for repairs; $50,000 for Medical Building, and $10,000 for Anatomical Instruction.
  • $25,000 for Pharmacy Building.
  • Additional boarding facilities.
  • $8,000 for Central Hotel Property.
  • $25,000 for Water Supply.
  • $35,000 for Geology and Mining Building.
  • $15,000 for stacks and heating apparatus for Library.
  • $40,000 or $50,000 for Teachers' Building.
  • $5,000 for Law Library and $10,000 annually in addition.
  • Enlargement of Power Plant.

RULES GOVERNING THE ERECTION OF TABLETS IN
MEMORIAL HALL.

        In view of the paucity of spaces for tablets in Memorial Hall the Executive Committee of the Trustees appointed a subcommittee on the subject: Mr. Josephus Daniels, Dr. F. P. Venable, and Major Charles M. Stedman. Their report, which was adopted, asserts:

        "It is important to exercise a wise discrimination in selecting the men to whose memory are to be placed tablets in this 'Hall of Fame.' No desire of friends or relatives should weigh. The list should be rigid enough to exclude those who have not rendered substantial service to education, or to philanthropy or to material progress." The selection must originate in the Executive Committee and be decided by a two-thirds vote.

UNIVERSITY DAY, 1909.

        The exercises commemorating the one hundred and sixteenth anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of the University were held in Memorial Hall on the twelfth of October, 1909.

Page 698

        A procession formed under the direction of Dr. J. H. Pratt, marched from Alumni Hall at 10:45 a. m., and the exercises began at eleven with music by the University Orchestra, followed by a prayer by Rev. W. T. D. Moss of the Presbyterian Church. Then was sung the University Hymn, succeeded by the annual address by President S. C. Mitchell of the University of South Carolina. He stated that he had been an observer of the University of North Carolina for many years and was impressed most favorably. It was characterized by breadth of thought, by its rational independence, by the great men it has instructed.

        He was followed by Attorney-General Thomas W. Bickett, who had been a student in our Law School, testifying to the cleanliness of our student body, morally and intellectually.

        Then came Mr. C. W. Tillett, Jr., of the Senior Class, who gave a succinct and accurate sketch of the origin of the University.

AN EXPERIMENT IN STUDENT GOVERNMENT.

        The University Council is a new experiment in our University government. Thus far it has met with success. I give the personnel for the year 1909-1910, and a description of it from the Y. M. C. A. Booklet of that year:

  • Adolphus H. Wolfe, President of the Senior Class.
  • Barney C. Stewart, President of the Junior Class.
  • Frank P. Barker, President of the Sophomore Class.
  • John W. Moore, President of the Second Year Medical Class.
  • Walter R. White, President of the Second Year Pharmacy Class.
  • Henderson A. Gudger, Representative from the Law Class.
  • William R. Edmonds (elected by Council), Representative from the Senior Class.

        The University Council is the head of the honor system. It is the concrete expression of the moral University, the student instrument of self-government. Its members being elected of the students by the students, it is grounded upon, and gives expression to, student sentiment. The Council is not an organization of policemen, nor is it based upon a system of espionage. When any student is felt by his fellow students to be unworthy to remain in the University, the Council takes cognizance of this feeling. It examines into the matter, finds the facts in the case, and decides upon the justice of that

Page 699

feeling. If the student is found guilty of conduct unworthy of a University man, he is requested by the Council to leave the University. For example, if it becomes known among the students that a man has been guilty of cheating upon examination, he is disgraced in the eyes of the University community; and the students without hesitation, through their organ of expression, the Council, demand that he forthwith leave the University. The student sentiment expresses itself in this way not only in cases of so flagrant a violation of the honor system as cheating, but also in cases of continued drunkenness, gambling, and such other forms of misconduct. Thus it can be seen that the student body has an effective system of self-government, that the motive power of self-government is student sentiment, and that the organ of expression of this sentiment is the University Council.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1910.

        The one hundred and fifteenth Commencement began May 28, 1910, on Saturday. Seventy-six Seniors marched to the Chapel (Gerrard Hall) for the last joint attendance on Prayers. Rev. Richard W. Hogue officiated. Permanent class officers were elected, viz., W. R. Edmonds President, D. B. Teague Vice-President, W. H. Ramsaur Secretary, C. C. Garrett Treasurer.

        After a recess the regular Class Day exercises were begun. The address of the President, A. H. Wolfe, was on "The Relation of the University to the Educational System of the State." It gave the attitude of the class on this subject, half of whom intended going at once into educational work.

        The Class History was given by J. R. Nixon. One hundred and eighty-five entered as Freshmen, only seventy-six remaining to take their diplomas.

        The Class Gift was announced by H. E. Stacy, who said, "We no longer give gifts as an inferior to a superior in a spirit of awe, of fear, but as a symbol of respect, devotion and love. For the next five years each member of the class is to contribute two dollars annually. At the end of the five-year term $150 is to be devoted to purchase of furniture for the North Carolina History room of the Library. The residue of the fund is to be loaned, the interest to be used in buying books, maps, or anything the Trustees may designate. The class requests Dr. J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Professor of

Page 700

History, Dr. Louis R. Wilson, Librarian, and C. C. Garrett, Treasurer of the class, to act as Trustees.

        The Class Prophecy by J. M. Reeves and the Last Will and Testament by W. H. Ramsaur were full of student humor and interest.

        The exercises of the Phi Beta Kappa were then held. Permanent Secretary T. J. Wilson read the list of initiates, who had made an average of ninety-two and one-half on their studies for three years. They were E. W. Turlington President, A. L. Feild Secretary, G. W. Thompson, W. T. Joyner, H. M. Solomon, R. L. Deal, W. A. Dees, J. A. McKay, W. F. Taylor, and G. C. Mann. The presidency and secretaryship go to those having the highest and next highest average.

        President Venable then introduced the Phi Beta Kappa orator, Dr. Wm. Lyon Phelps, Professor of English in Yale University. The address was characterized by richness of human experience and fulness of thought, with charming simplicity of manner and language. Dr. Phelps paid a tribute to the late Dr. Eben Alexander, as combining the best qualities of the Carolina and Yale man. He took as his subject "Culture and Happiness," and, as his text, a saying of President Dwight, that the happiest man is one who thinks the most interesting thoughts.

        The exercises of the Senior Class were concluded under the Davie Poplar in the afternoon. Songs were sung, the Pipe of Peace smoked and D. R. Kramer, the Class Statistician, made his report. The Seniors then marched to the well for a last cup of cold water and burned the benches of the class in front of the South Building.

        The Inter-Society Banquet has become one of the most interesting features of Commencement. That of 1910 began at 7:30 Saturday night and was full of enthusiasm. Brief addresses were made by Messrs. W. R. Edmonds and J. A. Highsmith, of 1910, and V. L. Stephenson, 1906. Mr. D. B. Teague, Philanthropic, acted as toastmaster.

        The principal address was by Mr. Clarence H. Poe, of the Progressive Farmer, an invited guest. His subject, "How to Build Up North Carolina," was wisely and usefully handled.

Page 701

        On Sunday, May 29th, there was a large congregation in Memorial Hall under the leadership of the Baccalaureate preacher, Rev. Dr. James Y. Fair, of the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Richmond, Virginia. The preacher was more than usually earnest and eloquent.

        In the evening Rev. Plato Durham, the pastor of the Central Methodist Church at Concord, on the invitation of the Young Men's Christian Association, preached a powerful sermon.

        Monday was Alumni Day, Colonel Thomas S. Kenan presiding. The address was by Junius Reverdy Parker, Esq., an alumnus of 1885-'87, from Alamance County, now of the New York bar. He paid a graceful tribute to his old preceptor, Dr. John Manning, in choosing for his subject "The North Carolina Lawyer." "The typical North Carolina lawyer is an educated and thoughtful man; he is respected and influential in his community; he looks with tranquil and just eye on the political and social questions of the time. He applies to large and public or quasi-public affairs the principles that govern us in small things."

        The eloquent address was received with unbounded enthusiasm, the speaker having been such a North Carolina lawyer as he described before gaining fame at the great metropolis of America.

        After the address were held the reunions of sundry classes. The two which created most interest were those of 1860 and 1870.

        Of the class of 1860, eighty-four in number, every member except one, who was in poor health, volunteered in the Confederate military service. Those present in 1910 were, A. S. Barbee, R. A. Bullock, Thomas W. Davis, W. A. Graham, E. J. Hale, Charles Haigh, R. P. Howell, Farquhard Smith, and John H. Thorpe. Major W. A. Graham, Commissioner of Agriculture, gave a most interesting history of the class.

        In the Class of 1870 are included all those who were prevented from graduating in that year by the closing of the University in 1868. Dr. George Tayloe Winston acted by request as spokesman. After a talk full of good feeling and humor he

Page 702

called on Dr. Richard H. Lewis, of Raleigh, to give the history of the class.

        Dr. Lewis stated that in the Freshman year there were thirty-two members and six more joined as Sophomores. At the end of the first year it was unprecedented that the class had no first honor man. The second rare event in the history of the class was the consignment to the flames of all the copies of the French book, which dealt with the history of Le jeune Alexis de la Tour, taught on the Robersonian method. The class had a meeting and appointed a committee to address the Faculty in opposition to being taught French by the foreign method. They were the three who had been awarded first honor "with a query," meaning a little less than first honor, although better than second. They began their modest petition with, "We are resolved and determined," whereupon President Swain diplomatically suggested that a less peremptory demand on the part of the petitioners would be more in accordance with parliamentary usage. The suggestion was kindly taken and the word "determined" was erased, leaving the word "resolved" in full prominence. The petition was granted probably on account of the destruction of the textbooks.

        Up to a recent period there were in Gerrard Hall north and south doors opposite each other. The Sophs decreed and for several years maintained the decree that Freshmen must enter by the south door. A plucky little Freshman resolved on the double role of entering by the north door and creating fun for the students. Imagine the surprise, consternation, indignation and amusement of the whole student body, which after the calling of the roll had settled down into the reverential attitude just preceding the opening of service, at seeing this little Freshman, about two sizes bigger than General Tom Thumb, diked out in a spiked tail coat, which dragged the floor, a tall silk hat and a cane, march boldly in the front door. It is hardly necessary to add that there was a furious explosion of merriment, nor that he was promptly summoned before the Faculty and admonished for making a disturbance in the Hall of Prayer. He is the same old boy yet, but respect for his gray hairs or his bald head makes me refrain from calling his name.


        I must state that here Dr. Lewis glanced significantly at President Winston, who at the time of the adventure was about fourteen years old, and small for his age. The truth is that his conduct was carefully thought over. He was determined to break up the indignity of being excluded from the front door and adopted the outré dress in order to surprise the Sophs, as well as create hilarity among the students. If

Page 703

he had acted otherwise the resentment of his opponents would have brought down on him rude, if not painful handling, such as occurred to another Freshman afterwards.

        Dr. Lewis continued: "Of the thirty-eight members of the class eighteen have passed over the river, and let us hope are resting under the shade of the trees."

        The President of the Class of 1885, Julian S. Mann, introduced Alexander J. Feild, Private Secretary to the Governor, who made an interesting and feeling speech.

        After twenty-five years of varied endeavor in many widely scattered fields we have returned to lay at the feet of our Alma Mater our united tribute of love and loyalty. First and last we had eighty-eight members of the Class of '85, of these twenty-four graduating. Of these graduates twenty are still living. Most of them have married and are rearing families. For the benefit of young ladies in the audience, I state that we have a few old bachelors left, who can be had at a bargain. Our class is scattered from New York to Texas, in the pulpit, in the halls of Congress and the councils of the State, on the bench and at the bar, in education, in medicine, in agriculture, and in commerce. We have today with us only seven of them, but others have sent us messages. Those with us are Julian S. Mann, the President of the class, A. D. Ward, A. H. Eller, D. H. McNeill, E. T. Phillips, W. C. Riddick, and your speaker, whose son is completing with credit the Junior, the first and only son of the Class of 1885 to enter the University. Four of those who graduated with us laid down their burdens while it was yet morning--Solomon C. Weill, Ernest P. Mangum, Heber A. Latham, and St. Leon Scull.

        There were lean years twenty-five years ago. Just before we finished our course a new flame was kindled and a new hope was born. In February, 1885, the Legislature increased the annual appropriation to $20,000. The news was received with the wildest joy. Great bonfires were lighted on the Campus and the shadows of the sturdy old oaks danced in glee over the gray walls of these classic buildings to the merry music of the college bell. Speeches were made and songs were sung; and Dr. Battle, the President, on his return from Raleigh, was welcomed as a hero. He was met at the station by the students, who drew his vehicle in triumph through the streets of the village.


        Mr. Feild closed with an eloquent apostrophe to the University.

        We have been glad to think of her as inspiring men to be free and training them to be the relentless foes of tyranny everywhere,

Page 704

tyranny of religion seeking to bind the consciences of men; tyranny of government, laying heavy burdens on shoulders too weak to bear them; tyranny of commerce, closing the door of opportunity and digging deeper the gulf between the rich and the poor. Long live our Alma Mater! We have gratitude for her past, admiration for her present, and confidence in her future.


        Of the Class of 1900 there were present Allen J. Barwick, John R. Baggett, William S. Bernard, John W. Hinsdale, John F. Plummer, Henry C. Reynolds, Charles G. Rose, Charles E. Thompson, Charles W. Woodson, Graham Woodard.

        The class, at a private meeting, resolved on the publication of the class record every fifth year. It was also resolved to raise a fund to be used for the University, the amount and disposition of the same to be postponed until the next meeting in 1915. Mr. William S. Bernard was elected permanent Class Secretary and Mr. Allen J. Barwick associated with him. In the absence of Class Historian, Mr. Bernard filled his place most admirably.

        The Alumni Dinner was one of the best events in our history. Dr. Charles Foster Smith, Professor of Greek in the University of Wisconsin, the Commencement orator, by request gave interesting and valuable information about that University. Among other things he stated that its annual income was $1,500,000, a contrast to the University of North Carolina, with its income of one-tenth the amount.

        By the designation of Colonel Kenan, Dr. George T. Winston acted as toastmaster, with his usual mixture of humor and sound sense. He first called out President Venable, who frankly disclosed the weaknesses and needs of the University, the smallness of the salaries causing the loss of Professors, and difficulty of securing others as worthy, the want of lecture room, scarcity of dormitories. The State must deal more liberally if it is desired to equal the better paid institutions of other States.

        Governor Kitchin followed with a strong speech. Among other things he pointed out that the State issued $500,000 in bonds for improvements of hospitals. Why not pursue a similar policy to her chief educational institutions?

        Other short speeches were on "The Need of Equipment,"

Page 705

by Editor Josephus Daniels; on "The Need of Money to Compensate Professors Properly," by Dr. R. H. Lewis, of Raleigh; on "The Need of a Better School of Education," J. Y. Joyner, State Superintendent.

        Among the local needs brought out were: $10,000 for putting the athletic field in perfect order, an organ for Gerrard Hall, to cost probably $800, and gateways at the entrances into the Campus at a cost of about $1,200 each.

        There were several hundred alumni in attendance and unexampled enthusiasm.

        Greetings were received from alumni in Arkansas, Texas, New York, Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia, in addition to forty-seven individuals and localities in this State. Banquets were had in Raleigh, Wilmington, Durham, Williamston, Charlotte, Oxford, High Point, Wilson, Windsor, Salisbury, Winston-Salem, Red Springs, Mooresville, Norfolk.

        The Annual Debate between representatives of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies took place on the same evening in Gerrard Hall, Governor Kitchin presiding. The query was, "Resolved, that the United States Government should establish a Central Bank." Messrs. Gordon Wesley Thompson and Clawson Lee Williams, Dialectic, in well considered arguments, sustained the affirmative. Edgar Willis Turlington and Walter Frank Taylor, Phi, stoutly sustained the negative. The judges, Messrs. A. D. Ward, Whitehead Kluttz, and F. D. Winston, gave the decision to the negative.

        On Tuesday morning, the 31st of May, was held the one hundred and fifteenth Commencement. A procession was formed in front of Alumni Hall and marched to Memorial Hall. The four Seniors chosen to deliver orations were Messrs. Langdon Cheves Kerr, Horace Edney Stacy, John Heck Boushall, and Joseph Henry Johnston. Mr. Kerr was too unwell to speak. The judges decided in favor of Mr. Stacy, whose subject was, "The State in the Larger Life of the Nation."

        President Venable then introduced Dr. Charles Foster Smith, who gave an address of uncommon interest, filled with

Page 706

illustrations, on the value of reading great books. He began by stating that when John Bright went to Oxford to receive an honorary degree, they took him to a point where he could look down on

        "That sweet city with the dreaming spires."


        Rousing himself at length from a reverie, he exclaimed, "How beautiful it would be to be eighteen years old again and coming here to study!"

        The speaker counseled not alone the study of textbooks but the reading privately more of great books. "Buy them, too, so that you may have them always at hand. Practical or not, we can not live the higher life without great poetry. It is food and drink for the soul. It lifts, it refines, it sweetens, it consoles. 'The great poets, whose thoughts enrich the blood of the world,' said Tennyson."

        Seldom has an address been more thoroughly appreciated than this of Dr. Smith, and many an aspiring youth was nerved to the resolution to add the perusal of great English classics to his prescribed studies.

        At the conclusion of the address President Venable announced that Assistant Professor Marvin H. Stacy, A.M., had been promoted to be Professor of Civil Engineering, James F. Royster, Ph.D., to be Professor of English, Thomas F. Hickerson, B.S., A.M., to be Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, and Parker H. Daggett Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering. Charles W. Bain, graduate of the University of Virginia, Professor in the University of South Carolina, had been elected Professor of Greek as successor to Dr. Alexander. Robert A. Hall, of the University of Nashville, Ph.D. University of Chicago, Professor of Chemistry in Clemson College, was to take the place for 1910-'11 of Prof. A. S. Wheeler. Guy R. Clements, A.B. Hiram College, A.M. University of Chicago, Graduate Student at Harvard, Instructor of Mathematics in Williams College and at Harvard, was to have charge of Dr. Henderson's work during his absence in Europe. George B. Viles, A.B. and A.M. Harvard, Ph.D. Cornell, Associate Professor of German in the University of

Illustration

        A. E. WOLTZ

        J. G. DE R. HAMILTON

        R. B. LAWSON

        C. W. BAIN

        H. M. WAGSTAFF

        J. M. BOOKER

        OLIVER TOWLES

Page 707

Ohio, was to have charge of the classes of Professor Toy, absent in Berlin.

        The Degrees conferred in Course were as follows:

        
Bachelors of Arts 68
Bachelors of Science 9
Bachelors of Law 3
Graduates in Pharmacy 5
Masters of Arts 5
Master of Science 1
Doctors of Medicine 14
Total (for names see Appendix) 105

        The recipients of Honorary Degrees were then presented by Dr. Charles Lee Raper. The Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred on Kemp Plummer Battle, A.B. 1849, LL.D. Davidson College, ex-State Treasurer, President University of North Carolina 1876-'91, Professor of History 1891-1907, Author of History of the University; on Julius Isaac Foust, A.B. 1890, Superintendent of Schools in Wilson and Goldsboro, Professor of Pedagogy and then President of the North Carolina State Normal and Industrial College; on Edward Joseph Hale, A.B. 1860, Major C. S. A., editor, five times delegate to the Democratic National Convention, United States Consul to Manchester, expert advocate of canal transportation; Dr. Thomas Hume, a minister of the Baptist Church, Professor of English Language and Literature in the University of North Carolina, and then of English Literature; and on George Tayloe Winston, LL.D., Professor of Latin in the University of North Carolina, President of the University of North Carolina 1891-'96, President of the University of Texas 1896-'99, President of the North Carolina College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, 1899-1908.

    MEDALS, PRIZES AND FELLOWSHIPS:

  • The WILLIAM CAIN MEDAL IN MATHEMATICS--G. C. Mann.
  • The HARRIS PRIZE IN ANATOMY--J. P. Jones.
  • The EBEN ALEXANDER PRIZE IN GREEK--E. W. Turlington.
  • The WORTH PRIZE IN PHILOSOPHY--J. I. Reece.
  • The EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY PRIZE--S. R. Carrington.
  • The HENRY R. BRYAN PRIZE IN LAW--R. N. McNeely.
  • The TOCH FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--C. S. Venable.
    Page 708

  • PRIZES IN NORTH CAROLINA COLONIAL HISTORY--(1) J. R. Nixon, (2) S. F. Teague.
  • The W. J. BRYAN PRIZE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE--J. D. Eason, Jr.
  • The BEN SMITH PRESTON CUP--B. D. Stephenson.
  • The BINGHAM PRIZE--E. W. Turlington.
  • The MANGUM MEDAL--H. E. Stacy.
  • ELECTED TO MEMBERSHIP IN PHI BETA KAPPA--E. W. Turlington, A. L. Feild, R. L. Deal, W. A. Dees, W. T. Joyner, J. A. McKay, G. C. Mann, H. M. Solomon, W. F. Taylor, G. W. Thompson.

    CERTIFICATES:

  • ENGLISH--L. A. Brown, S. R. Carrington.
  • FRENCH--R. C. Dellinger, O. W. Hyman, J. H. Johnston, R. S. McNeill, A. R. Morgan.
  • GERMAN--L. A. Brown, J. H. Johnston.
  • GREEK--E. S. DeLaney.
  • HISTORY--J. R. Nixon, H. V. P. Vreeland.
  • LATIN--Frank Hough, O. W. Hyman, R. A. Urquhart.
  • PEDAGOGY--C. C. Garrett, J. A. Leitch, Jr., O. A. Hamilton.
  • ZOOLOGY--S. Coopersmith, O. W. Hyman, L. F. Turlington.

OTHER FACULTY CHANGES IN 1909-'10.

        Among the resignations from the Faculty in 1909-'10 the following are noteworthy: Thomas Ruffin, Professor of Law for six years, an able and efficient teacher; David H. Dolley, Professor of Bacteriology and Pathology since 1905, a capable teacher and skilled investigator; James E. Mills, Associate Professor of Physical Chemistry, whose scientific papers have attracted widespread notice, and who was regarded as a most valuable man.

        The following were chosen to fill the vacancies in the Faculty in addition to those already named: Lucius Polk McGehee, Professor of Law and Dean of the Law School; Henry W. Chase, Ph.D., of Clark University, Professor of the Philosophy of Education; James M. Bell, Associate Professor of Physical Chemistry.

        It is an interesting fact that the great-grandfather of Prof. Lucius Polk McGehee, Col. William Polk, an officer in the Revolution, was an active Trustee of the University for forty-five years and the President of the Board at a time when Governors did not ex officio hold that honor. He is also grandson

Page 709

of one who was a most active Trustee for twenty-six years, and one of the ablest, George E. Badger. His father, Montford McGehee, was a graduate of the University in 1841 and an efficient Trustee in the revival of the University.

        In the Law School, in place of Prof. Thomas Ruffin, resigned, Mr. Atwell Campbell McIntosh, Professor of Law at Trinity College, was elected. He came with an established reputation as a teacher and as a legal author. In the Summer Law School Chief Justice Walter Clark assisted. The number of students was thirty-seven.

THE RETURN TO A TWO YEAR MEDICAL COURSE.

        This year, 1910, marked the end of the Raleigh Department of the University Medical School, established in 1902. A large sum was needed for its proper development and a committee, composed of Messrs. F. D. Winston, C. B. Aycock, and Perrin Busbee, was appointed by the Board of Trustees to report on the subject. The able and energetic Dean, Dr. Hubert A. Royster, and the faithful members of the Faculty, had done abundantly successful work. The graduates had shown an extraordinarily high proportion of merit before the State Medical Examining Board, on two occasions attaining the highest grade of the year; they had become well equipped and useful physicians and many were fast attaining reputation. Yet the committee reported that it did not seem possible for the University to provide the necessary funds for the desired building, equipment and maintenance. After full consideration the Trustees decided to discontinue the Raleigh branch of the School, embracing the last two of the course of four years, and concentrate their efforts upon the upbuilding of the department at Chapel Hill.

        The Raleigh Faculty had been enlarged since the beginning and at the close the following had been added to the number as given in the account of the year 1902: Henry McKee Tucker, M.D., Obstetrics; Claude Oliver Abernethy, B.S., M.D., Diseases of the Skin and Genito-urinary System; James McKee, M.D., Mental and Nervous Diseases; James Williams McGee, Jr., M.D., Diseases of Children; Robert Sherwood

Page 710

McGeachey, M.D., Instructor in Therapeutics and Anæsthetics; Ralph Sanders Stevens, M.D., Demonstrator of Clinical Pathology; Thomas M. Jordan, M.D., Physician in Chief to the Dispensary; James Madison Harper, M.D., Assistant Demonstrator of Clinical Pathology.

OTHER ITEMS FOR 1909-'10.

        Practically no discipline was necessary in 1910 on account of unexcused absences. For the last month of the year two hundred and eight students were not absent from a class duty, and eighty-six per cent had less than four absences. Only twelve exceeded the limit.

        Intercollegiate debates were held during the year with the Universities of Pennsylvania and Georgia and with the Washington and Lee University. All three were won by this University. The literary societies were strong agencies in securing the excellence of our debaters.

        The Young Men's Christian Association continued its usual active and useful work. In addition to the Bible classes and religious meetings in the University, Bible classes were conducted by the members in the country adjacent to Chapel Hill, the teachers walking to the schoolhouses each Sunday afternoon, some as far as five miles.

        Some progress was made in extending the practice of athletics, not only to the trained football and baseball devotees, but to all students. The opening of new tennis courts quadrupled the tennis players. During one week there were engaged on the athletic fields two hundred and eighteen men.

        With a view to encouraging medical students to take more academic work before beginning their professional study the Faculty voted to give the degree of Bachelor of Science to students completing a prescribed curriculum of two years in the College of Liberal Arts and the first two years of the Medical School.

SUMMER SCHOOL OF 1910.

        The Summer School for Teachers continued from June 6th to July 16th. There were twelve teachers, Dr. Howe in Latin, Dr. Hamilton in History, Professor Stacy in Mathematics,

Page 711

Professor Walker in Education, Dr. L. R. Wilson in Library Administration, Mr. Vermont in French and German, Dr. Thomas P. Harrison in English, Dr. J. M. Douglas in Physics, Miss Leila M. Cobb in Primary Methods, Miss Mary G. Gregg in Drawing, Miss Minnie W. Leatherman, Library, George T. Whitley, Mathematics.

        These lectures before the School were given:

  • Prof. A. H. Patterson, "The Story of the Stars."
  • Prof. George M. McKie, a reading.
  • Dr. Thomas P. Harrison, "Sidney Lanier," and a second lecture, illustrated, on Macbeth.
  • Prof. Allen J. Barwick, "Teaching Health in School."
  • Dr. W. S. Rankin, "Physical Defects in Children."
  • Frank and Holmes Herty, a phonographic concert.
  • Prof. M. H. Stacy, "Big Bugs and Little Bugs."
  • Prof. Collier Cobb, "The Sand Dunes of Gascony," illustrated.

        There were forty male students and fifty-nine women enrolled. Sixty-six were teachers, eighteen preparing to teach. Written examinations were held and certificates given to those who passed.

MEETING OF COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS.

        The annual meeting of the State Association of County Superintendents of 1910 was held at the University, August 30th to September 2d. Notwithstanding the inclement and disagreeable weather the meeting was largely attended and was interesting from start to finish. University Inn was thrown open for the accommodation of the visitors. The sessions were held in Gerrard Hall. On Thursday evening, September 1, the University gave in the Library an informal reception in honor of the superintendents and their invited guests. This was largely attended and much enjoyed. It was a matter of congratulation to the University and of encouragement as well to see so goodly a number of its sons enrolled among this earnest band of educational workers and leaders.

        The sessions of the Association were presided over by Superintendent Joyner. The program was purely informal. There were no set papers though the topics for discussion had been announced prior to the meeting. The topics discussed

Page 712

were as follows: (1) Health and Sanitation, (2) Farm-Life Schools and Instruction in Agriculture, (3) Public High Schools, (4) Uniform Examination and Certification of Teachers, (5) Teacher Training, (6) Consolidation, Supervision and Inspection of Elementary Schools, (7) General Conference--Work of the County Superintendent.

        Thus it will be seen that the discussions were concerned with practical aspects of public school administration. There were two sessions a day, one in the morning and another in the evening, the afternoons being left open.

        There were not many members of the Faculty on the Hill at the time of the meeting, but those who were here tried in every way to coöperate with the superintendents as fellow laborers.

UNIVERSITY DAY, 1910.

        On September 25, 1910, in coöperation with President Venable, a committee of the Faculty, Dr. W. S. Bernard, chairman, and Dr. Henry McG. Wagstaff and Prof. Palmer Cobb, issued a circular letter stating that the University requested the active interest of her alumni in the observance of University Day. They were requested to be present in person or by delegates appointed by the local associations. The year before thirty fully organized associations reported to the central office. It was hoped to increase the number. A telegram or letter of greeting would be abundantly cheering. It was suggested that there shall be a general organization, formed by a central council, with proper officers and duties. The deliberations and decisions of the local clubs should be forwarded to the central body.

        The one hundred and seventeenth anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of the first building of the University, the Old East, was celebrated in Gerrard Hall on October 12, 1910. The exercises were opened with prayer by Rev. Dr. W. R. L. Smith of the Baptist Church. The University Hymn was then sung, succeeded by a strong and thoughtful address by President Venable. This was followed by "The Old North State," and then came greetings from friends and alumni. Short and very appropriate addresses were made by the following: President

Page 713

D. H. Hill of the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts; Dean W. C. Smith of the State Normal College; President R. H. Wright, Eastern Training School; President H. E. Rondthaler, Salem Female College; Superintendent W. R. Thompson, Stonewall Jackson Training School; then Mr. C. L. Williams in behalf of the student body. He was followed by the song, "Hail to N. C. U." Then Dean C. L. Raper presented President Hill for honorary degree of LL.D. Dean E. K. Graham read short sketches of the alumni who have left this world since the anniversary of 1909. He was appropriately followed by Horace's "Integer Vitæ" sung by the University Quartet. Then came the benediction by Dr. Smith.

        I give part of the address of President Hill, on account of his interesting reminiscences:

        The memories of youth often cross in curious fashion the experiences of later life. The memory of my first visit to this institution, an institution so interwoven in the proud history of our State, is today by a natural association of ideas mingling with my impressions of the busy academic life of your campus.

        In 1875, when I was a schoolboy at Horner and Graves' school at Hillsboro, a company of us rode over here in a farm wagon to be present at the reopening of the University after its sad close just following the reorganization in 1868. It was a day of rejoicing all over the State, but the people of Chapel Hill, the Trustees and alumni present, were simply delirious with joy. Flags, ribbons and garlands of flowers hung from every gate, door and window. Maidens and matrons joined the men and boys in noisy acclamations of welcome to all comers. In the Assembly Hall Mrs. Spencer, whose memory is being fitly honored by a sister institution in Greensboro at this hour, sat with tears of pleasure flowing into her lap. Even jolly Dr. Phillips was, in the old Latin idiom, "red as to his eyes." Joy was certainly unconfined. Could some prescient power have revealed to that pleasure filled assembly that, in spite of the poverty of the State and the destitution of its people, the small, rejuvenated University, over which they were rejoicing, would in thirty-five years reach its present proportions, their delirium would doubtless have been turned to frenzy. They were lifting up their eyes to see visions. The wise guidance of Dr. Battle, Dr. Winston, Dr. Alderman, and our present honored head has realized their visions.

        A second instance in which the memory of youth is today uniting with maturer impressions: I remember the patriotic thrill of youthful

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pride that swept over me when I first heard how nobly the University responded when, to use Sidney Lanier's phrase, "the blood red flower of civil war was brought to bloom"--heard how seventy members of the Senior Class answered their country's call to arms, how out of a Freshman Class of eighty every man except a crippled one exchanged books for muskets, how in the face of an almost total depletion of students President Swain, with unswerving loyalty to duty, kept the old University bell ringing out the changing hours. But today a man gets an equally patriotic thrill when he remembers that the old bell is calling not to empty benches, but to eight hundred choice young men to gird themselves for the victories of construction and not destruction,--is calling, "Equip yourselves. There is as abundant room for service now as there was then."

        A third instance crowds upon me. In 1876 practically all of my classmates left Horner's to enter the University. Naturally the ties of warm friendship led me to want to enter with them and to be graduated from the University. But my soldier father shook his head with that decision we recognized as final. My grandfather, although a graduate of the University, was the founder and first president of Davidson; my father was a professor there; innumerable kin were graduated from there; so with a Presbyterian boy's training I recognized that I was predestined from the depths of eternal years to go to Davidson, and bowed dutifully to the inevitable.


        Mr. W. C. Smith, a graduate of 1896, speaking in behalf of the North Carolina State Normal and Industrial College, in eloquent language showed the ties which bind his college to the University. "I bring you, in the name of your daughter institution, loyal greetings and hearty congratulations on this auspicious day. To you we look for leadership, and side by side with you we labor in a common cause. We pledge on our part a most loyal service and coöperation."

        President R. H. Wright made an able and earnest plea for popular education.

        Educate the masses and you eliminate the classes in government. Governments become more and more democratic as the people become more and more enlightened. Education is the tyrant's greatest enemy and the people's warmest friend. We must have leaders in church and State, but we must have, also, an intelligent citizenship, and of the two we most need an intelligent citizenship; for from the rank and file we will develop intelligent leaders, provided that rank and file is intelligent.


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        President Howard E. Rondthaler's speech delighted the audience by its humor. He closed:

        I will not speak longer, as there are others. I have been placed before the gentleman who is to follow me, I think, as a kind of precaution to see if the venture will be safe for him--just as in India they drive a small elephant into a river which they wish to cross to find out if it is safe. If the little elephant succeeds in crossing the stream without being drowned, they boldly ride across on larger and stronger elephants. I am only the small one; the real elephant is to follow.


        The joke was thoroughly appreciated when the immense Superintendent of the Stonewall Jackson Manual and Training School, Mr. W. R. Thompson, arose. Entering into the joke on his huge size, Mr. Thompson said: "The new University and myself were both born in the same year--1875. During the thirty-five that have since elapsed both my Alma Mater and I have prospered and grown great."

        He then made an address feelingly and eloquently advocating the proper training of the young criminals of the State:

        Delinquency or criminality is for the most part a developed trait; and unwise training and bad environment are usually its cause. While not denying the effect of defective heredity, I believe the statement is for the most part true. If the statement is true, then I believe it can be shown that the majority of cases of delinquency come from poverty.


        Mr. C. L. Williams, a Senior, spoke for the student body. He claimed that the University is the best exponent of true democracy in its broadest sense:

        Closely associated, as it is, with the interests and welfare of the people, it is but natural that this University should anticipate the advance of universal democracy. The University man is a type of citizenship recognized everywhere. He thinks for himself, thinks freely and independently, and gives bold and fitting utterance to the thought that is in him. Subordinating self and accepting the true philosophy of service to his fellow being, he stands in the life of the people ever ready to welcome the good, whatever its source.


        After the addresses cordial messages were read from alumni, in and out of the State. Among them was a telegram from Miss Evelyn Jones, in behalf of her brother, Adolphus G.

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Jones, of Wake County, who died a fortnight before, a warm lover of his Alma Mater.

        Meetings and banquets were had at Charlotte, Greensboro, Durham, Raleigh, Williamston, Wilson, Windsor, and Elizabeth City. At Windsor twenty classes were represented at a banquet given by Hon. F. D. Winston. Mr. M. H. Stacy, Professor of Mathematics, present by invitation, delivered an address on "Self-Help at the University." He gave the various occupations adopted for aid in paying expenses, and stated that one hundred and seventy-five students were paying their expenses in whole or in part. Twenty-five are paying all. "No false aristocracy precludes them from college honors, competitive or elective. Student life is one of personal effort, of personal endeavor, of self-reliance and self-responsibility." A resolution was adopted to send delegates at the next Commencement to represent the local association at the meeting of the General Alumni Association.

        There was a large meeting of the University Alumni Association for Guilford County in the Cornelia Phillips Spencer Building of the State Normal and Industrial College. There were quite a number of guests interested in Education. The address of the occasion was by Hon. Hannis Taylor--as usual, thoughtful and wise. He was followed by Hon. Josephus Daniels, who strongly deprecated relying for education on any source other than the State, which as a matter of policy should be very liberal. Then Dr. Hubert Royster spoke forcefully on "Education and its Counterfeit." Hon. Z. V. Walser very happily coupled the work of the Normal College with that of the University. The set speeches were closed by Dr. F. P. Venable, who kindled enthusiasm for the great institution under his charge.

        Mr. A. M. Scales was toastmaster at the request of the President, Mr. J. E. Brooks.

THE Y. M. C. A. IN 1910-'11.

        "I know of no organization of the sort which is doing a more splendid work than the Y. M. C. A. of the University," was said by a Charlotte citizen. As usual "College Night"

Page 717

was held in the Chapel, short speeches were made and the new-comers made to feel at home. Two hundred and forty men were enrolled as members, from every section of college life, honor men and athletes, all classes, old men and new men. A hundred and twenty-five men were enrolled in Bible study classes. There was a meeting every week of the teachers of these classes for special study of the subjects taught, under normal leaders.

        Fifteen students took part in the State Bible Study Institute at Wake Forest College in November. Throughout the year strong speakers from the Faculty and abroad delivered lectures on Biblical and other subjects. Once a week there was a prayer meeting. Eight Sunday schools organized in the neighborhood of Chapel Hill, at Calvander, Clark's Chapel, Williams' Chapel, Ephesus, Mount Carmel, Orange Church, Rankin's Chapel, Smith's Level, with an enrollment of three hundred and twenty-one pupils. On Saturday afternoons there were meetings of the teachers of these schools at which the Bible lessons of the next day were mapped out. Occasional musical programs were arranged and short talks given by students and volunteers.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1911.

        The one hundred and sixteenth Annual Commencement, 1911, was one of the most notable in the history of the University, witnessing the gathering of a number of the veteran soldiers of the Confederacy, who left their classes to join the army. The Faculty and Trustees had resolved to grant them A.B. diplomas, ex speciali gratia.

        On Saturday, May 27, the Seniors marched from Memorial Hall to Gerrard Hall for the last sacred service, which was conducted at the request of the class by Dr. Kemp P. Battle. After this, permanent officers were elected, W. A. Dees, President, I. C. Moser, Secretary, and N. S. Mullican, Treasurer. The hall was then thrown open to the public. In his presidential address Mr. Dees urged the duty of his classmates to use their powers in discharge of the debt which, as graduates of the University, they owed the State.

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        Mr. R. G. Stockton followed with the History of the class, giving its various vicissitudes. It entered in 1907 with two hundred and ten and in a few days ninety-nine of these will take their diplomas, the largest Senior Class in the history of the University.

        Mr. I. C. Moser presented the Class Gift. Seeing the need of more suitable athletic grounds, the class resolves to pay in ten years $2,000, and agrees to assist in raising the residue of what is needed, up to $10,000, for the purpose of providing athletic fields and appliances worthy of the University.

