C--THE PROFESSIONAL GROUP

        22. Both colored and white professional classes constituted a small percentage of the total employed population in 1940. In the Negro population 4.6 per cent of the gainfully employed persons were rendering some type of professional service; in the white population the professional group covers 5.6 per cent of the gainfully employed.

        23. Negro school teachers constituted 2.1 per cent of the gainfully employed and ministers 0.3 per cent; while the whites had 2.3 per cent of its professional group in the teaching profession and 0.3 per cent in the ministry.

        24. In 1940, there were 26 Negro lawyers practicing, and 49 individuals employed in some form of social work.

        25. North Carolina is the home of the world's largest Negro business, the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company. The company employs personnel numbering about 802 persons, of whom the majority are in the white collar class. The Winston Mutual Life Insurance Company and Southern Fidelity Mutual Insurance Company are located in the State also. The Mechanics and Farmers Bank, the only Negro banking institution of the State, located in Raleigh and Durham, reported total assets $2,329,354.21 and total liabilities the same at the close of the business year June 30, 1943.

        26. About 6.6 per cent of the gainfully employed colored females were in the white collar jobs or professional positions.

        27. Out of a total 63,769 proprietors, managers, and officials there were 2,316 Negroes employed in these occupations. Negro eating and drinking enterprises numbered 453.

There were 53 mail carriers, the majority of them employed in Wilmington, Raleigh, Goldsboro and Fayetteville.

        28. Negro business providing services largely to the colored population, such as barbers, beauticians, manicurists employed 1,310 individuals or 0.4 per cent of the gainfully employed.

        29. The bulk of the business enterprises operated by Negroes were the retail trade and service areas of barber shops, pool parlors, beauty shops, small grocery stores, pressing clubs, shoe repair shops, and undertakers. These are the only fields or areas of business which the race has been able to operate with any degree of success. Due to the lack of adequate capital Negroes have been unable to compete with the chain stores and the business enterprises operated by white competitors usually found in Negro districts. Usually these business enterprises are operated by Jews and Greeks or whites of recent foreign extraction who have come to the country and settled in Negro areas.

CHAPTER IV
HOMES AND FAMILIES

        The home-life of the Negro is filled with many complicated social, economic, and cultural problems. The majority of the homes occupied by Negroes are dreary dwellings, in neglected streets and rundown neighborhoods, without pavement and adequate lighting facilities and located in the most undesirable section of the city, or the poorest land in the rural areas. From New York to Los Angeles, Atlanta to Detroit, New Orleans to Chicago, Raleigh to St. Louis, Negroes live in the most deplorable conditions in the most undesirable locations and substandard homes. These conditions are not confined solely to the urban areas but those homes occupied by Negroes in the rural areas present as formidable a picture as the ones in urban areas.

        It is a generally accepted theory that the family is the oldest and most universal institution known. The family and home have been the basic social agencies for human survival and continuation; they also assist in the molding of the individual's character and play a profound role in the lives of most persons more so than any other institution of our present society. The family and the home are inseparable and each must be considered as important because of the influence it wields on the individual.

        The democratic and American way of life are predicated upon the rights of the individuals and family life. The question may be raised, what view of the sanctity of the home and family life could Negroes be expected to entertain when almost every external and internal force has been against them developing and enjoying wholesome family and home life? When the things which are necessary to make up good home and family life are considered the question answers itself.

        Practically everyone will agree that the Negro neighborhoods or areas of the cities are blighted areas with higher rates of juvenile delinquency and crime than other sections of the cities. When it comes to the paying of rent, the group is charged higher rates in relation to the type of housing they occupy and their ability to pay.

        If the Negro desires to move, he is usually unable to do so because of his low economic status, shortage of available housing or neighborhoods in which he is admitted; also legal restraints, mores and traditions keep him relegated to circumscribed areas.

Whenever there is an influx of Negroes into a white community the whites move out, the rents go up, and the neighborhood generally deteriorates.

        Housing is intricately interwoven with the economic status, personality, and health of any group in the American system. Such problems as illegitimacy, desertion, health, crime and other aberrations from the socially accepted pattern are high in the Negro group. Sometimes this is due to a large percentage of the group being unable to secure profitable employment and this fact deters them from securing decent houses in the better neighborhoods. The mere presence of poverty is often reflected in a disorganization of the individual which affects the entire family. Sexual promiscuity is often found among the low income groups in congested areas and substandard houses because of the lack of privacy of members of the family. In the average Negro home rural or urban there is an absence of many of the fundamental necessities for a minimum standard of economic and cultural decency.

        With all of the restrictions and conditions brought to play upon it, the Negro family and home life in North Carolina, has made progress and improved its conditions. However, there is a real need for more active participation of the group in community life as a whole. It has been pointed out by some alarmists that Negro family life has deteriorated, because of the increasing number of divorces and the high rate of illegitimacy of its members. In proportion to their number, the divorces obtained by members of Negro families may be considered a healthy sign. It shows the recognition of the custom of marriage which was not done to any great extent in the past decades, the main method of securing a divorce was not by legal procedure but the poor man's--desertion. The future of the Negro family in North Carolina depends upon the economic status, the availability of housing and the conditions of the neighborhoods surrounding this housing.

FACTS ABOUT HOMES AND FAMILIES

        1. According to the 1940 Census, there were 794,860 families in North Carolina. There were 205,240 classified as Negro heads of families and 581,600 heads listed as native whites; while the remaining 8,020 were foreign born whites and other races.

        2. Out of every 1,000 persons 15 years of age and above there were:

        

	Single	Married	Widowed	Separated or Divorced
Negro Men	386	565	44	5
White Men	330	635	29	6
Negro Women	309	549	134	8
White Women	271	623	97	9

        3. White youths marry younger than Negro youths. Of every 1,000 white youths between the ages of 15-19 years old in 1940, 28 were married; of every 1,000 Negro youths in the same age group 24 were married. Within the same age group 159 out of every 1,000 white girls were married and 138 out of every 1,000 Negro girls were married.

        4. The value of real property owned by North Carolina's Negro population in 1940 was $39,069,126, with an average value of $826 per person, compared with $523,675,650 for the white population and an average value of $2,071 per person.

        5. The bulk of owner-occupied dwellings for non-whites, of which Negroes constitute about 95 per cent, was valued at less than $300.00 each. About 24.6 per cent of all owner occupied dwelling for non-whites compared with 10.1 per cent for whites were in the less than $300 value range. Non-whites did not own any property exceeding $10,000 to $14,999.

        6. The median gross rent rate for the State in 1940, was $14.49 for the urban and non-rural farm areas. The median gross rent for the whites for these areas was $16.37 compared with $12.05 for the non-white living in the same areas. (Farm homes excluded.)

        7. Out of every 100 private Negro households 24.2 kept lodgers, while 11.9 of the white households kept lodgers.

        8. Three-fourths of the Negroes of North Carolina were tenants in 1940, and one-fourth were owners or part owners of property.

        9. Of the 204,401 dwellings occupied by non-whites in 1940, 192,203 units reported need of repairs. Of the 192,203, 101,588 (52.9 per cent) reported did not need any major repairs; and 90,615 (47.1 per cent) needed major repairs.

        10. The occupied units by size of household in 1940, revealed that the median number of persons for the State was 3.99 for each dwelling. The non-white owner occupied units (4.20) was larger than that of the whites (3.97). For the units occupied by tenants the median number of persons was 3.98; as in the owner occupied units the non-white 4.18 was the median number of persons to each unit, while for the whites in the same category it was 3.19.

        11. In the report on refrigeration equipment the whites exceeded the non-whites in both owner and tenant groups.

FIG. 3--MEDIAN SIZE OF FAMILIES, BY RACE, 1940
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.

FIG. 4--MEDIAN MONTHLY RENTAL,*

        * Exclusive of farm homes.

        

	Total	Mechanical	Ice	Other	None
White	1,000	306	227	37	430
Non-White	1,000	22	230	61	687

        12. A most revealing discovery was the small number of Negro homes having modern conveniences. Out of every 1,000 homes occupied by Negro owners 357 had electricity for lighting and 628 used kerosene or gasoline. For the tenant occupied units 264 out of every 1,000 had electricity and 720 used kerosene or gasoline.

        13. The Federal Housing Authority with the county and city have constructed permanent low rent housing facilities for about 1872 Negro families in seven cities in North Carolina. These projects are located in the following cities: High Point, New Bern, Wilmington, Kinston, Charlotte, Fayetteville, and Raleigh.

CHAPTER V
HEALTH

        Health is one of the most serious problems of North Carolina's Negro population because it has a profound effect on the education, efficiency, and economic status of the group. The North Carolina Negro has a higher birth rate, sickness rate, and death rate than found among the white population. One may ask, why are morbidity and mortality rates higher among Negroes than whites? Are there biological or racial differences which are responsible for these conditions? The answer to this is no, and only the naive would accept such a solution to the problem of ill health. Whenever the Negro is studied in his composite setting and his standard of living and earning capacity are considered in relation to the total situation, this represents a different picture because these two vitally important items are below those of the white population and profoundly affect the group's health status. These existing conditions are conducive to the Negro being ill-fed, ill-clad, and ill-housed. It has been stated that "Often people are sick because they are poor and poor because they are sick." This statement may be applied to any group but it is of special significance to the Negro and his condition.