        The exercises were concluded under the Davie Poplar in the afternoon. The Prophecy was pronounced by J. F. Oliver and the Last Will and Testament by H. M. Solomon, both creating much interest and merriment. They contained some good satirical hits. For example, to the printing office was bequeathed a printing press once owned by Benjamin Franklin, "in the hope that with this modern machine the Magazine will be got out on time once during the year."*

        * Printing by the University has since been discontinued, the interruption of lectures, etc., preventing efficient work by the student printers.


        After the conclusion of the formal exercises of the class, Rev. Dr. W. R. L. Smith, in behalf of the members of the class in Philosophy II, and of the Seniors generally, expressed their love for Prof. H. H. Williams as a friend and teacher by presenting him with an exquisite silver tray.

        The class then gave its last series of yells, and instead of burning its benches willed them to the Athletic Association. They separated to meet next day at the ceremony of receiving their well won diplomas.

        The oratorical contest for the Mangum Medal was held after the Senior exercises in the forenoon. The participants were Israel Harding Hughes, Clawson Lee Williams, and Charles Eugene McIntosh. Mr. Hughes spoke on "Religion, the Master Passion," Mr. Williams on "The Master Passion of Democracy" and Mr. McIntosh on "The Third Estate in Man's Emancipation." The judges decided in favor of the last named.

        The Inter-Society Banquet, now a popular and useful institution, was held in Commons Hall at 8 o'clock in the evening. C. E. McIntosh was toastmaster. Messrs. Paul Dickson and I. C. Moser spoke for the two societies, claiming that they

Page 719

furnished right standards for measuring the after life of their members.

        The speaker of the evening was Hon. Locke Craig, a graduate of 1880, his subject being "Business and Politics." His speech was a thoughtful and often eloquent discussion of the problems of the day.

        The Baccalaureate Sermon was delivered in Memorial Hall on Sunday morning by the Right Reverend Collins Denny, of Nashville, Tenn., Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. His text was "Whatsoever a man soweth that shall he also reap"--the inevitableness of God's law. "Your hands are full of grain today. In God's name and for God's sake throw away the bad, sow only the good."

        Rev. Dr. Ira Landreth, of Nashville, Tenn., delivered an excellent sermon before the Young Men's Christian Association of the University on Sunday night on the text, "Quit you like men."

        Alumni Day was on Monday, May 29th. In the absence from sickness of Hon. Thomas S. Kenan, President of the Association, ex-Lieut.-Gov. Francis D. Winston presided. On motion of Hon. Richard H. Battle a resolution of regret because of the absence of President Kenan, who had done so much to make the reunions of the last three decades pleasant to the alumni, was adopted.

        Dean Edward K. Graham by request delivered the address of welcome to the war classes. It was with excellent taste and deep feeling. The closing sentence gives an idea of its spirit. "Your Alma Mater that sent you forth, a mother of sorrows, welcomes you home, a mother of exceeding great joy. To her you are not gray-haired old men, but her own immortal boys, ever young and ever fair. To her the holy twilight of your lives shades not into the darkness of the night; but lightens into the eternal youth and beauty of the stars. For her your great deeds, and the patriotic impulse that glorifies them will ever be an inspiration in her eternal business of making for the service of the State noble-hearted men."

        Then succeeded the calling the roll of the War Classes, Hon. F. D. Winston by request acting as president of the meeting.

Page 720

        Capt. J. M. B. Hunt, of Granville, and Lieut.-Col. E. K. Edmundson were from the Class of 1861. Captain Hunt told of the Commencement fifty years ago, from which graduates marched, clothed in Confederate gray.

        Four men represented 1862, one of whom, Judge Thomas W. Taylor, stated that he adjourned his court in Huntington, West Virginia, in order to be present. Col. Charles W. Broadfoot touchingly said, "Confederate soldiers! The years have brought the vindication of your struggle. To your sons we leave your example; to your daughters we leave your memory, and to God we trust your spirit." Appropriate talks were made by Major W. H. McLaurin and by Mr. W. B. Fort. Mr. Fort announced that he was one of the few survivors of those who joined the Confederate Navy, on which Chairman Winston remarked that the Confederate Navy failed to have its merited prominence because its harbor was among the hills of Charlotte.

        Of the Class of 1863 A. E. Henderson, its spokesman, made the most humorous speech of the occasion. He ended by giving one of the gibes with which the infantry was wont to prod the cavalry. "Although he himself had nothing to say to detract from the romantic atmosphere that hovered around the 'Buttermilk Rangers,' he had heard it said that they came out of one engagement with three more men than they carried in."

        Captain Norman L. Shaw told of the beginning of the rebellion being at Chapel Hill, when his class was in danger of leaving the University temporarily because one of their number was dismissed for upholding a class custom. He had sacred memories connected with Chapel Hill, partly because it was the site of his Alma Mater and especially because he carried from it the best of wives. The members of this class present were Henry C. Foscue, Moses A. Curtis, B. McC. Hord, J. S. Lucas, M. B. Pitt, L. R. Ray, Joseph H. Scales.

        The Class of 1864 had seven present: James P. Britt, Thomas B. Hagood, Joseph B. Oliver, William Richardson, Thomas Wiggins, W. A. Guthrie, and Chief Justice Walter Clark. Major Guthrie gave a happy introduction of the class to the audience, among other things mentioning that seven out

Page 721

of eighty of its members remained to graduate and then joined their comrades.

        The Class of 1865 had seven representatives, Rev. W. H. Call, J. P. Carson, John W. Cotton, Richard H. Sims, A. B. Howard, John S. Henderson, and Henry A. London. Mr. Cotton humorously said that if he had remained at Chapel Hill he would probably have failed in securing the diploma which is now promised. Rev. Mr. Call made a very pleasant talk, full of love for his Alma Mater.

        The only member of 1866 was General Julian S. Carr, who left the University for military service before he had attained the legal age. He was greeted with extraordinary applause as he mounted the stage, applause richly due to a most generous and loving son of the University.

        Dr. Frank S. Faison, with whom was Dr. Onslow Reagan and Hon. Benjamin D. Webb, made an appropriate response for 1867.

        The Class of 1868 sent forward three men to answer to the call, Augustus W. Graham, W. H. S. Burgwyn, and William D. Horner. This ended the war class reunions. The reunions of sundry more recent classes succeeded.

        The Class of 1886 was represented by seven members, J. Bryan Grimes, William N. Everett, Herbert W. Jackson, Joseph J. Jenkins, Frank F. Patterson, John F. Schenck, Robert L. Strowd. The secretary spoke for the class and stated that nineteen members were still living.

        William J. Andrews, Russell Bellamy, Shepard Bryan, William W. Davies, John M. Fleming, J. F. Hendren, J. V. Lewis, C. S. Mangum, A. H. Patterson, and W. L. Spoon, represented 1891. Dr. Kemp P. Battle was elected an honorary member of the class because he resigned the Presidency of the University in that year. He expressed his gratification in a few words. Mr. Bryan gave a history of the class, stating that as Freshmen they numbered seventy and graduated twenty-five.

        Mr. W. H. Swift spoke for the Class of 1901, of which he was a member, and promised to the University the whole-hearted service of all his classmates.

        The Class of 1906 brought back thirteen members, for whom Mr. W. B. Love spoke briefly and heartily.

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        The Alumni Luncheon was an event to be remembered for the cheerful, hopeful mood of its participants. Rev. A. D. Betts pronounced the blessing and the mirth-provoking toastmaster, Frank D. Winston, presided. Dr. Venable, first called on, expressed his appreciation of the generosity of the Legislature in giving us $87,000 per year for maintenance and $50,000 a year for the next four years for improvements. He also announced the gift of $40,000 from the Peabody Fund Trustees for the School of Education, to be expended for a building. He thanked cordially Rev. Richard W. Hogue for securing by his personal exertions the Self-Help Home for the accommodation of students working their way through the University. The Association gave Mr. Hogue a rising vote of thanks.

        The younger alumni were represented by J. C. B. Ehringhaus, a Philanthropic, a graduate of 1901, late State Senator from Pasquotank, and W. P. Stacy, a graduate of 1908, a lawyer of Wilmington. They both urged their fellow members to take an intelligent part on all public questions and apply thereto the standard of duty. Mr. Stacy's speech was published at length and is full of wise thoughts strongly expressed.

        The toastmaster then happily introduced Governor Woodrow Wilson, of New Jersey, who had come to deliver the Annual Address next day. He spoke on "The Mission of the American University." Among other things he said, "The energy of the nation is singularly awakened. No man living has witnessed such an order for reform as that abroad in the country today. Party ties are today looser than ever before. Young people are hungry for the things America lacks, American literature, patriotic music--for wealth, for its possibilities of the spiritual betterment of mankind. The great task of our universities is to supply an atmosphere of elevated thoughts and glorious dreams of betterment of mankind."

        At the conclusion of Dr. Wilson's excellent speech President Venable announced that the Daughters of the Confederacy resolved at the Commencement of 1910 to erect a monument to the sons of the University who fought in the Confederate Army. He moved that the Association add $5,000 to the

Page 723

amount raised by the ladies--$7,500 in all. A considerable amount was raised at once and the full amount pledged.

        The annual Inter-Society Debate between the Dialectics and Philanthropics took place in the evening in Gerrard Hall. Chief Justice Clark presided. The query was "Should United States Senators be elected by Direct Vote of the People?" Mr. Caleb K. Burgess argued strongly for the change. Mr. Robert A. Freeman presented cogent arguments in favor of the present plan, which were fiercely combated by Mr. Claude E. Teague. Mr. Cyrus R. Wharton made a vigorous defense of the wisdom of the patriots of 1787. The judges decided in favor of the affirmative and that Mr. Teague made the best speech.

        The Faculty reception was held in the University Library from 10 to 11:30 p. m. The receiving party consisted of President and Mrs. Venable, Mrs. W. W. Kitchin, Mrs. Howe, and Governor Wilson. Cakes and ices were served in several rooms of the Library.

        On Tuesday, Commencement Day, at 10:15 o'clock, before Alumni Hall, a procession of graduates, students, Faculty, Trustees, veterans, and alumni, headed by President Venable and ex-President Battle, Governor Kitchin, Dr. Woodrow Wilson, Rev. Dr. W. R. L. Smith, Lieut.-Gov. Winston, and others, led by the University Band, marched by Monument Avenue and the Person Hall walk, to Memorial Hall. The exercises were opened with prayer by Rev. Dr. Smith.

        President Venable introduced the orator of the day, Governor Wilson, in felicitous language. I give a few sentences:

        It is our high privilege to welcome as a guest of the University today a strong and many sided man, whose unparalleled entrance into public life has surprised and gladdened a whole people--a people who stood entangled, bewildered, awake to the injustices and wrongs from which they had suffered, conscious of their strength, yet baffled and helpless amid the divided counsels, the paltry bickerings, and the lack of wisdom of those who would lead them.

        It is no miracle that such a man should come from the quiet halls of a college community. * * * Once before, when our people were striving to free themselves from unjust burdens and an impossible government, Princeton sent her President, a quiet scholar, into politics, and John Witherspoon led in the councils of the nation.


Page 724

        Nor is it a miracle that such a man came from the South. Once before a simple Southern champion stood forth in the hour of his country's need, and made the scattered colonists a strong, sturdy nation.

        Scholar, profound thinker, able teacher, wise Governor, strong and true gentleman, we welcome you, Governor Wilson.


        Governor Wilson's address was strong and thoughtful. I give specimens of his style:

        The nation is coming to itself and we must ask, "For what port are we bound, by what chart do we sail?" Affairs need now to be adjusted politically. * * * I was in the great West the other day, and they were talking of the history of their enslavement. * * * They gave kingdoms and empires to capital to tempt it from the East. They gave franchises to railroads and waterpower rights and the power of eminent domain to condemn the right of way, and finally the very powers of government. * * * They have given away their powers until the powerful hands are private hands instead of those of the States. * * *

        The country has now reached its maturity and is coming to itself. It is now going to take charge of its own affairs with sober repentance and serious care. * * * The doctrine of the Republican party is that the Government should be conducted by the men who are the material successes and have established the material prosperity of the country and of themselves. * * * The lawyers, who have made the great combinations of corporations burglar proof, know of the right and wrong in the system. * * * We have got to learn that it is not a matter of knowing what to do, but of telling others what is right. When I first got into politics I was called a schoolmaster, but I did not object to the term. A schoolmaster is one who makes a specialty of knowing things and of telling them to other people. * * *

        Young men, do not go out of this University without taking with you all the strength of the traditions that glorify the place, left here by the men who were here before you. The propelling power of the present toward greatness in the future is the tradition of the past. No man is remembered except for the good he did mankind. * * * Let love be the motive of life, but not self-love. A man finds himself more fully when he begins to love a cause better than the object of his love. These lines from an old ballad illustrate the highest ideal of love:

        "I could not love thee, dear, so well,

        Loved I not honor more."


        At the conclusion of the address President Venable announced as new members of the Faculty: Dr. Wade Hampton

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Brown, Professor of Pathology (graduate of the University of Nashville, B.S., 1899; M.D. John Hopkins University, 1907; Instructor in Pathology and Bacteriology, in University of Virginia, 1907-'08; Instructor in Pathology, University of Wisconsin, 1908-'10; Assistant Professor of Pathology, Wisconsin, 1910-'11). Dr. Daniel Huger Bacot, Jr., Instructor in History (A.B. Charleston College, 1908; Assistant in English, 1908-'09; A.M. Harvard University, 1910). John Wayne Lasley, Instructor in Mathematics (A.B. University of North Carolina 1910 and A.M. 1911).

        Dr. George B. Viles was promoted from Acting to Associate Professor of Germanic Languages and Literatures.

        Assistants for 1911-'12: Fellow in Latin, W. R. Thomas; Assistant in Anatomy, P. A. Petree; in Bacteriology, D. B. Sloan; in Botany, W. B. Cobb; in Chemistry, M. L. Buckley and P. R. Bryan; in Library, C. W. E. Pittman, R. W. Bobbitt, W. W. Rogers, C. R. Wharton, T. M. Ramsaur; in Mathematics, J. B. Clingman; in Physics, C. K. Burgess; in Zoölogy, W. C. George and L. F. Turlington.

        The graduates were:

        
Bachelors of Arts (A.B.) 86
Bachelors of Science (B.S.) in Chemical Engineering 3
Bachelors of Science (B.S.) in Civil Engineering 4
Bachelors of Science (B.S.) in Electrical Engineering 5
Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Mining 1
Bachelor of Laws (B.L.) 1
Graduates in Pharmacy (Ph.G.) 6
Masters of Arts (A.M.) 15
Master of Science (M.S.) 1
Total (for names see Appendix) 122

    MEDALS, PRIZES, AND FELLOWSHIPS:

  • WILLIAM CAIN PRIZE IN MATHEMATICS--A. L. Feild.
  • HARRIS PRIZE IN ANATOMY--Robert Drane.
  • EBEN ALEXANDER PRIZE IN GREEK--F. W. Morrison.
  • WORTH PRIZE IN PHILOSOPHY--E. L. Williams.
  • EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY PRIZE--A. C. Lineberger.
  • HENRY R. BRYAN PRIZE IN LAW--J. A. Austin.
  • TOCH FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--W. L. Jeffries.
    Page 726

  • NORTH CAROLINA COLONIAL HISTORY PRIZE--First, W. C. Guess; Second, E. C. Ward.
  • BABBITT SCHOLARSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--B. H. Knight.
  • FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--J. T. Dobbins.
  • W. J. BRYAN PRIZE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE--G. W. Thompson.
  • BEN SMITH PRESTON CUP--L. N. Morgan.
  • BINGHAM REPRESENTATIVE PRIZE--C. E. Teague.
  • MANGUM MEDAL--C. E. McIntosh.
  • Elected to membership in the PHI BETA KAPPA SOCIETY--L. N. Morgan, W. E. Hossfeld, F. P. Barker, C. K. Burgess, R. A. Freeman, A. W. Graham, Jr., P. H. Gwynn, Jr., F. W. Hossfeld, Jr., H. L. Parrish, Jr.

    CERTIFICATES:

  • CIVIL ENGINEERING--F. Llorens, T. V. Llorens, E. F. Rodriguez.
  • ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING--J. S. Koiner, Jr., F. L. Llorens, H. L. Martin, T. W. Voils.
  • ENGLISH--W. P. Bivens, J. W. Harris, G. C. Mann, G. W. Rhodes.
  • FRENCH--J. A. McKay.
  • GERMAN--F. J. Duls, H. M. Solomon.
  • GREEK--J. A. McGoogan.
  • HISTORY--Frank Hough.
  • LATIN--W. F. Taylor, W. R. Thomas.
  • MINING ENGINEERING--R. R. Smith.
  • PEDAGOGY--S. E. Leonard, Hoyt Roberson.

        The Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) was conferred on Woodrow Wilson, Governor of New Jersey, lately President of Princeton University.

        The number of Trustees attending Commencements was now so large that it was inconvenient to have them all sign the diplomas as had been the custom. It was therefore enacted that the chairman appoint a committee of three Trustees, who with the President of the University and Secretary should perform this duty.

        At this time it was resolved to secure a more perfect organization of the alumni. A committee had been appointed in 1909 to report. On May 29th their report was laid before the Association as follows:

        "There shall be a General Assembly of the Alumni on Wednesday of Commencement week, composed of delegates

Page 727

from the local associations. These delegates have votes proportional to the numbers of the Association they represent. The General Assembly shall elect a Council of fifteen members, one to be a member of the Faculty, one-third to retire at the end of each year, and their vacancies to be filled. The Council shall select its own officers and shall manage all the business of the General Assembly, including the publication of a magazine to be known as the University of North Carolina Alumni Monthly.

        "The Council elected were W. S. Bernard, W. H. Swift, V. L. Stephenson, R. H. Sykes, J. Y. Joyner, Robert Bingham, Hayden Clement, W. J. Andrews, J. C. B. Ehringhaus, A. S. Barnard, D. B. Teague, J. K. Wilson, P. D. Gold, T. D. Warren, J. O. Carr.

        "The Council elected the following officers: Chairman, Robert Bingham; Secretary, W. S. Bernard; Treasurer, J. Y. Joyner. It was then decided that a capable and enthusiastic man should be sent to organize the alumni into local associations and to raise funds for other work. Mr. W. H. Swift, a very able man, undertook the work until October 12th and was clothed with the title of Field Manager. He and Mr. Bernard were instructed to prepare an outline of the work desired, to be distributed at the discretion of the Field Manager."


        In 1911 Dr. Albert R. Ledoux sent his check to the University for $5,000 to establish a Fellowship in Chemistry. The holder is expected to devote himself to research.

        Dr. Ledoux was a graduate of Columbia College, New York, then studied for two years in Berlin and took his degree of Ph.D. at Goettingen. His first work was the inauguration as Director and State Chemist of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, then located at this University. He has been for years a distinguished chemist and metallurgist in New York.

        Dr. Archibald Henderson this year, 1911, had leave of absence to prosecute his studies in Europe. Part of his time he spent at Cambridge University where he was completing an elaborate memoir on which he had been engaged. This was

Page 728

a minute study of the twenty-seven lines on the Cubic Surface, It met with such favor among great mathematicians that the University published it in book form.

        In addition to this scientific monograph, Dr. Henderson has published other works more suitable for the reading of the general public. One is "Interpreters of Life," which has been most favorably received. Another is "Life of Mark Twain." A third is "Life and Works of Bernard Shaw," which has secured for the writer a very high and well deserved reputation as an historian and critic.

SUMMER SCHOOL OF 1911.

        The Summer School of 1911 had an attendance of two hundred and twenty-five. The courses were very useful and attractive. The Faculty was made up as follows:

  • English: Professor Harris and Associate Professor McKie.
  • History: Professor Hamilton.
  • Latin: Professor Howe.
  • German and French: Mr. Vermont.
  • Mathematics: Professor Stacy.
  • Arithmetic: Mr. Whitley.
  • Physics: Professor Douglas.
  • Secondary Education: Professor Walker.
  • Educational Psychology: Professor Chase.
  • Elementary School Methods: Miss Graham.
  • Theory and Practice of Teaching--Professor Chase.
  • Drawing: Miss Griggs and Miss Owens.
  • Library Administration and Methods: Miss Wilson and Miss Leatherman.

        The Fourth of July exercises of the 1911 Summer School were uncommonly interesting. Rev. W. A. Stanbury made an invocation. Then "America" was sung by the whole school, followed by the reading of the Declaration of Independence by Prof. George M. McKie. The Summer School song, by Miss Jennie Lunsford, was sung by the school to the tune of "Maryland, My Maryland."


                         An army meets each passing year
                         With purpose high, with earnest will;
                         Its foe is ignorance everywhere,
                         Its weapons knowledge, love and skill.

        

Illustration

        P. H. DAGGETT

        J. M. BELL

        W. H. BROWN

        ARCHIBALD HENDERSON

        C. T. WOOLLEN

        T. E. HICKERSON

        R. A. HALL

Page 729

        The address was by Prof. M. C. S. Noble, displaying his usual force and wise thoughts.

        In the afternoon there was a ball game, Summer School vs. the Law School, and at night an interesting and well conceived rendition of Shakespeare's "As You Like It," Mr. A. Vermont, of Smithfield, being director, and ably acting as Orlando.

        University Day, October 12th, the anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of the University, was celebrated elaborately. A procession of students and Faculty, headed by President Venable and the orator of the day, Dr. C. Alphonso Smith, of the University of Virginia, marched from Alumni Hall to Memorial Hall. The invocation was by Rev. Dr. W. S. Long. Then the student band, led by Mr. C. T. Woollen, gave in fine style the University hymn, the congregation rising and singing. The President followed with a short report on the prosperous condition of the University and the contemplated improvements to be made from the handsome appropriation of $300,000 by the State, and $40,000 by the Trustees of the Peabody Fund, for the erection of an Education Building. He then called up Mr. C. D. Hogue, who spoke on behalf of the professional students. Mr. L. N. Johnson then spoke in behalf of the undergraduate students. Both these addresses were highly creditable to the orators, sensible, forcible, and appropriate, delivered in a graceful and manly style.

        Dr. Venable then introduced the orator of the day, our former Professor of English, now of the University of Virginia, Dr. C. Alphonso Smith, D.D., LL.D. Dr. Smith, after some kindly words about this University, gave a most instructive address.

        The choir sang "Hail to U. N. C.," the University band accompanying, and many of the congregation joining.

        Dean Edward K. Graham then read the list of the alumni who died during the past year, some of them cut off before they had been permitted to enter life's work.

        Then a portion of the choir most appropriately and beautifully sang Horace's praise of an upright man.

        The benediction was then pronounced by Rev. Dr. W. S. Long.

Page 730

INCIDENTS OF 1911-'12.

        On the third of March, at the request of the Young Men's Christian Association, Bishop Robert Strange addressed a large congregation on the subject of the Mission Study Movement. After the address about one hundred and fifty students were enrolled.

        On the 28th of April a meeting was held in Gerrard Hall in memoriam of ex-Governor Charles Brantley Aycock. The invocation was made by Rev. H. W. Starr. Newman's Hymn, "Lead Kindly Light," was sung by the University Quartet. Professor H. H. Williams spoke of Aycock as a College Student; Dr. Edwin Mims discussed Aycock's Service to Education, and Hon. Charles W. Tillett, of Charlotte, delivered an elaborate and able address on Aycock in Public Life. The choir then sang Horace's "Integer Vitæ" and the benediction was pronounced by Rev. Dr. W. R. L. Smith. Full justice was done to the great ability, oratorical powers, lofty character and tireless energy of our alumnus--all exercised for the cause of education and the good of the State.

        The North Carolina Academy of Science held its annual meeting on May 3 in Chemistry Hall of this University. The address of welcome was by Dr. Venable. Then Dr. Henry V. Wilson, president of the Academy of Science, delivered his presidential address on "Zoölogy in America before the Present Period." Prof. A. H. Patterson followed with a demonstration of electric waves. After this a number of papers were read and discussed.

        In Gerrard Hall on May 4th this University won the debate over Tulane University. The debaters were C. K. Burgess and L. P. McLendon, holding the affirmative, and for the negative, the Tulane debaters William T. Guste and Nicholas Collum. The query was, "All corporations doing an interstate business should be chartered and regulated by a Federal Commission."

        This University, represented by C. E. Teague and C. D. Hogue, won the debate over Vanderbilt University, holding

Illustration

        DAVIE HALL

        CALDWELL HALL

Page 731

the negative of the same query; the Vanderbilt men, H. T. Hay and H. L. McGlothin defending the affirmative.

        Edwin Mims, Ph.D., Professor of English since 1908, resigned his position in 1912, and accepted a professorship in Vanderbilt University, from which he graduated in 1892, procuring his A.M. in the next year. After being Fellow and Assistant in that institution for two years he was Professor of English Literature in Trinity College, N. C., for fourteen years. He was Fellow and Assistant in History, Cornell University, and there obtained the degree of Ph.D. He is a very valuable man and there was wide and sincere regret at his leaving us. He has gained a well earned reputation as an author. His "Life of Lanier" shows skill as an historian and wise discrimination as a literary critic.

DEDICATION OF THE MEDICAL BUILDING.

        On May 8th were held the exercises connected with the opening of the Medical Building, named Caldwell Hall, after the first President. Rev. Dr. W. R. L. Smith opened with the invocation. Dr. R. H. Lewis, of Raleigh, in behalf of the Board of Trustees and the State, presented the building to the University, and President F. P. Venable and Dr. Isaac H. Manning, Dean of the Medical School, accepted it. An able address was then delivered by Dr. A. A. Kent, '79, President of the State Medical Society, on the text, "The New Era Demands Educated Physicians."

        He was followed by Dr. Richard H. Whitehead, Dean of the Medical School of the University of Virginia, on the subject, "Medical Education in the South." The principal address was then delivered by Dr. Edgar F. Smith, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, applying the precepts of John Morgan, "Father of Medical Education in America," to the problems of medical instruction today. The Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) was then conferred on Provost Edgar F. Smith, Dr. Charles W. Stiles, discoverer of the hookworm disease in America, and Dr. Richard H. Lewis, of Raleigh, late President of the American Public Health Association and long Secretary of the North Carolina State Board of Health.

Page 732

DEATH OF RICHARD H. BATTLE.

        On May 12, 1912, died Richard Henry Battle, the Secretary and Treasurer of the University, long and honorably connected with the institution. He was born December 3, 1835, took a first honor degree in 1854, was Tutor of Greek 1854-'58, practiced law in Wadesboro and Raleigh, Captain C. S. A. 1861, Private Secretary to Governor Vance 1861-'64, State Auditor 1864-'65, Chairman of the State Democratic Executive Committee 1884-'88, was offered but declined a Superior Court judgeship, was a Trustee of the University and member of the Executive Committee from 1879, thirty-three years, during which period he never missed attendance on any meeting or at any Commencement, despite the distraction of a large practice in his profession. Besides these duties he held every office in his church, the Protestant Episcopal, up to and including that of deputy to the General Convention.

        Mr. Battle, shortly before his death, donated to the Law Library of the University all his law books, including a full set of United States and North Carolina Reports.

        The Trustees, at Commencement, adopted resolutions expressive of their appreciation of his valuable services to this University as well as to the State, and of his lofty and admirable character.

        At the same meeting the Trustees concluded to divide the offices of Secretary and Treasurer, and to require the Treasurer to reside in Chapel Hill. The office of Bursar was abolished and his work added to that of the Treasurer. Dr. Richard H. Lewis, of Raleigh, was elected Secretary and the appointment of the Treasurer was left to the Executive Committee. At a meeting held in Raleigh the Committee elected Mr. Julius Algernon Warren, of Durham, who has entered on his duties.

COMMENCEMENT OF 1912.

        The Senior Class Day of 1912 was Saturday, June 1. The exercises began with prayer by Dr. K. P. Battle. Permanent officers were elected. Then R. A. Freeman delivered the

Page 733

President's Farewell Address, A. H. Graham gave the Class History, Fred B. Drane presented the Class Gift to the University, B. E. Isley reported the Statistics at the Poplar exercises in the afternoon, the Class Prophecy was pronounced by P. H. Gwynn, Jr., the dedication of certain class leftovers made by F. P. Barker, the Last Will and Testament read by John C. Whitaker, the Poem recited by B. D. Stephenson.

        In lieu of a gift in presenti the class agrees to pay $5 each a year, for four years, the sum so raised to be added to other sums for creating a suitable Athletic Park.

        Departing from the old custom, which placed Senior speaking on Commencement Day, the contest for the Willie P. Mangum medal was held on Class Day, at 10:45. Four picked Seniors competed: F. P. Barker, "Contributions of the West to American Government"; J. M. Daniel, Jr., "The American Crisis"; C. R. Wharton, "The True Policy of Conservation"; H. W. Doub, "A Modern American Statesman as a Hero." The committee decided in favor of the first named.

        At the Inter-Society Banquet in the evening of Class Day, Claude Teague was the toastmaster. The principal speaker was Hon. Whitehead Kluttz, whose subject was "The Faith of the Fathers--Shall We Keep It?" His speech was eloquent. He warned against indiscriminate immigration. "The fathers did not hallow this soil with blood to make it a spawning place for the Mafia and the Black Hand."

        There were four other speakers, two from the Dialectics, Rev. Charles E. Maddry and C. R. Wharton, and E. S. W. Dameron and John McKay from the Philanthropics. Mr. Maddry kindly took the place of Mr. T. C. Bowie, Ph.B., '99, detained by sickness.

        The Baccalaureate Sermon was delivered on June 2d, in Gerrard Hall, by Bishop Arthur Selden Lloyd, president of the Board of Missions of the Protestant Episcopal Church. His text was "He shall send you another Comforter, the Spirit of Truth." It was a discourse of great power.

        In the evening the sermon before the Young Men's Christian Association was delivered by a recent graduate, Rev. Charles E. Maddry, '03. His text was "Silver and Gold have

Page 734

I none, but such as I have give I thee." He was heard with great interest and admiration.

        On Monday the exercises began, at ten-thirty o'clock, with the introduction to the audience of Dr. Herman Harrell Horne, who has distinguished himself as Professor of Philosophy at Dartmouth College and the University of New York and as an author of valuable books. Dr. Horne showed with much ability what the State owes the University and what the University owes to the State.

        Then followed reunions of various classes. Of 1862 Mr. J. M. McIver was the only member present.

        The next on the program was 1887, L. P. McGehee, W. H. Rhodes, and W. H. McNeill being present.

        Mr. Perrin Busbee responded for 1892.

        Mr. R. A. Merritt, of 1902, gave a most interesting statement of the present condition of every member of the class. The organization numbers one hundred and three, of whom ten are dead; fifty-one took their degrees; fifty-four per cent were married. There are sixty-three "naughty-two" babies, thirty-three being boys with the suffix "Jr." The average salary in 1903 was $669.58 per annum. For the past year it is $2,516.60. The lawyers are twenty-three, the doctors thirteen in number. In the evening over thirty assembled at a banquet and recalled the "fun and frivolity" of their college days. The banquet was provided by a favorite and skillful colored man, affectionately called "Marse Jesse," Jesse Jones, who has since died, lamented by students and Faculty.

        The Class of 1907 being called, J. J. Parker, of Monroe, responded by making the astounding statement that sixteen of his classmates had married and that sixteen children had been born to them, all being girls!

        At 1:30 came the Alumni Luncheon, Col. Robert Bingham presiding. Dr. E. A. Alderman was the principal speaker, his subject being "The Right Attitude of an Alumnus to his Alma Mater." His happy remarks met with hearty applause. Drs. H. H. Horne and J. Y. Joyner were also called on and spoke cheering words about the work of the University and its future.

Page 735

        President Venable submitted a general report of the growth of the University. The United States Bureau of Education has placed it in the first rank, with Harvard, Yale, Princeton and other big colleges. Virginia and Vanderbilt are the other Southern institutions so ranked.

        A business session was then held, being the first session of the General Assembly, composed of delegates from the various local associations. The agents of the Assembly, Messrs. W. H. Swift and Walter Murphy, appointed by the Council, have been active in organizing subordinate associations.

        General Julian S. Carr was unanimously elected President, and Messrs. J. Y. Joyner, R. H. Sykes, George G. Stephens, W. H. Swift, and W. S. Bernard members of the Council for three years.

        The Annual Inter-Society Debate was held at 8:30 p. m. in Gerrard Hall, Rev. C. C. Maddry presiding. W. R. Petteway and H. C. Petteway of the Phi's upheld the affirmative of the question, "Resolved, That the Federal Government should own and operate the telegraph, constitutionality granted." They were opposed by Dialectics R. W. Isley and J. C. Busby, who gained the verdict of the three judges. The audience highly praised the speakers.

        On Commencement Day, Tuesday, after prayer by Rev. C. E. Maddry, President Venable introduced the orator of the day, Dr. Edwin Anderson Alderman, President of the University of Virginia. His subject was practically a discussion of the principles of democracy in its largest sense and the address was not overpraised by the reporter when he called it "magnificent." After its conclusion President Venable announced the promotions and appointments for the ensuing year.

        Promotions--The Department of Civil Engineering was separated from the Department of Mathematics, and Professor M. H. Stacy was put in charge. Dr. L. R. Wilson and Dr. A. S. Wheeler were promoted from Associate Professors to full Professors.

        Appointments--Professor of English: T. P. Cross, A.B. and A.M., Hampden-Sidney College; Ph.D., Harvard; Teacher,

Page 736

Norfolk High School; Instructor in English at Harvard; Professor of English at Sweet Briar College.

        Acting Professor of Latin, substituting for Prof. George Howe: Warren Stone Gordis, A.B., University of Rochester, 1888; A.M., ibid., 1891; Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1905; Professor of Latin, Stetson University, 1888-'98 (acting President, 1895-'96); Fellow in Latin, University of Chicago, 1894-'95; Instructor, ibid., 1898-'99; Instructor in Latin, Lewis Institute, 1899-'00, 1904-'05; Professor of Latin, Ottawa University, 1905-'07; Professor of Greek and Latin, ibid., 1907; Phi Beta Kappa.

        Associate Professor of German: Kent J. Brown, A.B., Dickinson College, 1901; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, 1905; University of Berlin; University of Munich; four years as teacher in preparatory school; at present Instructor in German, University of Iowa.

        Fellows, Instructors and Assistants--Latin: G. K. G. Henry, Instructor; W. H. Royster, Instructor. Anatomy: G. R. Roberts, Assistant. Mathematics: W. W. Rankin, Fellow; T. R. Eagles, Instructor; J. W. Lasley, Instructor. German: John J. Henderson, Assistant. Library: G. P. Wilson, Assistant; T. M. Ramsaur, Assistant; J. R. Gentry, Assistant; E. R. Rankin, Assistant; Jesse Pugh, Assistant. Geology: R. C. Jurney, Assistant. History: D. H. Bacot, Instructor. Chemistry: W. L. Jeffries, Toch Fellow; J. T. Dobbins, Ledoux Fellow; Alex. Feild, Fellow in Chemistry; V. A. Coulter, Babbitt Scholar; C. B. Carter, Assistant; C. B. Hoke, Assistant; Paul Bryan, Assistant. English: G. M. Sneath, Instructor. Pharmacy: J. G. Beard, Instructor. Physics: V. L. Chrisler, Instructor; J. B. Scarborough, Assistant; J. M. Labberton, Assistant in Electrical Engineering. Zoölogy: W. C. George, Instructor.

        It is convenient to record here an important addition to the Law School not mentioned in its proper place. In 1909 Patrick Henry Winston, the third of the name, was elected as one of the Professors of Law. He was a student of the University of Texas, 1897-'98, and of the University of North Carolina, 1899-1900. He graduated at West Point in 1905,

Page 737

was then a student in the University of North Carolina Law School. He practiced in Asheville and taught law there privately, with conspicuous success.

        The graduates of 1912 were addressed with wise counsels by his Excellency, Governor W. W. Kitchin. There were:

        
Bachelors of Arts 75
Bachelors of Science in Civil Engineering 2
Bachelors of Science in Electrical Engineering 4
Bachelors of Law 3
Graduates in Pharmacy 3
Masters of Arts 12
Master of Science 1
Total (for names see Appendix) 100

    MEDALS, PRIZES, AND FELLOWSHIPS:

  • The WILLIAM CAIN PRIZE IN MATHEMATICS--J. B. Scarborough.
  • The EBEN ALEXANDER PRIZE IN GREEK--R. O. Huffman.
  • The WORTH PRIZE IN PHILOSOPHY--W. W. Rogers.
  • The EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY PRIZE--P. H. Gwynn, Jr.
  • The HENRY R. BRYAN PRIZE IN LAW--L. P. McLendon.
  • PRIZES IN NORTH CAROLINA COLONIAL HISTORY--First, C. S. Cooke; second, L. N. Morgan.
  • The TOCH FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--W. L. Jeffries.
  • The BABBITT SCHOLARSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--V. A. Coulter.
  • The LEDOUX FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--J. T. Dobbins.
  • FELLOWSHIP IN CHEMISTRY--A. L. Feild.
  • The W. J. BRYAN PRIZE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE--J. C. Lockhart.
  • The BEN SMITH PRESTON CUP--J. L. Orr.
  • The FRESHMAN PRIZE IN ENGLISH--W. P. Fuller.
  • The BINGHAM PRIZE--J. C. Busby.
  • The MANGUM MEDAL--F. P. Barker.

        Elected to membership in Phi Beta Kappa--R. O. Huffman, V. A. Coulter, G. L. Carrington, R. C. Jurney, F. H. Kennedy, W. A. Kirksey, J. M. Labberton, F. W. Morrison, J. L. Phillips, W. N. Post, D. L. Rights, J. B. Scarborough, J. Townsend.


    CERTIFICATES:

  • CIVIL ENGINEERING--J. B. Clingman, C. R. Thomas, Jr.
  • ECONOMICS--L. Wang.
  • EDUCATION--C. L. Cates.
  • ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING--Walter Carter, R. C. McLean, H. L. Parish, Jr., T. B. Slade, Jr.
  • ENGLISH--P. H. Gwynn, Jr., L. N. Morgan, B. D. Stephenson.
  • HISTORY--C. S. Cooke.
  • FRENCH--B. T. Denton, J. H. Rand, W. R. Thomas.
    Page 738

  • LATIN--R. W. Bobbitt, P. H. Gwynn, Jr., J. C. Lanier, Jr., W. W. Rogers, T. S. Royster.
  • ZOOLOGY--W. B. Cobb, J. W. Harris.

SUMMER SCHOOL OF 1912.