        The existing health and medical facilities, and services, their distribution and location, also the standards maintained in the field of health, are reflected in the vital statistics of the total population; especially is this true of the Negro. The majority of the counties in North Carolina have some type of free health and medical services provided for those who are unable to pay for them. However, the access to health and medical facilities varies greatly according to the races and to the location. So despite the fact that both whites and colored are living under similar natural conditions, there are differences in the health and medical facilities available for treatment, ability to pay for these services which may be available, and access to these facilities.

FACTS ABOUT HEALTH

        1. In order to appraise correctly health conditions and the need for health programs the starting point should be in the field of vital statistics. The 1940 report of the Bureau of Vital Statistics showed that there were 81,487 resident births in North Carolina (exclusive of stillbirths). Of this number 55,340 were white and 25,312 were colored.

The birth rate for the white population was 21.4 per 1,000 compared with 26.3 per 1,000 for the colored.

        2. The resident births exceeded the resident deaths in 1940. There were 81,487 births compared with 31,364 deaths or about 2½ times more births than deaths.

        3. In proportion to their numbers in the total population Negroes exceeded whites both in the number of births and deaths. The death rate for the State in 1940, (exclusive of stillbirths) was 8.8 per 1,000; for the whites it was 7.6 per 1,000 compared with 11.6 per 1,000 for the Negroes.

        4. The sickness and death rates of Negroes from tuberculosis, malarial fevers, syphilis, nephritis, and pneumonia are high when compared with the white population's.

        5. In 1940, the chief cause of death among both races was heart disease. For diseases of the heart, the death rate among white persons exceeded that of colored persons. Heart disease was the cause for 15.5 per cent of all of the deaths for white persons compared with 13.1 per cent for colored persons.

        6. The death rate from cancer and other malignant growths, intra-cranial lesions of vascular origin, congenital malformations and debility, premature birth, and diseases peculiar to the first year of life in 1940, was twice as high among whites as colored.

        7. Deaths from tuberculosis, syphilis, and malaria were about 1½ times as frequent among Negroes as whites; while the deaths from homicide were twice as high among Negroes as whites.

        8. Deaths for both white males and females exceeded those of colored in the age range under 1 year to 14 years of age. Between the ages of 15-54, Negro males and females exceeded those of the white.

        9. Negro deaths from influenza constituted 2.2 per cent of the total deaths for the group while for whites it was 1.9 per cent. Pneumonia accounted for 7.0 per cent of the total deaths of colored persons compared to 4.6 per cent for white persons. In proportion to their numbers in the total population, these ratios were high for the colored.

        10. Tuberculosis is a major cause of death in the Negro population of North Carolina. For 1940, the death rate from all types of tuberculosis for colored exceeded that for the white by 6.6 per cent. Tuberculosis was responsible for 8.8 per cent of the colored deaths and 2.2 per cent of the white deaths or 4 times higher among Negroes than whites.

        11. The occurrence of death as a result of syphilis is exceedingly high among Negroes. The 1940 statistics indicate 2.8 per cent of the total deaths among colored persons in North Carolina were due to syphilis compared with 0.4 per cent

FIG. 5--PERCENTAGE OF ALL DEATHS AMONG FEMALES, DUE TO TUBERCULOSIS, BY AGE AND RACE, 1940
Source: N. C. State Department of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics.

for the corresponding reason among white persons. Although the disease is imperfectly reported, the data indicate that the death rate for Negroes was about five times that among the whites.

        12. Death as a result of suicide is much lower among Negroes than whites. In 1940, the vital statistics show that there were 266 deaths among white persons as a result of suicide compared with 25 deaths among colored individuals for the same reason, or the white deaths were approximately 10½ times as high as the Negro deaths.

        13. Of the total deaths, the highest number occurring among the white males was in the age group 65-74. Here was found 19.6 per cent of the deaths in 1940. For the age group under 1 year, was found the largest number of deaths for colored persons. Deaths in the age group of less than 1 year are lower among both Negro and white females than males in the corresponding group. In the 15-19 age group, Negro female deaths exceeded the white females, while the white male deaths were higher than Negro male deaths in the corresponding group.

        14. There is a lack of adequate hospitals for both white and colored persons. In 1940, there was one white physician to every 1,127 white persons compared with one Negro physician for every 6,499 persons. There was one white dentist to every 2,965 white persons, and one Negro dentist to every 13,629 colored persons. However, this does not mean that Negroes must go without the services of competent and efficient physicians because in many areas of the State, white physicians have a large percentage of Negro patients; this is also true of the dentists.

        According to the statistics of the North Carolina State Board of Health on the employment of public health nurses, there were 312 white nurses and 33 colored nurses. This includes white nurses employed by the Farm Security Administration, Community Chest and Tuberculosis Association, and Negro nurses employed by the Farm Security Administration and Community Chest. The ratio of white public health nurses to the white population was one for every 7,974 inhabitants compared with one for every 32,302 Negroes in the population.

        There were 166 optometrists, 162 chiropractors and 138 veternarians among the whites. There were not any Negro optometrists, chiropractors or veterinarians listed.

        15. The North Carolina Tuberculosis Association's statistics showed that there were 846 beds available for Negro patients and 1,303 for white patients in 1943. If these figures were based upon the proportion of each group to

FIG. 6--PERCENTAGE OF ALL DEATHS AMONG MALES, DUE TO TUBERCULOSIS, BY AGE AND RACE, 1940
Source: N. C. State Department of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics.

the total population, the Negroes had a high percentage of available beds for treatment. However, if these facilities were based upon the mortality rates for the race, the facilities for Negroes were found to be woefully inadequate.

CHAPTER VI
EDUCATION

        According to the 1940 Census, there were approximately 107,588 persons in North Carolina 10 years and over, who had not completed one year of schooling or who may be classified as illiterate. Of this number about one-half were non-white of which 95 per cent were classified as Negro. These data indicate that illiteracy among Negroes and whites was about equal in numbers; however, in proportion to their numbers in the total population the rate of illiteracy was higher among colored persons than whites.

        Although North Carolina's public education program is predicated upon separate schools for its three races, whites, Indians and Negroes, it has earned a reputation of having one of the most progressive public school programs and systems in the South. Especially, is this true of Negro education. The State's reputation for its school program for the colored population has received nationwide recognition. The problem of public education in North Carolina is not one of race alone but of inadequacy of funds. The report of the National Resources Planning Board "Regional Planning--The Southeast" points out that North Carolina ranks among the lowest in states according to ability to finance public schools.

        In North Carolina there are more institutions for the higher learning of Negroes than in any other State in the United States. There are twelve institutions of higher learning for the race. Five of this number are State supported and are as follows: North Carolina College for Negroes, Durham; Agricultural and Technical College, Greensboro; Winston-Salem Teachers College, Fayetteville State Teachers College, and Elizabeth City State Teachers College.

        In many instances, the training and education of the individual determine the employment opportunities that are available to him, and the type of job he will be able to secure, determines his income, which profoundly affects the standard of living and health status, he is able to maintain. Then it is easy to see that the pursuit of education and training and the general welfare of the Negro are intricately interwoven. From the following statistics may be ascertained some index or indication of how the Negro compares with other members of the population in his pursuit of training and education, how he utilizes the available

resources, some of the things that have been done by the State for him in this field, and the future trends in education for the group.

FACTS ABOUT EDUCATION

        1. The average value of the property in the United States in 1940-41, per student enrolled was $300.00; the average value of property in North Carolina per pupil enrolled was $136.51; the average value of property per white pupil enrolled was $171.30, for Negroes it was $57.42.

        2. In the matter of appraised value in school property per pupil enrolled, North Carolina does not rank so high. This is due in a large measure to the low value of school property used by Negroes.

        3. The average training of Negro teachers in 1941-42, compares favorably with that of the white teachers. The white teachers had a rating of 792.8 per cent and the colored teachers 776.4 per cent. In this index of training 700 means four years of accredited high school and three years of a standard college. Graduation from a standard college with required professional training would be indicated by the index of 800.

        4. There is a relatively small number of teachers with less than two years of college training in either race in North Carolina. The State ranks highest in seven Southern States which include Alabama, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee in educational background of teachers. In this same group, North Carolina ranked lowest in the per cent of teachers with less than two years of training. In the training which exceeded five years, the white teachers had a higher score than the colored teachers with 17.5 per cent of those in this group compared with 1.3 per cent for the Negroes. With those who had less than two years of training the white teachers had a lower per cent than the Negroes, they had only 0.9 per cent while the Negroes had 5.2 per cent of this group. All indications are that North Carolina has a competent and well prepared corps of teachers in both races for the instruction of her children.

        5. The average teacher pupil load in North Carolina's elementary schools in 1940 was 32.5 for each white and Negro teacher. In the high schools the Negroes exceeded the whites with an average teacher load of 27.0 for each teacher compared with 24.2 for the whites.