        The Summer School for Teachers in 1912 was held with the following Faculty:

  • Francis Preston Venable, Ph.D., D.Sc., LL.D., President.
  • Nathan Wilson Walker, A.B., Director of the Summer School: Professor of Secondary Education.
  • George Howe, Ph.D.: Professor of the Latin Language and Literature.
  • Joseph Gregoire deRoulhac Hamilton, Ph.D.: Alumni Professor of History.
  • Marvin Hendrix Stacy, A.M.: Professor of Civil Engineering.
  • Harry Woodburn Chase, Ph.D.: Professor of the Philosophy of Education.
  • Thomas P. Harrison, Ph.D.: Professor of English in the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
  • James M. Douglas, Ph.D.: Professor of Physics in Davidson College.
  • Louis Round Wilson, Ph.D.: Associate Professor of Library Administration.
  • George McFarland McKie, A.M.: Associate Professor of Public Speaking.
  • Adolf Vermont, A.M.: Instructor in the Romance Languages.
  • Theophilus Randolph Eagles, Jr., A.B.: Instructor in Mathematics.
  • George Thaddeus Whitley, A.M., Superintendent of Clayton Graded School.
  • Mary O. Graham, Supervising Teacher in the North Carolina State Normal and Industrial College.
  • Mary Goodwin Griggs, Instructor in Drawing for the Prang Educational Company of New York City.
  • Emma Owens, Supervisor of Drawing in the City Schools of Chattanooga, Tennessee.

        The number of teachers in attendance was larger than ever before, and this school was voted a conspicuous success. Apart from the regular work the most interesting event was the presentation on the steps of the Law Building (Smith Hall) of a play by Professor Vermont illustrative of North Carolina life in Colonial days. The play bore the name of the heroine, Esther Wake, long reputed a member of Governor Tryon's family.

Page 739

        Near the close of the Summer School, on July 15, 1912, passed away Rev. Dr. Thomas Hume, a Professor Emeritus of the University. He had been a faithful and successful laborer for the interests of the University. In the language of the resolutions of the Faculty: "As a teacher he was untiring in zeal. * * * He was founder and inspirer of the Shakespeare Club and contributed important papers to the Philological; to the Young Men's Christian Association he gave freely his counsel and practical support. He devoted to his church (the Baptist) a loving and intelligent service. He responded gladly to frequent calls to lecture in the cities of this and other States. His discourses gave evidence of good thought and deep critical insight; they possessed also the charm of an accurate and elegant style. He was himself an untiring worker and had the power of stimulating others to work."

        The North Carolina University Magazine of recent years has had a varied experience. Beginning with 1878 it admitted historical articles of more than temporary value, together with portraits of prominent men. After a while, to avert extinction, the student editors accepted a Faculty associate in consideration of a considerable subscription by the University. Professor Collier Cobb acted for several years in this capacity with his usual energy and ability. In 1895 President Winston concluded that the University was not receiving sufficient value and the Magazine ceased its issues until renewed in a few years. It is now the vehicle of writings by students, largely in fiction, the contributions of course having varying merit.

        In 1894, largely by the labors of the Faculty editor of the Magazine, Professor Cobb, there was issued the Golden Jubilee number, celebrating the fiftieth year since the first issue of the periodical in 1844. Much light was shed by it on the history of the University. The following is a statement of the articles:

  • H. M. Thompson: Fifty Years History of the Magazine.
  • Perrin Busbee: The History of the Writing by Judge William Gaston of the Song, "The Old North State."
    Page 740

  • Dr. K. P. Battle: A Sketch of the University Fifty Years Ago.
  • Dr. George T. Winston: The University of Today.
  • Dr. Stephen B. Weeks: Old Letters Written from Chapel Hill by a Student of 1805.
  • Charles H. White and L. N. Hickerson: The Progress of Science.
  • Hymn to Apollo in the original Greek. Translation by Dr. H. C. Tolman.
  • Poem by H. J. Stockard on Governor Vance.
  • Poem by L. C. VanNoppen, on Desdemona.
  • Poem by Herbert Bingham, on Acme and Septimus.

        The first University Annual was called The Hellenian because it was issued by the Greek Letter Fraternities. It was very creditable to the editors but after three or four years' trial was found to be a financial burden. It was succeeded by the Yackety Yack, a name that was taken from a college yell. The series gives a fair and full picture of student life and has portraits of nearly all of the students of the year of its issue.

        The following societies for mutual improvement meet regularly: Mitchell Society (Scientific), Historical Society, Philological Club, Economic Society, Modern Literature Club, Odd Number Club, Der Deutsche Verein, Le Cercle Français, Tertulia Espanola, Musical Association.

        During this year were begun three handsome Dormitories on the recently purchased lot adjoining that of the Methodist Church, Franklin Street, and the Campus. That on Franklin Street is named Kemp Plummer Battle; the next, Zebulon Baird Vance; the third, James Johnston Pettigrew.

        At the same time was begun a handsome building for the Department of Education. It is situated on Cameron Avenue on the open land next to Commons Hall. The cost is to be defrayed out of funds donated by the Trustees of the Peabody Fund. Special efforts are made to equip teachers for the schools of the State.

        The old President's House on Cameron Avenue will, it is said, be demolished, and give place to an ambitious modern structure. It has an interesting history. Built for the residence of the chief professor at the same time the Old East was reared for students, it was occupied by Dr. David Ker and

Illustration

        FIRST PRESIDENT'S HOUSE

        PROFESSOR BAIN'S HOME

Page 741

his wife, Mary, the first lady who lived in Chapel Hill. Almost certainly it entertained Governors Spaight and his wife, Mary, the first lady who ever attended a University Commencement. It was the residence of Joseph Caldwell and his short-lived first wife, but when he married Helen (Hogg) Hooper, widow of William Hooper, he moved to her dwelling on the lot where is the President's residence, after his death bought by the University. The old President's house sheltered Prof. William Bingham and President Chapman, and then Dr. Elisha Mitchell for nearly forty years, and then Dr. Hepburn, Professor Gore, who rearranged and beautified it, and now Professor Patterson.

        The wife of President Swain found the old Caldwell house to be inconveniently arranged for young children and it was given up to Professor, afterwards Bishop, Green. After his departure, in 1849, the occupants were successively, President Swain, Professor Patrick, Dr. Charles Phillips, Prof. J. De Berniere Hooper and Dr. Thomas Hume. During Dr. Hume's occupancy the building was accidentally burned. President Battle ordered a street, called Caldwell, to be opened on the east side and then the Trustees leased for fifty years a lot adjacent to this street to Professor James Lee Love. He sold his interest to Dr. R. H. Whitehead, who purchased the fee simple and sold it to Mr. H. H. Patterson, so that it has passed out of the ownership of a member of the University. The residue of the old Caldwell lot is the home of President Venable, the property of the University.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE FACULTY IN THE
FIELD OF SCIENCE.

        A pamphlet was recently issued showing the labors of the professors in scientific investigations during their connection with the University, from 1795 to 1910. There is space here for little more than the names of the writers and the number of their contributions.

        The original work of our scientific men for many years past has been extensive as well as highly creditable, and the State is proud of them.

Page 742

FROM 1795 TO 1875.

        Denison Olmsted began in 1817 the first Geological Survey of North Carolina, probably the first in the Union, publishing one report. Elisha Mitchell continued the survey and made one report.

        President Caldwell erected the first Astronomical Observatory in the Union belonging to an institution of learning, and published a textbook on Geometry and Trigonometry.

        Elisha Mitchell published a Manual of Geology, Mineralogy and Chemistry. He also contributed many articles to the newspapers of this State as well as to the American Journal of Science.

        Nicholas Marcellus Hentz: Seventeen papers, including a book on the Arachnidoe of the United States.

        Dr. James Phillips: Dates of Flowering and Foliation of Plants near Chapel Hill; also the movements of the thermometer and barometer for many years.

        Charles Phillips: Manual of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry.

FROM 1875 TO 1910.

    Chemistry and Geology--

  • William Chambers Coker: Twenty-four papers.
  • Francis Preston Venable: Seventy-four papers, including two Manuals for Class Study.
  • William B. Phillips: Six papers.
  • Charles Baskerville: Fifty-four papers.
  • Alvin Sawyer Wheeler: Eleven papers.
  • James Edward Mills: Fourteen papers.
  • Royal O. E. Davis: Two papers.
  • Charles Holmes Herty: Twenty-four papers.
  • Joseph Austin Holmes: Fifteen papers.
  • Collier Cobb: Twenty-four papers.
  • Joseph Hyde Pratt: One hundred and thirty-one papers.
  • Mathematics--
  • Ralph Henry Graves: Three papers.
  • William Cain: Twenty-two papers, including four manuals, one having reached a fifth edition.
  • Archibald Henderson: Nine papers, including three books.

    Medicine--

  • Richard Henry Whitehead: Six papers.
  • William DeBerniere MacNider: Twelve papers.
  • David Hough Dolley: Five papers.
  • Richard Henry Lewis: Seven papers.
  • Hubert Ashley Royster: Twelve papers.

    Physics--

  • Joshua Walker Gore: Five papers.
  • James Edward Latta: Three papers.
  • Andrew Henry Patterson: Six papers.
Page 743

    Biology--

  • Henry Van Peters Wilson: Twenty-nine papers.
  • The Marine Biological Laboratory of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, located at Beaufort, N. C., was for several years under the charge of Professor Wilson.
  • James E. Duerden: Six papers.
  • George F. Atkinson: Fourteen papers.

    Pharmacy--

  • Edward Vernon Howell: Thirteen papers.

        All of the State Geologists, with the exception of Dr. Emmons, were members of the teaching force of the University, their offices, as at present, located here. Dr. Olmsted published nine reports; Dr. Mitchell, who succeeded him, nine; Dr. Emmons, twenty-one; Dr. W. C. Kerr, twenty-seven; Dr. J. A. Holmes, twenty, besides seven Biennial Reports and thirty-seven Good Roads Circulars. Dr. J. H. Pratt has been State Geologist since 1905 and has published a number of valuable Reports. He is a lecturer in the University and has his offices in one of its buildings.

        No compilation similar to the foregoing, covering the same length of time, has been made for the literary and historical departments, but the professors have been equally active. The recent zeal of the Faculty, in all departments, is shown by the following list of those publishing papers or making addresses during the year 1911, taken from the last annual report of President Venable:

  • Charles Wesley Bain: One paper.
  • James Munsie Bell: Five papers.
  • William Cain: One paper.
  • Harry Woodburn Chase: Five papers.
  • Collier Cobb: Seventeen papers and addresses.
  • William Chambers Coker: Six papers and addresses.
  • Parker Haywood Daggett: One paper.
  • Edward Kidder Graham: Six papers and addresses.
  • Robert Anderson Hall: Two papers.
  • J. G. deRoulhac Hamilton: Six papers and addresses.
  • Archibald Henderson: One treatise published by the University of Cambridge, England, three books (English editions), and numerous magazine papers.
  • Charles Holmes Herty: Three papers.
  • George Howe: One paper.
  • Edward Vernon Howell: Three papers.
    Page 744

  • Atwell Campbell McIntosh (with S. F. Mordecai): One book published November, 1910.
  • William DeBerniere MacNider: Three papers.
  • Edwin Mims: One book edited and nine papers and addresses.
  • Joseph Hyde Pratt: Twenty papers and addresses.
  • Charles Lee Raper: One book and three papers.
  • Marvin Hendrix Stacy: Two papers.
  • James Finch Royster: One book edited and two papers.
  • Nathan Wilson Walker: Five papers.
  • Alvin Sawyer Wheeler: One paper.
  • Henry Van Peters Wilson: Two papers.
  • Louis Round Wilson: Seven papers and addresses.

        The annual publications of the University are shown by the following issues for the year 1911:

  • I. The University of North Carolina Record--
    • No. 88, January: The School of Law.
    • No. 89, February: The School of Medicine and Pharmacy.
    • No. 90, March: The General Catalogue.
    • No. 91, April: Alumni Bulletin No. 7.
    • No. 92, May: The Summer School.
    • No. 93, June: Commencement Number.
    • No. 94, October: University Day--Alumni Bulletin No. 8.
    • No. 95, November: Illustrated Bulletin.
    • No. 96, December: The President's Report.
  • II. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society--
    • Volume 26, No. 3--Six articles.
    • No. 4--Six articles.
    • Volume 27, No. 1--Five articles.
    • No. 2--Five articles.
  • III. JAMES SPRUNT HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS--
    • Volume X, No. 1--Benjamin S. Hedrick, by J. G. deRoulhac Hamilton.
    • No. 2--Bartlett Yancy, by G. A. Anderson. The Political and Professional Career of Bartlett Yancey, by J. G. deRoulhac Hamilton. Letters to Bartlett Yancey.
  • IV. STUDIES IN PHILOLOGY--
    • Volume VII--Nature Similes in Catullus, by George Howe. Illustration in Object Clauses, by C. W. Bain. A Middle English Treatise on the Ten Commandments, by J. F. Royster.
      Page 745

    • V. The High School Bulletin--
    • Volume II, No. 1--Seven papers.
    • No. 2--Thirteen papers.
    • No. 3--Eight papers.
    • No. 4--Seven papers.
  • VI. WORTH ESSAYS IN PHILOSOPHY--
    • Christianity, the Highest Development of Religious Evolution, by E. L. Williams.

        The lecture fund established by the will of John Calvin McNair of the Class of 1849 became available in 1906, and the interest therefrom rendered it possible to begin the lectures in 1908. The honorarium for the lectures amounts to $500, and the remainder of the interest from the fund provides for their suitable publication. Under the will the object of the lectures "shall be to show the mutual bearing of science and religion upon each other and to prove the existence of attributes (as far as may be) of God from nature."

  • Lectures for 1908--Professor Francis H. Smith, LL.D., of the University of Virginia:
    • The general theme: God Manifest in the Material Universe.
    • His Attributes as Manifested in Physics.
    • His Attributes as Manifested in Astronomy.
  • Lectures for 1909--President Francis Landley Patton, D.D., LL.D., of Princeton Theological Seminary, New Jersey:
    • The Authority of the Bible.
    • The Authority of the Church.
    • The Authority of Christ.
    • The Authority of the Reason.
  • Lectures for 1910--President David Starr Jordan, Ph.D., M.D., LL.D., of Leland Stanford, Jr., University, California:
    • The Stability of Truth.
  • Lectures for 1911--Professor Henry Van Dyke, D.D., LL.D., of Princeton University:
    • The Poetry of Nature.
    • The Poetry of Patriotism and Humanity.
    • The Poetry of the Unseen World.
  • Lectures for 1912--President Arthur Twining Hadley, A.M., LL.D., of Yale University:
    • General subject, "Some Tendencies of Modern Philosophical Thought."
    • Changed Conceptions of Science.
    • New Views of Ethics and Politics.
    • The Spiritual Basis of Modern Literature.
Page 746

INTERCOLLEGIATE DEBATES.

        The following is a list of the Intercollegiate Debates won and lost from 1897 to the summer of 1912:

  • 1897--University North Carolina vs. Georgia . . . . . Lost
  • 1898--University North Carolina vs. Georgia . . . . . Won
  • 1899--University North Carolina vs. Georgia . . . . . Won
  • 1900--University North Carolina vs. Vanderbilt . . . . . Won
  • 1900--University North Carolina vs. Georgia . . . . . Won
  • 1901--University North Carolina vs. Vanderbilt . . . . . Won
  • 1901--University North Carolina vs. Georgia . . . . . Lost
  • 1902--University North Carolina vs. Vanderbilt . . . . . Won
  • 1902--University North Carolina vs. Georgia . . . . . Lost
  • 1902--University North Carolina vs. Johns Hopkins . . . . . Won
  • 1903--University North Carolina vs. Johns Hopkins . . . . . Won
  • 1904--University North Carolina vs. Georgia . . . . . Won
  • 1905--University North Carolina vs. Washington and Lee . . . . . Lost
  • 1905--University North Carolina vs. Georgia . . . . . Lost
  • 1906--University North Carolina vs. Georgia . . . . . Won
  • 1907--University North Carolina vs. Virginia . . . . . Won
  • 1907--University North Carolina vs. Georgia Washington . . . . . Lost
  • 1907--University North Carolina vs. Georgia . . . . . Won
  • 1907--University North Carolina vs. Pennsylvania . . . . . Lost
  • 1908--University North Carolina vs. Georgia Washington . . . . . Won
  • 1908--University North Carolina vs. Georgia . . . . . Won
  • 1908--University North Carolina vs. Virginia . . . . . Won
  • 1908--University North Carolina vs. Pennsylvania . . . . . Won
  • 1909--University North Carolina vs. Virginia . . . . . Lost
  • 1909--University North Carolina vs. Georgia . . . . . Lost
  • 1909--University North Carolina vs. Tulane . . . . . Won
  • 1909--University North Carolina vs. Pennsylvania . . . . . Won
  • 1910--University North Carolina vs. Washington and Lee . . . . . Won
  • 1910--University North Carolina vs. Georgia . . . . . Won
  • 1910--University North Carolina vs. Pennsylvania . . . . . Won
  • 1911--University North Carolina vs. Georgia . . . . . Won
  • 1911--University North Carolina vs. Virginia . . . . . Lost
  • 1911--University North Carolina vs. Pennsylvania . . . . . Won
  • 1912--University North Carolina vs. Tulane . . . . . Won
  • 1912--University North Carolina vs. Vanderbilt . . . . . Won
  • --University North Carolina, 25. Opponents, 10. . . . . .
Page 747

ALL UNIVERSITY FOOTBALL TEAM.

        By the courtesy of Dr. Joel Whitaker, of Raleigh, probably the University's best all-round athlete, a star in both football and baseball, I reproduce a description by him of the noted players at the University in football, first published in December, 1910:

        I have been asked by the News and Observer to select what is to my mind The All University Football Team. Although I have seen nearly every team put out by the University of North Carolina since 1892, I was not willing to rely upon my opinion entirely, so I wrote to ten old University men, who were more or less connected with athletics, for their selections. After this I made what is to my mind the best selection to be made, considering the present rules of the game. The present rules necessitate placing several men on the team that would not be there were the rules as they were five years ago, and necessitate leaving off probably the best line plunger that has ever been in North Carolina, Roy Abernethy. Considering the rules, the best line plunging back will have to give place to the best long distance punter that has ever been in the State, Arthur Belden, of the team of fourteen years ago.

        I was surprised to see the difference of opinion in regard to some of the places. Both Doctors Mangum and Lawson of the University selected Phifer and Thompson for guards. I was particularly anxious to get their opinions. "Doggy" Trenchard says that no man on the team this season is the equal or the superior of every man who has preceded him in the same position at the University, and he picks Collier as the best guard he has seen there. Doctor Mangum picks Gibbs of 1892 for one end, and Mr. George Stephens selects Biggs of the same year. Nearly all agree upon Cuningham of 1897 and 1898 as the best center, and upon George Stephens of 1893-'94-'95 as the best halfback, and a majority selected Abernethy of 1895 for fullback, but I believe, considering the rules of today, Belden would be the more valuable man.

        At center there are four men who stand out most prominently. "Pete" Murphy of the teams of 1892 and 1893; Herbert Cuningham of 1896 and 1897; Council of 1900; Stewart, captain in 1904.

        Two of these men were much alike in build and temperament, both Murphy and Stewart being well over two hundred pounds in weight, and with their great strength and massive forms plugged up the center of the line on the defensive so tightly that it was difficult to get as much as a foot over them. Both were cool and always thinking. "Bull" Council, whose first experience as a football player began at center on the unusually light team of 1900, lacked

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the experience of Murphy and Stewart when they were at their best, as well as thirty pounds of their weight, but was nearly their equal in strength. Later Council went to Virginia and developed into the best tackle in her history.

        Herbert Cuningham of 1897 and 1898 weighed only one hundred and forty-eight pounds, but was the best center in the history of the University. He was at the North Carolina Agricultural and Mechanical College the fall of 1894, but failed to make the team as he was playing for an end. At the University the fall of 1897 he again came out for an end, but owing to his remarkable strength and to the absence of good line men he was shifted to center and at once took to it like a duck to water. Cuningham was the best wrestler in the University, and being in the center of the line where he was protected from the view of the umpire, he would have an opposing guard or center upon his back half of the game. He was the first center in the South to pass the ball and then go down the field fast enough to make tackles with the ends. After passing the ball for an end run, he would check the center long enough for his own man to get started and would then knife his way through the line to upset a defensive back. Howell's great run in 1898 was greatly due to brilliancy of Cuningham. He passed the ball and then went down the field fast enough to knock off Shibley, the last Virginia back, as he made a try for Howell. He always got the charge on his man and always hit him in some way or at some point that was unexpected.

        One of the best guards that was ever at the University was Louis Guion, who played sub-end in 1892 and was guard in 1893 and 1894. He was nearly six feet two inches tall, weighed about one hundred and eighty pounds, and was all elbows and knees. Fast and shifty upon his feet and as wild as a savage from the first blow of the referee's whistle until some one would persuade him to stop smashing at the end of the game. He would break through to tackle if he could, but if he could not get through he would cut behind his line and you could always tell where the ball was by seeing his sandy head. When he himself carried the ball he was always run just inside or just outside tackle, and he ran with his powerful knees pumping up and down and with his back and shoulders straight for his team mates to push, as they could in those days. It was a good tackler that could get both of Guion's legs at once.

        "Bear" Collier, who played right guard in 1894 and 1895, and later went to Virginia and was captain and tackle on Virginia's 1898 team, was the next best guard. He was five feet ten inches in height and weighed two hundred and five pounds, and could run a hundred yards in close to ten and one-fifth seconds. He was a giant physically and relied upon his own strength rather than his teammates for aid. He could get out of his position fast enough to get in front of a

Page 749

halfback going around the end, but played on the defensive much like Stewart did at center, checking up all plays in his vicinity but not all over the field like Guion. In carrying the ball he rushed with his head down and drove through with his own strength and left little space for his teammates to help. When he broke clear he was fast and used stiff arm well, but did not use his knees and twist.

        Rankin, who played in 1899 and 1900, was probably the next best guard, but could hardly be considered the equal of the first two. Gardner of 1905 was also a much better man than people from the side lines would think. "Bully" Jones, captain in 1903, was a good guard, but was out of his position at tackle.

        Phifer of 1898 was picked by Doctors Lawson and Mangum, as was Captain Thompson of this year's team; they, however, did not see Guion and Collier while at their best. I think Phifer not the equal of either of those, and am relying upon the opinion of "Doggie" Trenchard in regard to Thompson.

        There have been more good tackles at the University than guards. Roscoe Little of the 1892 and 1893 teams; Jim Baird of the 1894 and 1895 teams; Bob Wright of 1895 and 1896; Frank Foust of 1900-'01-'02; Frank Bennett of 1896-'00; Romey Story of 1903-'06, and Abernethy of 1905.

        Bob Wright of the teams of 1895 and 1896 was six feet four inches tall, weighed about one hundred and eighty pounds, and was much the build of Guion, but was a little longer and a little more rangy. He was strong and quick and used his long arms to perfection in keeping an end from boxing him, and should his tackle get under him and lift him out for an opening, Wright's long arms would reach over and a hand on a canvas jacket was a sure tackle when it was Wright's fingers that closed upon it. He was never used much in carrying the ball, but when he did run would come out of the line with an awkward, kangaroo movement that was apt to bring a gain to his team. He played football as seriously as he thought and lived and studied. It was not play to him, but work, and he studied and worked over it until every movement he made and every step he took and every ounce of exertion was for a particular purpose. I have never seen him smile in a game; he was always too busy for that.

        Romey Story, like Wright, made football and tackle, his position, a study. He was about five feet eleven inches in height and weighed about one hundred and eighty-five pounds when at his best. He was a quiet, unassuming country boy when he first went to the University, without a friend on the Hill, but when as captain of the team of 1896 he died, there was not a man at the University who did not love him or who was not proud to be called his friend. Story thought and worked with never a word to any one until he was the leader of the team, and then you could always hear his clear, clean voice calling,

Page 750

"All right, all right." A coach never had to tell him a thing twice, and an opponent never blocked him or got him out of the way twice in the same manner. He was an aggressive player, and carried the ball particularly well, keeping his feet and struggling as long as there was an inch that he could gain. He was not particularly fast, but was unusually fast in starting, thus getting the charge on his man and opening a hole for his backs.

        The University has been particularly rich in ends. Away back in 1891 and 1892 the names of Gibbs and Biggs were familiar to every college man in the South. Gibbs was a thick-set, powerful man of a hundred and ninety pounds on one side of the line, while Biggs, later a Superior Court Judge, was fast and active on the other, but nearly fifty pounds lighter than Gibbs. Next came Gregory and Merritt, and there was less than a pound difference in their weights on Thanksgiving Day fifteen years ago. Then in 1898 came Koehler and in 1900-'01-'02 was Albert Cox. All four of these men weighed about one hundred and sixty stripped and all were good enough for any team in the country. "Nat" Townsend of the teams of 1902-'03-'04-'05 was good but was too light to stand the punishment that the others could take. "Slip" Brown of 1905 was like most of the ends that amounted to much at the University; about five feet ten inches and weighed one hundred and sixty pounds. He was at Lafayette the year before, and was then picked by Dr. Newton of Pennsylvania for an All American end. There have been several good ends since 1905, but none were the equal of the five men that played at a hundred and sixty pounds.

        Edwin Gregory is probably the best of these. He played on the teams of 1894-'95 and '98. He was fast and strong and active and always did the right thing. He was captain of his team, the best second baseman the University ever had, and graduated magna cum laude. He was always safe, and would have been more brilliant had he taken more chances. He always got his man when going down on kicks, and would have been an ideal man for the forward pass, for his judgment of fly balls was almost an intuition with him.

        The next best end, in my opinion, was Koehler, who played end on the team of 1898. He came to the University ripe in experience, having played end on the Orange Athletic Club with Frank Coyne. There he played with and against some of the best football men in America. He was fast and strong and a more brilliant player than Gregory, but could not be relied upon so absolutely.

        Albert Cox, who was considered by Dr. Lambeth, of Virginia, and every one at Chapel Hill to be the best end in the South in 1902, just began to reach his best as his football days ended. Had he played one year longer he would have rivaled either Gregory or Koehler. It was unfortunate that he could not play that extra season after beginning to come into his form.

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        Bob Winston, captain of the team of 1911, is also a good end, but has been shifted too much for his own good and didn't come quite up to expectations this year.

        The quarterbacks did not show up so well as the ends. The best were Barnard in 1892 and 1893; Frank Rogers in 1898; Louis Graves for the next three years; Jacocks in 1903, and Tom Sadler in 1905.

        Sadler would be the best of these were the game as it was five years ago, as he gave more assistance to his runner than did any other quarter. He weighed one hundred and sixty-five pounds, was strong and untiring. Frank Rogers, captain in 1898, ran his team beautifully, and had he not injured his back, tackling Stephens in open field three years before, would most probably have been the best of the quarters.

        I think Jacocks would be the most valuable man, as he was, with the exception of Graves, the best drop kicker yet upon the Hill, and was the fastest man in college. He weighed about one hundred and forty-five pounds. He was a good open field tackler, but was easily hurt, and for that reason would have to be played the last man back on the defensive.

        The best halfbacks since 1890 are Mike Hoke, who is still regarded as the best captain. He played from 1890 to 1892; George Stephens in 1893-'94-'95; Jim MacRae in 1897-'98-'99; Hunter Carpenter in 1904.

        The best two of these were Carpenter and Stephens. Carpenter came to Chapel Hill with three years experience from Virginia Polytechnic Institute. He was five feet ten inches and weighed one hundred and ninety-two pounds, had a barrel-shaped body, short legs and short arms. He ran with a short stride, almost started at full speed, took every advantage of his interference, but when in a broken field was at his best. He always carried a little speed in reserve and called it into play or changed his course just as the tackler would get off his balance. He would side step several steps to the right or left without changing the direction in which his face was turned, used the stiff arm to perfection, whipping up a knee at the same time. He unfortunately came a little too early in the game, as he would have shone still more brilliantly in the open style of play of today.

        George Stephens as he was in 1895 would have made the best running mate for Carpenter. He had more speed and strength than Carpenter and was, with the exception of Roy Abernethy, the best line plunger. He was particularly good in the sharp, quick rushes through the line or just outside tackle. He did not use his stiff arm, but would whip up his knees or drive in with his hip and twist in his own peculiar way. He was particularly good in smothering an end and for tearing up interference did not have an equal.

        The fullbacks to be mentioned are Charles Baskerville of 1892-'93-'94; George Butler of 1895; Arthur Belden of 1896-'97; Ernest

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Graves of 1898-'99-'00-'01; Earle Holt of 1902; Roy Abernethy of 1895, and Porter of this year. Every one of these men was exceptionally good, and all but Baskerville were strong men physically, weighing in the neighborhood of one hundred and eighty pounds. He was light--one hundred and forty pounds--but was good. He could place-kick four out of five balls beyond the goal line from the center of the field, and I have actually seen him try goals at that distance. With the exception of Belden he could out-punt any other back. He was too light for the old smashing play, but was even then one of the best.

        Roy Abernethy was the strongest one of these men physically, and were the rules the same now as when he was playing, he would be preëminently the best fullback. Ernest Graves played fullback three years, but lacked the speed of Abernethy and lacked his strength, nor could he kick like Belden.

        Arthur Belden, in my opinion, is the best man for fullback with the rules as they are now. He was about six feet tall and weighed about one hundred and seventy-five pounds. He was quick in starting and was fast and, with the exception of Jim MacRae, was the best man for backing up the line on the defensive. He could average sixty yards in punting, and to my mind was quite the equal of Hodgson of Virginia Polytechnic Institute in 1909. He never had a kick blocked due to his own fault or carelessness, and could kick either the high "floaters" or a low spiral with tremendous carrying power which was very hard to handle.

        The lineup of the All University eleven as I would name it, would be as follows:

        
Position. Name. Weight.
L. E. Gregory 160
L. T. Wright 180
L. G. Guion 182
C Cuningham 148
R. G. Collier 205
R. T. Story 185
R. E. Koehler 160
Q. B. Jacocks 142
L. H. B. Stephens 174
F. B. Belden 175
R. H. B. Carpenter 192

        This eleven, with Gregory as captain, Jacocks for the drop kicking, Belden for the punting, with the two ends going down on each side of the field, and Cuningham going straight down on kicks, would make a most difficult team to beat. The team as a whole could easily run a hundred yards under eleven seconds, and average one hundred and seventy-three pounds.

Page 753

        

FOOTBALL RECORD; INCLUDES GAMES OF THE 1911 SEASON, EXCEPTING THOSE WITH OUR STATE COLLEGES AND MINOR INSTITUTIONS.

University of North Carolina vs. Total Won Lost Tied
Alabama Polytechnic Institute 3 3 .... ....
Clemson College 4 2 2 ....
Georgetown University 10 3 5 2
Lafayette College 1 .... 1 ....
Lehigh University 2 .... 2 ....
Princeton University 1 .... 1 ....
Richmond College 12 12 .... ....
Rutgers College 1 .... 1 ....
University of the South 5 2 1 2
University of Georgia 5 4 1 ....
University of Pennsylvania 3 .... 3 ....
University of South Carolina 1 1 .... ....
University of Tennessee 4 3 1 ....
University of Virginia 17 4 12 1
United States Navy 3 .... 3 ....
United States Steamship Franklin 1 1 .... ....
Vanderbilt University 4 3 1 ....
Virginia Military Institute 6 4 1 1
Virginia Polytechnic Institute 13 2 6 5
Washington and Lee University 7 4 1 2
Total 103 48 42 13


ALL UNIVERSITY BASEBALL TEAM.

        Finding the article by Dr. Whitaker so interesting I requested him to furnish an estimate of our baseball players. He has kindly complied. There is no doubt that had the selections been made by another man "Joe" Whitaker himself would be found on both teams, as quarterback in football and in the field in baseball.

        In selecting what to my mind would be the best team that could be selected from all the men who have played upon the baseball teams at the University, I asked only one man, Dr. Robert Lawson, of the University Medical School, to aid me. I saw all of the teams from the early nineties for about ten years, but in the last few years have not been familiar with the teams there. Dr. Lawson, however, has been more or less closely associated with the teams there since about 1898, and is thoroughly capable of judging the ability of the individuals. He was pitcher in 1898, and captain and pitcher of baseball team one season after that.

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        In Dr. Lawson's selection of the All University team and in my selection, there were only two differences, both of which were in the outfield. He selected Graham for right field over my selection. As he was familiar with both men and I did not see Graham in any games of importance, I readily concede the position to Graham, who must have been the better man. In the selection of center fielder, Dr. Lawson did not see Robertson play, while I knew both Robertson and Lawson's choice well, so gave the position to Robertson, who justly deserved it. Of course Dr. Lawson did not mention himself as one of the pitchers, but no one who has ever seen him work will doubt for a moment his right to be there. In making this selection and in picking a man for his position, I am considering that man as he was during his best season, which in one instance was the Freshman year of the premier first baseman, and I am considering each individual's ability to keep the other side from scoring and each man's ability to get runs for his own team, rather than looking up some old batting averages and fielding records. In other words, I am getting the team which I think could win most games.

        George Stephens in 1894, Bob Lawson, 1898, and Veder Sitton in 1904 were the three best pitchers. Stephens was of a blocky build, strong, and with a quick, jerky delivery, and it was this peculiar delivery that would give the batters as much trouble as his speed and his curves. He was a lefthand pitcher and would start the ball not with a long freearm swing, but with a quick jerky movement, and the ball would go by the batter with unexpected speed. His curves were sharp, and he always used his head. For instance, in most of the games that Stephens pitched the umpire would stand near the pitcher's box and Stephens would talk to the umpire during the game, but would never kick against a decision. When he would see a batter gripping his bat by the end and crowding the plate he might say something like this, "See, he is standing too close; here goes one on a level with his shoulders over the inner corner of the plate." He would then cut a "straight" one close by the batter's chin; often the ball would be an inch or two too close or an inch or two too high, but the idea had already been conveyed to the umpire's mind that it was just going to be close enough to be called a strike, and Stephens would often be rewarded by hearing a close one called a strike. Should the umpire call it a ball, Stephens would never kick, but after the ball was returned to him would walk back to the box and say, "That was close, but I moved him back a bit; here goes a drop over the inner corner about on a level with his knees." He would never say, "Here goes a drop close to his knees," but would always say "over the corner of the plate." So he was a psychologist as well as a pitcher. He was a slugger at the bat. He was good enough for Ned Hanlon, the famous manager of the three-times champion Baltimore Orioles to wire him, "Meet us in Washington at

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your own price." Stephens refused to go into professional baseball, and again showed his "head work," for he is now president of the American Trust Company at Charlotte and one of the State's most prominent business men.

        Bob Lawson, who followed Stephens at the University, was the greatest curve pitcher. He was free and easy in his movements and pitched with the greatest ease. His control was almost perfect, and his drop ball and the control of it was wonderful. Bill D. LeGrand, who caught Lawson before he entered the University, said Lawson could pitch drops into a tin can at the distance of pitcher's box. This was of course an exaggeration, but often when he had three balls and two strikes on a batter he would pitch a curve, usually to the batter's astonishment. He hit well, and could have been used by any college team either at third base or in the outfield. He played with Boston for a while after leaving the University, but gave up professional ball upon graduating in medicine and is now connected with the University Medical School. He batted and threw with right hand.

        Next came Veeder Sitton, who had a great deal of speed and relied upon this and his "spit" ball rather than his curves. He was hardly as valuable as either of the other two pitchers, but his number of strike-outs in some games was remarkable. Against some teams he would be very effective, their batters having difficulty in hitting the ball at all. The three pitchers mentioned are easily the best in the history of the University, though George Green, Bull Thompson, Red Stewart, and Raymond Lee did unusually well.

        For catcher, Jesse Oldham of twenty years ago is still considered the best. His throwing was quick and accurate and he was a good man to bat second on the list. He was a lefthand batter and a righthand thrower. He was Stephens' catcher, and it was almost impossible to steal on them. Graves, 1898 to 1900, and Hobbs, who followed Graves, were the next best catchers.

        Only two first basemen are to be considered, Robert Winston, 1896 to 1899, and Earle Holt, who came just after Winston. Winston, in 1896 was better than Holt at any period. As a Freshman he played his position beautifully, and although not fast had a batting average of .476 for the season, which I am pretty sure was better than he had any year following. Later Winston was used as a pitcher and caught Sitton when he was pitching. Holt could probably field his position better than Winston, but was never as valuable as Winston was in 1896.

        Edwin Gregory was the greatest second baseman, covering a great deal of ground; he played deep, but was speedy and would meet ground balls quickly. He was strong and nervy, and was particularly good in receiving the ball when a runner was trying to steal second. He had no fear of being spiked or run over, and would

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make the men going to second slide around him; that is, most men, but I think he will always remember big Bray, the hundred and ninety-five pound All American fullback of Lafayette College, the first time he played against the University and the first time he stole second. Next to Gregory would come Belden for his hitting, and Horace Emerson.

        At shortstop Ben Stanley, captain of the 1896 and 1897 teams, was in a class by himself. He was probably the best college base runner that has ever been in the South, and in the season of 1896 had the almost unheard of batting average of .630. With his speed and ability to get started he would turn many apparently easy infield outs into base hits. Against Yale that year--which, by the way, was the first time a Southern college had ever beaten Yale--he hit a grounder directly to Quinbey, the captain and third baseman of the Yale team, who handled it cleanly and made a perfect throw to first but not quite quickly enough to keep it from going as a hit against his pitcher. Stanley led off at the bat, and from his average he was almost sure to reach first base. Then with Gregory up and the signal to "sacrifice Stanley down," he would get a start and go on to third base when Gregory would bunt down the third base line. From there he would be apt to score, with Winston and Bailey following at the bat. He scored three of the four runs against Virginia in 1897, and that, his last game at the University, he seemed almost to run wild on the bases. Once, when he failed to reach first that day, a Virginia rooter jumped to his feet, waved his hat and shrieked, "Thank God for that." He was a good fielding shortstop, but had a good many errors against him; as he covered so much ground he accepted chances that an ordinary shortstop would have been unable to reach. He was naturally righthanded, but taught himself to bat lefthanded against righthanded pitchers, as he would be better able to bat their curve balls and could get off more quickly when he started for first base; he would shift to the other side on a lefthand pitcher. Half the big teams in the country were after him the season of 1898, but he was then sick with diabetes and died from it a year later. Graham Woodard was the next most valuable shortstop.

        Burt James, 1905 and 1906, was the best third baseman; he was quick and could handle balls hard hit and bunts with almost equal ease. He could throw well and had the enviable average of .360 at the bat. Harvey Lambeth I think next best.

        John McKee, 1897 and 1898, was the best left fielder. He could go back or come up with equal ability, and was particularly good in getting the low hard drives that curved toward the foul line. He was lefthanded at the bat, was fast in reaching first, and a good batter and base runner.

        Archie Graham, about 1899 and 1900, was the best right fielder;

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he was faster than either Robertson or McKee, but was no more valuable to his team. He was a good batter and good base runner.

        Sly Robertson, 1893 and 1894, was the best center fielder. He went after fly balls by intuition; with only a glance at the ball he would be off at the crack of the bat and would not turn around or look at the ball again until he had reached almost the exact spot where it would land. He seemed to handle a line drive over his head with almost the same ease that he would an easy fly in front of him. Ten years after it happened, I heard George Stephens talking of an incident that happened in Robertson's baseball career. It was the last inning of a game, with one or two runners on base, when the man at the bat drove a long fly directly over Robertson's head, and everyone realized that the game was lost should he fail to catch it. Dr. John Manning, Dean of the Law School, glanced at the ball and said, "Sly has it," and started for the gate seconds before the ball landed in Robertson's mit after a spectacular run.