        6. In the percentage of average daily membership in average daily attendance, the white pupils attendance for elementary schools was 93.8 per cent while the average daily attendance for Negroes was 90.3 per cent; for high schools the white pupils average daily membership in daily attendance was 95.2 per cent and Negroes 93.7 per cent.

FIG. 7--PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN ATTENDING SCHOOL, BY AGE AND RACE, 1940
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.

        7. The high school attendance for Negroes in North Carolina has increased during the past two decades. In 1923-24 the Negro high schools had an enrollment of 4,715 pupils; in 1930-31, the enrollment had increased to 16,817. The 1940-41 enumeration indicates the enrollment had almost trebled itself with 42,789 in attendance.

        8. In 1943, the Legislature authorized a school term of 180 days or 9 months for all children of all races in North Carolina.

        9. The course of study and requirements of accreditment in elementary and high schools are the same for all of the

schools of the State. The program for training and certification of teachers of all groups is the same.

        10. The most belated item in the entire North Carolina school program is the large number of small units of Negro schools. The 1943 statistics pointed out that there were about 1,600 of the small outdated, outmoded, and in several hundred cases, very dilapidated, uncomfortable, poorly furnished, one, two, and three teacher schools.

        11. In 1943, there were 586 accredited elementary schools for the white population and 26 for the Negro; there were also 728 accredited high schools for the whites and 185 for the Negroes.

        12. North Carolina has a compulsory school attendance law for all children between the ages of 7 and 14 years of age.

        13. North Carolina's Negro population sends to school a larger percentage of its total population of children and youth between the ages of 7-14 than the whites in this age group. According to the 1940 Census there were 178,966 Negroes in the age group 7 to 14 years of age. Of this number 161,773 or 90.4 per cent of the total population of this age group attended school compared with a total population of 438,050 whites of which 386,438 or 88.2 per cent of this group were attending school. In the age range of 7 to 21 years, 63.5 per cent of total Negro population in this age group attended school compared with 64.3 per cent of the white population in the same group.

        14. In the field of vocational or technical education, North Carolina does not present such a favorable picture for either race. In 1943, there were approximately 90 instructors or teachers of trades in North Carolina, of this number 33 were Negroes.

        15. In 1943 there were ten Negro schools with programs of diversified occupations, directed by coordinators which attempted to train students in industrial education.

        16. The North Carolina General Assembly of 1939 provided graduate training for Negroes in two ways:

• (a) Within the State and leading to the master's degree, in liberal arts and the professions at North Carolina College for Negroes, Durham; in agriculture and technology, at Agricultural and Technical College, Greensboro.
• (b) For more advanced graduate work in some subjects which could not be immediately offered in the two above named institutions, fellowship aid was provided for those who desired to study in institutions outside of the State.

        17. The 1943 Legislature appropriated a total sum for Negro public schools for the biennium 33⅓ per cent above the appropriations for the same schools for the Biennium 1941-42.

• (a) In 1939-40, the appropriation was $6,516,116.
• (b) In 1940-41, the appropriation was $7,263,362.
• (c) In 1942-43, all data not compiled but estimated by chief statistician of the State Department of Public Instruction $8,500,000.

        18. North Carolina is making a conscientious effort to reduce the differential in salaries between white and Negro teachers. Beginning in 1939, $118,000 was allotted to increase the salaries of Negro teachers. Each year since that time a quarter of a million dollars have been provided for the same purpose. Provisions were made by the 1943 General Assembly for a similar amount for each of the next two years, 1943-45. By 1945, it is expected that the salaries of all teachers will be the same.

        19. In 1930-31, there were 1,370 schools reporting public and private libraries for white and colored elementary and high schools in North Carolina. Of these 1,304 were for white schools and 66 were for colored schools.

        20. These libraries reported a total of 554,977 books, with an approximate circulation of books in the schools of 1,970,734. The circulation among the white school population was 1,913,371 compared with 57,363 for the colored population.

        21. The number of books per pupil for the State was 2.8 per cent in 1930-31. The ownership per pupil for the colored was 1.9 per cent and for the white 2.9 per cent. Each white pupil owned an average of 1 more book than each colored pupil.

        22. The school library statistical report of 1930-31 reported 264 teachers with library training. Of this number 245 were white and 19 colored.

        23. There has been a rapid increase in the library facilities of North Carolina for both races since 1930-31. The 1941-42 statistics pointed out that 2,241 or almost twice as many schools reported libraries. In 1930-31 only 66 Negro schools reported libraries but in 1941-42 there were 414 or about six times as many.

        24. The schools for both races reported 2,212,560 volumes for 1941-42, which is an increase of 1,657,583 volumes since 1930-31.

        25. There were 9,107,479 books circulated through the school libraries in 1941-42, compared to 1,970,734 in 1930-31. There were 460,732 books circulated among the colored while the whites had a circulation of 5,296,458 books. The average circulation of books per pupil for the State in 1941-42 was 12.68 per cent; for the white pupils it was 13.93 per cent compared to 7.04 per cent for the colored pupils.

        26. The 1941-42 statistics pointed out that there were 111 schools with full-time librarians. Of this number 90 were in the white schools and 21 in the colored schools. There were also 579 schools with part-time librarians with some library training. Of this group 407 were in the white schools and 172 in the colored schools. Of the 433 schools with teacher librarians without training 319 were white and 114 colored.

        27. According to WPA report on Adult Elementary Education, there were 236,261 illiterate persons of all races in North Carolina in 1930. Between November 1933 and August 1939, 85,666 or 36 per cent of this number were taught reading and writing on WPA projects. Of this number, taught to read and write, approximately 37,506 or 45 per cent were Negroes. In 65 counties approximately 260 Negro WPA teachers were engaged in this program.

        28. In 1941-42, the State Aided Adult Education program employed 125 teachers. Of this number, there were 18 colored and 107 white teachers. Approximately 30 were full-time, 5 colored and 25 white, and 95 part-time, 82 white and 13 colored were classified in the latter category.

        29. The National Youth Administration attempted to render service and assistance to all youth in need of employment. "It was administered on a fair and liberal basis" was the interpretation of a high ranking Negro employee of the NYA. The program consisted of two parts: the student work program which provided part-time employment paying wages to needy students to enable them to continue their education; and out of school work which gave part-time jobs to youths between the ages 18-24, who had been unable to find work. With the development of the program the age limit was reduced under certain conditions to 16 years. Approximately 22.5 per cent of the total youth enrolled for training during the program's existence in North Carolina were Negroes.

        30. In 1937, the Civilian Conservation Corps provided for general education and vocational training in its program. Approximately 20,000 Negro youth received training under this program which assisted them in securing employment after leaving the Corps.

CHAPTER VII
RELIGION

        The church and religion have wielded a great influence in the induction of the Negro into the American social order and culture, also in the assisting of the race in making an adjustment to them. The church is one of the race's most important and financially strongest institutions. The Negro's church has served for more than just a place of worship but has been the center of most of his social, economic, and cultural life. In attempting to make an adjustment to the existing social and economic system the church and religion have been a haven of refuge from a hostile world to a mass of frustrated people, and served as an outlet for their emotionalism. Without the church and religion, the Negro's early life in America would have been almost unbearable.

        A comprehensive study of North Carolina's Negro population would not present a very complete picture unless the church is included. One is compelled to study the church and the influence it wields on the Negroes because their lives are so deeply rooted in this important institution. Most of the early Negroes, especially the slaves, learned to read and write at Sunday school if at all. The churches began an early fight for the abolition of slavery and were the first places of free assemblage for the Negroes in the State.

        Today the role of the churches in North Carolina, has not been subject to such drastic changes as in other sections of the country, especially the northern and western areas. Many believe that it is due to the fact that North Carolina is largely a rural state, and the bulk of its Negro population is to be found in small towns and rural areas. The social activities of the church are few and most of them do not have any program of social improvement for their members and the community. Their ministers and membership do not engage in politics or militant movements as in other sections of the country.

        Their religion has more of the old time fervor, reverence, and obedience with the emphasis on the after life rather than social changes or improvement for the present life. However, more freedom of expression is permitted in the church and from the preacher than is usual in other places where large numbers of the race may assemble.

        Today there is an acute need for the Negro's church to consider and inspect more minutely its program and place more emphasis

on the mundane lives of its membership, so that programs may be developed to assist the individuals in making the best adjustment to a highly mechanized social order. These programs should be aimed at the alleviation and correction of the daily social and economic problems of living confronted by the race. Social workers, lawyers, doctors, teachers and other representatives of the various social agencies of the community should be called in to explain their programs.

        Higher education in North Carolina for Negroes has been greatly influenced by the church. Before the State assumed the responsibility of defraying the expense for Negro education, the church institutions were operating. Today there are 12 institutions of higher learning for Negroes in North Carolina; seven of them are church schools. They are Shaw University, Baptist; St. Augustine's College, Episcopal; Livingstone College, African Methodist Episcopal Zion; Johnson C. Smith University and Barber-Scotia College, Presbyterian; Bennett College for Women, Methodist; and Immanuel Lutheran College, Lutheran. Most of these institutions were established to educate Negroes for the ministry and stressed the religious aspect or Christian living in their early development.