        Bull Thompson of the teams of 1906 and 1907 was a good pitcher and a good outfielder, but not good enough to supplant any of the men mentioned. Hackney was a good fielding outfielder, but not good enough on the offense.

        Some men of more recent years will quite likely criticize my selection of so many men of ten years or more ago, but there is this thing to be considered. The game changed but little since the team captained and coached by Stanley won the Southern championship. Then, too, there were then no restrictions against summer ball, and many of the men learned the finer points of the game by playing against and with the best college players of the country on the New Jersey coast teams. Lawson, Stanley, Robertson, Stephens, and Oldham played there, while John McKee and Gregory improved their game by playing with Tarboro and Bob Winston had his own team in Franklinton which for years played and beat almost any team they could find in their neighborhood.

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  • Stephens, Lawson, Sitton . . . . . Pitchers
  • Oldham . . . . . Catcher
  • Winston . . . . . First base
  • Gregory . . . . . Second base
  • Stanley . . . . . Shortstop
  • James . . . . . Third base
  • McKee . . . . . Left field
  • Robertson . . . . . Center field
  • Graham . . . . . Right field

TRACK ATHLETICS.

        The remarkable improvement in the condition of track athletics of late years, mainly due to the fine influence of Mr. N. J. Cartmell, who took charge as coach in 1910, will be seen in the following record of the University's team.

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    RECORDS OF TRACK TEAM.

  • 1909-- University North Carolina vs. Wake Forest . . . . . Won
  • 1909-- University North Carolina vs. Clemson . . . . . Lost
  • 1909-- University North Carolina vs. Washington and Lee . . . . . Lost
  • 1909--State Meet--Wake Forest first, Guilford second, North Carolina third, A. & M. fourth, Davisdon fifth.
  • 1910--University North Carolina vs. Wake Forest . . . . . Won
  • 1910--University North Carolina vs. Washington and Lee . . . . . Won
  • 1910-- University North Carolina vs. Virginia Polytechnic Institute . . . . . Lost
  • 1911--University North Carolina vs. Virginia Polytechnic Institute . . . . . Won
  • 1911--University North Carolina vs. Washington and Lee . . . . . Won
  • 1911-- State Meet--Scores: North Carolina, 57; A. & M., 41; Wake Forest, 19.
  • 1911--South Atlantic Intercollegiate--Virginia first, North Carolina second, Washington and Lee third.
  • 1912-- University North Carolina vs. Wake Forest . . . . . Won
  • 1912--University North Carolina vs. Virginia Polytechnic Institute . . . . . Won
  • 1912--State Meet--Scores: North Carolina, 67½; Wake Forest, 33½; A. & M., 24; Davidson, 12; Trinity, 4; Guilford, 2; Elon, 0.
  • 1912--South Atlantic Intercollegiate--Johns Hopkins first, North Carolina second, A. & M., third, Virginia Polytechnic Institute fourth, Washington and Lee fifth, Georgetown sixth.

        

INDIVIDUAL TRACK RECORDS TO 1912.

100-yards dash F. J. Haywood, Jr., '97; R. W. Winston, Jr., '09;
100-yards dash J. B. Mason, '12 10 seconds.
220-yards dash J. B. Mason, '12 22 1/5 seconds.
440-yards dash J. F. Hoffman, '11 51 seconds.
Half-mile J. F. Hoffman, '10 2 minutes, 2 4/5 seconds.
Mile E. V. Patterson, '12 4 minutes, 32 4/5 seconds.
Two miles E. V. Patterson, '12 10 minutes, 6 2/5 seconds.
120-yards hurdles W. M. Wilson, '05 16 1/5 seconds.
220-yards hurdles W. M. Wilson, '05 26 1/5 seconds.
High jump Philip Woollcott, '12 5 feet, 8 inches.
Broad jump M. E. Blalock, '12 21 feet, 5 ¾ inches.
Pole vault G. V. Strong, '12 10 feet, 7 inches.
Hammer throw A. M. Atkinson, '11 115 feet.
Shot put W. H. M. Pittman, '07 40 feet, 6 inches.

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LAWN TENNIS.

        This excellent game has enjoyed a wide popularity since its introduction. Its most brilliant period was in 1910 when George M. Fountain (Law) and Charles S. Venable (Senior) played a series with Randolph-Macon, Richmond, Washington and Lee, Davidson College, and the University of Virginia. They won from all in the doubles and lost only one single. This was to Washington and Lee.

        Basketball has been introduced, and the interest taken in the game is increasing. Creditable teams have been developed.

MASS MEETINGS.

        The mass meetings held by all the students on the return of their team from a successful campaign are worthy of notice. Materials for a huge bonfire are heaped up in the field south of the Carr Building, the merchants giving freely of their goods boxes, and other easily burning stuff collected wherever available. Before kerosene is dashed on the mass a meeting is held in Gerrard Hall, where each member of the team is called on for a speech. As may be imagined occasionally is found one who is more skillful in the support of his task in the athletic field than in this oratorical exhibition. After these the members of the Faculty present are greeted with wild enthusiastic invitations to have their say, and then students known to be ready speakers. For example, there were called up at one of these festivals Captain Osborne, and Messrs. Bennett, Foust, Rankin of the team, and Messrs. Battle, Hume, Venable, Baskerville, Graham, Noble, and Henderson of the Faculty. As might be expected anecdote and brevity are the chief features of the oratory. Adjournment is had to the playground, kerosene oil is thrown on the mountainous pile of inflammable lumber, the blaze leaps towards the sky, illumining oaks and buildings and the acres of humanity. College songs are sung, the boys in procession march around the fire, the ladies with their colored dresses forming a beautiful fringe around the dark clothes of the students. When the fire is reduced to dying coals the company peacefully separates, some to study, some

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to gossip, the tired team, in the language of Dick Swiveller, to "court the balmy." Students of sixty years ago will hardly believe that the odor of corn whiskey does not taint the air. There is no dissipation.

        I give specimens of the songs and yells used on such occasions and at the games themselves.


                         Ray! Ray! Rah-Rah!
                         Carolina,
                         Carolina,
                         Hoo-o-o-o Rah!
                         Hoo-o-o-o Rah!
                         Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha!
                         Carolina,
                         C-a-r-o-l-i-n-a,
                         Carolina.


                         Boom Rah Ray!
                         Boom Rah Ray!
                         Carolina 'Varsity,
                         Si--ss Boom!
                         Tar Heel!

HAIL CAROLINA.
Tune: "Amici."


                         Hark, the sound of Tar Heel voices
                         Ringing clear and true,
                         Singing Carolina's praises,
                         Shouting N. C. U.!

CHORUS:


                         Hail to the brightest star of all!
                         Clear in its radiance shine;
                         Carolina, priceless gem,
                         Receive all praises thine.


                         'Neath the oaks thy sons true hearted,
                         Homage bring to thee,
                         Timeworn walls gave back their echo--
                         Hail to U. N. C.!


                         Though the storms of life assail us,
                         Still our hearts beat true,
                         Naught can break the friendships formed at
                         Dear old N. C. U.!

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                         Yackety Yack, Hooray! Hooray!
                         Yackety Yack, Hooray! Hooray!
                         Carolina 'Varsity,
                         Boom Rah! Boom Rah!
                         Car-o-li-na.


                         I'm a Tar Heel born,
                         I'm a Tar Heel bred,
                         And when I die,
                         I'm a Tar Heel dead.

CHORUS:


                         Rah, Rah, Carolina--lina!
                         Rah, Rah, Carolina--lina!
                         Rah, Rah, Carolina,
                         Rah! Rah! Rah!

ATHLETIC RULES.

        The athletic rules are carefully drawn to prevent professionalism and discourage inattention to study, and are now (1912) as follows:

        No student will be allowed to take part in athletic contests, concerts, debates, etc., entailing absence from the University, whose parent or guardian objects to such participation.

        A student who was in attendance upon the University during a previous term or session must have passed satisfactory examinations upon at least eight hours of work before he will be allowed to represent the University in any athletic contest or in any other public capacity.

        No student reported as deficient in a majority of his classes may participate in any athletic contest or otherwise publicly represent the University, until the deficiency is made good.

        No team or club will be allowed to be absent from the University for more than ten lecture days during the term.

        The manager of each athletic team or musical club shall submit to the Athletic Committee or to the President a schedule of all engagements before positive arrangements are made.


        The rules governing the eligibility of players are as follows:

        I. Before any student can become a member or a substitute member of any athletic team in the University, and take part in any intercollegiate contest, he must make application to the Committee on Athletics in the University and secure the endorsed approval of that committee to his application. It shall be the duty of the Athletic

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Committee to have the executive officers of the University endorse such application to the effect that the applicant is a regular student of the University, registered on or before October 12 of the fall session.

        II. It shall be the duty of the Athletic Committee to inquire into and make a record of the athletic experiences of the applicant, and it shall be the duty of the applicant to appear before the committee and answer on his honor such questions as the committee may see fit to ask.

        III. It shall be the duty of the Athletic Committee to require a pledge in writing of the applicant, certifying on his honor that he has never accepted, directly or indirectly, remuneration, compensatory gift, valuable consideration, or promise thereof, for his athletic services, and that he is in the proper and strict sense of the word an amateur player in collegiate athletic sports, before the committee endorses his application.

        IV. No student of this University who has been a member or a substitute member of a baseball or football team at another college or university shall be permitted to become a member of either baseball or football team at this University during the session in which he matriculates and until he shall have been a student in residence at this University for at least five months.

        V. No person whose name is in the faculty list or appears in the catalogue list of officers of instruction and administration of the University, and who receives a remuneration therefrom, shall be a member of any athletic team representing the University.

        VI. Whereas, a member of an athletic team of this University is a representative student and enjoys special honor in thus representing the University, this privilege shall be withheld from any student whose scholastic standing is discreditable.

        VII. Any student who has participated as a player on a college team in either football or baseball for a period of four years shall thereafter be ineligible for such athletic contests of the University.


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CHAPTER IX.

WALKS ABOUT CHAPEL HILL.

        In closing my sketches I think it may interest my readers to be introduced to some of the notable points in the neighborhood of the town.

        The site of the University, as has been explained, was once called New Hope Chapel Hill. It was nearly all densely covered with forest, a favorite region with hunters, who had their deer stands along the paths between the valleys of the creeks to the north and south of the ridge. The road from Petersburg and that from New Bern crossed one another a hundred yards or so in front of the village schoolhouse. According to tradition on the northeast corner of the cross was a chapel of the Church of England, attached to St. Matthew's Church, Hillsborough. The minister, Parson Micklejohn, adhered to the British in the Revolutionary War, and hence the chapel, losing its preacher, went to decay and ruin. The wife of Rev. Dr. James Phillips remembered seeing some of the fragments strewing the ground in 1826. The Trustees of the University, in 1793, established a village out of the lands donated to them, and called it after the second half of the original name, selling the lots at auction, as is detailed in the first volume of this History.

        The hill is an upheaval of granitic rock, like to the Laurentian system, i. e., the system of rocks about the River St. Lawrence, or St. Laurentius. It is a part of the coast line of a primeval arm of the ocean, some two hundred and fifty feet lower than the country west of it. This arm is here sixteen miles wide; the eastern coast is lower than the western. In the course of time the bottom was elevated by some subterranean force and became dry land. Durham is situated on this ancient sea bottom. The rains falling on the Chapel Hill plateau run off by numerous brooks into two creeks, that on the north being Bowlin's, and that on the south, Morgan's Creek. These brooks and creeks have cut up the land into

Illustration

        CHAPEL OF THE CROSS, EPISCOPAL

        THE ARBORETUM

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deep and sinuous ravines, and, therefore, there is a vast wealth of lovely flowers, gray crags, noble trees, graceful curves of hills, and beautiful, diversified scenery.

        The town is about a mile from the primeval sea. The eastern extremity of the ridge on which it is situated is like a promontory jutting into the sea. It was by General Davie, the "Father of the University," called Point Prospect. In old times point was pronounced pi-int, and hence, the neighbors, seeing on its summit some lofty pines, mistook the name for Piney Prospect. From this summit is one of the loveliest views east of the Blue Ridge. In the distance can be seen the steeples and chimneys of Durham and the lofty trees near Apex and Cary, while the smoke of the locomotives on the North Carolina and Raleigh and Augusta Air Line railroads curls gracefully over the horizon. Raleigh is about two hundred feet lower than the eastern coast of the primeval sea, and is, therefore, invisible, but whenever skyscraping rockets are sent up by its jovial citizens, their flame plainly flashes above the horizon. "The wave of woods and cornfields, and the abodes of men scattered at intervals," in the wide expanse below the observer, remind him of Byron's Dream.

        On the crown of Piney Prospect hill, within a circular area, is a round rock with red stains on its surface, which is the mythical tomb of Peter Dromgoole. About a hundred yards to the north is a gray rock in the shape of a chair, just large enough for two, called the "Lovers' Chair." To the south, following a winding, rocky path which leads by the rifle pits dug by Wheeler's Cavalry as they retreated before Kilpatrick's pursuing column, then going down the hill and crossing the Raleigh road, the walker comes to "Miss Fannie's Spring." By this spring, according to Hamberlin's beautiful poem, Dromgoole and his lady love often sat discoursing sweet nothings.

        About a mile toward the northeast from Piney Prospect, on what was evidently an inlet in the ancient sea, is a copse of woods on a hillside. Near its center is a cluster of massive rocks, closed on three sides and partially covered overhead by the beetling cliff. In this dismal retreat a runaway slave, named Tom Morgan, lay hidden for many months, emerging

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at night to subsist by robbery. Such terror was caused by his depredations that a force of men, armed with shotguns, scoured the forest, succeeded in finding the hiding place and capturing the robber. This is the "Robber's Den," or "Black Tom's Lair." With boyish curiosity I visited it the day after his capture and gazed with awe and pity on his bed of leaves, his shoemaker's bench, the charred firelogs and the bones of pigs and fowls, relics of his lawless life. He ran away because he had been sold to a speculator and was unwilling to be carried to a distant Southern plantation.

        Toward the south, about a mile from Piney Prospect, is the plantation devised to the University by its last owner, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth (Morgan) Mason, for the education of poor students. The portraits in oil of her daughter and of their father, Rev. James Pleasant Mason, are, as requested in the mother's will, hanging in the University Library, and the Trustees have added hers to the collection. The plantation is one of the best in the county. On it is the burial lot of her family, in which, beside others, is a handsome white marble monument erected by the University in accordance with the wishes of the testatrix.

        On the south side of Morgan's Creek on this plantation, is one of the famous Laurel Hills. Here in addition to trailing arbutus is a fine growth of the handsome evergreen shrub, the botanical name of which is Rhododendron Catawbiense. Professor Asa Gray, in one of his books, says that this species never is found below eighteen hundred feet above sea level. But one of our professors, Dr. F. W. Simonds, sent him specimens from Laurel Hill and he promptly acknowledged his error. Another Laurel Hill is near the mill of Henderson Oldham, which our oldest alumni knew as Barbee's, our elderly alumni as Cave's, and our middle-aged as King's Mill. These hills are about six hundred feet above sea level. To them annual pilgrimages are made by young men and maidens, intent on despoiling the plants of their beauteous treasures. Occasionally the naiads by way of punishment turn over the slippery stones in the creek crossing under the tripping feet of the damsels and send them drenched and disconsolate homeward.

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        Half a mile above the mill is a lovely defile, between verdured hills, where the water sings gaily among the sweet odors of yellow jasmine and the bright colors of woodbine. This is "Otey's Retreat." Here, about three-quarters of a century ago, a young University tutor spent much of his time studying his books, or romantically recalling the image and the words of his ladylove, Miss Eliza Pannill. Sometimes, loverlike, they strolled in that glen. The lady was kindly and it was not many years before she journeyed across the mountains, the wife of James Hervey Otey, later Bishop of Tennessee.

        Higher up Morgan's Creek, at the Pittsboro road crossing, is Purefoy's Mill, famous in the old days, before railroads came, as Merritt's Mill, whose brand of flour was much sought after in our eastern counties. The pond here was, until the dam was recently washed away, a lovely sheet of water and was much used by the students when swimming or skating was the fashion.

        Still higher up on this stream, on its western bank, is a notable hill declared by Professor Cobb to be the extinct crater of a volcano. Suspicion hath it that in this neighborhood, in a still wilder and more secluded spot, there was not long ago another kind of "cratur," not at all extinct, but alive with all the fiery headiness of moonshine "old corn" whiskey. But the Professor and his geological class did not chance to look that "cratur" in the mouth.

        We will now cross the ridge toward the north, and descend into the valley of Bowlin's Creek. Rising to the north we see the Iron Mountain, where excavations show a goodly quantity of valuable ore, but up to this time too far from coal to be merchantable. We pass the University water works and come to a most romantic defile, called Glenburnie. In it was the oldest pre-Revolutionary mill in this section, called Yeargin's. The mud sill may still be seen. Along the stream on the south is a lovely path among countless ferns, which I name the Fern Bank walk.

        Descending the stream we come to the site of the "Valley Mill Pond" with "Clover Hill" overhanging it. Here was once a beauteous sheet of water, a favorite for swimming and

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skating and much visited by those fond of walking. But, alas! the dam was carried off by a freshet and has not been rebuilt. Steam replaces falling water in the mill.

        Below the mill the valley widens. On the north is a long hill, in some places very steep, named after the first president, Dr. Joseph Caldwell, who, although a good Christian, was called, because of his skill in capturing wicked students, "Old Bolus," i. e., Dia-bolus, or the devil. Mount Bolus gives a lovely view down the stream and in the distance, and is the home of gay colored flowers.

        The hill on the south, opposite Bolus, was once distinguished by one great solitary pine, the last survivor of many. On the hillside is a beautiful fountain, gushing freely into a natural stone basin. This "Lone Pine Spring," as it is named, is the best specimen of a mountain spring in this neighborhood. The name is no longer appropriate. A great sleet broke off branches of the Lone Pine. Insects attacked these branches and then killed the parent tree.

        There was fifty years ago on the south side of Bowlin's Creek, opposite the east end of Mt. Bolus, a farmhouse inhabited by the slaves of Professor Green, but prior to his ownership by Benjamin Yeargin, one of the donors of the University site. My father, Judge William H. Battle, told me that in this dwelling, so remote from the University buildings, he and also President Polk and other students had their table board, walking to their meals three times a day.

        The hills on this plantation, now known as Tenney's, afford a very distinct view of Durham, especially of Trinity College. Those hills and Piney Prospect were the favorite goals of afternoon strollers in the old days. Some deflected to the northwest and visited "Love Rocks," a fine cluster of boulders in the grove which is between Tenney's and the town. Others went off to the southeast by a winding path into the woods east of Professor Williams' residence, and found at the bottom of the hill a lovely spring, with the grand name of "Roaring Fountain."

        We are now near Battle Park, so called because the paths permeating it were cut by a former President of the University

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with his "little hatchet," as a recreation from his anxious University work. Seats may be found here, the localities bearing such romantic names as Trysting Poplar, Anemone Spring, Fairy Vale, Lion Rock, the Triangle, Over-Stream Seat, Vale of Ione, Glen Lee, Woodthrush Home, Dogwood Dingle, Flirtation Knoll. One of the loveliest walks that can be found is through the southern edge of the Park to Piney Prospect, then by a winding path northward to the brook, then up its meanderings to the village, about two and a half miles in all. After crossing the brook for the first time, a curving path to the north leads to the grounds of the Country Club.

        The well-kept village cemetery has some interesting monuments of students who died far away from their homes, of venerable men and excellent women, of a gallant Confederate Colonel, Edward Mallett, a son of the University, killed at Bentonville, in one of the last battles of the Civil War, and buried in his bloody uniform.

        Taking a road running in a southerly direction near the east wall of the cemetery, and, after following it for three-eighths of a mile, then deviating to the right by a path through a growth of young pines, the pedestrian will reach a most romantic spot, the "Meeting of the Waters," where Chapel Branch and Rockspring, or Brickyard, Branch come together among numerous gray rocks. The dense shade of the lofty trees, the musical murmur of the tumbling streams, the high bluffs covered with mosses and ferns, hepaticas and heart leaves, the rustling of the leaves of the treetops, and the perfect calm below, make this an ideal place for lovers of Nature.

        I point out two more places of interest. One is the "Mineral Spring," near the point where Professor Holmes' beautiful, well graded new road curves away from the steep and rocky old Durham Road. The other is the "Point of Rocks," about ten steps on the west of the Hillsborough Road, a little north of Mr. John Ward's dwelling. It is said that a residence is shortly to be erected on this eminence. If this be true the beauties of this spot may not be open to the public.

        I wrote the above for the Yackety Yack of 1897. The present editors kindly allow me to reproduce it. I add points of interest not therein described.

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        Standing on Piney Prospect the observer sees about two miles toward the east, a high hill, evidently an island a hundred thousand years ago, rising above the waters of the old Triassic Sea. It was called in our old times the "Mountain." It was the residence of one of the donors of the University site, Christopher Barbee. He was succeeded in the ownership by his son, William Barbee, at one time a Member of the House of Commons. William Barbee had one son, who died without issue, and four sprightly daughters, who enlivened the Mountain with the gaiety of picnics, and beaux coming and going. One married Ilai Nunn, a skilled performer on the violin, and their residence on a lofty eminence north of the village gave the name to Nunn's Hill.

        One of our professors, imbued with romantic ideas, resolved to build a residence on Piney Prospect, where he could feast his eyes, when not gazing on the unromantic faces of the disciples of Themis, on the glorious views stretching towards the east. With the foresight becoming one engaged in the instruction of youth, he resolved to begin by searching for water. With pick and shovel and with rending dynamite his laborers started on the journey towards China. After a fruitless delving of eighty feet the project was abandoned. The bottom was as dry as a lifeless sermon.

        A rival to Piney Prospect has been found by Dr. W. C. Coker. South of the Piney Prospect promontory across the Raleigh road is another rocky eminence. This he has purchased and on its highest knob he has erected a lofty observation tower and called it the Battle Tower, in accordance with the following letter:

        DEAR DOCTOR BATTLE:--To express in some slight way the regard in which I hold you, and my appreciation of the wonderful influence you have always exerted towards simple living and the enjoyment of Nature, I have erected in your honor an observation tower on my Rocky Ridge Farm.

Very sincerely yours,

W. C. COKER.


        It is needless to say that the honor was accepted with grateful thanks.

        From this tower can be seen the country stretching to Durham, Cary, Apex, and points still farther east, and in addition

Page 771

the eminences near University Station and the Occoneechee Mountain near Hillsboro. The distant mountains, Blackwood and Ball on the northwest, and Laurel Hill and many unnamed peaks on Morgan Creek are in sight. University buildings and Faculty residences are in the view and it may be said that, although the point lacks the enchantment of the distances of the mountains the beauty is present in a high degree.

        "The Meeting of the Waters" can be pleasantly reached in two ways. One has been already described. The other takes the wood road on the right, or west of the cemetery, going straight forward until the "Brickyard Branch" is reached, and following the path down this, which I have named the "Disappearing Stream" because at some places it dives under the ground, to the "Meeting of the Waters." The other stream contributing to this name is Chapel Branch, so called because of its source in "Chapel Spring," named from the ante-Revolutionary worshippers quenching their thirst from its cool waters.

        The walk up Chapel Branch is delightful, by high bluffs, among heart leaves, anemones, ferns, stellarias, tiarellas, irises, and other small, beautiful plants. Lofty beeches, their bark covered with the initials of students vainly seeking perpetual fame, overhang the everwinding stream and give a grateful shade at all hours of the day.

        About a quarter of a mile above the Meeting of the Waters the path forks, that on the right up hill takes you back to the village by way of the road west of the colored cemetery. That on the left crosses the stream by a natural bridge of rock, thence winds up a ravine full of green plants, and comes suddenly to a beautiful spring, which I have named "Judge's Spring." This spring was walled up with heavy stones as long ago as 1841 by Judge Robert P. Dick, then a student of the University, his object being to have a quiet place for study, when the weather allowed outdoor reading. It is in as good order as it was seventy years ago. Near it are abundant irises and hepaticas, and ferns four feet high and numerous others of a smaller growth.

        Instead of returning to the east end of town the pedestrian, by going through the woods straight up the hill from the

Page 772

spring in a southern direction, will come to a wagon road, not now often traveled, and by taking the right, i. e., west, he will reach the village by way of the schoolhouse.

        If the pedestrian wishes a longer walk he can go by the railroad station into the Greensboro Road, and after about three miles he will find himself opposite the crest of a lofty hill on the north. Going to the top he will, if he is a skillful woodsman, find an old tombstone, on some crumbling bricks. On the slab are words commemorating the death of John Taylor, a Hero of 1776.

        This John Taylor, contrary to the usage of this day, which attaches the nickname to those named William, was known as Buck Taylor. He was a grim, bold man with the reputation of a fighter. On his deathbed he directed that he should be buried on this rocky ridge so that his grave would not take up any good arable land, and secondly, so that he could watch the negroes and see that they did not shirk work. There is a legend that, as he had according to his lights lived uprightly, he requested that his body should be buried upright, but this request was not granted. Owing to the superstitious temperament of the colored race, in truth of all races, of that day, it is altogether likely that his plan secured honest labor.

        Buck Taylor has the distinction of having been the first steward of the University. His granddaughter married Mr. Ralph H. Graves, the father of our able and lamented Professor of Mathematics, Ralph H. Graves.

        Another interesting long walk is by the Pittsboro Road and Purefoy's Mill. At the top of the hill after passing the mill the road forks, the right going to Pittsboro and the left to Fayetteville. About a mile along the latter from the fork is Williams Chapel, erected by the daughters of Rev. Dr. J. W. M. Williams, of Baltimore, a beneficent charity to this neighborhood. Here is a lovely view of scenery not in sight from Piney Prospect or the Battle Tower.

        There is a road leading east from a point near this chapel by way of the Mason farm to the Raleigh Road. It passes by the residence of an excellent colored man, Henderson Oldham, the owner of the mill above mentioned. From the knoll on

Page 773

which his residence is situate is one of the finest prospects around Chapel Hill.

        I could name other walks of interest but content myself with pointing out one too long for the ordinary pedestrian. Five miles from Chapel Hill near the Oxford Road, on New Hope Creek, is a very remarkable and interesting formation. It is called the Cliffs. The trap rock has been hollowed out by many freshets into picturesque shapes. It should by all means be visited.

        The Chapel Hill of the present indulges in the modern luxuries of electric lights, telephones and a system of sewerage. Many new residences have been erected and the forest and groves have been to some degree encroached upon. A Country Club has been formed by sundry citizens, principally connected with the University, who play golf and tennis and have occasional pleasant meetings. But the beauties of the streets and of the romantic walks in the fields and forests of the neighborhood have not been seriously impaired.

        Roaring Fountain, a favorite resort of young couples in old times, gave rise to an amusing controversy. In the early eighties Professor Winston, after spending without satisfactory results, much money on sinking a well on his premises, undertook to procure a supply of water from Roaring Fountain by means of a hydraulic ram. The experiment was partially successful but failed in that the water was too much warmed by its long journey up hill. On a disaster to the pipes the Professor gave up the project.

        Mrs. C. P. Spencer, having resorted to the spring from girlhood, was horrified at its being put to utilitarian uses and, partly in earnest, partly in jest, wrote the "Complaint of the Naiad," which I subjoin. President Winston burlesquely replied, putting the answer into the mouth of a Bull Frog, but I have been unable to procure a copy. I fear it is lost. Perhaps I ought to add that Mrs. Spencer and President Winston were always such warm friends that not even a Ram hydraulic could butt the tie asunder.

Page 774

THE COMPLAINT OF ÆGLE, NAIAD OF ROARING FOUNTAIN.

ADDRESSED TO PROFESSOR WINSTON, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA.


                         Age after age adown their narrow glen
                         Content, I've watched these crystal waters gliding,
                         My lot assigned me far from haunts of men,
                         Linked with this spring, and o'er its fate presiding.


                         Only, when dews were falling, forth I roved,
                         To join full many a Naiad gaily dancing
                         Among these hills and by the streams we loved,
                         With moon and starlight on the waters glancing.


                         We saw the night birds one by one come forth,
                         We heard the Whip-poor-will his woes revealing,
                         We watched the flying meteors of the North,
                         We saw the fox from out his covert stealing.


                         Our hills we loved, and every flower and bird.
                         We welcomed to our springs each wildwood rover,
                         The squirrel chattering as the wildcat stirred,
                         Watching the startled deer leap lightly over.


                         Full oft the Red Man, wearied from the chase,
                         Would stop to taste our pure and cooling waters,
                         And, as she bounded by with careless grace,
                         We caught the glances of his dark eyed daughter.


                         Long years had passed ere the Pale Faces came
                         From far across the sea, and plain, and mountain;
                         'Twas they who gave my native spring a name,
                         And to this day men call it "Roaring Fountain."


                         Our lives were harmless. Fed by Nature's hand,
                         Within the hills' recess our springs were nourished;
                         With theirs we knew our feeble lives to stand,
                         Failed when they ebbed and strengthened when they flourished.


                         Nature alone has fed the Naiad's stream,
                         On Nature's laws alone we place reliance,--
                         Would any but a fossil schoolman deem
                         A fountain should have aught to do with science?


                         Ye gods! a ditch--and pipe--within my valley!
                         My prattling stream no more allowed to frolic.
                         And when from my sweet spring's recess I sally,
                         Instead of deer I see a Ram--hydraulic.

Page 775


                         Has he, who thus a Naiad's haunt invades,
                         No touch of classic lore and sweet illusion,
                         No tender memories of the storied glades
                         Of poets, and the fount Bandusian?


                         I call on all the gods of earth and air,--
                         Dear Mother Nature, aid my invocation!--
                         Come, all ye powers and nymphs, and here declare
                         On this hydraulic Ram an execration.


                         Fill it with gravel, all its pipes with clay,
                         Retard the waters it would fain be sending
                         To that man's house, and let no future day
                         E'er grant this project vile a prosperous ending.

        The following note from President Battle to Mrs. Spencer shows the fulfillment of the prayer:


                         MRS. SPENCER:
                         The Naiad
                         Avenged!
                         Water left
                         In the Pipes
                         Last night
                         Froze and they
                         "Busted."

        I close the second volume of my History with a poem by Rev. Mark John Levy founded on the prayer uttered by Dr. Samuel E. McCorkle when delivering the first University address, at the laying of the cornerstone of the Old East Building, October 12th, 1793.

CHAPEL HILL.

        "May this hill be for religion as the ancient hill of Zion; and for literature and the muses, may it surpass the ancient Parnassus!"-- History of the University of North Carolina, p. 40, Vol. I.


                         With a seer's prophetic vision
                         Thus McCorkle spake of yore;
                         And the heavenly arches echoed
                         "Amen" to our sun-lit shore:


                         "As on Zion's hill of beauty,
                         Lord of hosts, we worship Thee,

Page 776


                         Joyous in our nation's freedom,
                         Free in mind, in spirit free.


                         "So the cornerstone of freedom
                         Here we lay at wisdom's gate,
                         Dedicating thus to virtue
                         Th' Alma Mater of our State.


                         "May our sons the cup of learning
                         Take from out our willing hand;
                         And with us remember Zion
                         In our own dear Fatherland.


                         "As the muses at Parnassus
                         Woke to song divinely sweet,
                         May the odes of Carolina
                         East and western nations greet.


                         "Hence on all the sons of Adam
                         May the orb of freedom glow,
                         As the Golden Age approaches
                         When the swords our fields shall plow.


                         "See in vision villas rising
                         On the rose encircled ground;
                         Stately walls and spires ascending
                         Where the campus trees abound!


                         "Doctors face in halls of learning,
                         Students twice two thousand strong,
                         Who from near and distant cities
                         To our lovely hilltop throng!


                         "Matrons beauteous as the summer,
                         Children like a vernal day,
                         Cheer the home-devoted student
                         With the light of friendship's ray!


                         "Pulpit, clinic, senate chamber,
                         And the courts of law await
                         Righteous leaders from this Zion,
                         Cultured center of our State!"


                         Do we justify the vision
                         That our holy seer unrolled?
                         Are our hopes as pure and brilliant
                         As our fathers' were of old?

Page 777


                         Goes the Cross of Christ before us?
                         Is the laurel on our brow?
                         Are the heavens and earth responding
                         "Amen" to our vision now?


                         We must worship with a passion
                         For the glory of the Lord
                         That will strike a note triumphant
                         From each sweet Davidic chord!


                         We must study with a courage
                         Like to men of ancient Troy,
                         And the root of sluggish languor
                         In our inmost soul destroy!


                         Games must prove us lion-hearted,
                         Social life serene and pure,
                         If McCorkle's saintly vision
                         Eden-tinted shall endure!


                         Then as Zion and Parnassus,
                         Famed for worship, lore and song,
                         Will this hill of Carolina
                         To love's laurel'd hills belong.

MARK JOHN LEVY.

CHAPEL HILL, N. C., April, 1911.

Page 778

CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA

TO VOLUME I.

        President Swain is said to have had a deeply religious nature. He often spoke feelingly of a touching sermon of Dr. James Phillips on Christ's Atonement. The evening before his death he repeated the Lord's Prayer and remarked on its beauty.

        Up to a few minutes before the end came he had hopes of a recovery. He died at 9:00 o'clock the morning of the 27th of August, 1868, and was buried at the same hour August 29th. The sermon was preached by Rev. Dr. Charles Phillips on the text, "Thy will be done." There were many colored people gathered in the yard and practically all the white inhabitants of the village. There were present also ex-Governor Graham, Messrs. Paul C. Cameron, and James F. Taylor. The pall bearers were Rev. Dr. F. M. Hubbard, Prof. H. H. Smith, Col. Hugh B. Guthrie, Mr. Jones Watson, Mr. P. H. McDade, Judge W. H. Battle, and Mr. Crocker. He was buried by the side of his daughter under the tall cedars in his garden.

        The Faculty strongly testified to the value of his labors as President of the University. They say, "In our long association we have had perpetual occasion to admire his earnest devotion to its interest, the wise forecast of his plans for its advancement, the mild firmness of his discipline, and his singular power of winning the confidence and affection of his pupils."

        Mrs. Spencer's tribute to the kindness of his heart and manner is not exaggerated--"Perhaps there was not one in the congregation who had not experience of his justice, kindness, and honesty, of his gentle, genial humor, of his wide and hearty sympathy, of his promptness to assist, relieve, and help; hardly a child who had not received evidence of his benignity and good humor."

        President Swain had charge of the University in very troublous times, in peace and in war, and there must be accorded to him a high place in the history of Southern Education.

Page 779

        On page 2 of Volume I it is stated that the belief that Waightstill Avery was the author of the clause in the Constitution of 1776, commanding a University, was founded on tradition. On the authority of President Swain, a man very learned in our State history, I now state it as a fact.

        On page 31 Samuel Morgan, in the second paragraph, is a misprint for Lemuel Morgan. It was his nephew, Samuel, who informed the Lord in prayer that the bad tales told on him were d--d lies.

        On page 35, General Lee's birth, by a lapsus penna, is stated to have been on October 12. This was the day of his death; born January 19, 1806.

        The statement on page 771 of Volume I that Mr. John W. Fries did not obtain honors in the Junior Class of 1868 is literally true and yet makes an erroneous impression in regard to his class standing. The truth is that he was a first honor man but did not return to stand his examinations and hence could not be credited with class standing in the reports. He was a diligent and very successful student.

        On page 786 Patrick Henry should be Patrick Henry Winston. He was father of Dr. George T. Winston, President successively of two Universities and a State College, of Lieutenant-Governor and Judge Francis D. Winston, and of Judge Robert W. Winston.

        In the list of graduates of the Class of 1855, on page 807, is mentioned "Carrington, a Captain." This is a type mistake for "Carrigan"--Robert A. Carrigan, Captain C. S. A., once of Alamance, but whose father emigrated to Arkansas.

        There are some facts in regard to Dr. James Phillips, omitted in my first volume, which should be recorded.

        He was born at Newenden, Essex County, England, April 22, 1792. His father belonged to the Established Church of England and was Rector of the Parish of Roche in Cornwall, from 1800 to 1837. He had the fortune of seeing, in 1814,

Page 780

the great Napoleon when a prisoner of war on the Bellerophon in Plymouth Harbor. He emigrated to the United States in 1818. He became a teacher at Harlem, New York, and soon became well known in mathematical circles by solving problems propounded in scientific journals. He won the warm regard of Rev. Robert Adrain, Professor of Mathematics in the University of Pennsylvania, who pronounced him the "most inexorable mathematician" of his acquaintance. He married an accomplished daughter of an old and honorable family, Miss Julia Vermeule, and their three children were born in Harlem. In 1826 he became Professor of Mathematics in the University of North Carolina, succeeding Dr. Mitchell, transferred to Geology and Mineralogy.

        It was much the fashion in those days for professors to take on themselves clerical duties. Accordingly Mr. Phillips was licensed in 1830 and ordained in 1835. He was for years "Stated Supply" at New Hope Church and for a less time at Chapel Hill, and he often visited "weak churches."

        The University conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Divinity (D.D.), in 1851, while he was a Visitor at West Point. In all his work he was singularly neat, accurate, and thorough.

        The following information in regard to a student of 1845-'46 reached me recently.

        William H. Moore was commissioned as Surgeon in the Confederate Army in November, 1861; was in the field as Brigade Surgeon for eighteen months. The last two years of the war he was Surgeon in Charge of the Confederate Hospital at Greensboro, N. C.; and by request of the Federal Surgeon in Charge remained until October, 1865. After being largely instrumental in procuring the establishment of the Eastern Asylum for the Colored at Goldsboro he was appointed Superintendent in 1880. He died in 1881.

        Among those who entered the Class of 1860-'61, but did not graduate, was William Henry Day, of Halifax. He was a Captain C. S. A., and a lawyer of distinction, a member of the Legislature, a Trustee of the University, and Superintendent of the State Prison. He died October 31, 1908.

Page 781

        Although I endeavored to ascertain by inquiries for my first volume all the fraternities in the University prior to and during the war, I find that one at least was omitted. This was the Phi Kappa Sigma, the Lambda chapter of which was flourishing from 1856 to 1862. It had a very honorable career. In the Confederate service it had two Colonels, two Majors, twelve Captains, three Surgeons, eight Lieutenants, two Sergeants, and ten privates. Of its members nine were killed in battle. Four others died in service. One was a Member of Congress, three were State Senators, three Judges of the Federal or State Superior Courts, one was a Probate Judge, and two were professors of colleges.

        After the Reopening, in 1875, this fraternity was the first to be reinstated, but the local Chapter has not been in existence now for many years. Its members of the seventies and eighties were, most of them, leaders then and are leaders now.

        As there has been some merriment, if not surprise, at many of the pranks of students recounted in my first volume, I give specimens of similar pranks at Columbia University, then King's College, in the old days just prior to the Revolution.

        "Shreve, Abraham, and Bogart, confined in college for taking teacups out of another student's room and denying that they knew anything of them.--N. B. Shreve the most culpable."

        "Shreve reprimanded publicly for having come through a hole in the College fence at 12 o'clock at night."

        "Shreve suspended for absenting himself the second afternoon of examination."

        "Shreve suspended by the President for coming over the College fence at 11:30 o'clock last night."

        And yet Shreve got his diploma and entered the ministry.

        A degradation by the Board of Governors for "different heinous offences" was made and two months later the offenders were restored with a most complimentary notice.

        "In 1772 Robinson spit in the cook's face, kicked him and otherwise abused him. For thus insulting and maltreating the cook and for neglect in his collegiate exercises * * * he was confined by the Committee, after being publicly reprimanded,

Page 782

and ordered not to go beyond the college fence for the space of two weeks, and perform such exercises as the President should assign, beside the usual duty."

        "On July 8 Douglas for stealing eight sheets of paper and a pen knife was reprimanded in the College Hall before all the students, and after having his gown stripped by the porter, he was ordered to kneel down and read a paper containing an acknowledgment of his crime, expressing much sorrow for it, and promising amendment for the future. He was then forbidden to wear his gown or cap for one week."

        "Remsen for beating Nichols, was ordered to ask Nichols's pardon before the students, was also confined to college till the following Saturday evening, and enjoined to translate into English the 21st, 22d, 23d, and 24th chapters of the third book of selectoe profanis, besides his usual collegiate exercises."

        Probably our University's bad boys were no better and no worse than those of other institutions. Insubordination and recklessness were "in the air." The French Revolution was an illustration of it.

ADDENDA TO VOLUME II.

        On April 30, 1889, in accordance with the proclamation of the President, a thanksgiving and praise service in honor of the Centennial of the Inauguration of Washington as President of the United States, was held in Gerrard Hall. Mr. William J. Peele, of Raleigh, a graduate of 1879, delivered an eloquent and instructive address.

        The annual birthdays of the Father of his Country have been celebrated at the University with becoming enthusiasm. All of these exercises have not been recorded in this volume. That of 1903 was especially imposing. Mr. McFadyen presided. Mr. Z. V. Judd delivered an oration on "Progressive Taxation," Dr. C. Alphonso Smith on "Southern Orators of Antebellum Days," and Mr. Walter H. Page, of the World's Work, on "Literature as an Industry," an address filled with original and wise views. At another time Richard N. Hackett,

Page 783

afterwards Member of Congress from the Eighth District, was the orator and did full justice to the occasion.

        An interesting item of our history is that at one time there was introduced, by Dr. Tolman, the Alpha Theta Phi Society, into which only the best scholars could be enrolled. In 1898 I find the officers were Archibald Henderson, President; P. H. Eley to be next President; E. K. Graham, Secretary; R. H. Lewis, Treasurer. There were admitted C. S. Carr, C. B. Denson, J. K. Dozier, John Donnelly, Marsden Bellamy, J. R. Carr. In a few years the Society was merged into the Phi Beta Kappa.

        The term of Dr. F. W. Simonds as Professor of Geology, Zoölogy and Botany did not end in 1878, as stated on page 105, but continued from 1877 to 1881.

        On page 500 the paragraph commencing "In the afternoon" belongs to the account of the Commencement of 1895, which begins on page 515.

Page 784

ERRATA

  • Page 105, line 6, for Ker read Kerr.
  • Page 205, line 30, for F. J. Busbee read F. H. Busbee.
  • Page 363, line 34, for Kinston read Charlotte.
  • Page 366, line 27, for George F. McKie read George M. McKie.
  • Page 397, line 24, for E. R. Hendricks read E. R. Hendrix.
  • Page 444, line 7, for J. W. Joyner read J. Y. Joyner.
  • Page 450, line 1, for Charles R. Thomas read John Stanly Thomas.
  • Page 523, line 3, for '68 read '69.
  • Page 524, line 30, for Borden read Brown.
  • Page 543, line 9, for Graves read Groves.
  • Page 546, line 24, for Ely read Eley.
  • Page 552, line 14, for F. T. Wilburn read F. P. Milburn.
  • Page 570, line 4, for E. N. Graham read E. K. Graham.
  • Page 610, line 12, for 1896 read 1897.

Page 785

APPENDIX

THE FIRST TRUSTEES UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1868

    The Board of Education ex officio

  • Governor W. W. Holden of Wake.
  • Lieutenant-Governor Tod R. Caldwell of Burke.
  • Secretary of State H. J. Menninger of Craven.
  • Auditor Henderson Adams of Davidson.
  • Treasurer David A. Jenkins of Gaston.
  • Superintendent of Public Works C. L. Harris of Rutherford.
  • Superintendent of Public Instruction S. S. Ashley of New Hanover.
  • Attorney-General W. M. Coleman of Cabarrus.

        
Alamance Henry A. Badham
Alexander Dr. John M. Carson
Alleghany Judge A. W. Tourgée
Anson Dixon Ingram
Ashe William Latham
Beaufort Judge William B. Rodman
Bertie John Pool
Bladen Abiel W. Fisher
Brunswick Judge Daniel L. Russell
Buncombe Judge James L. Henry
Burke R. V. Michaux
Cabarrus Victor C. Barringer
Caldwell Calvin C. Jones
Camden Matchett Taylor
Carteret Judge C. R. Thomas
Caswell Montford McGehee
Catawba Dr. J. J. Mott
Chatham Benjamin I. Howze
Cherokee A. T. Davidson
Chowan John R. French
Clay Felix Axley
Cleveland Decatur Grigg
Columbus John A. Maultsby
Craven Robert T. Lehman
Cumberland Judge Ralph P. Buxton
Currituck Joseph W. Etheridge
Davidson William F. Henderson
Davie T. A. Long
Duplin William E. Hill
Edgecombe John Norfleet
Forsyth Judge D. A. Starbuck
Franklin Richard Inge Wynne
Gaston Rev. Madison Noland
Gates Thomas P. Hoffler
Granville Robert W. Lassiter
Greene Wm. P. Grimsley
Guilford Judge Robert P. Dick
Halifax Jefferson M. Lovejoy
Harnett Rev. Dr. Neill McKay
Haywood W. G. B. Gannett
Henderson Dr. W. D. Whitted
Hertford Judge David A. Barnes
Hyde William Carter
Iredell Judge Anderson Mitchell
Jackson Judge R. H. Cannon
Johnston E. W. Pou
Jones J. A. Haskell
Lenoir R. W. King
Lincoln W. P. Bynum
Macon R. M. Henry
Madison G. W. Gahagan
Martin Judge S. W. Watts
McDowell Wm. F. Craige
Mecklenburg Rev. Willis M. Miller
Mitchell J. W. Bowman
Montgomery George A. Graham
Moore A. R. McDonald
Nash Edward Cantwell
New Hanover Gen. J. C. Abbott
Northampton Dr. Wm. Barrow
Onslow John Robinson
Orange Rev. Solomon Pool
Pasquotank Judge C. C. Pool
Perquimans Dr. Wm. Nicholson
Person Judge Edwin G. Reade
Pitt General Byron Laflin
Polk Robert L. Adams
Randolph J. R. Bulla
Richmond Hon. Alfred Dockery
Robeson Orlin S. Hayes

Page 786

Rockingham Judge Thomas Settle
Rowan Dr. W. H. Howerton
Rutherford Judge G. W. Logan
Sampson Dr. J. C. Monch
Stanly Dr. J. C. Kron
Stokes A. H. Joyce
Surry John M. Cloud
Transylvania R. H. Duckworth
Tyrrell Judge G. W. Brooks
Union Hugh Downing
Wake James F. Taylor
Warren John Reade
Washington Judge E. W. Jones
Watauga R. Don Wilson
Wayne Curtis H. Brogden
Wilkes Hon. Calvin J. Cowles
Wilson George W. Blount
Yadkin Chief Justice R. M. Pearron
Yancey J. H. Bowditch

TRUSTEES OF THE UNIVERSITY SINCE THE REOPENING

        

Presidents by Virtue of Office of Governor

1874 Tod R. Caldwell 1874
1874 Curtis H. Brogden 1877
1877 Zebulon B. Vance 1879
1879 Thomas J. Jarvis 1885
1885 Alfred M. Scales 1889
1889 Daniel G. Fowle 1890
1890 Thomas M. Holt 1893
1893 Elias Carr 1897
1897 Daniel L. Russell 1901
1901 Charles B. Aycock 1905
1905 Robert B. Glenn 1909
1909 William W. Kitchin  

        
Year of Appointment   Appointed from Year of Successor's Appointment
1874 James S. Amis Granville 1885
1874 Kemp P. Battle Wake  
1874 William H. Battle Wake 1879
1874 William C. Bowman Mitchell 1877
1874 Charles W. Broadfoot Cumberland 1891
1874 Paul C. Cameron Orange 1891
1874 David M. Carter Wake 1879
1874 David C. Coleman Buncombe 1877
1874 C. L. Cook, M.D. Wilkes 1877
1874 E. Hayne Davis Iredell 1891
1874 Joseph J. Davis Franklin 1891
1874 William H. Day Halifax 1909
1874 John E. Dugger Warren 1883
1874 James L. Dusenbury, M.D. Davidson 1877
1874 Mills L. Eure Gates 1885
1874 William J. Ewing Montgomery 1885
1874 William T. Faircloth Wayne 1895
1874 Rufus Frazier Randolph 1877
1874 Seaton Gales Wake 1879
1874 Forney George Columbus 1879
1874 John A. Gilmer Guilford 1891
1874 Benjamin F. Grady Sampson 1891
1874 James A. Graham Alamance 1883
1874 William A. Graham Orange 1877
1874 J. F. Graves Surry 1879
1874 G. H. Hamilton Ashe 1879

Page 787

1874 Rev. Benjamin Hardy Greene 1881
1874 Rev. Cushing B. Hassell Martin 1881
1874 Louis Hilliard Pitt 1877
1874 John F. Hoke Lincoln 1879
1874 J. DeBerniere Hooper Orange 1881
1874 John D. Hyman Henderson 1877
1874 William H. Johnston Edgecombe 1885
1874 Edmund W. Jones Caldwell 1877
1874 John Kerr Caswell 1879
1874 Louis C. Latham Washington 1883
1874 Thomas D. McDowell Bladen 1881
1874 John McIver, M.D. Moore 1879
1874 Rev. Neill McKay Harnett 1893
1874 Matthias E. Manly Craven 1881
1874 John Manning Chatham 1895
1874 James C. Marshall Anson 1881
1874 William F. Martin Pasquotank 1879
1874 Paul B. Means Cabarrus 1911
1874 William N. Mebane Rockingham 1897
1874 R. W. Millard Duplin 1879
1874 Bartholomew F. Moore Wake 1879
1874 Rufus L. Patterson Forsyth 1879
1874 Robert B. Peebles Northampton 1903
1874 Archibald Purcell Robeson 1879
1874 Marmaduke S. Robins Randolph 1879
1874 William L. Saunders New Hanover 1891
1874 William B. Shaw Currituck 1881
1874 Walter L. Steele Richmond 1891
1874 Samuel McD. Tate Burke 1897
1874 H. Clay Thomas Davidson 1881
1874 John H. Thorp Nash 1885
1874 William L. Twitty Rutherford 1879
1874 Zebulon B. Vance Mecklenburg 1895
1874 Samuel H. Walkup Union 1877
1874 Rev. George B. Wetmore Rowan 1877
1874 Rev. Calvin H. Wiley Forsyth 1887
1874 Joseph Williams Yadkin 1887
1874 Patrick H. Winston, Jr. Bertie 1883
1877 Thomas S. Ashe Anson 1883
1877 John D. Cameron Orange 1891
1877 Julian S. Carr Durham  
1877 G. N. Folk Caldwell 1889
1877 John W. Graham Orange  
1877 Bryan Grimes Beaufort 1881
1877 John S. Henderson Rowan 1885
1877 W. E. Hill Duplin 1899
1877 Stuart L. Johnson Washington 1879
1877 Rev. Daniel A. Long Alamance 1887
1877 William B. Lynch Alamance 1879
1877 Rev. L. R. McAboy Polk 1885
1877 R. McBrayer Cleveland 1885
1877 Montford McGehee Person 1893
1877 Marshall H. Pinnix Davidson 1885

Page 788

1877 Charles Price Davie 1893
1877 James L. Robinson Macon 1887
1877 Thomas Sparrow Beaufort 1883
1877 George V. Strong Wake 1889
1879 Richard H. Battle, Jr. Wake 1912
1879 Rev. A. D. Betts N. C. Conference 1895
1879 R. R. Bridgers New Hanover 1889
1879 Ralph P. Buxton Cumberland 1887
1879 George Davis New Hanover 1895
1879 N. P. Foard Surry 1887
1879 Eugene Grissom, M.D. Wake 1891
1879 F. M. Johnston Davie 1887
1879 James M. Leach Davidson 1887
1879 A. M. Lewis Wake 1893
1879 D. P. McEachern Robeson 1887
1879 A. Haywood Merritt Chatham 1899
1879 George Williamson Caswell 1887
1879 W. J. Yates Mecklenburg 1889
1881 Charles M. Cooke Franklin 1897
1881 H. F. Grainger Wayne 1883
1881 William J. Hawkins Warren 1891
1881 Lewis Haynes Davidson 1883
1881 C. W. Hollowell Martin 1889
1881 A. S. Merrimon Wake 1885
1881 H. B. Short Columbus 1887
1881 Rev. J. L. Stewart Sampson 1895
1881 David T. Tayloe, M.D. Beaufort 1883
1881 C. R. Thomas Craven 1897
1881 Robert B. Vance Buncombe 1889
1881 Rev. N. H. D. Wilson Guilford 1889
1883 James S. Battle Nash 1891
1883 Robert L. Beall, M.D. Caldwell 1891
1883 Henry R. Bryan Craven 1891
1883 W. H. S. Burgwyn Vance  
1883 Fabius H. Busbee Wake 1909
1883 Kerr Craige Rowan 1889
1883 Thomas M. Holt Alamance 1895
1883 Thomas J. Jarvis Pitt 1895
1883 Thomas S. Kenan Wilson 1911
1883 W. W. Lenoir Watauga 1891
1883 J. Edwin Moore Martin 1891
1883 James T. Morehead Guilford 1891
1883 E. R. Page Jones 1885
1883 Daniel L. Russell Brunswick 1885
1883 Isaac R. Strayhorn Orange 1893
1885 A. B. Andrews Wake  
1885 Joseph A. Bitting Forsyth 1893
1885 William H. Chadbourn New Hanover 1891
1885 John M. Galloway Rockingham 1893
1885 James A. Graham Alamance 1889
1885 H. A. Gudger Buncombe 1895

Page 789

1885 James H. Horner Granville 1893
1885 George Howard Edgecombe 1893
1885 Thomas W. Mason Northampton 1909
1885 James M. Mullen Halifax 1887
1885 Lee S. Overman Rowan 1911
1885 James Parker Gates 1909
1885 Rev. Thomas H. Pritchard New Hanover 1897
1885 John C. Scarborough Johnston 1893
1885 John E. Woodard Wilson 1893
1887 A. C. Avery Burke 1891
1887 Charles B. Aycock Wayne 1895
1887 Charles A. Cook Warren 1901
1887 John W. Fries Forsyth  
1887 A. Leazar Iredell 1895
1887 Rev. W. S. Long Alamance 1895
1887 Hamilton C. McMillan Robeson 1895
1887 Solomon C. Weill New Hanover 1895
1887 H. D. Williamson Columbus 1895
1887 Francis D. Winston Bertie  
1889 Rev. W. S. Black Wake 1897
1889 Rev. J. H. Cordon Wake 1893
1889 J. D. Currie Bladen 1895
1889 R. A. Doughton Alleghany  
1889 William Johnston Mecklenburg 1895
1889 H. C. Jones Mecklenburg 1897
1889 Charles D. McIver Guilford 1895
1889 Patrick L. Murphy, M.D. Burke 1897
1889 Robert W. Scott Alamance 1897
1889 George N. Thompson Caswell 1893
1891 Marsden Bellamy New Hanover 1897
1891 G. Samuel Bradshaw Randolph 1899
1891 Marion Butler Sampson 1899
1891 Bennehan Cameron Orange  
1891 R. M. Furman Buncombe 1905
1891 Richard H. Lewis, M.D. Wake  
1891 J. A. McIver Moore 1897
1891 James D. Murphy Pitt 1905
1891 William J. Peele Wake 1897
1891 Fred Philips Edgecombe 1905
1891 William D. Pruden Chowan 1897
1891 William C. Riddick Wake 1897
1891 Frank S. Spruill Franklin 1909
1891 John W. Starnes Buncombe 1899
1891 James W. Todd Ashe 1895
1891 James W. Wilson Burke 1899
1891 David G. Worth New Hanover 1899
1893 W. R. Allen Wayne 1899
1893 Jacob Battle Nash 1901
1893 J. P. Caldwell Mecklenburg 1901
1893 S. M. Finger Catawba 1897
1893 R. D. Gilmer Haywood 1899

Page 790

1893 P. D. Gold Wilson 1897
1893 Augustus W. Graham Granville  
1893 R. T. Gray Wake 1912
1893 A. W. Haywood Alamance  
1893 M. H. Holt Guilford 1895
1893 Edmund Jones Caldwell 1901
1893 Thomas A. McNeill Robeson 1901
1893 J. L. Patterson Forsyth 1907
1893 N. J. Rouse Lenoir 1897
1893 N. A. Sinclair Cumberland 1897
1895 Abner Alexander Tyrrell 1903
1895 Thomas W. Babb Perquimans 1895
1895 E. Spencer Blackburn Ashe 1901
1895 James E. Boyd Guilford 1901
1895 Melville E. Carter Buncombe 1897
1895 Albert B. Gorrell Forsyth 1899
1895 William A. Guthrie Durham  
1895 John T. Hogan Orange 1903
1895 J. T. B. Hoover Wilson 1903
1895 James B. Lloyd Edgecombe 1903
1895 Thomas F. Lloyd Orange 1903
1895 Virgil S. Lusk Buncombe 1905
1895 James M. Moody Haywood 1901
1895 P. H. Morris Randolph 1897
1895 Daniel L. Russell New Hanover 1897
1895 Angus Shaw Robeson 1895
1895 Harry Skinner Pitt 1901
1895 J. M. Thomas Rutherford 1897
1895 Cyrus Thompson, M.D. Onslow 1897
1895 Zebulon V. Walser Davidson  
1895 David R. White Alamance 1905
1895 Elihu A. White Perquimans 1901
1895 W. E. White Alexander 1895
1895 S. Otho Wilson Wake 1903
1897 C. T. Bailey Wake 1905
1897 George E. Butler Sampson 1903
1897 William H. Chadbourn New Hanover 1903
1897 John S. Cuningham Person 1899
1897 Ben F. Dixon, M.D. Cleveland 1911
1897 Claudius Dockery Richmond  
1897 Warren G. Elliott New Hanover 1903
1897 Hiram L. Grant Wayne 1905
1897 Stephen Porter Graves Surry 1905
1897 F. W. Hancock Granville  
1897 Thomas B. Keogh Guilford 1903
1897 William T. McCarthy Craven 1903
1897 Charles McNamee Buncombe 1899
1897 Edward Hughes Meadows Craven 1903
1897 Benjamin S. Mitchell Franklin 1905
1897 John A. Ramsay Rowan 1901
1897 Nathan A. Ramsey Durham 1905
1897 Wallace W. Rollins Buncombe 1903

Page 791

1897 Alfred M. scales Guilford 1911
1897 James B. Schulken Columbus 1901
1897 Henry Weil Wayne  
1897 William T. Whitsett Guilford 1907
1899 Charles M. Cooke Franklin 1907
1899 H. E. Faison Sampson 1901
1899 Edward J. Hale Cumberland  
1899 Thomas J. Jerome Union 1905
1899 James A. Lockhart Anson 1907
1899 James S. Manning Durham  
1899 Louis J. Picöt, M.D. Halifax 1909
1899 Thomas B. Pierce Duplin 1901
1899 James A. Roebling Buncombe 1903
1899 James Sprunt New Hanover  
1899 Charles M. Stedman Guilford 1911
1899 Henry C. Wall Richmond 1901
1901 Eugene M. Armfield Guilford 1909
1901 Victor S. Bryant Durham  
1901 Richard B. Creecy Pasquotank 1909
1901 Josephus Daniels Wake  
1901 F. G. James Pitt 1911
1901 Julius Johnson Caswell 1907
1901 Robert A. Johnston Richmond 1905
1901 Henry A. London Chatham  
1901 Dan H. McLean Harnett 1909
1901 Charles McNamee Buncombe 1905
1901 Gilbert B. Patterson Robeson 1907
1901 William D. Pruden Chowan 1909
1901 George Rountree New Hanover 1909
1901 Platt D. Walker Mecklenburg 1905
1901 James W. Wilson Burke 1905
1903 James O. Atkinson Alamance  
1903 Perrin Busbee Wake 1911
1903 Frederick L. Carr Greene  
1903 Alexander H. Galloway Rockingham 1905
1903 Owen H. Guion Craven 1905
1903 Marmaduke J. Hawkins Warren  
1903 James A. Holt Guilford  
1903 Daniel H. Hudgins McDowell 1907
1903 William R. Kenan New Hanover 1905
1903 Lee T. Mann Gaston 1909
1903 Walter Murphy Rowan  
1903 Thomas S. Rollins Madison 1909
1903 George G. Stephens Mecklenburg  
1903 Charles W. Worth New Hanover  
1905 Charles B. Aycock Wayne 1912
1905 Stephen C. Bragaw Beaufort  
1905 George W. Connor Wilson 1909
1905 Frederick J. Coxe Anson  
1905 John S. Cuningham Person 1909
1905 Frank A. Daniels Wayne 1909
1905 Adolphus H. Eller Forsyth  

Page 792

1905 Brook G. Empie New Hanover 1909
1905 John S. Hill Durham  
1905 Charles E. J. Jones Buncombe 1909
1905 Benjamin F. Long Iredell 1909
1905 Leonidas John Moore, Jr. Pitt 1905
1905 Larry I. Moore Pitt  
1905 William S. Pearson Burke 1907
1905 Charles Price Rowan 1907
1905 Frank B. Rankin Gaston 1907
1905 Robert B. Redwine Union 1911
1905 Thomas Ruffin Mecklenburg 1909
1905 Charles F. Toms Henderson 1909
1907 Nelson M. Ferebee Granville  
1907 Herbert Reeves Ferguson Haywood 1909
1907 Henry A. Gilliam Edgecombe  
1907 Franklin P. Hobgood Granville  
1907 John Lamb Martin  
1907 Neill A. McLean Robeson 1911
1907 Robert L. Madison Jackson  
1907 Addison G. Mangum Gaston  
1907 George W. Montcastle Davidson 1909
1907 Jeter C. Pritchard Buncombe  
1907 Thomas D. Warren Jones  
1907 Charles Whedbee Perquimans  
1909 Richard G. Allsbrook Edgecombe 1911
1909 Jesse Lindsay Armfield Guilford 1911
1909 David C. Barnes Hertford  
1909 John A. Barringer Guilford  
1909 William E. Breese Transylvania  
1909 James J. Britt Buncombe 1911
1909 William Preston Bynum, Jr. Guilford  
1909 Walter Clark, Jr. Wake  
1909 William N. Everett Richmond  
1909 Samuel M. Gattis Orange 1911
1909 J. Bryan Grimes Pitt  
1909 John W. Hinsdale, Jr. Wake  
1909 William Stamps Howard Edgecombe  
1909 Herbert W. Jackson Wake 1911
1909 Whitehead Kluttz Rowan  
1909 Paul J. Long Northampton  
1909 Reuben D. Reid Rockingham 1911
1909 William B. Rodman Mecklenburg  
1909 George M. Rose Cumberland  
1909 Frederick A. Woodard Wilson  
1909 William T. Whitsett Guilford  
1909 Emmett R. Wooten Lenior  
1911 John L. Barham Wayne  
1911 John H. Dillard Cherokee  
1911 Robert C. Ellis Cleveland  
1911 John G. Hannah, Jr. Chatham  
1911 Luther T. Hartsell Cabarrus  
1911 Angus W. McLean Robeson  

Page 793

1911 Samuel S. Mann Hyde  
1911 John M. Morehead Rockingham  
1911 Haywood Parker Buncombe  
1911 John A. Parker Mecklenburg  
1911 Albert M. Simmons Currituck  
1911 Charles Lee Smith Wake  
1911 David P. Stern Guilford  
1911 John K. Wilson Pasquotank  

Members of the Executive Committee of the Trustees of the University of
North Carolina from 1875.

        Ex officio as Governor: Tod R. Caldwell, Curtis H. Brogden, Z. B. Vance, Thomas J. Jarvis, A. M. Scales, Daniel G. Fowle, Thomas M. Holt, Elias Carr, Daniel L. Russell, Charles B. Aycock, R. B. Glenn, W. W. Kitchin.

        Paul C. Cameron, Wm. H. Battle, Kemp P. Battle, David M. Carter, Seaton Gales, Bartholomew F. Moore, Wm. L. Saunders, George V. Strong, Richard H. Battle, Julian S. Carr, Eugene Grissom, A. M. Lewis, A. B. Andrews, J. H. Cordon, S. M. Finger, John W. Graham, Thomas S. Kenan, John C. Scarborough, C. D. McIver, Marion Butler, Richard H. Lewis, Virgil S. Lusk, Wallace C. Riddick, James W. Wilson, Fabius H. Busbee, Frederick Philips, Zeb V. Walser, Claudius Dockery, Charles B. Aycock, William E. Breese, James O. Carr, Robert T. Gray, J. Bryan Grimes, Edward J. Hale, Charles Whedbee, Victor S. Bryant, James Y. Joyner.

SUPPORTERS OF THE UNIVERSITY IN THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AT
CRITICAL TIMES

Names of Members who voted to give the University $7,500 a year, interest on the
Land Grant Fund, which resulted in reopening its doors in 1875.

        

Representatives

Matthew Atwater Orange
J. L. Bennett Brunswick
E. A. Bizzell Johnston
W. H. Bryan Sampson
Isaac T. Dortch Wayne
A. M. Erwin McDowell
W. C. Fields Alleghany
S. M. Finger Catawba
T. J. Freeman Wilson
Thomas D. Gash Transylvania
H. A. Gudger Madison
E. J. Holt Johnston
F. E. Hooker Greene
John N. Isler Wayne
S. McD. Jessup Cumberland
John S. Johnston Rockingham
Joseph W. Latta Orange
James C. MacRae Cumberland
James J. McCalop Sampson
J. S. McCubbins Rowan
A. A. McIver Moore
Neil McNeill Robeson
Thomas Martin Stokes
Paul B. Means Cabarrus
W. N. Mebane Rockingham
Nereus Mendenhall Guilford
T. T. Mitchell Franklin
T. A. Mock Davidson
A. G. Mosely Duplin
F. N. Mullin Robeson
R. M. Norment Robeson
Appleton Oaksmith Carteret
M. W. Page Wake
I. F. Parrott Lenoir
Mont. Patton Buncombe
M. H. Pinnix Davidson
Samuel Presson Union
J. Solomon Reid Mecklenburg
A. J. Smith Hyde
W. E. Smith Anson
John A. Spears Harnett
John N. Staples Guilford

Page 794

Joseph S. Staton Pitt
L. D. Stephenson Wake
George V. Strong Wake
S. McD. Tate Burke
W. A. Thompson Lincoln
Platt D. Walker Richmond
W. B. Wells Duplin
W. H. Wheeler Forsyth
Michael Whitley Wake

        

Senators

W. G. Albright Chatham
Nick W. Boddie Nash
Charles M. Busbee Wake
Edward Cantwell New Hanover
Joseph Cashwell Bladen
J. H. Clement Davie
C. M. Cooke Franklin
W. F. French Robeson
William A. Graham, Jr. Lincoln
Alfred Hargrave Davidson
James Irwin Rockingham
Jesse Jenkins Gaston
Thomas R. Jernigan Gates
Edwin W. Kerr Sampson
C. M. T. McCauley Union
J. C. Mills Burke
J. T. Morehead Guilford
C. E. Parish Orange
W. W. Peebles Northampton
George W. Pegram Harnett
D. E. Smith Wayne
Josiah Sugg Greene
L. R. Waddell Johnston
George Williamson Caswell
K. H. Worthy Moore

The following Senators voted for the $5,000 appropriation in 1881. The opposition
in the House was only nominal.

        
James S. Battle Nash
G. Bernard Pitt
J. Blue Moore
H. W. Carter Warren
W. E. Clark Craven
J. W. Cunningham Person
T. F. Davidson Buncombe
J. P. Deaver Transylvania
B. K. Dickey Cherokee
S. M. Fiager Catawba
A. Foil Cabarrus
W. B. Glenn Forsyth
L. Hanes Davidson
W. S. Harris Franklin
W. H. Jenkins Granville
W. H. Manning Gates
A. H. Merritt Chatham
W. T. Pridgen Bladen
J. T. Respass Beaufort
H. E. Scott New Hanover
S. B. Spruill Washington
J. N. Staples Guilford
J. Stowe Gaston
S. Whitaker Halifax
J. A. Williamson Davie
W. P. Williamson Edgecombe

        Of the eighteen Senators who opposed the bill many afterwards were warm friends of the University. Their motive was not so much hositility to it as a vivid belief in the poverty of our people at that time.

In the House of Representatives the Following voted for the appropriation of 1885, viz., $15,000, in addition to the $5,000 appropriated by the Act of 1881:

        
J. A. Alston Chatham
J. A. Barringer Guilford
D. Bell Halifax
N. B. Bellamy Edgecombe
D. N. Bennett Stanly
R. H. Brown Jackson
C. M. Busbee Wake
H. Cale Franklin
W. L. Crouse Lincoln
W. A. Darden Greene
Thomas Dixon Cleveland
J. J. Dunlap Anson
J. H. Edwards Northampton
J. M. Galloway Rockingham
J. W. Grant Northampton
C. B. Green Durham
N. H. Harrison Washington
A. H. Hayes Swain
C. W. Johnston Orange
Johnston Jones Buncombe
H. E. King Onslow
J. H. Lanning Transylvania
A. Leazar Iredell
J. A. Long Person
E. F. Lovill Watauga
C. C. McClelland Yancey
J. F. McGee Cherokee
H. C. McMillan Robeson
D. B. McNeill Brunswick
M. McRae Robeson

Page 795

T. D. Miller Cabarrus
I. A. Murchison Cumberland
L. S. Overman Rowan
W. H. Patrick Beaufort
R. Pearson Buncombe
J. C. Pritchard Madison
J. W. Reid Gaston
E. H. Riggs Dare
H. E. Robertson Davie
J. W. S. Robinson Sampson
L. Roulhac Bertie
J. W. Sneed Richmond
J. D. Stanford Duplin
S. McD. Tate Burke
Geo. N. Thompson Caswell
J. A. Turner Guilford
R. P. Waring Mecklenburg
J. B. Watson Hyde
W. D. Whitted Henderson
G. Wilcox Moore
A. H. A. Williams Granville
H. C. Williams Gates
R. W. Winborne Hertford
T. B. Womack Chatham
J. E. Woodard Wilson
D. Worthington Martin

In the Senate the bill passed by 35 to 9. The following voted in the affirmative:

        
S. B. Alexander Mecklenburg
G. F. Bason Gaston
W. M. Bond Chowan
W. H. Bower Caldwell
John S. Brown McDowell
J. C. Buxton Forsyth
W. H. Chadbourn New Hanover
H. G. Connor Wilson
J. W. Cooper Cherokee
D. S. Cowan Columbus
J. F. Dobson Iredell
A. W. Graham Orange
H. A. Gudger Buncombe
R. F. Hackett Wilkes
E. J. Hill Duplin
James Holman Person
J. S. Johnston Rockingham
J. T. Kennedy Wayne
J. I. King Guilford
R. F. Lewis Robeson
Thomas W. Mason Northampton
Paul B. Means Cabarrus
J. M. Mullen Halifax
James Parker Gates
Joshua Perry Franklin
Theo. W. Poole Martin
F. M. Rountree Lenoir
J. L. Scott Alamance
P. H. Simmons Hyde
W. L. Tate Haywood
R. S. Taylor Edgecombe
T. B. Twitty Rutherford
W. R. Williams Pitt
R. W. Winston Granville
J. W. Wiseman Davie

SUBSCRIPTIONS PAID FOR THE REVIVAL OF THE UNIVERSITY IN 1875,
AMOUNTING TO NEARLY $20,000.

        
Cyrus W. Alexander, Concord $250
A. B. Andrews, Raleigh 25
B. F. Arrington, Raleigh 20
John Arrington & Sons, Petersburg, Va. 200
S. A. Ashe, Raleigh 50
R. H. Austin, Tarboro 100
S. M. Barbee, Chapel Hill 75
L. W. Barringer, Philadelphia, Pa. 50
Moreau Barringer, Philadelphia 50
Rufus Barringer, Charlotte 250
James S. Battle, Rocky Mount 100
Kemp P. Battle, Raleigh 500
R. H. Battle, Jr., Raleigh 500
W. H. Battle, Raleigh 1,000
W. S. Battle, Tarboro 200
John C. Blake, Raleigh 50
R. R. Bridgers, Wilmington 500
Thomas H. Briggs, Raleigh 100
C. W. Broadfoot, Fayetteville 100
A. P. Bryan, Raleigh 50
F. H. Busbee, Raleigh 40
R. P. Buxton, Fayetteville $50
F. H. Cameron, Raleigh 20
P. C. Cameron, Hillsboro 1,000
(Cash, subject to tuition in the future of three young boys.)
Elias Carr, Edgecombe 100
John W. Carr, Chapel Hill 100
Julian S. Carr, Durham 500
D. M. Carter, Raleigh 500
R. B. Creecy, Elizabeth City 50
(Advertising.)
J. W. Cunningham, Person Co. 100
J. S. Dancy, Tarboro 150
Dancy, Hyman & Co., New York 200
Clement Dowd, Charlotte 250
M. L. Eure, Gatesville 100
(Afterwards Norfolk.)
W. T. Faircloth, Goldsboro 100
J. W. Fries, Salem 100
John Gatling, Raleigh 400
John A. Gilmer, Greensboro 60

Page 796

J. W. Graham, Hillsboro $250
William A. Graham, Hillsboro 300
James Grant, Davenport, Iowa 500
G. R. Griffith, Chatham 100
Bryan Grimes, Grimesland 250
William Grimes, Raleigh 500
H. B. Guthrie, Chapel Hill 10
W. A. Guthrie, Fayetteville 100
Thomas D. Haigh, Fayetteville 40
J. M. Heck, Raleigh 250
W. J. Hicks, Raleigh 100
Edwin M. Holt, Alamance Co. 100
Thomas M. Holt, Haw River 200
George Howard, Tarboro 250
R. P. Howell, Goldsboro 100
Thomas H. Hughes, Orange Co. 20
J. R. Hutchins, Orange Co. 25
D. A. Jenkins, Gastonia 50
B. T. Johnson, Richmond, Va 100
C. W. Johnston, Orange Co. 50
W. H. Johnston, Tarboro 250
W. C. Kerr, Raleigh 10
A. W. Lawrence, Raleigh 10
George Laws, Hillsboro 100
Julius Lewis, Raleigh 50
Richard H. Lewis, Raleigh 250
William G. Lewis, Tarboro 60
H. A. London, Jr., Pittsboro 50
Long & Norwood, Chapel Hill 50
Z. I. Lyon, Durham 20
J. C. MacRae, Fayetteville 50
David McCauley, Chapel Hill 100
James McKee, Raleigh 30
W. P. Mallett, Chapel Hill 10
John Manning, Chatham (Cash advanced for tuition.) 280
P. B. Means, Concord 250
A. S. Merrimon, Raleigh 30
A. Mickle, Chapel Hill $30
B. F. Moore, Raleigh 1,000
Eugene L. Morehead, Durham 100
J. L. Morehead, Charlotte 100
J. Turner Morehead, Leaksville 100
John Norflect, Tarboro 500
James H. Parker, Enfield 100
R. L. Patterson, Salem 420
S. L. Patterson, Caldwell Co. 40
R. B. Peebles, Jackson 300
Fred Philips, Tarboro 250
S. F. Phillips, Washington, D. C. 500
W. M. Pippen, Tarboro 100
R. J. Powell, Chatham 10
M. W. Ransom 500
(Cash advanced for tuition.)
A. F. Redd, Chapel Hill 100
F. E. Shober, Salisbury 100
W. N. H. Smith, Raleigh 100
W. J. Staton, Tarboro 50
C. M. Stedman, Wilmington 250
W. L. Steele, Rockingham 150
George V. Strong, Raleigh 50
James R. Thigpen, Edgecombe Co. 100
Thomas W. Thompson, Bertie Co. 250
W. C. Troy, Fayetteville 10
W. H. & R. S. Tucker, Raleigh 100
W. G. Upchurch, Raleigh 100
Z. B. Vance, Charlotte 100
William and Augustus Van Wyck, New York 100
Jones Watson, Chapel Hill 50
J. W. B. Watson, Raleigh 500
S. E. Westray, Nash Co. 100
John D. Williams, Jr., Fayetteville 100
William A. Wright, Wilmington. 250

STOCKHOLDERS IN THE UNIVERSITY GYMNASIUM ASSOCIATION

        

Shares, $10 Each

J. C. Angier, Durham $10
C. B. Aycock, Goldsboro 10
J. M. Baker, Tarboro 10
Rufus Barringer, Charlotte 10
H. B. Battle, Raleigh 20
H. L. Battle, Rocky Mount 10
Jacob Battle, Rocky Mount 10
K. P. Battle, Jr., U. S. Marine Hospital Service 20
L. J. Battle, Raleigh 10
R. H. Battle, Raleigh 10
T. H. Battle, Rocky Mount 20
Wm. Jas. Battle, Chapel Hill 10
R. Bingham, Bingham School 100
R. R. Bridgers, Wilmington (Donation.) 50
W. H. S. Burgwyn, Henderson $10
F. H. Busbee, Raleigh 10
J. S. Carr, Durham 100
George Collins, Hillsboro 10
C. A. Cook, Warrenton 20
F. B. Dancy, Raleigh 30
Frank Daniels, Goldsboro 10
E. B. Engelhard, Raleigh 10
J. W. Fries, Salem 50
J. W. Gore, Chapel Hill 20
A. W. Graham, Hillsboro 20
George Graham, Hillsboro 10
J. W. Graham, Hillsboro 30
Paul Graham, Hillsboro 10
Wm. A. Graham, Charlotte 10

Page 797

R. H. Graves, Chapel Hill $30
Eugene Grissom, Jr., Raleigh 10
R. G. Grissom, Raleigh 10
J. D. Haizlip 10
E. J. Hardin, Raleigh 10
R. B. Haywood, Raleigh 10
J. A. Henley, Raleigh 50
W. R. Henry, Henderson 10
W. E. Hill, Faison 10
J. A. Holmes, Chapel Hill 20
J. DeB. Hooper, Chapel Hill 30
A. D. Jones, Cary 50
W. P. Kline, Newton 10
A. W. Knox, Raleigh 10
R. H. Lewis, Raleigh 50
Donald MacRae, Wilmington 30
John Manning, Chapel Hill 20
G. M. Maverick, St. Louis, Mo 50
W. H. Maverick, San Antonio, Tex. 50
P. B. Means, Concord 10
B. F. Moore, Raleigh 30
James Moore, Raleigh 10
V. B. Moore, Raleigh 20
Eugene Morehead, Durham $50
J. M. Moring, Durham 10
P. L. Murphy, Morganton 10
M. C. S. Noble, Wilmington 20
R. B. Peebles, Jackson 30
W. E. Philips, Henderson 10
W. B. Phillips, Wilmington 10
J. C. Powell, Tarboro 10
J. C. Roberts, New Bern 10
W. L. Saunders, Raleigh 50
J. E. Scott, Mebaneville 10
H. B. Short, Lake Waccamaw 10
W. L. Steele, Rockingham 30
Thos. D. Stokes, Richmond, Va 10
G. G. Thomas, Wilmington 10
Mrs. Z. B. Vance, Charlotte 25
F. P. Venable, Chapel Hill 30
John Wilkes, Charlotte 10
P. M. Wilson, Raleigh 20
J. H. Winder, Raleigh 10
G. T. Winston, Chapel Hill 30
Frank Wood, Edenton 20
D. G. Worth, Wilmington 100

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY

        Numbers of minor gifts to the Library, some of much value, are acknowledged in the Annual Catalogue. The usual United States Government and State publications have been received. The following donations in bulk are specially mentioned as larger additions to our collections:

  • 1. The library of Rev. Dr. James Phillips, principally of theological works, given by Mrs. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, about 1,000 volumes.
  • 2. The medical books of Francis Jones Smith, M.D., about 200 volumes, given by Miss Mary R. Smith.
  • 3. George E. Badger, by will, "The American Archives and American State Papers which I received under a vote of the Senate of the United States."
  • 4. Captain Francis T. Bryan, of St, Louis, 450 or 500, chiefly of Mathematical and Engineering works.
  • 5. One thousand volumes of the library of Dr. Thomas F. Wood, given by Mrs. Wood.
  • 6. About 250 volumes by Richard Jewett, M.D., mostly Medical and Scientific.
  • 7. Peter E. Hines, donated by Mrs. Hines, about 500 volumes, principally Medical.
  • 8. Hon. Charles Randolph Thomas, to the Law Library, about 140 volumes.
  • 9. Dr. Eben Alexander, from Mrs. Alexander, about 400 volumes, principally classical.
  • 10. The children of Edward Graham Daves, about 600 volumes of Historical and Literary works.
  • 11. Hon. Richard Henry Battle, to the Law Library, about 500 volumes of North Carolina and United States Reports, and other works.
  • 12. Rev. J. S. Pierson, about 100 volumes, chiefly on Missionary subjects.
  • 13. Mrs. Julia Graves, Mrs. Helen Wills, and Mrs. Frances Whitehead, 400 volumes from the libraries of Professors J. DeB. Hooper and Ralph H. Graves.
  • 14. From the Cross Creek Odd Fellows (Cumberland County) about 1,000 volumes of Congressional Reports, magazines, etc.
    Page 798

  • 15. Mrs. Grace Cobb, from the library of her husband, Professor Palmer Cobb, about 100 volumes.
  • 16. Josephus Daniels, Marshall DeLancey Haywood, Charles W. Worth, and Mrs. E. E. Moffitt, many valuable collections of newspapers and magazines.
  • 17. Miss Alice Heartt, File of Hillsboro Recorder, of which her father; Dennis Heartt, was editor.
  • 18. Lucius P. McGehee, 48 volumes from his Law Library.
  • 19. Henry Weil, Jewish Encyclopedia, 12 volumes.