FACTS ABOUT THE CHURCH

        1. As in the other states and cities of the United States, the Negro's church in North Carolina has been and still is one of the most important racial organizations profoundly influencing his social and economic life.

        2. North Carolina ranks fourth among the States with its Negro membership in churches, being exceeded by Georgia, Alabama, and Texas.

        3. In 1936, North Carolina's Negro population had a total membership of 434,951 or an average of 170 members per church. The average number of Negro members per church for the United States is 280. Whites had a total membership of 839,571. It is exceedingly conservative to state that nearly five out of every ten Negroes in North Carolina are members of a church, compared to about three out of every ten whites. The average membership for all churches white and Negro in 1936 was 159; however, Negroes had an average membership of 170.

        4. It has been usually assumed that the Negroes in the rural areas constitute the largest proportion of church membership per church. According to the 1936 enumeration of Religious Bodies, there were 234 members per church in the urban areas compared to 145 in the rural.

FIG. 8--NEGRO CHURCH MEMBERSHIP, BY DENOMINATION, 1936
* Others: Lutheran, Holiness, Adventist, Presbyterian, Catholic, Episcopal, and Disciples of Christ

        5. There was a larger number of females claiming church membership than males. Male membership was 162,253 and female 268,712. In membership, the sexes maintain a ratio of approximately two females to every male.

        6. There were 2,562 churches used by Negroes in North Carolina, 716 in the urban areas and 1,846 in the rural areas. The urban churches had a total membership of 167,515, and the rural 267,436 or nearly twice as many members.

        7. The Negro's church is the race's largest property owner. According to the 1936 study of Religious Bodies Negroes in North Carolina owned church property totaling $11,204,158 with an average of $4,680.00 per church and an average yearly expenditure of $750.00.

        8. In 1936, the Negro Baptists of North Carolina reported a total membership exceeding 219,893; the Methodist bodies reported a membership of 166,033; the Congregational and Christian Churches reported a membership of 11,344; the United Holiness faith reported 4,547 members; Disciples of Christ reported 6,213 members; the Church of God reported 3,557 members; all others which included Catholic, Episcopal, Adventists, and Lutherans reported 3,417 members.

        9. Approximately one out of every three or 34.9 per cent of the urban Negro churches in North Carolina reported debt.

        10. North Carolina's Negro population of church membership is relatively young. Of the 434,951 church members, 113,737 were under 13 years of age. Negro Baptists reported a membership of 19,520 under 13 years of age, representing 9.3 per cent of their total church membership.

CHAPTER VIII
RECREATION

        If an attempt were made to define recreation, it would probably be, "The art of re-creating or the state of being re-created; re-freshment of the strength and spirits after toil." Recreation is a universal phenomenon and not confined to any group or race. People have always had some form of recreation. However, the type of recreation has been profoundly influenced by the times and cultural status of the group. When the effect of recreation on the individual is studied from the social worker's point of view the paramount interest is the influence it wields on the adjustment to his total environment. A well-balanced or well-rounded personality does not develop in a vacuum but is developed as the individual comes into contact with his surroundings and other people.

        A great deal of concern has been expressed over the housing, employment, health and other problems of the Negro in North Carolina, but very little over the recreation of the group. There is a belief that the inadequacy of the recreational facilities available to the group is to a large extent responsible for the high rate of crime and juvenile delinquency attributed to the race. These theories and beliefs may not be considered groundless when large numbers of Negro children, women, and men are found loitering on the streets at all hours of the day and night without any place to go for spontaneous expression. However, the inadequacy of recreational facilities is not solely a matter of race because this phase of the community life is woefully neglected in most communities of the State. In some communities, it has been considered a problem but not worthy of much attention or important enough to demand an answer. Recreation has been unable to hit a responsive chord in the general symphony of the attitudes of the general public. A depression with federally sponsored recreation programs by WPA and NYA helped to make North Carolina recreation conscious.

        What is the purpose of recreation? What does it attempt to do? How does it attempt to do it? Why is it so important? The answers are evident whenever some idea of the contribution of recreation to the individual is stated. Recreation's contribution to the development of wholesome and well-balanced personality has been pointed out in the first paragraph. Wholesome and supervised recreation assists the individual to enjoy life and

achieve happiness and contributes to the harmonious living together of individuals and groups.