THE UNIVERSITY CHAIR OF HISTORY

        As the Chair of History was first endowed by the alumni a list is given of the subscriptions. The proceedings connected with the inauguration of the movement may be found in the text.

        Gen. J. S. Carr was the largest subscriber, $10,000. Judge James Grant's obligation was found to be $5,000. The $1,000 subscribers were Col. W. H. S. Burgwyn and David G. Worth; $500 each--J. E. Brown, J. D. Currie, John A. Gilmer, Fred Philips, Walter L. Steele, Francis P. Venable; $250 each--Rufus Barringer, B. N. Duke, A. R. Ledoux, John Manning, Ed Chambers Smith, George T. Winston; $200--Dr. W. J. Hawkins, John S. Hill for Class of 1889; $150 each--E. A. Alderman, Charles D. McIver, G. W. Watts; $125--Andrew J. Harris; $100 each--H. B. Battle, Jesse M. Battle, R. H. Battle, Thomas H. Battle, J. A. Bitting, E. G. Brodie, Hill Burgwyn, I. V. Cooper, Josephus Daniels, A. H. Eller, James A. Gray, W. A. Guthrie, Eugene Harrell, E. B. Haywood, J. W. Jackson, William Johnston, Thomas S. Kenan, James H. Lassiter, D. M. McRae, Jr., James T. Morehead, John L. Morehead, R. B. Redwine, F. A. Shepherd, James H. Southgate, H. R. Starbuck, Thomas D. Stokes, H. T. Watkins, Robert W. Winston, B. G. Worth; $50 each--S. P. Alexander, H. T. Bahnson, K. P. Battle, Jr., Marsden Bellamy, F. H. Busbee, J. C. Buxton, W. R. Cox, Kerr Craige, John S. Cuningham, F. A. Daniels, H. E. Fries, A. B. Gorrell, Alex Graham, George M. Graham, Joseph Graham, Wharton J. Green, H. A. Gudger, B. F. Hall, Ernest Haywood, Ashley Horne, R. D. Johnston, T. D. Johnston, H. C. Jones, J. Y. Joyner, W. R. Kenan, R. B. Kerner, Iredell Meares, J. L. Patterson, Oscar Pearsall, Charles Price, A. M. Scales, David Schenck, J. F. Shaffner, J. E. Shepherd, Robert Strange, P. D. Walker, William A. Whitaker, D. M. Williams, C. W. Worth, C. G. Wright, A. C. Zollicoffer; $25 each--S. W. Battle, W. J. H. Bellamy, John L. Borden, Heriot Clarkson, R. L. Coffin, DuBrutz Cutlar, D. N. Dalton, Jr., C. H. Dubs, Alex J. Feild, J. Bryan Grimes, R. P. Howell, Henry Lee, W. H. McDonald, J. F. Miller, Haywood Parker, John F. Schenk, J. A. Washington, John Webb, S. C. Weill, John A Williams, P. M. Wilson; $10 each--Z. M. L. Jeffreys, James M. Norfleet, J. H. Ruffin, George L. Wimberly, John G. Young.

GENERAL UNIVERSITY AND SOCIETY CATALOGUES

        As permanent memorials of the Centennial of 1889 the short speeches of the alumni and others were printed in a pamphlet. In addition a more bulky volume was issued. It contains a catalogue of students from 1795 to 1889, inclusive, prepared by Mrs. Spencer, after much correspondence, and corrected by Dr. Eben Alexander, from the records of the University. There are 5,422 names, the most common being Jones, with 81 matriculates, after which comes Smith with 74, and Williams with 70. Of course not all of these were of the same family. A short history of each matriculate is given where possible. To this catalogue President Battle contributed 63 pages of Sketches of the History of the University, giving short memoirs of the men who selected the site, and of those who started the University and conducted it to success.

        Honorary Degrees had been conferred for ninety years. Prior to 1889 seventy ministers of the gospel were honored with the degree of Doctor of Divinity, while

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sixty-two statesmen and professional men were made Doctors of Laws. These degrees average less than one a year for the whole time, but after 1877 the authorities became more generous.

        In anticipation of the General University Catalogue the two Societies prepared Registers of their members from their beginnings, in 1795.

        The Philanthropic Catalogue (72 pages) was prior in time, the work of a graduate of 1886, Dr. Stephen Beauregard Weeks, and published in 1887. Prefixed is a short history of the Society. The leading facts of the careers of the members are given.

        The Dialectic Catalogue (168 pages), edited by Dr. William James Battle, was published in 1890. It included a history (8 pages) of the Society by the editor; familiar sketches of its conduct and work, when they were members, by Dr. Richard H. Lewis, of Kinston, a graduate of 1852; Hon. Richard H. Battle, graduate of 1854; by Dr. William B. Phillips, 1877, and by Mr. Ernest P. Mangum, 1885. The lists of members follow, with abbreviated sketches of their careers, collected, as were those of Dr. Weeks, by much correspondence.

        Both catalogues contain the names of the "Confederate Dead," that is, those students who lost their lives as Confederate soldiers.

FACULTY OF 1911-'12

        Francis Preston Venable, Ph.D., D.Sc., LL.D.....President Student, University of Virginia, 1874-'79; University of Bonn, 1879-'80; A.M., Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, 1881; Student, University of Berlin, 1889; LL.D., University of Pennsylvania, 1901; D.Sc., Lafayette College, 1902; LL.D., University of South Carolina, 1905; LL.D., University of Alabama, 1906; Professor of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, 1880-1900; President, ibid., 1900--; Fellow of London Chemical Society; Member of German Chemical Society, American Chemical Society; Author of "Qualitative Analysis," "History of Chemistry," "Inorganic Chemistry" (with Professor J. L. Howe), "Development of the Periodic Law."

        Kemp Plummer Battle, A.M., LL.D.....Professor Emeritus of History A.B., University of North Carolina, 1849; A.M., ibid., 1852; Tutor in Mathematics, ibid., 1850-'54; LL.D., Davidson College, 1879; President, University of North Carolina, 1876-'91; Professor of History, ibid., 1891-1907; LL.D., ibid., 1910; Professor Emeritus of History, ibid., 1907--; Author of Various Historical Treatises on North Carolina; among others, "History of the Supreme Court of North Carolina," "Early History of the City of Raleigh," "Colonial Leaders of the Church of England," "History of the University of North Carolina," 2 vols. State Treasurer 1866-'68.

        Thomas Hume, A.B., D.D., LL.D.....Professor Emeritus of English Literature A.B., Richmond College, 1855; Graduate Student, University of Virginia, 1858; Principal and Professor of English, Roanoke College for Women, 1867-'71; D.D., Richmond College, 1882; Professor of English, Norfolk College, 1880-'85; Professor of the English Language and Literature, University of North Carolina, 1885-1902; LL.D., Wake Forest College, 1892; Professor of English Literature, University of North Carolina, 1902-'07; Professor Emeritus of English Literature, ibid., 1907-1912; LL.D., ibid., 1910.

        Walter Dallam Toy, M.A.....Professor of the Germanic Languages and Literatures M.A., University of Virginia, 1882; Student, University of Leipsig, 1882-'83; University of Berlin, 1883-'85; College de France, 1885; Professor of the Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of North Carolina, 1885--; Student, University of Berlin, 1910-'11; Author of a number of editions of textbooks of Modern Languages.

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        William Cain, A.M......Professor of Mathematics A.M., North Carolina Military Polytechnic Institute, 1866; Professor of Mathematics and Engineering, Carolina Military Institute, 1874-'79; Professor of Mathematics and Engineering, South Carolina Military Academy, 1882-'89; Professor of Mathematics, University of North Carolina, 1889--; Author of "Theory of Voussoir Arches," "Solid and Braced Arches," "Theory of Steel Concrete Arches," "Retaining Walls," "Stresses in Bridges," "Notes on Geometry and Algebra," "Brief Course in the Calculus."

        Henry Horace Williams, A.M., B.D......Professor of Philosophy A.B., A.M., University of North Carolina, 1883; Professor of Philosophy, Trinity College (N. C.), 1885; B.D., Yale University, 1888; Fellow, Harvard University, 1889; Professor of Philosophy, University of North Carolina, 1890--.

        Henry Van Peters Wilson, Ph.D......Professor of Zoölogy A.B., Johns Hopkins University, 1883; Bruce Fellow, ibid., 1887-'89; Ph.D., ibid., 1888; Assistant, United States Fish Commission; Professor of Biology, University of North Carolina, 1891-1904; Student, University of Berlin, 1902-'03; Professor of Zoölogy, University of North Carolina, 1904--; American Society of Zoölogists, Vice-President 1908, President 1911; Author of various memoirs and papers on zoölogical subjects.

        Collier Cobb, A.M......Professor of Geology and Mineralogy A.B., Harvard, 1889; Assistant in Geology, ibid., 1888-'90; Instructor in Geology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1890-'92; Assistant U. S. Geological Survey, 1886-'92; Instructor in Geology, Harvard Summer School, 1891; Assistant Professor of Geology, University of North Carolina, 1892-'93; Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, ibid., 1893--; A.M., Harvard, 1894; Author of various memoirs and papers on geological subjects; Fellow Geological Society of America, Association of American Geographers, Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, Boston Society of Natural History, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Forestry Association, Seismological Society of America, Association of Harvard Engineers; Lecturer on Geology, Summer School of the South, 1902, 1908; Professor of Forest Geology, Biltmore Forest School, 1904--.

        Charles Staples Mangum, A.B., M.D......Professor of Anatomy A.B., University of North Carolina, 1891; M.D., Jefferson Medical College, 1894; Assistant and Demonstrator, ibid., 1894-'95; Graduate Student, University of Chicago, 1906; Professor of Anatomy, University of North Carolina, 1896--.

        Edward Vernon Howell, A.B., Ph.G......Professor of Pharmacy Dean of the School of Pharmacy. A.B., Wake Forest College, 1892; Ph.G., Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1894; Professor of Pharmacy and Dean of the School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 1897--; Member of American Chemical Society, American Pharmaceutical Association.

        Marcus Cicero Stephens Noble.....Professor of Pedagogy Student, Davidson College and University of North Carolina; Commandant, Bingham School, 1880-'83; Superintendent of Schools, Wilmington, N. C., 1883-'98; Professor of Pedagogy, University of North Carolina, 1898--; Author of "Williams's Beginners' Reader," "North Carolina Supplement to Maury's Geography"; Co-Editor of "Davies' Standard Arithmetic"; Author of historical papers.

        Isaac Hall Manning, M.D......Professor of Physiology; Dean of School of Medicine Student, University of North Carolina, 1882-'86; Assistant in Chemistry, ibid., 1886; M.D., Long Island College of Medicine, 1897; Graduate Student, University of Chicago, 1901, 1903, Harvard University, 1902, 1906; Professor of Physiology, University of North Carolina, 1901--; Dean of the School of Medicine, ibid., 1905--.

Page 801

        George Howe, Ph.D.....Professor of the Latin Language and Literature A.B., Princeton University, 1897; A.M., Ph.D., University of Halle, 1903; Student, Oxford University, 1903; Professor of the Latin Language and Literature, University of North Carolina, 1903--; Author of "Fasti Sacerdotum P. R. Publicorum."

        Joseph Hyde Pratt, Ph.D.....Professor of Economic Geology Ph.B., 1893, Ph.D., 1896, Yale University; Assistant in Chemistry, Yale University, 1894; Assistant in Mineralogy, ibid., 1895; Instructor in Mineralogy, Harvard Summer School, 1895; Instructor in Mineralogy, Yale University, 1896-'97; Lecturer in Mineralogy, University of North Carolina, 1898-1901; Professor of Economic Geology, ibid., 1904--; State Mineralogist of North Carolina, 1897-1906; State Geologist, 1906--; Fellow, Geological Society of America, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Member, Metallurgical Society of America, American Institute of Mining Engineers, American Chemical Society, American Peat Society, American Forestry Association, National Geographical Society, Appalachian Engineering Association; Author of many articles and bulletins on various scientific subjects.

        Charles Holmes Herty, Ph.D., Smith Professor of General and Industrial Chemistry Ph.B., University of Georgia, 1886; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, 1890; Instructor in Chemistry, University of Georgia, 1891-'94; Adjunct Professor of Chemistry, ibid., 1894-1902; Student, University of Zurich and University of Berlin, 1899-1900; Professor of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, 1905--; Dean of the School of Applied Science, ibid., 1908-'11; Member of American Chemical Society; Councilor at large; Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, London Chemical Society, Society of Chemical Industry, Duetsche Chemische Gesellschaft, La Societé Chimique de France, American Forestry Association, Society of American Foresters.

        Nathan Wilson Walker, A.B.....Professor of Secondary Education A.B., University of North Carolina, 1903; Superintendent of Schools at Asheboro, N. C., 1903-'05; Professor of Secondary Education, University of North Carolina, 1905--; State Inspector of Public High Schools, 1905--; Director of the University of North Carolina Summer School.

        William DeBerniere MacNider, M.D.....Professor of Pharmacology Assistant in Biology, University of North Carolina, 1899-1900; Assistant in Anatomy, ibid., 1900-'01; M.D., ibid., 1903; Student, University of Chicago, 1906, 1907, 1908; Professor of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, 1905.

        Charles Lee Raper, Ph.D.....Professor of Economics Dean of the Graduate School. A.B., Trinity College (N. C.), 1892; Instructor in Greek and Latin, ibid., 1892-'93; Professor of Latin, Greensboro Female College, 1894-'98; Fellow in History, Columbia University, 1899-1900; Lecturer in History, ibid., 1900-'01; Associate Professor of Economics and History, University of North Carolina, 1901-'06; Ph.D., Columbia University, 1902; Professor of Economics, University of North Carolina, 1906--; Dean of Graduate School, ibid., 1909--; Author of "The Church and Private Schools of North Carolina, an Historical Study," "North Carolina, a Study of English Colonial Government," "The Principles of Wealth and Welfare," "Railway Transportation: a History of its Economics and of the State's Relation."

        William Chambers Coker, Ph.D.....Professor of Botany B.S., University of South Carolina, 1894; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, 1901; Student, University of Bonn, 1901-'02; Associate Professor of Botany, University of North Carolina, 1902-'07; Professor of Botany, ibid., 1907--; Contributed the Botanical Section of "The Bahama Islands," also Author of "Plant Life of Hartsville."

Page 802

        Edward Kidder Graham, A.M.....Professor of English Dean of the College of Liberal Arts.

        Ph.B., University of North Carolina, 1898; Librarian, ibid., 1899; Instructor in English, ibid., 1899-1901; Associate Professor of English, ibid., 1901-'04; A.M., Columbia University, 1902; Student, ibid., 1904-'05; Professor of English, University of North Carolina, 1904--; Dean of the College of Liberal Arts, ibid., 1909--.

        Archibald Henderson, Ph.D.....Professor of Pure Mathematics A.B., University of North Carolina, 1898; A.M., ibid., 1899; Instructor in Mathematics, ibid., 1898-1902; Student, University of Chicago, 1901; Ph.D., University of North Carolina, 1902; Fellow and Tutor in Mathematics, University College and University of Chicago, 1902-'03; Associate Professor of Mathematics, University of North Carolina, 1902-'08; Professor of Pure Mathematics, ibid., 1908--; Student, Cambridge University, University of Berlin, the Sorbonne, 1910-'11; Member, Authors' Club, London; Author of "The Twenty-seven Lines on the Cubic Surface" (Cambridge University), "Interpreters of Life, and the Modern Spirit," "Mark Twain," "George Bernard Shaw: His Life and Work" (Authorized); Translation (with Barbara Henderson) of Emile Boutroux's "William James"; Contributor to journals and magazines, scientific and cultural, in England, France, Germany, Finland, and United States.

        Joseph Gregoire DeRoulhac Hamilton, Ph.D.....Alumni Professor of History M. A., University of the South, 1900; Ph.D., Columbia University, 1906; Associate Professor of History, University of North Carolina, 1906-'08; Professor of History, ibid., 1908--.

        Andrew Henry Patterson, A.M.....Professor of Physics Dean of the School of Applied Science.

        Ph.B., B.E., University of North Carolina, 1891; A.B., Harvard University, 1892; A. M., ibid., 1893; Instructor in Physics, University of Georgia, 1894-'97; Adjunct Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering, ibid., 1897-'98; Professor of Physics and Astronomy, ibid., 1898-1908; Student, University of Berlin and Charlottenburg Technische Hochschule, 1905-'06; Student, Cambridge University, 1906; Professor of Physics, University of North Carolina, 1908--; Dean of the School of Applied Science, ibid., 1911--; Author of "On Increasing the Frequency of Electric Oscillations" (in conjunction with C. H. Arnold), "Some Points on Lightning Protection," "The Pinch Effect in Undirectional Electrical Discharges," "The Electrical Nature of Chemical Energy," etc.

        Henry McGilbert Wagstaff, Ph.D.....Professor of History Ph.B., University of North Carolina, 1899; Professor of Mathematics, Rutherford College (N. C.), 1900-'02; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, 1906; Acting Professor of Economics and History, Allegheny College, 1906-'07; Associate Professor of History, University of North Carolina, 1907-'09; Professor of History, ibid., 1909.

        Patrick Henry Winston.....Professor of Law Student, University of Texas, 1897-'98; University of North Carolina, 1899-1900; Graduate, United States Military Academy, 1905; Student, University of North Carolina School of Law, 1905; Professor of Law, ibid., 1909--; Student, University of Michigan, 1910.

        William Morton Dey, Ph.D...Professor of the Romance Languages and Literatures B.A., M.A., University of Virginia, 1902; Student in Paris, 1903; A.M., Harvard University, 1904; Austin Teaching Fellow, ibid., 1905-'06; Ph.D., ibid., 1906; Student in Spain and Italy, 1906; Assistant Professor of Romance Languages, University of Missouri, 1906-'09; Professor of Romance Languages, University of North Carolina, 1909--.

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        Edwin Mims, Ph.D.....Professor of English A.B., Vanderbilt University, 1892; Fellow and Assistant in English, ibid., 1892-'94; M.A., ibid., 1893; Professor of English Literature, Trinity College (N. C.), 1894-1908; Fellow and Assistant in History, Cornell University, 1896-'97; Ph.D., ibid., 1900; Professor of English, University of North Carolina, 1908-'12; Author of "The Life of Sidney Lanier" in the American Men of Letters Series; Editor of Carlyle's "Essay on Burns," Stevenson's "Inland Voyage and Travels with a Donkey," and Southern Prose and Poetry; Joint Editor, South Atlantic Quarterly, 1905-'09; Contributor to leading American magazines.

        Marvin Hendrix Stacy, A.M.....Professor of Civil Engineering Ph.B., University of North Carolina, 1902; Instructor in Mathematics, ibid., 1902-'06; A.M., ibid., 1904; Student, Cornell University, 1905, 1906, 1911; Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of North Carolina, 1906-'10; Professor of Civil Engineering, ibid., 1910--.

        James Finch Royster, Ph.D.....Professor of English A.B., Wake Forest College, 1900; Student, University of Chicago, 1900-'02, University of Berlin, 1902-'03; Acting Instructor, University of Colorado, 1904-'05; Fellow, University of Chicago, 1905-'06; Associate, ibid., 1906-'07; Ph.D., ibid., 1907; Associate Professor of English, University of North Carolina, 1907-'10; Professor of English, ibid., 1910--.

        Lucius Polk McGehee, A.B.....Professor of Law Dean of the Law School.

        A.B., University of North Carolina, 1887; Student, School of Law, ibid., 1890-'91; Professor of Law, ibid., 1904-'09; Dean of the School of Law, 1910--; Associate Editor of "American and English EncyclopÆdia of Law"; Author of "Due Process of Law."

        Charles Wesley Bain, A.M.....Professor of Greek Student, University of Virginia, 1883-'85; A.M., University of the South, 1895; Professor of Ancient Languages, University of South Carolina, 1898-1910; Professor of Greek, University of North Carolina, 1910--; Author, Homer's "Odyssey," Bk. VI and Bk. VII, "Selections from Ovid," "Bain's First Latin Book"; Contributor to American Journal of Philology, Classical Review, The Nation, and newspapers; Member Classical Association.

        Atwell Campbell McIntosh, A.M.....Professor of Law A.B., Davidson College, 1881; A.M., ibid., 1887; Professor of Law, Trinity College (N. C.), 1904-'10; Professor of Law, University of North Carolina, 1910--; Editor of "Cases in Contracts," 1908; Co-Editor with Professor S. F. Mordecai (Trinity College), "Remedies by Selected Cases," 1910.

        Harry Woodburn Chase, Ph.D.....Professor of the Philosophy of Education A.B., Dartmouth College, 1904; Teacher in the Groveland High School (Mass.), 1904-'08; A.M., Dartmouth College, 1908; Director of the Clinic for Subnormal Children, Clark University, 1909-'10; Ph.D., ibid., 1910; Professor of the Philosophy of Education, University of North Carolina, 1910--.

        Wade Hampton Brown, B.S., M.D.....Professor of Pathology B.S., University of Nashville, 1899; Student, University of Chicago, 1902, 1903; M.D., Johns Hopkins University, 1907; Instructor in Pathology and Bacteriology, University of Virginia, 1907-'08; Instructor in Pathology, University of Wisconsin, 1908-'10; Assistant Professor of Pathology, ibid., 1910-'11; Professor of Pathology, University of North Carolina, 1911--.

        Thomas James Wilson, Jr., Ph.D.....Associate Professor of Latin A.B., University of North Carolina, 1894; A.M., ibid., 1896; Ph.D., ibid., 1898; Student, University of Chicago, 1903, 1906; Associate Professor of Latin, University of North Carolina, 1902--; Registrar, ibid., 1908--.

Page 804

        Alvin Sawyer Wheeler, Ph.D.....Associate Professor of Organic Chemistry A.B., Beloit College, 1890; Student, University of Chicago, 1895; Student, Cornell University, 1897; A.M., Harvard University, 1897; Assistant in Chemistry, ibid., 1897-1900; Ph.D., ibid., 1900; Associate Professor of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, 1900--; Student, University of Berlin, University of Bonn, Swiss Federal Polytechnic, 1910-'11; Member of American Chemical Society, German Chemical Society; Professor, 1912.

        William Stanly Bernard, A.M.....Associate Professor of Greek Student, Episcopal Theological Seminary (Va.), 1893-'95; A.B., University of North Carolina, 1900; Librarian, ibid., 1900-'01; Instructor in Greek, ibid., 1901-'06; A.M., ibid., 1904; Associate Professor of Greek, ibid., 1906--; Student, University of Chicago, 1906, Columbia University, 1909, 1910, 1911.

        Louis Round Wilson, Ph.D.....Associate Professor of Library Administration A.B., University of North Carolina, 1899; Librarian, ibid., 1901--; A.M., ibid., 1902; Ph.D., ibid., 1905; Associate Professor of Library Administration, 1907--; Student, Columbia University, 1910; Professor, 1912.

        Robert Baker Lawson, M.D.....Associate Professor of Anatomy Student, University of North Carolina, 1897-1900; M.D., University of Maryland, 1902; Instructor in Anatomy, University of North Carolina, 1905-'06; Demonstrator in Anatomy, ibid., 1906-'08; Associate Professor of Anatomy, ibid., 1908--.

        George McFarland McKie, A.M.....Associate Professor of Public Speaking Graduate, Emerson College of Oratory, 1898; A.B., A.M., University of North Carolina, 1907; Student, Harvard University, 1907-'08; Instructor in English, University of North Carolina, 1899-1908; Associate Professor of Public Speaking, ibid., 1908--.

        John Manning Booker, A.B.....Associate Professor of English A.B., Johns Hopkins University, 1901; Student, University of Munich, University of Heidelberg; Associate Professor of English, University of North Carolina, 1909--.

        Oliver Towles, A.B.....Associate Professor of the Romance Languages A.B., University of Virginia, 1906; Student, Johns Hopkins University, 1906-'09; Student in France, 1908; Associate Professor of Romance Languages, University of North Carolina, 1909--.

        Parker Haywood Daggett, S.B.....Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering Assistant in Electrical Engineering, Harvard University, 1908-'09; S.B., ibid., 1910; Acting Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of North Carolina, 1910; Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering, ibid., 1910--; Associate Member, American Institute of Electrical Engineers; Member, Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education; North Carolina Academy of Science.

        Robert Anderson Hall, Ph.D.....Associate Professor of General Chemistry B.A., University of Chicago, 1905; Assistant in Chemistry, ibid., 1905-'07; Ph.D., ibid., 1907; Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Armour Institute of Technology, 1907-'08; Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Clemson College, 1908-'10; Associate Professor of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, 1910--; Secretary and Treasurer, Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society; Secretary and Treasurer of the North Carolina Association of the American Chemical Society; North Carolina Academy of Science.

        James Munsie Bell, Ph.D.....Associate Professor of Physical Chemistry B.A., University of Toronto, 1902; M.A., ibid., 1905; Assistant in Chemistry, Cornell University, 1902-'03; Graduate Scholar in Chemistry, ibid., 1903-'04; Sage Fellow in Chemistry, ibid., 1904-'05; Ph.D., ibid., 1905; Associate Professor of Physical Chemistry, University of North Carolina, 1910-'12; Scientist in Soil Laboratory Investigation, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

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        Thomas Felix Hickerson, A.M.....Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Ph.B., University of North Carolina, 1904; Instructor in Mathematics, ibid., 1905-'08; A.M., ibid., 1907; S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1909; Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of North Carolina, 1910--.

        George Burridge Viles, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Germanic Languages and Literatures.

        A.B., Harvard University, 1892; Instructor in Modern Languages, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1892-'95; A.M., Harvard University, 1896; Instructor in German, Cornell University, 1896-1902; Ph.D., ibid., 1902; Student, University of Leipzig, 1902-'03; Instructor in German, Cornell University, 1903-'04; Assistant Professor of Germanic Languages and Literatures, Ohio State University, 1904-'06; Associate Professor of Germanic Languages and Literatures, ibid., 1906-'08; Diplome Superieur Alliance Francaise, Paris, 1908; Student, The Sorbonne, 1908-'09; Acting Professor of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of North Carolina, 1910-'11; Associate Professor of Germanic Languages and Literatures, ibid., 1911-'12.

---------

        George Kenneth Grant Henry, A.M.....Instructor in Latin A.B., Hamilton College, 1900; A.M., ibid., 1904; Instructor in Mathematics, University of North Carolina, 1908-'09; Instructor in Latin, ibid., 1909--.

        John Grover Beard, Ph.G.....Instructor in Pharmacy Assistant in Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 1908-'09; Ph.G., ibid., 1909; Instructor in Pharmacy, ibid., 1909--.

        Vivian Leroy Chrisler, A.M.....Instructor in Physics A.B., Piedmont College, 1902; Assistant in Physics, University of Nebraska, 1906-'09; B.S., ibid., 1908; A.M., ibid., 1909; Instructor in Science and Mathematics, Piedmont College, 1909-'10; Instructor in Physics, University of North Carolina, 1910--.

        Theophilus Randolph Eagles, Jr., A.B.....Instructor in Mathematics A.M., University of North Carolina, 1908; Professor of Mathematics and Science, Catawba College, 1908-'09; Professor of Mathematics, Bethany College, 1909-'10; Instructor in Mathematics, University of North Carolina, 1910--.

        William Henry Fry, A.B.....Instructor in Geology Assistant in Geology, University of North Carolina, 1908-'10; A.B., ibid., 1910; Instructor in Geology, ibid., 1910--.

        George Mark Sneath, A.M.....Instructor in English A.B., Yale University, 1907; A.M., ibid., 1910; Instructor in English, University of North Carolina, 1910--.

        John Nottingham Ware, A.M.....Instructor in French A.B., A.M., Randolph-Macon College, 1901; Student in Paris, 1909; A.M., Johns Hopkins University, 1911; Instructor in French, University of North Carolina, 1910--.

        John Wayne Lasley, A.M.....Instructor in Mathematics A.B., University of North Carolina, 1910; Fellow in Mathematics, ibid., 1910-'11; A.M., ibid., 1911; Instructor in Mathematics, ibid., 1911--.

        Daniel Huger Bacot, Jr., A.M.....Instructor in History A.B., College of Charleston, 1908; Assistant in English, ibid., 1908-'09; A.M., ibid., 1909; Student, Harvard University, 1909-'11; A.M., ibid., 1910; Instructor in History, University of North Carolina, 1911--.

        John Elliott Wood, A.B.....Instructor in Drawing A.B., University of North Carolina, 1911; Instructor in Drawing, ibid., 1911--.

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  • James Talmage Dobbins, A.B. . . . . . Fellow in Chemistry
  • William Lewis Jeffries, A.B. . . . . . Toch Fellow in Chemistry
  • Charles Wilson Williard, S.B. . . . . . Ledoux Fellow in Chemistry
  • William Renn Thomas, A.B. . . . . . Fellow in Latin
  • Sheldon Asa Saunders . . . . . Assistant in Anatomy
  • David Bryan Sloan, A.B. . . . . . Assistant in Bacteriology
  • William Battle Cobb . . . . . Assistant in Botany
  • Paul Roby Bryan . . . . . Assistant in Chemistry
  • Carnie Blake Carter . . . . . Assistant in Chemistry
  • Clarence Ballew Hoke . . . . . Assistant in Chemistry
  • Fleming Ross Weaver . . . . . Assistant in Chemistry
  • Charles Alexander Vogler, A.B. . . . . . Assistant in Geology
  • Cyrus Dunlap Hogue, A.B. . . . . . Assistant in German
  • James Ambler Speight . . . . . Assistant in Histology
  • Thaddeus Earl Wilkerson, Jr. . . . . . Assistant in Histology
  • Robert Willis Bobbitt . . . . . Assistant in the Library
  • Thomas Michael Ramsaur . . . . . Assistant in the Library
  • William White Rogers . . . . . Assistant in the Library
  • Cyrus Richard Wharton . . . . . Assistant in the Library
  • George Pickett Wilson . . . . . Assistant in the Library
  • Caleb Knight Burgess . . . . . Assistant in Physics
  • John Burton Clingman . . . . . Assistant in Surveying
  • Wesley Critz George, A.B. . . . . . Assistant in Zoölogy
  • Lee Franklin Turlington, A.B. . . . . . Assistant in Zoölogy

    OTHER OFFICERS.

  • Walter Dallam Toy, M.A. . . . . . Secretary of the Faculty
  • Louis Round Wilson, Ph.D. . . . . . Librarian
  • Nan Spotswood Strudwick . . . . . Assistant Librarian
  • Robert Baker Lawson, M.D. . . . . . Director of the Gymnasium
  • James Richard Allison . . . . . Assistant in the Gymnasium
  • Julius Algernon Warren Vice Albert Edgar Woltz, A.M., Bursar, resigned. . . . . . Treasurer
  • Charles Thomas Woollen . . . . . Proctor
  • Thomas James Wilson . . . . . Registrar
  • Marvin Hendrix Stacy, A.M. . . . . . Recorder of Absences
  • Edward Pleasant Hall . . . . . General Secretary of the Young Men's Christian Association

Page 807

DEGREES CONFERRED IN COURSE FROM THE REOPENING TO 1912.
INCLUSIVE

1877

        Bachelor of Philosophy--William Battle Phillips.

        Bachelors of Science--Julian Meredith Baker, Frank Murray Fremont, Joseph Clay Powell, James Cole Taylor.

1878

        Bachelors of Arts--Arthur Arrington. James Hicks Faison, Charles Wilcher Gallaway, Edward John Hill, George McCorkle, James Mann Nicholson, Henry Thomas Watkins.

        Bachelor of Philosophy--William Pinckney Cline.

        Bachelor of Science--Nathaniel Heath Street.

1879

        Bachelors of Arts--Kemp Plummer Battle, Jr., Richard Bullock Henderson, William Lanier Hill, James Smith Manning, John Moore Manning, William Joseph Peele, Alva Connell Springs, Robert Strange, Francis Donnell Winston, Robert Watson Winston.

        Bachelor of Philosophy--Isaac Montrose Taylor.

        Bachelor of Science--Gaston Ahi Robbins.

1880

        Bachelors of Arts--Thomas Hall Battle, Albert Lucien Coble, Locke Craig, Henry Elias Faison, Ernest Haywood, Roderic Belton John, Alexander Lacy Phillips, Robert Ransom, Benjamin Charles Sharpe, William Bonner Slade, Latimer Clark Vaughan.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Charles Brantley Aycock, William Archibald Betts, Thomas Cook Brooks, Charles Cotesworth Cobb.

1881

        Bachelors of Arts--William Jackson Adams, John Morehead Avery, James Everett Brady, Frank Battle Dancy, Christopher Dudley Hill, Robert Oscar Holt, Charles Duncan McIver, John Alton McIver, Roderick McRae, Leonidas Lemay Mial, John William Neal, Robert Paine Pell, Walter Everett Philips, William Belfield Stewart, Charles Randolph Thomas, Jr., John Moseley Walker, Jr., Lucian Holmes Walker, Robert Warren Winborne.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Robert Brooke Albertson, William Edwin Erwin, Eugene Lewis Harris, Frank Gordon Hines, James Yadkin Joyner, James Madison Leach, Jr., James Dixon Murphy, William David Pemberton, Noah James Rouse, James Hipkin Ruffin.

        Bachelors of Science--Herbert Bemerton Battle, Alfred Nixon, Henry Thomas Rumbough.

1882

        Bachelors of Arts--Robert Thomas Bryan, Emile Alexander de Schweinitz, Albert Sydney Grandy, David Amzi Hampton, Jonathan Worth Jackson, Alexander Worth McAlister, Frederick Nash Skinner, George Gregory Wilson, Charles William Worth.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Edwin Anderson Alderman, Alvis Waldo Allen, Allen Turner Davidson, Jr., David Sloan Kennedy, George Walter Whitsett.

        Bachelors of Science--Thomas Dudley Stokes, Richard Street White.

1883

        Bachelors of Arts--Robert Percy Gray, Numa Fletcher Heitman, Charles Lucien Riddle, Charles Watts Smedes, Evert Bancker Smedes, Preston Stamps, Henry Erwin Thompson, Henry Horace Williams.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Edmund Ruffin, Ira Thomas Turlington, John Francis Wilkes.

        Bachelors of Science--Charles Urquhart Hill, Thomas Radcliffe, Bartlett Shipp.

        Bachelor of Laws--James Daniel Haizlip.

        Master of Arts--Henry Horace Williams.

        Doctor of Philosophy--William Battle Phillips.

1884

        Bachelors of Arts--Missouri Robert Hamer, Thomas Samuel Osborne, William George Randall, Samuel Bryant Turrentine, Lee Martin Warlick.

Page 808

        Bachelors of Philosophy--John Lemuel Borden, Samuel Mallett Gattis, Andrew Jackson Harris, Jesse Bowden Hawes, James Lee Love, James Daniel Miller, Edward Daniel Monroe, James Cole Roberts, Thomas Richard Rouse, Benjamin Franklin White, Julian Wood.

1885

        Bachelors of Arts--Marion Butler, Adolphus Hill Eller, Edwin Michael Foust, Alexander Jones Feild, Augustus White Long, Ernest Preston Mangum, Julian Smith Mann, Berrie Chandler McIver, James Randlett Monroe, Wallace Carl Riddick, Solomon Cohen Weill.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Erastus Genair Goodman, Atherton Barnes Hill, George Howard, Jr., Max Jackson, Heber Amos Latham, Richard Smith Neal, John Urquhart Newman, Alfred Decatur Ward, Jesse Felix West.

        Bachelors of Science--James Alexander Bryan, Walter Lee Norris, St. Leon Scull.

        Doctor of Philosophy--Emile Alexander de Schweinitz.

        Bachelors of Laws--Sidney Thomas Beckwith, John Whitaker Wood.

1886

        Bachelors of Arts--Oliver Clegg Bynum, William Houston Carroll, Edward Bost Cline, Pierre Bayard Cox, Frank Dixon, Samuel Spencer Jackson, Joseph John Jenkins, Jr., Pierre Beauregard Manning, John Motley Morehead, Gilbert Brown Patterson, William Henry Rice, William Augustus Self, Malcolm McGilvary Shields, James Thomas, Stephen Beauregard Weeks, Nathan Hunt Daniel Wilson, Jr.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Lewis Junius Battle, Walter Seaton Dunston, Charles Taylor Grandy, Luther Bell Grandy, Herbert Worth Jackson, Frank Milton Little, William Dunwood Pollock, John Frank Schenck.

        Bachelors of Science--George Lane Patrick, Kirby Smith Uzzell, Robert Lee Uzzell.

        Bachelor of Laws--Solomon Cohen Weill.

        Master of Arts--Ernest Preston Mangum.

1887

        Bachelors of Arts--Joseph Henry Baker, Louis Milton Bourne, William H. McDonald, Lucius Polk McGehee, John Fenelon McIver, William Hamilton McNeill, Joseph Algernon Morris, Haywood Parker, Albert Marchant Simmons, Claudius Ferdinand Smith, Henry Reuben Starbuck, William Stronach Wilkinson, Delonza Tate Wilson.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Robert Turnbull Burwell, Claudius Dockery, Richard Nathaniel Hackett, Jacob Coart Johnson, Vernon W. Long, James McGuire, Jr., Henry Fries Shaffner, William R. Tucker.

        Bachelor of Science--Robert Gilliam Grissom.

        Masters of Arts--Samuel Bryant Turrentine, Stephen Beauregard Weeks.

        Doctor of Philosophy--Herbert Bemerton Battle.

1888

        Bachelors of Arts--Eugene Morehead Armfield, Oliver Douglas Batchelor, William James Battle, Hayne Davis, Luther Bell Edwards, William Edwards Headen, St. Clair Hester, Henry Watson Lewis, William Myers Little.

        Bachelors of Philosophy -- Charles George Foust, Francis Marion Harper, Maxcy Luther John, Malvern Hill Palmer, Robert Lee Smith, Eugene Percival Withers.

        Bachelors of Science--Archie Braswell, Jr., William Jackson Beauregard Dail, Thomas Joseph Eskridge, Benoni Thorp.

        Bachelor of Laws--Frank Drew.

        Doctor of Philosophy--Stephen Beauregard Weeks.

1889

        Bachelors of Arts--Herbert Clement, Daniel Johnson Currie, Mills Roberts Eure, Logan Douglas Howell, Lacy LeGrand Little, William Stone Roberson, Charles Aurelius Webb, William Albert Wilson.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Caleb Gilmer Cates, Walter Makepeace Curtis, James E. B. Davis, Walter Monroe Hammond, John Sprunt Hill, Thomas Lake Moore, Aaron A. F. Seawell, Jr., Alexander Stronach, Clinton White Toms, George Stockton Wills, Henry Gilliam Wood.

Page 809

        Bachelor of Science--Hunter Lee Harris.

        Master of Arts--William James Battle.

1890

        Bachelors of Arts--John Dillard Bellamy, John Wooten Graham, Ralph Herschell Holland, Henry Johnston, Alexander McIver, Jr., Joseph Beattie Philbeck, James Jones Philips, Charles Alexander Rankin, Howard Burton Shaw.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Gaston Battle, Victor Silas Bryant, Julius Isaac Foust, Hugh Lee Miller, Oscar Lamay Sapp, William Francis Shaffner, William Seaton Snipes, George Hinton Vance Tilley.

        Bachelors of Science--James Craig Braswell, Paul Lee Woodard.

        Master of Arts--St. Clair Hester.

        Doctor of Philosophy--William James Battle.

1891

        Bachelors of Arts--William Johnston Andrews, Francis Howard Batchelor, Shepard Bryan, Jesse Lee Cuninggim, Palmer Dalrymple, John Martin Fleming, Edwin Roberson McKethan, Charles Staples Mangum, William Henry Wills.

        Bachelors of Philosophy -- McCord Wright Ball, Wm. Watkins Davies, Jr., Robert Ransom Eason, George Mordecai Graham, Paul Cameron Graham, Andrew Henry Patterson, George Ransom, Seymour Columbus Thompson.

        Bachelors of Science--John Motley Morehead, William Luther Spoon.

        Bachelors of Letters--William Willard Ashe, George Hendon Currie.

        Bachelors of Engineering--Joseph Volney Lewis, Andrew Henry Patterson, Howard Burton Shaw, William Luther Spoon.

        Bachelors of Laws--Edwin Wray Martin, Calvert Goosley Peebles, Robert Burwell Redwine, Alexander Stronach.

        Master of Arts--James Edward Fogartie.

1892

        Bachelors of Arts--William Douglas Buie, George Whitfield Connor, William Edward Darden, Bart Moore Gatling, Frank Carter Mebane, Wallace Eugene Rollins, Frederick LeRoy Willcox.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--George Henry Crowell, Samuel Lee Davis, Charles Felix Harvey.

        Bachelor of Science--Charles Baskerville.

        Bachelors of Letters--Plato Collins, Leonard Charles Van Noppen.

        Bachelors of Engineering--Thomas Roswell Foust, Richard Benjamin Hunter.

        Bachelor of Laws--Alphonso Linwood Gregory.

1893

        Bachelors of Arts--Samuel Francis Austin, John Morgan Cheek, Robert Mayo Davis, James Archibald Jones, Alexander Hamilton Koonce, James Thomas Pugh, Edwin Mood Wilson.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--James Crawford Biggs, Perrin Busbee, Fordyce Cunningham Harding, Elbert Alfred Moye, Jr., Howard Edward Rondthaler, William Boylan Snow, Victor Emanuel Whitlock. Edward Payson Willard, William Preston Wooten.

        Bachelors of Science--Alfred Smith Barnard, Arthur Joseph Edwards, Herbert Reeves Ferguson.

        Bachelors of Letters--Alexander Boyd Andrews, Jr., Archie Hendon McFadyen, Zenobian Ilmer Walser.

        Bachelor of Engineering--Michael Hoke.

        Bachelor of Laws--Edwin Robeson McKethan.

1894

        Bachelors of Arts--Espy Watts Brawley, William Pinkney Martin Currie, Alexander Caswell Ellis, Ernest Eugene Gillespie, Thomas Bailey Lee. Jesse Morrow Oldham, Louis Melancthon Swink, Thomas James Wilson, Jr.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--William Frederick Harding, Simeon Addison Hodgin, George Roscoe Little, James Sawyer, Thomas Carlisle Smith, Jr., Eugene Malcolm Snipes, Nathan Toms.

        Bachelors of Science--Hugh Hamilton Atkinson, James Robert Harris, William Rand Kenan, Jr., George Edward Petty, Charles Roberson, Charles Henry White, Joseph Walker Yates.

        Bachelors of Letters--Leslie Edwin Barnes, Lyttle Nowlen Hickerson, Thomas Scott Rollins, Charles Leonard Van Noppen, Benjamin Wyche.

        Bachelors of Laws--Victor Hugo Boyden, Claudius Dockery.

Page 810

        Master of Arts--James Thomas Pugh.

        Doctor of Philosophy--Charles Baskerville.

1895

        Bachelors of Arts--Herbert Bingham, Lucius Moody Bristol, John Thomas Farrell, William Alexander Graham, Herman Harrell Horne, William Claudius McAlister, Daniel K. McRae, John Allen Moore, Charles Root Turner, Walter Crump Wicker, Marshall Hill Yount.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Joe Eli Alexander, Wilmot Brown Allen, Lautrec Cranmer Brogden, George Humphrey Carpenter, Frederick Louis Carr, James Osbourne Carr, Harry Howell, Ashbel Brown Kimball, John Worth McAlister, Holland McTyeire Thompson, Charles Fawcett Tomlinson, Leslie Weil, Robert Edward Zachary.

        Bachelors of Science--Murray Borden, Thomas Evans Westman Brown, Henry Edward Cohen Bryant, James Frierson Gaither, William Clarence Kluttz, Dudley Lindsey, Thomas Robinson Little, John Edward Mattocks, Edward Warren Myers, John Legerwood Patterson, Robert Thomas Stephen Steele.

        Bachelors of Letters--Augustus Lee Quickel, William Levy Scott, William Jackson Weaver.

        Bachelors of Laws--Henry Clark Bridgers, George Mordecai Graham, Fordyce Cunningham Harding, Guy Carlton Lee.

        Masters of Arts--Herman Harrell Horne, Jesse Morrow Oldham, Marshall Hill Yount.

1896

        Bachelors of Arts--Richard Gold Allsbrook, McKay Bernard Aston, Van Astor Batchelor, Edward Parrish Carr, John William Canada, John Hamilton Coble, Leslie Ballard Evans, Edwin Clarke Gregory, David Flowers Nicholson, Westcott Roberson, William Robert Webb, Jr., James Samuel White, William Thomas Woodley, Jr.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Frederick Fries Bahnson, Thomas Pleasant Braswell, Jr., Daniel Rice Bryson, John Carlton Eller, James Alfred Gwyn, Robert Palemon Jenkins, Alfred Hargrave Robbins, Thomas Allen Sharpe, William Cunningham Smith, George Gullett Stephens.

        Bachelors of Science--Walter. Vernon Brem, Jr., Thomas Clarke, Robert Ervin Coker, George Hughes Kirby, William Belo Lemly, Thomas Franklin Sanford, John Francis Shaffner, Jr., Benjamin Edward Stanly, Joseph Harvey White, Walter Henderson Woodson.

        Bachelors of Letters--Charles Walter Briles, James Gatling Hollowell, Edward Foy Rollins, Royal Graham Shannonhouse.

        Bachelor of Laws--Luther Thompson Hartsell.

        Masters of Arts--William Edward Darden, Thomas James Wilson.

        Masters of Philosophy--John Allen Moore, George Stockton Wills.

        Master of Science--John Edward Mattocks.

1897

        Bachelors of Arts--Burton Craige, Thomas Judson Creekmore, William Andrew Crinkley, Darius Eatman, Ralph Henry Graves, William Daniel Harward, Fabius Julius Haywood, Jr., William Johnston Horney, William Cobb Lane, Samuel Tilden Liles, William Starr Myers, Sylvester Brown Shepherd, Wingate Underhill, Robert Vance Whitener, Albert Franklin Williams, Jr., Joseph Solon Williams, Joe Suttle Wray.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Arch Turner Allen, William Donald Carmichael, Jr., Allen Howard Edgerton, Reverson Smith Fletcher, John Archie Long, William Herbert McNairy, Oscar Newby, David Baird Smith, Lionel Weil.

        Bachelors of Science--Percy Canaday, Samuel Pearson Copple, Henry Groves Connor, Jr., Stanford Hunter Harris, Ira Nathaniel Howard, William Johnson Nichols, Bryan Whitfield Weston, Robert Herring Wright, Thomas Loftin Wright.

        Bachelors of Letters--Arthur Williams Belden, William Willis Boddie, William Stamps Howard, Ferdie Badger Johnson, Jay Dick Lentz, Donald McIver, Adolphus Williamson Mangum.

Page 811

        Bachelors of Laws--Lewis Lake Rose, Edwin Sanders Smith.

        Master of Arts--Daniel Johnson Currie.

        Master of Science--Robert Ervin Coker.

1898

        Bachelors of Arts--Edward Lawrence Abbott, Ira Edgerton Dwight Andrews, Richard Smith Busbee, Charles Stuart Carr, Samuel Pearson Copple, Pleasant Daniel Gold, Jr., Archibald Henderson, Charles Hughes Johnston, Richard Henry Lewis, Jr., John Gilchrist McCormick, John Kenneth Pfohl, Sallie Walker Stockard, William Thomas Usry, John Frederick Webb.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Lorenzo James Bell, Willis James Brogden, Calvert Rogers Dey, Edward Kidder Graham, Percy Wood McMullan, James Daniel Parker, Edward Emmett Sams, Oscar Milton Suttle.

        Bachelors of Science--Vernon Luther Brown, Robert Edward Follin, Fred Wooten Foscue, John Wright Johnson, Eddie Nevin Moize, Walter Rice Thompson, Herbert Dillon Walker, Percy Du Ponceau Whitaker, Paul Cameron Whitlock.

        Bachelors of Letters--William Grimes Haywood, Henry Faison Pierce.

        Bachelors of Laws--Charles Exum Best, William Demsie Grimes, Samuel Selden Lamb, Oliver Stockard Newlin.

        Masters of Arts--Ralph Henry Graves, John Knox Hair.

        Doctor of Philosophy--Thomas James Wilson.

1899

        Bachelors of Arts--Charles Skinner Alston, Edward Stephenson Askew, Mardsden Bellamy, Jr., Charles Connor Brown, Cameron Belo Buxton, John Robert Carr, Julian Shakespeare Carr, Jr., Francis William Coker, William Edward Cox, Walter Scott Crawford, Claude Baker Denson, Jr., John Donnelly, Jesse Knight Dozier, John Mabry Greenfield, Jr., Junius Daniel Grimes, Henry Patrick Harding, Joseph Henry Hewitt, Howard Braxton Holmes, Virgil Laurens Jones, Warren Lawson Kluttz, Jr., Edward Mayo Land, Benjamin Benson Lane, Jr., Henry Mauger London, John McLauchlin McFadyen, Francis Moore Osborne, Joseph Murdon Sitterson, Jr., George Davis Vick, Harry Legare Watson, Louis Round Wilson, Ernest Horatio Woodson.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Thomas Contee Bowie, Edgar David Broadhurst, Charles Stafford Canada, Robert Diggs Wimberly Connor, Fred Jackson Cox, Blanford Barnard Dougherty, Charles Foust Harris, Eugene Fuller Hartley, Robert Gilliam Kittrell, James Edward Latta, Henry McGilbert Wagstaff, William Sidney Wilson.

        Bachelors of Science--James Philips Bunn, Julius Alexander Caldwell, Jr., Everett Augustine Lockett, Alexander Clinton Miller, Edmund Vogler Patterson, Thomas Gilbert Pearson, Samuel Watson Reaves, Edward Jenner Wood.

        Bachelor of Laws--Thomas Davis Warren.

        Graduates in Pharmacy--Charles Dayton Gruver, Charles Henry Smith, Thomas William Kendrick, David Clarence Swindell.

        Masters of Arts--Katherine Cecilia Ahern, Archibald Henderson, William Johnston Horney, Mary Pearson Kendrick.

1900

        Bachelors of Arts--Stonewall Jackson Adams, Thomas Tillett Allison, Halcott Anderson, Joseph Jennings Asbury, Alfred Rives Berkeley, William Stanley Bernard, Thaddeus Ainsley Cheatham, Henry Clay Cowles, Jr., Robert Green Singleton Davis, Peter Harden Eley, Ernest Graves, John Wesley Greening, Charles Franklin Hoell, Thomas Hume, Jr., Kemp Plummer Lewis, James Alexander Lockhart, Jr., James Buckner Massey, David Preston Parker, Charles Grandison Rose, Bessie Staley, William Gilmer Wharton.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Allen Johnson Barwick, William Frank Bryan, Thomas Jefferson Byerly, George Nelson Coffey, Nathaniel Cortland Curtis, John Wetmore Hinsdale, Jr., Frank Whiteley Hollowell, Alice Edwards Jones, Claude Lee Miller, John Augustus Moore, Ernest Long Neville, Henry Reynolds, Thomas Donnelly

Page 812

Rice, Charles Everett Thompson, Needham Erastus Ward, Fonso Butler Watkins, Henry Evan Davie Wilson.

        Bachelors of Science--Lester VanNoy Branch, George Chadbourn, Joseph Erwin Gant, Isaac Foust Harris, Williamson Edward Hearn, Augustus Henry Jarratt, Thaddeus Winfield Jones, Jr., Marcia Louise Latham.

        Bachelor of Letters--Graham Woodard.

        Bachelors of Laws--James C. McRae, Jr., Samuel Eakin Shull.

        Masters of Arts--Charles Connor Brown, Claude Baker Denson, Thomas Hume, Jr., Francis Moore Osborne, Sallie Walker Stockard.

1901

        Bachelors of Arts--Eben Alexander, Jr., Joseph Emery Avent, Philip Hall Busbee, Charles Paul Coble, James Sion Cook, Calvin Duvall Cowles, Jr., Bayard Thurman Cowper, John Cristopher Blucher Ehringhaus, Archibald Wright Graham, Emmett Carlyle Gudger, James King Hall, Wilton Daniel Harrington, Metrah Makeley, Jr., William Alexander Murphy, Nathaniel Gross Newman, Frank Bisaner Rankin, William McLelland Stevenson, Kenneth Bayard Thigpen.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Edward Barham Cobb, Palmer Cobb, James Robert Conley, Royall Oscar Eugene Davis, William Davis, Arthur Worth Hardin, John Lory Harris, Robert Franklin Jenkins, Luren Thomas Johnson, Seaton Gales Lindsay, Claude Robertson McIver, John Wesley Roberts, Jr., Benjamin Smith Skinner, Nathaniel Cooper Starke, Luke Leary Stevens. John Frank Stokes, Wiley Hampton Swift, Dorman Steele Thompson, John William Turrentine, Emmett Clive Willis.

        Bachelors of Science--Neill Robert Blackman, Baird Urquhart Brooks, Robert Lindsay Ellington, Andrew Allgood Holmes, John Gerald Murphy, Aldert Smedes Root, Clarence Albert Shore, Wesley Bethel Speas, David Maxwell Swink, Herman Weil.

        Bachelors of Laws--Plummer Stewart, Orlando Hobson Sumpter, Kingsland Van Winkle.

        Masters of Arts--Alfred Rives Berkeley, Benjamin Benson Lane, James Edward Latta, David Preston Parker.

        Doctors of Philosophy--Archibald Henderson, James Edward Mills.

1902

        Bachelors of Arts--Walter Monroe Brown, Christiana Busbee, Rufus Benjamin Chastain, Joseph Blount Cheshire, Jr., Brent Skinner Drane, Richard Nixon Duffy, Julius Fletcher Duncan, Louis Graves, Eugene Price Gray, Quentin Gregory, Pinckney Broadfield Groome, John Steele Henderson, Jr., Alonzo Commodore Kerley, Ivey Foreman Lewis, Robert Amsei Merritt, Frank Abton Lunsford Reid, Henry Blount Short, Jr., James Thomas Smith, William Faris Stafford, George Phifer Stevens, Reston Stephenson, Buxton Barker Williams, Robert Ransom Williams.

        Bachelors of Philosophy -- Thaddeus Awasaw Adams, David Clark Ballard, Tod Robinson Brem, Minna Curtis Bynum, Simon Justus Everett, Gardiner Marion Garren, Mary Groome, Robert Stuart Hutchison, Charles Andrews Jonas, James Harry McIver, Warren Stebbins Prior, Birdie Pritchard, Henry Moring Robins, Guy Vernon Roberts, Edward Duncan Sallenger, Marvin Hendrix Stacy, David Pony Stern, John Edward Swain.

        Bachelors of Science--Claude Oliver Abernethy, Charles Metcalfe Byrnes, Albert Marvin Carr, John Atkinson Ferrell, Robert Linn Godwin, Fred Henry Lemly, Robert Arthur Litchtenthaeler, Eugene Grissom Moss, Thomas Clifford Oliver, Thomas Clemson Worth.

        Bachelors of Laws--John Frazier Glenn, Whitehead Kluttz, Edward Joseph Nelson.

        Graduate in Pharmacy--Benjamin Franklin Page.

        Masters of Arts--Minna Curtis Bynum, Julius Fletcher Duncan, Jacob Warshaw, Louis Round Wilson.

        Masters of Science--Lester VanNoy Branch, Clarence Albert Shore, John William Turrentine.

Page 813

1903

        Bachelors of Arts--Graham Harris Andrews, Green Ramsey Berkeley, Curtis Ashley Bynum, Milton Calder, Newton Fernando Farlow, John Reston Giles, William Jones Gordon, William Archibald Graham, George Jackson Green, Francis Sylvester Hassell, Bartholomew Fuller Huske, Charles Earl Johnson, Jr., George Lyle Jones, Harry Murray Jones, John Henry McAden, Henry Richard McFayden, Rufus Clegg Morrow, Arthur Lee Moser, Lester Leonidas Parker, Edward Ray, John Kirkland Ross, Braston Isaiah Tart, Henry Gray Turner, Nathan Wilson Walker, Harold Whitehurst.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Burke Haywood Bridgers, William Frederick Carr, Robert Beatty Collins, Preston Cummings, Gaston Gilbert Galloway, Thomas Jackson Gold, Thomas Lenoir Gwyn, Frederick Moir Hanes, Robert Withington Herring, Earle Pendleton Holt, James Wiley Horner, Zebulon Vance Judd, Charles Edward Maddry, James Lathrop Morehead, Joseph Edmund Pearson, Harry Pelham Stevens, Roach Sydney Stewart, George Robert Ward, George William Willcox, Jesse Womble Willcox.

        Bachelors of Science--Hugh Hammond Bennett, Edward Buehler Clement, Reuben Oscar Everett, Thomas Bledsoe Foust, Marshall Renfro Glenn, George Washington Graham, Edmund Alexander Hawes, Jr., Hazel Holland, Joshua John Skinner, James Battle Thorpe, Jacob Tomlinson, Hubert Raymond Weller.

        Bachelors of Laws--Julius Fletcher Duncan, John Christopher Blucher Ehringhaus, James Breeden Gibson, Charles Upchurch Harris, William Frank Smathers.

        Graduates in Pharmacy--David Archie Bulluck, John Edward Koonce, William Morgan Perry, Thomas Floyd Rhodes.

        Masters of Arts--John Kirkland Ross, George Phifer Stevens, Reston Stevenson.

        Masters of Science--Isaac Foust Harris, Ivey Foreman Lewis.

        Doctor of Philosophy--Royall Oscar Eugene Davis.

        Doctors of Medicine--Zebulon Marvin Caveness, Willis Dowd Gilmore, William DeBerniere MacNider, Martin Luther Matthews.

1904

        Bachelors of Arts--Gray Archer, Clarence Edward Betts, Addison Gorgas Brenizer, Jr., Albert Lyman Cox, Edgar Samuel Williamson Dameron, Erasmus Alston Daniel, Jr., William Wooten Eagles, William Fisher, Jr., Fletcher Harrison Gregory, Severn Green Haigh, Alfred Williams Haywood, Jr., William Pickard Jacocks, Graham Kenan, Wade Hampton Mann, Robert Oliver Miller, George Willis Oldham, Edgar Eugene Randolph, Willie Calvin Rankin, Sidney Swaim Robins, Lawrence Erastus Rudisill, Charles Phillips Russell, Marshall Cobb Staton, Theodore King Sutton, James Horner Winston.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Ernest Franklin Bohannon, Edward Augustus Council, Virgil Clayton Daniels, William Dunn, Jr., Neill Ray Graham, Ralph Moore Harper, Thomas Felix Hickerson, Rolanda Clarence Holton, Andrew Hall Johnston, Albert Whitehead Latta, Luther Bynum Lockhart, Walter Frederick McCanless, Evander McNair McIver, John Sprunt Newton, William Ewell Osborne, Ernest Linwood Sawyer, Ernest Sifford, John Henry Vaughan, William Asbury Whitaker, Jr., Harry Wooding Winstead, Walter Poole Wood.

        Bachelors of Science--Harry Barber Frost, Lawrence Shackleford Holt, Jr., James Preston Irwin, George Anderson Johnston, Williams McKim Marriott, Theodore Davidson Morrison, Wesley Benton Owen, Jr., John Henry Pearson, Jr., Welborn Earl Pharr.

        Bachelors of Laws--Theodore Garfield Britton, Robert Withington Herring, Joseph Bunn Ramsey.

        Graduates in Pharmacy--Numa Duncan Bitting, John Gustavus Greene, John Thomas Howell, John Bunyan LeGwin.

        Master of Arts--William Stanly Bernard, Albert Lyman Cox, William Jones Gordon, Joseph Bascomb Huff, Alice Edward Jones, Marvin Hendrix Stacy.

Page 814

        Master of Science--Robert Arthur Lichtenthaeler.

        Doctors of Medicine--Marshall Crapon Guthrie, Frank Louis Sharpe, John Haywood Stanley, Arthur Ponder Willis.

1905

        Bachelors of Arts--Samuel Bell Boone, Lindo Brigman, Claiborn MacDowell Carr, Walter Francis Cole, Francis Augustus Cox, James Shepard Duncan, Charles James Hendley, Thomas Bragg Higdon, Jasper Victor Howard, Hamilton McRary Jones, Stroud Jordan, Albert Hill King, Roger Gregory Lewis, Frank McLean, Leonard Walker Matthews, Austin Flint Nichols, George Lucas Paddison, Otho Bessent Ross, Louis Gustavus Rountree, George Currie Singletary, Newman Alexander Townsend, Charles Manly Walters. George Thomas Whitaker, John Kenyon Wilson, Isaac Clark Wright.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--William Gray Amick, Charles Carroll Barnhardt, James Frederick Brower, William Cecil Cathey, John Robert Cox, Hubert Barnard Gudger, Julia Hamlet Harris, Hubert Benbury Haywood, Penlie Briscoe Ledbetter, Charles Walter Miller, Andrew Jackson Moore, Albert Morris Noble, Jr., Walter Kenneth Perrett, Rex William Perry, Judge Buxton Robertson, Paul Hamilton Rogers, Charles Henry Sloan, William Miller Wilson, Clement Wren.

        Bachelors of Science--Harry Ardell Allard, Henry Wiley Davis, Julian Colgate Hines, Jr., Laughlin McLeod Kelly, Robert Gilliam Lassiter, Henry Stewart Lewis, George Mallett MacNider, James Bumgardner Murphy, Kemp Battle Nixon, Robert Primrose Noble, Wade Hampton Oldham, Henry Hyman Philips, William Thomas Shore, George Leary Tabor, John Joyner Tyson, Henry Venable Worth.

        Bachelors of Laws--Walter Clark, Jr., William Russell Clegg, Preston Sims Cotten, Edward Holden Farris, Joseph Branner Gilmer, Vannon Lamar Gudger, Harry McMullan.

        Graduates in Pharmacy--James Mack Cutchins, Jr., Clarence Flagler, Leonidas Coleman Griffin, Alvis Patterson.

        Masters of Arts--Virgil Clayton Daniels, William Pickard Jacocks, Mabell Shippin Clarke Pelton, Marion Timothy Plyler, John Henry Vaughan, Albert Carlton Whitehead, Isaac Clark Wright.

        Doctor of Philosophy--Louis Round Wilson.

        Doctors of Medicine--Charles Everett Conwell, Quinton Henry Cooke, John Bensell Cranmer, John Donnelly, Mont Royall Farrar, Joseph Newitt Moore, Leone Burns Newell, Ralph Sanders Stevens, Lorenzo Stevenson Webb.

1906

        Bachelors of Arts--Frederick Archer, Barrie Bascom Blackwelder, Roy Melton Brown, Theophilus Parker Cheshire, Frederick Mull Crawford, Junius Blake Goslen, Ray Henry, Hamilton Chamberlain Jones, Walter Raleigh Jones, William Herbert Kibler, Brownie Augusta Lambertson, Walter Bennett Love, Hugh White McCain, Rufus William McCulloch, Robert Henry McLain, William Henry Lee Mann, Thomas Grier Miller, Samuel Timothy Nicholson, Joseph Ezekiel Pogue, Jr., Benjamin Franklin Royal, Jacob Andrew Rudisill, Perry Edgar Seagle, Victor Lee Stephenson, William Merriman Upchurch, Benjamin Earl Washburn, John Wallace Winborne.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Agnew Hunter Bahnson, Edmund Strudwick Burwell, Archie Carter Dalton, Frank Parker Drane, Ambrose Hill Hoyle, Henry Ward Littleton, John Archibald Parker, John Gilliam Wood, Jr.

        Bachelors of Science--Eric Alonzo Abernethy, LeRoy Franklin Abernethy, Risden Tyler Allen, Robert Edward Calder, William Lawrence Grimes, Francis Marshall Weller.

        Bachelors of Laws--Samuel Tilden Ansell, Charles Clarke Loughlin, Jerome Rea Moore, Henry Hyman Philips, Thomas William Simmons, Edgar Thomas Snipes, John Kenyon Wilson.

        Graduates in Pharmacy--Numa Franklin Marsh, Ira Winfield Rose.

        Masters of Arts--John Turrentine Cobb, James Moses Grainger, Edgar Eugene Randolph, Otho Bessent Ross.

Page 815

        Master of Science--George Andrew Johnson.

        Doctors of Medicine--Claude Oliver Abernethy, James Garrett Anderson, Arthur Brown English, Logan Elmore Farthing, Battle Applewhite Hocutt, Harry Murray Jones, William Stone Jordan, George Ammie McLemore, George Hamlet Marritt, Jesse Womble Willcox, Charles Bemis Wilkerson.

1907

        Bachelors of Arts--George Sitgreaves Attmore, Jr., Marvin Arthur Bowers, Clarence Victor Cannon, Numa Reid Claytor, Ernest Leach Cole, Edwin Erwin Connor, James Herron D'Alemberte, Roby Council Day, Thomas Wyatt Dickson, William Samuel Dickson, William Henry Duls, Francis Gillam, DeLeon Fillyaw Green, Oscar Lawrence Hardin, Robinson Battle Hardison, Oscar Vernon Hicks, Leonard Ross Hoffman, Harvey Hatcher Hughes, Norman Hughes, William Shearer Hunter, Edwin Bedford Jeffress, Jr., William Adrian Jenkins, Charles Jackson Katzenstein, Charles Herbert Keel, Thomas Cleveland Kerns, George Ferree Leonard, James Thomas McAden, William Tillman McGowan, George McFarland McKie, William DeRoy McLean, Quincy Sharpe Mills, Allen Turner Morrison, Stuart Grayson Noble, John Johnston Parker, Luther Wood Parker, John de Jarnett Pemberton, Wiley Hassell Marion Pittman, Samuel Wharton Rankin, Percy Hoke Royster, Wilbur High Royster, Terry Donnell Sharpe, Henry Lee Sloan, Thomas Howey Sutton, Jr., Duncan Patterson Tillett, Charles Lewis Weill, John Carroll Wiggins, Victor Williams.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Michael Penn Cummings, Thomas Holt Haywood, Ernest Clyde Herring, Edwin McKoy Highsmith, James Burton James, Stahle Linn, John Mosely Robinson, William Smith O'Brien Robinson, Jr., Kirby Cleveland Sidbury, Stanley Winborne.

        Bachelors of Science--Daisy Burrows Allen, William Jefferson Barker, Roy Pritchard Burns, Hampden Hill, Hubert Hill, Thomas O'Berry, Charles Cleveland Sharpe, Frederick Boothe Stem.

        Bachelors of Laws--Benjamin Kittrell Lassiter, Bennett Hester Perry.

        Graduates in Pharmacy--Charles McDonald Andrews, Donah Josiah Atkins, David Simeon Chapman, Ralph Emory Kibler, Andrew McDowd Secrest.

        Masters of Arts--Thomas Felix Hickerson, George McFarland McKie, Frank McLean, Bessie Lewis Whitaker.

        Masters of Science--Frank Parker Drane, Stroud Jordan, Joseph Ezekiel Pogue, Jr.

        Doctor of Philosophy--Edgar Eugene Randolph.

        Doctors of Medicine--Julius Jackson Barefoot, Henry Blount Best, John Atkinson Ferrell, Emmett Wightman Gibbs, Robert Primrose Noble, Wilbur Calhoun Rice, Ivey Alphonso Ward, Alert Gideon Woodard, William Tilson Woodward.

1908

        Bachelors of Arts--Thomas Wingate Andrews, Benjamin Leonidas Banks, Jr., Robert Rufus Bridgers, Wade Hampton Britt, Edgar Whitson Scherer Cobb, Julian Baxter Coghill, Hubert Bascom Connor, William Chambers Coughenour, Julia Mangum Dameron, William Barham Davis, Theophilus Randolph Eagles, Jr., Fred Elliott, James Albert Fore, Jr., George Marion Fountain, James Alexander Gray, Jr., Herbert Brown Gunter, John Lindsay Hathcock, Frederick Byron Hendricks, John William Hester, Thomas McEntyre Hines, Louis Lyndon Hobbs, Frederick Lafayette Huffman, John Quincy Jackson, Simon Rae Logan, Howard Hoffman McKeown, Luther Preston Matthews, Basil Gantt Muse, David Zero Newton, Manlius Orr, John Brame Palmer, James Melville Porter, Oscar Ripley Rand, Jr., Eldred Oscar Randolph, Orestes Pearl Rhyne, Marmaduke Robins, Ernest Cofield Ruffin, Beverly Oscar Shannon, Thomas Levy Simmons, Snowden Singletary, Jr., Jeannie Whewell Speas, Walter Parker Stacy, Edward Latham Stewart, Frederick Isler Sutton, Walter Williams Umstead, Barnard Bee Vinson, George

Page 816

Thaddeus Whitley, Marion Murphy Williams, Patrick Murphy Williams, William Coleman Woodard, Jr., Martin LeRoy Wright, Wortham Wyatt, William Elmer Yelverton.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--Zeno Hardy Rose, Samuel Turner Stancell.

        Bachelors of Science--Otis Oscar Cole, Lloyd McCreight Ross, Drury McNeill Phillips.

        Bachelors of Laws--Frank Lemuel Dunlap, Henry Yeatman Heyer, John Johnston Parker.

        Graduates in Pharmacy--Lawrence Harris Chewning, Wiltshire Griffith, Robert Roscoe Herring, William Jacob Hicks, Robert Milton McArthur, Charles Remy Palmer, Henry Lennon Pope, Charles Leon Ross, James Benbow Whittington.

        Masters of Arts--William Frank Bryan, Frank Morton Hawley, Leonard Ross Hoffman, Luther Wood Parker, Percy Hoke Royster.

        Masters of Science--Risden Tyler Allen, Hubert Hill, William Tillman McGowan, Lawrence Gedding Southard.

        Doctors of Medicine--James Marion Buckner, William Willis Green, Jr., David Watson Harris, Evander McNair McIver, Robert Gray MacPherson, Julian Decatur Maynard, George Monroe Monk, Austin Flint Nichols, Everett Joseph Stuart Scofield, Albert Johnson Terrell, John Blois Watson, Samplett Edgar Webb.

1909

        Bachelors of Arts--Jerry Harrison Allen, Thomas James Armstrong, Jr., Harvey Clyde Barbee, Kemp Davis Battle, George Urias Baucom, Jr., Chesley Calhoun Bellamy, Hal Fullerton Boatwright, Frank Kennon Borden, Stuart Vann Bowen, Edward Cleveland Byerly, Henry Koopman Clonts, Oscar Jackson Coffin, Jonas MacAulay Costner, Jr., Oliver Cromwell Cox. William David Cox, Clement Gibbon Credle, Jerry Day, Victor Clyde Edwards, Cyrus Clifford Frazier, William Monroe Gaddy, Frank Porter Graham, William Pressley Grier, Bolling Hall, James Gordon Hanes, Samuel Walker Hurdle, William Borden Jerman, Milo J. Jones, James Arthur Keiger, Cleveland Fane Kirkpatrick, Bruce Hufham Lewis, Abbott Edward Lloyd, Jr., William Lunsford Long, James Howard McLain, John Hall Manning, Henry P. Masten, William Wilson Michaux, John Alexander Moore, Eugene Joseph Newell, William Mercer Oates, David Dickson Oliver, Henry Plant Osborne, Joseph Allen Parker, Donald Fairfax Ray, Jeremiah Bascom Reeves, Russell Marable Robinson, George Oroon Rogers, Colin Bradley Ruffin, James Lawrence Simmons, Walter Gwynne Sparkman, Charles Booker Spicer, Norman Vaughn Stockton, Wallace Headen Strowd, William George Thomas, Julius Faison Thomson, Charles Walter Tillett, Jr., John Wesley Umstead, Jr., Harvey Bryan Wadsworth, Charles Digby Wardlaw, Norman Lee Willis, Robert McArthur Wilson, Francis Edward Winslow.

        Bachelors of Philosophy--William Arthur Houck, James Franklin Spruill.

        Bachelors of Science--James Lafayette Burgess, Benjamin Walton Jones, Duncan MacRae, Joseph Spencer Mann, Vincent Melanchthon Montsinger, William Joel Parish, Robert McDowell Watt.

        Bachelors of Laws--Martin Francis Douglas, Cyrus Clifford Frazier, James Lathrop Morehead.

        Graduates in Pharmacy--John Grover Beard, Myrtle Hall Cox, Hugh Alexander Griffin, Lester Boyd Mullen, Charles Harman Reed, William Louis Wetzell.

        Masters of Arts--David Leonidas Clarke, Thomas Wyatt Dickson, Rosabelle Simonton Faires, Claud Howard, Harvey Hatcher Hughes, Ovid Winfield Jones, Orestes Pearl Rhyne, Jeanie Whewell Speas, Adolf Vermont, Benjamin Earl Washburn, George Thaddeus Whitley.

        Master of Science--Julian Colgate Hines, Jr.

        Doctor of Philosophy--Stroud Jordan.

        Doctors of Medicine--Wade Hampton Braddy, William Burdette Chapin, Lucius Victor Dunlap, Charles Sidney Eagles, Bayard Cleveland Johnson,

Page 817

Braxton Bynum Lloyd, John Moses Maness, Arthur Eugene Riggsbee, Frederick Brunell Spencer, William Amick Strowd, John Samuel Talley, John Melvin Thompson.

1910

        Bachelors of Arts--Lenoir Thomas Avery, Michael Seth Beam, John Heck Boushall, Levi Ames Brown, Edwin Wall Bryant, Sterling Ruffin Carrington, Samuel Coopersmith, Harvey Oscar Craver, James Earl Crosswell, William Arthur Darden, Ernest Stanhope DeLaney, Russell Conway Dellinger, Robert Drane, Joseph Daniel Eason, Jr., William Rufus Edmonds, James Alphonso Everett, John Broadhurst Farrior, Baxter Lee Fentress, William Haigler Ferguson, Edward Lee Franck, William Henry Fry, Cecil Clark Garrett, Adolphus Barte Greenwood, John Amos Guion, Oscar Alexander Hamilton, William Penn Henley, James Albert Highsmith, Orren Williams Hyman, William Lewis Jeffries, Joseph Henry Johnston, Ernest Jones, James Noah Joyner, Langdon Chevis Kerr, John Wayne Lasley, Jr., John Archable Leitch, Jr., Orin Cottrell Lloyd, Robert Strange McNeill, Donald Conroy MacRae, Yutaka Minakuchi, Albert Rufus Morgan, Thomas Palmer Nash, Jr., Joseph Robert Nixon, James Southerland Patterson, Nixon Sandy Plummer, William Hoke Ramsaur, John Mercer Reeves, Charles Oakley Robinson, William Blount Rodman, Jr., David Bryan Sloan, William Marvin Snider, Carroll Baxter Spencer, Horace Edney Stacy, Leon Gladstone Stevens, Samuel Bradley Stroup, David Lindsay Struthers, Benjamin Franklin Taylor, Lewis Nathaniel Taylor, Dossey Battle Teague, Samuel Farris Teague, Hugh Alexander Thompson, Lee Franklin Turlington, Richard Alexander Urquhart, Charles Scott Venable, John Manning Venable, Harold VanPelt Vreeland, Edgar Strickland Welborn, Ivey Willis, Adolphus Harrison Wolfe.

        Bachelors of Science--Elden Bayley, Louis de Keyser Belden, Francisco Virgilio Fuentes, David Samuel Harris, Daniel Raymond Kramer, Leon McCulloch, Marcus Salvador Rodriguez, Thomas Duncan Rose, Daniel McGregor Williams.

        Bachelors of Laws--Francis Eugene Hester, Robert Ney McNeely, James Franklin Spruill.

        Masters of Arts--Fred Lee Blythe, Percy Glyndon Gunter, Yutaka Minakuchi, Eugene Joseph Newell, Joseph Isaac Reece.

        Master of Science--Virgil Clayton Pritchett.

        Graduates in Pharmacy--Henry Moore Gaddy, Miguel Alberto Porro, Luther Wyatt Richardson, Robert Theodore Upchurch, Walter Rodwell White.

        Doctors of Medicine--George Speight Barbee, Mordecai Lee Barefoot, Arthur Edward Brides, Alton Cook Campbell, Oscar Eason, William LeRoy Fleming, George Wesley Gentry, Charles Fortune Gold, James Madison Hooper, Joseph Robert Hester, William Dexter Moser, Adolfo Bartolome Rodriguez, Jesse Armed Strickland, Amos Monroe Wooten.

1911

        Bachelors of Arts--Odom Alexander, James Richard Allison, Karl Braswell Bailey, Connie Cazette Barbee, John Manning Battle, William Parks Belk, William Patterson Bivens, Alexander McNeill Blue, Daniel Bunyan Bryan, Edward Robertson Buchan, Robert Hume Claytor, Williamson Lee Cooper, Jr., Joseph Sanford Cowles, Joseph Green Dawson, William Archie Dees, Paul Dickson, James Talmage Dobbins, Ferdinand John Duls, Joshua Lawrence Eason, Alexander Littlejohn Feild, John Webster Freeman, Wesley Critz George, George Graham, William Conrad Guess, Charles Walker Gunter, Roger Baker Hall, Osborne Bennett Hardison, John Warton Harris, William Henry Hathcock, Margaret Bennett Horsfield, Israel Harding Hughes, Fred Caldwell Hunter, Mary Jarman, William Henry Jones, William Thomas Joyner, Burke Haywood Knight, Joseph Raymond Lee, Samuel Edwin Leonard, Henry Wise Lyon, Edgar Franklin McCulloch, Jr., John Archibald McGoogan, Charles Eugene

Page 818

McIntosh, John Archibald McKay, Ernest Cobb McLean, Grover Carlisle Mann, Ira Cleveland Moser, Naaman Spencer Mullican, Jack Cotten Oates, James Frank Oliver, Gus Palmer, William Murdock Parsley, George Washington Rhodes, Hoyt Roberson, John Montgomery Shields, Walter Lowry Small, Henry Clark Smith, Harry Meyer Solomon, Barney Cleveland Stewart, Richard Gordon Stockton, Kenneth Spencer Tanner, Walter Frank Taylor, William Renn Thomas, Cyrus Thompson, Jr., Gordon Wesley Thompson, John Tillett, Benjamin Carter Trotter, Edgar Willis Turlington, Charles Alexander Vogler, Joseph Gabriel Walker, Eugene Carroll Ward, Richard Thompson Webb, Elmer James Wellons, Noel Elliott West, Lyman Beckwith Whitaker, Moses Andrew White, Floyd Gilbert Whitney, James Rowland Wildman, Clawson Lee Williams, Edward Locke Williams, Louis Hicks Williams, Louise Agatha Wilson, Isham Faison Witherington, John Elliott Wood, Marshall Boylan Wyatt, Algernon Augustus Zollicoffer, Jere Perry Zollicoffer.

        Bachelors of Science--Roy Tilson Brown, William Burwell Ellis, Jr., Robert Lee Hunter, Junius Spaeth Koiner, Jr., Felix Luciano Llorens, Francisco Llorens, Tomas Vicente Llorens, Herbert Lee Martin. Eduardo Francisco Rodriguez, William Augustus Rudisill, Richard Raymond Smith, Thaddeus Williams Voils, Charles Wilson Williard.

        Bachelor of Laws--James Allen Austin.

        Masters of Arts--William Patterson Bivens, Thomas Marcellus Broadfoot, Levi Amos Brown, Jonas McAulay Costner, Jr., Claude Cleveland Fonville, Orron Williams Hyman, Shinjiro Kitasawa, John Wayne Lasley, Jr., Abel Clarence Lineberger, Rufus William McCulloch, Thomas Palmer Nash, Jr., Maude Pritchard, Charles Scott Venable, William Franklin Warren, Edgar Strickland Welborn.

        Graduates in Pharmacy--Henry Grady Coleman, Lee Davenport, Louis Euloe Hesterly, Fabius Jefferson Hunnicutt, Cader Rhodes, George Walter Waters, Jr.

1912

        Bachelors of Arts--Cleaton Otis Armstrong, Walter Dorsey Barbee, Frank Pendleton Barker, Emmett Hargrove Bellamy, Robert Willis Bobbitt, Caleb Knight Burgess, Clyde Lucius Cates, William Preston Cline, William Battle Cobb, Charles Spurgeon Cooke, Charles Fowler Cowell, James Rowland Craven, Henry Cleveland Craver, William Jesse Crutchfield, James Manly Daniel, Jr., Beecher Tate Denton, Henry Ward Doub, Frederick Blount Drane, William White Falkener, James Paull Fenner, Alonzo Dillard Folger, Robert Alexander Freeman, Samuel Mallett Gattis, Jr., Alexander Hawkins Graham, Augustus W. Graham, Jr., William Graves, Price Henderson Gwynn, Jr., John Brevard Halliburton, Robert March Hanes, Haines Hilsman Hargrett, Vance Henry, Carlisle Higgins, Angus James Hodgin, Frank Bruce Hooker, Frederick William Hossfeld, Jr., William Emil Hossfeld, Blake Elliott Isley, Fairley Patterson James, Clarence Walton Johnson, Leslie Newcurk Johnston, James Conrad Lanier, Jr., Jesse Cleveland Lassiter, John Clegg Lockhart, Joel Jenkins McAden, Monroe Anderson McIver, John Duncan McLean, Henry Burwell Marrow, William Peter Moore, Lawrence Nelson Morgan, James Ward Morris, Jr., David Reid Murchison, Clarence Edward Norman, James Lawrence Orr, Samuel Green Parker, Earl Victor Patterson, James Dickson Phillips, Columbus Washington Eagles Pittman, Thomas Moore Price, Cary Perry Quincy, James Hall Rand, Hubert Roy Ray, James Thaddeus Reece, Charles Abram Roberson, William White Rogers, Thomas Sampson Royster, Howard Bently Shofner, Jesse Richardson Sloan, Lucius Eugene Stacy, Brevard Doty Stephenson, Claude Edward Teague, Robert Linn VanPoole, Lingoh Wang, Cyrus Richard Wharton, John Clarke Whitaker, Robert Watson Winston, Jr.

        Bachelors of Science in Civil Engineering--John Burton Clingman, Charles Randolph Thomas, Jr.

Page 819

        Bachelors of Science in Electrical Engineering--Walter Carter, Robert Clay McLean, Henry Lynch Parish, Jr., Thomas Bog Slade, Jr.

        Bachelors of Science in Medicine--John Fox Kendrick, Thaddeus Earl Wilkerson, Jr.

        Bachelors of Law--Baxter Lloyd Baker, Edwin Thomas Cansler, Jr., Lennox Polk McLendon.

        Graduates in Pharmacy--Kelly Edwin Bennett, Alexander Grady Webb, Jefferson Davis Whitehead, Jr.

        Masters of Arts--John Napoleon Daily, James Talmage Dobbins, Theophilus Randolph Eagles, Wesley Critz George, John Warton Harris, William Lewis Jeffries, John Archibald McKay, Earl Victor Patterson, William Walker Rankin, Jr., Hubert Roy Ray, William Renn Thomas, John Elliott Wood.

        Master of Science--Charles Wilson Williard.

War Classes

        It was resolved to confer the degree of A.B. on the surviving members of the War Classes, 1862 to 1868, inclusive. The following received diplomas at the Commencement of 1911.

        Class of 1862--Samuel Jay Andrews, James M. Blain, Robert Warren Boyd, Isaac W. Clark, James Madison Covington, Willie Becton Fort, John Wetmore Hinsdale, Alfred Charles Briggs Holt, William Elza Hunt, William H. McLaurin, Thomas A. Morrow, Andrew Jackson Moore, Matthew Joseph Moore, Armistead Hill Patterson, James H. Polk, Harry Hill Price, Clement Lanier Richardson, Andrew S. Routh, Angus Shaw, William J. Smith, Thomas Wallace Taylor, Thomas Shepherd Webb, Benjamin Franklin Whitner.

        Class of 1863--Benjamin Blake Adams, Hugh M. Arnold, Thomas Badger, David Samuel Barrett, Tim Ervin Cooper, Moses Ashley Curtis, Henry Clay Foscue, John A. Hall, Archibald E. Henderson, Benjamin McC. Hord, Benjamin S. Johnson, Gabriel Johnston, John R. Joyner, Robert W. Joyner, James Samuel Lucas, James McKee, John Wright Mallett, Calvin Yates Marshall, Charles F. Martin, Robert Bruce Peebles, Mark Bennett Pitt, George Decatur Pool, Lavender R. Ray, Caleb Hazzard Richmond, Robert M. Rogers, Joseph H. Scales, Norman Leslie Shaw, Olin Wellborn, James Fennimore Cooper Williams, William Edmund Winston.

        Class of 1864--John A. Baker, William James Harris Bellamy, James Paul Britt, Henry H. Bryan, Joseph Williams Chalmers, Thomas Barrett Hagood, Middleton Hays, Henderson D. Judd, Richard Henry Lee, James Monroe Long, James Isaac Metts, Charles Motz, Joseph Bryan Oliver, Rufus J. Polk, Mungo Tone Purnell, William Richardson, Stanley Morehead Riggsbee, Robert Gilliam Russell, E. Douglas Sandford, Preston H. Sessoms, Thomas Medicus Wiggins.

        Class of 1865--Thomas Owen Bunting, William Henry Call, James Petigru Carson, John Whitaker Cotten, William M. Davies, A. Branson Howard, John Taylor Rankin, Richard H. Sims, Robert Willoughby Williams.

        Class of 1866--Julian Shakespeare Carr, Henry Ensley Coleman, David H. Edwards, William Frederick Hargrave, Ernest M. Lindsay, Francis Slade Norfleet, A. Ferdinand Johnson, John Burgwyn MacRae, George Walker Wallace.

        Class of 1867--Andrew J. Burton, Edmund DeBerry Covington, John E. Donalson, Frank Shepard Faison, John Bowie Gray, Stephen Ferrand Lord, James M. Means, Onslow Regan, Benjamin D. Webb, Solomon Buxton Williams.

        Class of 1868--Colin M. Hawkins, Edmund Jones, Thomas D. Meares.

        The following, who if living would have received the degree at the same Commencement, are recorded as having received the degree of A.B.:

        Class of 1861--Edward C. Easterling.

        Class of 1862--James M. Adams, Edward H. Armstrong, Archibald H. Arrington, Leonard W. Bartlett, Dossey Battle, Marsden Bellamy, J. E. Benbury, William Biggs, Octavius H. Blocker, Thomas J. Burke, Edward J. Chilton, William L. Church, Timothy

Page 820

W. Davis, James C. Doss, Alcee Dupré, William T. Ennett, James H. Exum, William M. Fetter, John C. Gaines, Thomas W. D. Hardeman, Aurelius C. Jones, Adolphe Lastrapes, Julian A. Latham, Harrison P. Lyon, Richardson Mallett, Henry McMillan, William H. H. Mills, Albert G. Moore, John D. Parker, Samuel P. Pool, Eugene C. Rhodes. Samuel N. Richardson, Edwin H. Russell, Fletcher T. Seymour, Thomas Gregory Skinner, Samuel W. Smith, Samuel Snow, Lawson W. Sykes, Henry H. Taylor, James E. Townes, William B. Vandeveer, Henry C. Wall, William B. Whitfield, Sidney Womack, William L. Yager.

        Class of 1863--James R. Bartee, Edward F. Bass, George P. Bass, W. Lewis Battle, George Bishop, James D. Blanchard, Richard Bradley, William A. Brown, Elias Bunn, Seaborn W. Chisholm, George M. Clark, Joseph B. Coggin, Kerr Craige, Virginius Copeland, Reuben R. de Jarnette, Samuel Donelson, G. Ferdinand Farrow, William D. Ferguson, Jesse D. Franklin, William P. Gill, Joseph J. D. Hodges, Thomas J. Johns, John Willie Jones, Kenneth R. Jones, Robert W. Joyner, John M. Kelly, Neill R. Kelly, Hyder A. Kennedy, William P. Lane, Abner McAfee, Joseph A. McDermott, Josiah J. Matthews, William N. Mebane, James B. Mitchell, Julius C. Mitchell, Randolph Mitchell, Augustus M. Moore, George B. Moore, R. Alexander Morrow, John H. Parsons, Benjamin L. Perry, Jesse H. Person, Benj. T. Powell, Nymphas E. Price, George A. Ramsey, Richard W. Respass, William J. Robards, S. Garland Ryan, Richard H. Smith, William T. Smith, John F. Speight, Simmons B. Staton, Felix Tankersley, Ruffin Thomson, G. Edwards Thurmond, Lucien P. Tyson, G. Lawrence Washington, Thomas R. Watkins, William J. White, Mirandy Williford, George H. Williamson, John A. Winston, Ernest L. Wittich, Benjamin T. Worthington, Augustus P. Young.

        Class of 1864--Joseph H. Adams, Samuel J. Arnold, Edward R. Atkinson, Willoughby F. Avery, James Barrett, Charles H. Blocker, Carney P. Bryan, Thomas Capehart, Montraville D. Clegg, William H. Day, James W. Draughon, F. Edgeworth Eve, Richard M. Footman, John Garlington, Henry A. Gordon, Samuel Wiley Gray, John A. Green, William M. Gunnels, William T. Hargrave, Theophilus H. Holmes, Edward L. Jeffreys, John M. Johnson, James C. Jones, William R. Kenan, Thomas S. Lindsay, Neverson C. Maner, Clarence D. Martin, William C. McDaniel, William R. McKethan, John M. McNabb, Robert C. McRee, John M. Moring, Daniel F. Morrow, Bryant P. Morse, Edward A. T. Nicholson, James A. Nicholson, William J. Rhodes, James L. Richmond, William T. Riggs, Henry J. Robertson, William T. Rogers, Daniel L. Russell, Thomas P. Savage, Ambrose H. Sevier, Abraham K. Smedes, Walter J. Smith, William N. Sneed, Seth B. Speight, Fabius W. Sturdivant, John M. Sutton, Charles Vines, William H. G. Webb, Octavius A. Wiggins, Stephen Winstead, James B. Young, William H. Young.

        Class of 1865--Joseph H. Branch, William M. Chalmers, Henry Fetter, Alva C. Hartsfield, John R. Haughton, Leroy Havens, Henry C. Miller, Thomas L. Norwood, Napoleon B. Owens, William Fletcher Parker, Edward L. Richardson, Nathan I. Sneed, Washington Thomas.

        Class of 1866--Walter B. Chambliss, John B. Hussey, John Johnston, John W. Laurence, John R. Mason, Joseph C. Mickle, Frederick Nash, George Simrall, Mark DeWolfe Stevenson.

        Class of 1867--Braxton Bragg, William A. B. Branch, George P. Burgwyn, Hugh M. Caffey, Joseph Cotten, William W. Fleming, Richard G. Haden, Herbert Mallett, Julius C. Mills, Hugh H. Perry, James J. Philips, Alexander H. Smith.

        Class of 1868--Maurice DeK. Thompson.

CORRECTION.

        By a much regretted slip the portraits of Judge William S. Bryan and Alonzo T. Jerkins are stated to be in the Dialectic Hall. They are in the Philanthropic Hall. See pages 821, 822.

Page 821

PORTRAITS IN THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

    Portraits in Oil

  • Edwin Anderson Alderman: President successively of the University of North Carolina, Tulane University, the University of Virginia.
  • Eugene M. Armfield: Bank President; Benefactor of the University.
  • Kemp Plummer Battle: State Treasurer; President of the University.
  • Rev. Joseph Caldwell, D.D.: President of the University.
  • John C. Calhoun: U. S. Senator; Vice-President of the United States.
  • Henry Clay: U. S. Senator from Kentucky; Speaker of the National House of Representatives.
  • Rev. Charles Force Deems, D.D.: Professor in the University; Pastor of the Church of the Strangers, New York City; Author of valuable works.
  • Joshua Walker Gore: Professor and Dean of the University.
  • Rev. Shepherd K. Kollock: Professor in the University.
  • John Manning: Representative in Congress; Professor of Law in the University.
  • Rev. James P. Mason: Benefactor of the University.
  • Mrs. Elizabeth Morgan Mason: Benefactor of the University.
  • Martha Mason: Benefactor of the University.
  • Varina Mason: Benefactor of the University.
  • David Lowry Swain: Superior Court Judge; Governor; President of the University.
  • Francis P. Venable: Professor of Chemistry; President of the University.
  • George T. Winston: President successively of the University of North Carolina, the University of Texas, the A. and M. College of North Carol na.
  • David Gaston Worth: Benefactor of the University.
  • Jonathan Worth: Governor; Trustee for many years.

    Portraits Other Than Oil

  • George B. Anderson: Brigadier-General C. S. A.
  • Tod R. Caldwell: Governor.
  • Daniel W. Courts: State Treasurer.
  • Armand J. DeRosset, M.D.: Commission Merchant; long the oldest graduate.
  • Joseph Adolphus Engelhard: Major C. S. A.; Secretary of State.
  • Christopher Gale: Colonial Chief Justice.
  • John A. Gilmer, Jr.: Major C. S. A.; Judge of the Superior Court.
  • William Hawkins: Governor.
  • Johnston B. Jones, M.D.: Eminent Physician of Chapel Hill and Charlotte.
  • Washington C. Kerr: State Geologist.
  • John Kerr: Superior Court Judge; Representative in Congress.
  • Albert R. Ledoux: State Chemist; Mining Engineer and Metallurgist.
  • William Gaston Lewis: Brigadier-General C. S. A.
  • Rev. Daniel A. Long, D.D.: President of Antioch College, Ohio.
  • John W. Norwood: Prominent Lawyer and Member of the General Assembly.
  • James Jeremiah Slade: Major C. S. A.; Mayor of Columbus, Ga.

PORTRAITS IN THE DIALECTIC SOCIETY HALL

    Portraits in Oil

  • George Edmund Badger: Superior Court Judge; U. S. Senator; Secretary of the Navy.
  • Rufus Barringer: Brigadier-General of Cavalry, C. S. A.; Member of the Convention of 1875.
  • Kemp Plummer Battle: State Treasurer; President of the University; Professor of History; Author of the History of the University.
  • William S. Bryan, Judge of the Court of Appeals of Maryland.
  • Marion Butler: U. S. Senator.
  • Duncan Cameron: Superior Court Julge; President of the State Bank.
  • Paul C. Cameron: State Senator; long an active Trustee.
  • Julian Shakespeare Carr: Manufacturer; Major-General of Veterans; Donor of the Carr Building and of many scholarships.
    Page 822

  • T. L. Clingman: Representative in Congress; U. S. Senator; Brigadier-General C. S. A.
  • William Richardson Davie: Governor; Brigadier-General U. S. A.; the "Father of the University."
  • William Alexander Graham: Governor; U. S. Senator; Secretary of the Navy; Confederate States Senator.
  • E. Burke Haywood, M.D.: Physician in Raleigh; Surgeon C. S. A.; President of the State Medical Society.
  • Rev. William Hooper, D.D.: Professor in the University; Professor in S. C. College; President of Wake Forest.
  • Thomas Michael Holt: State Senator; Governor.
  • Alonzo T. Jerkins, Member of Legislature and Banker, New Bern, N. C.
  • William Johnston: Mayor of Charlotte; President C. C. and A. R. R. Co.
  • Charles Duncan McIver: Father of the State Normal and Industrial College; Promoter of Education.
  • Willie Person Mangum: Superior Court Judge; U. S. Senator; President of the U. S. Senate.
  • Charles Manly: Governor; Secretary and Treasurer of the Board of Trustees for forty-three years.
  • James Mebane: First President of the Dialectic Society; Speaker of the House of Commons.
  • John Motley Morehead: Governor; President of the N. C. R. R.; President Whig National Convention of 1848.
  • Archibald DeBow Murphey: Professor in the University; Supreme Court Reporter; Judge Superior and Supreme Courts; Promoter of Public Schools.
  • John Owen: Governor; President of the Whig National Convention of 1839.
  • Rev. Charles Phillips, D.D.: Professor in the University; Professor in Davidson College; Eminent Divine.
  • Rev. James Phillips, D.D.: Professor in the University; died while at Prayers in Gerrard Hall.
  • Richmond M. Pearson: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
  • James Knox Polk: Governor of Tennessee; Speaker of the U. S. House of Representatives; President of the United States.
  • Abram Rencher: Representative in Congress; Chargé d'Affaires in Portugal; Governor of New Mexico.
  • Thomas Ruffin: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; President State Bank.
  • Alfred M. Scales: Brigadier-General C. S. A.; Representative in Congress; Governor.
  • James Strudwick Smith, M.D.: Representative in Congress; Member of the Convention of 1835.
  • Walter Leak Steele: Representative in Congress; many years Active Trustee.
  • David Lowry Swain: Superior Court Judge; Governor; President of the University.
  • Zebulon B. Vance: Governor; U. S. Senator.

    Portraits Other Than Oil

  • Rev. William Barringer: President of Greensboro Female College.
  • Robert Paine Dick: Judge of the Supreme Court of North Carolina; U. S. District Judge.
  • William Mercer Green, D.D.: Professor in the University; Bishop of Mississippi; Chancellor of the University of the South.
  • Matthias Murray Marshall, D.D.: Rector of Christ Church, Raleigh; President of the Episcopal Convention of North Carolina.
  • John Lindsay Morehead: Manufacturer, capitalist.
  • Samuel Jones Person: Superior Court Judge.
  • Waller R. Staples: Judge of the Court of Appeals in Virginia.
  • Augustus VanWyck: Judge of the Supreme Court of New York.

PORTRAITS IN THE PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETY HALL

    Portraits in Oil

  • Johnston Blakeley: Captain in the Navy in the War of 1812. Captured the Reindeer.
  • John Branch: Governor, Secretary of the Navy.
  • John Gray Bynum: Eminent Lawyer.
  • Robert R. Bridgers: Representative in the Confederate Congress; President of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad.
  • John Herritage Bryan: Representative in Congress. Active Trustee.
  • Rev. Joseph Caldwell, D.D.; President of the University.
    Page 823

  • William W. Cherry: Member of the General Assembly; Author of Public School Apportionment.
  • Walter Clark: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; Editor of the State Records.
  • Charles Alston Cook: Judge of the Supreme Court.
  • Joseph John Daniel: Judge of the Supreme Court.
  • James C. Dobbin: Representative in Congress; Secretary of the Navy.
  • Richard Spaight Donnell: Representative in Congress; Speaker of the House of Commons.
  • Benjamin Franklin: Savant and Statesman.
  • William Gaston: Representative in Congress; Judge of the Supreme Court. Active Trustee.
  • James Grant: Judge in Iowa; Benefactor of the University.
  • Bryan Grimes: Major-General C. S. A.
  • Rev. Francis L. Hawks, D.D.: Eminent Divine; Author of "A History of North Carolina," and other works.
  • James Buckner Killebrew: Superintendent of Public Instruction and later Commissioner of Agriculture in Tennessee; Author.
  • William R. King: U. S. Senator; Minister to France; Vice-President of the United States.
  • Thomas C. Manning: Brigadier General C. S. A.; Chief Justice of Louisiana; Minister to Mexico.
  • John Y. Mason: Secretary of the Navy; Attorney-General of the United States; Minister to France.
  • William Miller: Governor; Chargé d'Affaires in Guatemala.
  • Rev. Elisha Mitchell, D.D.: Professor in the University; Author; Discoverer of Mt. Mitchell.
  • Bartholomew F. Moore: Attorney-General. Active Trustee; Benefactor of University.
  • David Outlaw: Representative in Congress; State Senator; State Solicitor.
  • James Johnston Pettigrew: Brigadier-General C. S. A.
  • Fred Philips: Superior Court Judge.
  • William L. Saunders: Colonel C. S. A.; Secretary of State; Editor of the Colonial Records of North Carolina.
  • Charles Shepard: Representative in Congress.
  • Charles Manly Stedman: Representative in Congress; Major C. S. A.
  • Jacob Thompson: Governor of Mississippi; Secretary of the Interior; Special Agent C. S. A. in Canada.

    Portraits Other Than Oil

  • William Augustus Blount: Major-General of Militia.
  • Hugh L. Cole: Major C. S. A.; Assistant Corporation Counsel New York City.
  • Richard Benbury Creecy: Editor; for many years the "Oldest Graduate."
  • Benjamin Franklin Grady: Representative in Congress.
  • Ralph Henry Graves, the elder: Tutor in the University; Principal of a prominent Academy.
  • Thomas Stephen Kenan: Attorney-General; Clerk of the Supreme Court; President of the Alumni Association.
  • Richard Henry Lewis, M.D.: Secretary of the State Board of Health; President of the American Medical Society.
  • Edward Jones Mallett: Paymaster in the U. S. Army; Consul-General to Italy.
  • John Manning: Representative in Congress; Professor of Law in the University.
  • George Tayloe Winston: President of the University; President of the University of Texas; President of the A. and M. College of North Carolina.

Page 824

SPECIMENS OF THE DRAMATIC AND MUSICAL EFFORTS OF THE STUDENTS

Play by the University Dramatic Club, acted May 1, 1907.

    Dramatis Personae:

  • Supreme Master of Introducing . . . . . T. R. Eagles
  • The Wonderful Magician . . . . . T. W. Dickson
  • Of Many Explanations . . . . . H. H. Hughes
  • Philosopher and Literateur . . . . . L. W. Parker
  • The Author . . . . . Chas. L. Weill
  • Of Mass Meeting Fame . . . . . L. W. Parker
  • From Patterson . . . . . W. E. Yelverton
  • Upholder of the Fair Name and Fame of the University, . . . . . D. McN. Phillips
  • How It Looks to Him . . . . . H. B. Gunter
  • Budding Into Fame . . . . . A. F. Jackson
  • His Jokes do Multiply . . . . . L. W. Parker
  • Far Famed for Trousers . . . . . W. E. Yelverton
  • Parson Johnsing . . . . . E. S. W. Dameron

    PROGRAM

    • An Apology . . . . . F. B. Rankin

    • PART I.

    • Music--Twostep, "In the Lead."
    • Anthropophysiameibomecbane.
    • Music--"Sliding Jim."
    • Sermon by Parson Josephus Johnsing, of Rabbit Shuffle.
    • Music--Selection from Red Mill.

    • PART II. Faculty Meeting.

    • Music--"Idaho."

      • Officers of the Club:

      • L. W. Parker . . . . . President
      • T. R. Eagles . . . . . Vice-President
      • H. B. Gunter . . . . . Secretary and Treasurer
      • F. B. Rankin . . . . . Stage Manager

Sample Programs of the Orchestra and Glee Club Concerts

    PART I.

  • 1. Conqueror March . . . . . Corey
    Orchestra.
  • 2. "We're True to the College Days" . . . . . From "Peggy from Paris"
    Glee Club.
  • 3. Song for Cornet, "In Old Madrid" . . . . . Trotere
    Mr. Goslen and Orchestra.
  • 4. Carolina Quartette
  • 5. Selection from "Fantana" . . . . . Hubbell
    Orchestra.
Page 825

    PART II.

  • 1. "Priscilla," Colonial Twostep . . . . . Henry
  • 2. "Dream, My Honey, Dream" . . . . . Morrison
    Glee Club.
  • 3. Violin Solo--Sixth Air Varie . . . . . DeBeriot
    Mr. Thomas.
  • 4. Green Lemon Quartette in Short Spasms
  • 5. Twostep, "Peter Piper" . . . . . Henry
    Orchestra.

    PART I.

  • 1. Forty-seventh Regiment March . . . . . Bryant
    Orchestra.
  • 2. "Hark the Sound of Loyal Voices."
    Glee Club.
  • 3. Selection from "Prince of Pilsen" . . . . . Luders
    Orchestra.
  • 4. Serenade--"Good-Night, Beloved, Good-night!" . . . . . Tay and Oliver
    Glee Club.
  • 5. Song for Cornet--"In Old Madrid" . . . . . Trotere
    Mr. Goslen and Orchestra.

    PART II.

  • 1. Spanish Serenade--"La Paloma" . . . . . Yradier
    Orchestra.
  • 2. A Series of Catastrophes . . . . . Koerner
    Mr. Worth and Glee Club.
  • 3. Reading--Selected
    Mr. McKie.
  • 4. The Sweetest Song of All . . . . . Witmark
    Glee Club.
  • 5. "Hail Carolina"--Ensemble


                         Hail Carolina, noble and strong,
                         To thee with loyal hearts we raise our song,
                         Swelling to heaven loud our praises ring,
                         Hail Carolina! of thee we sing.


                         Majesty as a crown rests on thy brow,
                         Pride, honor, glory, love, before thee bow.
                         Ne'er can thy spirit die, thy walls decay,
                         Hail Carolina! for thee we pray.


                         Hail Carolina! guide of our youth,
                         Lead thou thy children into light and truth,
                         Then when death warns us, others will praise--
                         Hail Carolina! thro' endless days.

Page 826

SPECIMEN PROGRAM CONFEDERATE MEMORIAL EXERCISES

        The following is the program of one of the Confederate memorial exercises, held in Gerrard Hall on May 10, 1905, under the auspices of the Leonidas Polk Chapter, U. D. C.:

    Prayer.

  • Music--"Lest We Forget."
  • Introduction . . . . . By Major Cain
  • Memorial Address . . . . . By Dr. Hume
  • Call of the Roll of Honor, the names of our students who served in the Army of the Confederacy.
  • Music--"Carolina." (Audience joins in the chorus.)
  • Music--"Dixie."

    AT THE CEMETERY.

  • Decorating of Soldiers' Graves.
  • Music--"Abide With Me."
  • Prayer.
  • Music--"Peace, Perfect Peace."
  • Benediction.

        The proceedings were exceedingly touching. Major Cain had served in the ranks and Dr. Hume as Chaplain of a regiment, and they spoke with the fervor of eye-witnesses. The music was given with deep feeling and the long line of children and their elders on their way to the village cemetery, laden with the lovely flowers of spring, to decorate the graves of the soldiers who had bravely laid down their lives for the Lost Cause, was very impressive.

Page 827

LIST OF THE ALUMNI IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, IN ADDITION TO THOSE NAMED IN THE APPENDIX TO VOLUME I, WHO HAVE HELD OR NOW HOLD (1912) HIGH POSITIONS

(Prepared by Hon. Walter Murphy, '89)

    Assistant Postmaster-General

  • J. J. Britt.

    Members of Congress

  • FROM NORTH CAROLINA: E. W. Pou, G. B. Patterson, R. N. Hackett, H. L. Godwin, J. M. Morehead, D. M. Forney, Abram Rencher, D. L. Russell, E. Y. Webb, John M. Faison, C. M. Stedman.
  • FROM GEORGIA: D. L. Clinch and Daniel Newman.

    United States District Judges

  • CALIFORNIA: Olin Wellborn.
  • FLORIDA: W. B. Shepherd.

    Governors

  • NORTH CAROLINA: W. W. Kitchin, Locke Craig.

    Lieutenant-Governors

  • NORTH CAROLINA: F. D. Winston.
  • FLORIDA: E. J. Vann.

    Speaker State House of Representatives

  • NORTH CAROLINA: S. M. Gattis and A. W. Graham.
  • WASHINGTON: R. B. Albertson.

    Chief Justices of Supreme Court

  • NORTH CAROLINA: Walter Clark.
  • NEVADA: A. L. Fitzgerald.
  • MISSISSIPPI: T. E. Cooper.

    Associate Justices

  • NORTH CAROLINA: P. D. Walker, C. A. Cook, J. S. Manning.
  • OKLAHOMA: R. B. Boone.
  • MISSISSIPPI: A. H. Whitfield.

    Reporters of Supreme Court

  • NORTH CAROLINA: Z. V. Walser, J. C. Biggs.

    Superior Court Judges

  • NORTH CAROLINA: E. B. Cline, W. J. Adams, George Ward, N. B. Whitfield, F. D. Winston, R. B. Peebles, J. C. Biggs, J. D. Murphy, H. W. Whedbee, F. A. Daniels, H. A. Foushee, Fred Moore, and H. P. Lane.
  • WASHINGTON: R. B. Albertson.
  • KENTUCKY: R. W. Bingham.
  • NEW JERSEY: W. Frank Smathers.
  • WEST VIRGINIA: Thomas W. Taylor.

    Solicitors

  • NORTH CAROLINA: David Outlaw, Cadwallader Jones, N. A. Sinclair, Mark W. Brown, Heriot Clarkson, W. M. Shipp, Richard Allsbrook, W. J. Alexander, W. W. Jones, George Ward, S. P. Graves, W. C. Hammer, J. R. Donnell, F. E. Alley, J. V. Sherrod, M. McGhee, H. S. Ward, T. D. Bryson, Jones Fuller, C. L. Abernethy, J. L. Brown, J. R. Leigh, J. C. B. Ehringhaus, G. W. Wilson, A. H. Johnson, R. R. Reynolds, S. M. Gattis, and H. E. Shaw.
  • ARKANSAS: G. G. Latta.
  • MISSOURI: Thomas Ruffin.
  • MISSISSIPPI: J. P. Walker.
  • SOUTH CAROLINA: J. W. Bonham.

    District Attorneys

  • NORTH CAROLINA: J. W. Sneed and H. F. Seawell.
  • FLORIDA: W. B. Shepherd.
  • TEXAS: J. J. Matthews.

    Assistant District Attorneys

  • NORTH CAROLINA: A. L. Coble, G. F. Bason, A. H. Price, J. J. Britt, S. C. Weill.

    Attorney-General

  • NORTH CAROLINA: T. W. Bickett.

    Commissioner of Agriculture

  • NORTH CAROLINA: W. A. Graham.

    Secretaries of State

  • NORTH CAROLINA: J. Bryan Grimes.
  • TENNESSEE: Daniel Graham.

    Superintendents of Public Instruction

  • NORTH CAROLINA: Alex McIver, C. H. Mebane, J. Y. Joyner.

    Railroad Commissioners

  • NORTH CAROLINA: J. W. Wilson, Thomas W. Mason.
  • ALABAMA: W. H. Spencer, H. R. Shorter.

    Bishop Protestant Episcopal Church

  • EAST CAROLINA: Robert Strange.
Page 828

Members of the Constitutional Conventions of North Carolina.

1835

        David Outlaw, J. B. G. Roulhac, John Owen, Fred J. Hill, D. L. Swain, D. M. Barringer, James W. Bryan, N. A. Lea, Calvin Graves, Hugh McQueen. R. D. Spaight, John D. Toomer, J. A. Hogan, J. L. Hargrave, H. J. G. Ruffin, R. B. Gilliam, J. M. Morehead, John Branch, J. J. Daniel, John M. Young, Charles Chalmers, Owen Holmes, J. L. Bailey, John Giles, W. B. Means, Matthew R. Moore.

1861

        Giles Mebane, A. C. Stewart, J. A. Leak, Thos. D. McDowell, Thos. D. Meares, E. W. Jones, D. D. Ferebee, C. R. Thomas, Bedford Brown, John Manning, T. J. Merritt, Warren Winslow, J. T. Rhodes, W. S. Battle, George Howard, R. L. Patterson, S. X. Johnston, Ralph Gorrell, R. P. Dick, R. H. Smith, W. M. Shipp, Anderson Mitchell, William Johnston, J. W. Osborne, R. H. Cowan, D. A. Barnes, W. A. Graham, J. W. Cunningham, Bryan Grimes, W. J. Long, A. G. Foster, Walter L. Steele, Burton Craige, H. C. Jones, John Hill, K. P. Battle, W. S. Pettigrew, George V. Strong, R. A. Caldwell, Robert Strange.

Members of North Carolina and Other
State Legislatures

        North Carolina, 676; Virginia, 18; Tennessee, 31; Alabama, 29; Texas, 16; Florida, 10; Louisiana, 8; Georgia, 10; Mississippi, 8; Arkansas, 9; Missouri, 6; South Carolina, 16; Washington, 2; California, 2; Iowa, 1; New York, 2; Oklahoma, 4; Kentucky, 3; Nevada, 2; Oregon, 4; West Virginia, 2; Ohio, 2; Montana, 2; Idaho, 2.

1865

        Giles Mebane, R. S. Donnell, Lewis Thompson, John Pool, T. R. Caldwell, R. L. Patterson, Bedford Brown, D. D. Ferebee, M. McGehee, R. H. Winborne, M. E. Manly, R. P. Buxton, D. G. McRae, George Howard, P. H. Winston, R. B. Gilliam, R. P. Dick, A. McIver, S. F. Phillips, S. S. Jackson, Thomas Settle, A. A. McKoy, J. M. McCorkle, S. H. Walkup, B. F. Moore, William Eaton.

1868

        J. W. Graham, C. C. Pool, W. B. Rodman.

1875

        J. E. Shepherd, Thomas L. Clingman, David Coleman, A. C. Avery, E. W. Jones, E. B. Withers, John Manning, Forney George, R. P. Buxton, F. C. Robbins, J. N. Stallings, Rufus Barringer, Josiah Turner, J. W. Cunningham, O. H. Dockery, J. T. Morehead, F. E. Shober, J. S. Henderson, R. C. Badger, R. W. Singletary.

University Alumni in the Confederate
Service

        Generals, 18; Colonels, 81; Lieutenant-Colonels, 44; Majors, 71; Captains, 296; Lieutenants, 186; Surgeons, 84; Chaplains, 14; all others, 663; total, 1,484.

        Generals: Polk, Pettigrew, Grimes, Gatlin, Phifer, Barry, Scales, Ransom, Anderson, Barringer, Johnston, Manning, Clingman, Garrett, Lewis, Branch, Spaight, Thompson (Inspector General).

Page 829

INDEX

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