        The recreational activities of an individual or group are intricately interwoven with the economic status of the individual and crime rate of the group. When these theories or facts are applied to North Carolina's Negro population, it presents an unfavorable picture. The majority of the group depends entirely upon some form of commercialized, unsupervised or undesirable form of recreation for their leisure time. Usually these activities are centered in the home, church, school, or anywhere the individual is able to find them and most of the time when the Negro finds recreation it is undesirable. The movies, beer parlor, poolroom, and juke joint are usually the sources of commercial recreation for the group. If the average Negro home in North Carolina were considered as a center for recreation, it would present a formidable picture because it does not furnish an appropriate setting for the development of good character and wholesome or well-balanced personality because of its impoverished and low economic status.

        Since North Carolina is largely a rural state and the bulk of the Negroes are located in the rural areas, the problem of recreation for the group is more difficult than in other more highly industrialized states. The Young Men and Young Women Christian Associations, Boy and Girl Scouts, and 4-H Clubs have been gaining in membership among Negroes in North Carolina in the larger cities and urban areas. However, there is much work to be done in all of these organizations before the masses are touched.

        If recreation, leisure time activities, and character building agencies build character; if preventive work prevents; if all of these activities and agencies are good curative measures, then the almost complete dearth of these programs and activities for Negroes in North Carolina helps to explain some of the conditions of crime and delinquency existing among the race. It is not necessary to fall back upon speculation and wonder why the crime and juvenile delinquency rates are so high or the Negro is frustrated and maladjusted when it is evident that there is such a lack of outlets for recreation and spontaneous expression for the group.

        There must be in North Carolina more constructive leisure time programs or outlets for both races, especially for Negroes, if the group is expected to live up to the accepted standards of the

existing socio-economic order, develop wholesome personalities and good characters.

FACTS CONCERNING RECREATION

        1. Ending June 1942, there were 22 public libraries for Negroes located in 20 counties in North Carolina. These counties had a population of approximately 433,519 Negroes or about one-half of the Negroes in the State. The remaining counties were without public library facilities designated for the race.

        2. Negroes are permitted to use the North Carolina State Library; a reading room has been provided for them.

        3. In 1935 there were only two Negroes employed in a full-time capacity to supervise recreation in North Carolina. They were employed in Asheville and Greensboro.

        4. Until 1935, recreation was not given much attention in North Carolina. During the ERA period of 1935, a few areas were explored. Recreation made its greatest gains during the WPA era; under this program recreation was placed on a State-wide basis with a Negro assistant supervisor. NYA also sponsored recreation program at its resident centers.

        5. In December 1936, there were 135 Negro recreation leaders in 41 counties on WPA projects. These counties reported a monthly activity attendance of 87,143 for this period.

        6. The Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations provide leisure time facilities and activities for Negroes in the urban areas. Negro branches of the YMCA and YWCA were located in four cities.

        7. Boy Scout troops headquarters were found in 12 cities and reported 197 troops throughout the State. In 20 cities and towns the Girl Scouts had 66 Negro troops. In 1942, there were 37 counties with Negro division of 4-H Clubs with a total membership of 27,360 boys and girls.

        8. In 1943, there were five communities which provided recreation facilities in the form of swimming pools and parks for Negroes. They were High Point, Raleigh, Durham, Greensboro, and Winston-Salem.

        9. For recreation in the home: Of every 1,000 owner occupied dwellings 706 owned some type of radio; for the whites 760 out of every 1,000 owned a radio in this group compared with 421 colored. The tenant occupied dwellings showed 522 out of every 1,000 with this item; 678 of the white tenants and 293 of the colored tenants out of every 1,000 possessed a radio.

        10. On the optimistic side is the fact that most of the recreational activities or programs were taken over by the communities after the termination of WPA in May 1943.

Approximately 20 communities have supervised recreation programs for Negroes supported by the cities and counties.

        11. During 1943, the Governor of North Carolina appointed a State Recreation Committee to study the needs and recommend a well rounded program for all of its citizens and in all areas.

CHAPTER IX
DELINQUENCY AND CRIME

        There is no doubt that Negroes are arrested and convicted more frequently in proportion to their numbers in the total population than other groups in North Carolina. From any angle general statistics on delinquency and crime among Negroes in the State are considered, they indicate a greater amount of apparent criminality on the part of the Negro than in the white population. Many criminologists and sociologists have attempted to explain the group's high rate of crime and delinquency on racial factors. However, these explanations based on racial differences have been questioned by a large number of sociologists and criminologists who have attempted to analyze the data on crime and delinquency objectively and scientifically. W. T. Couch offers an excellent suggestion in his book CULTURE IN THE SOUTH when he points out "White men have cut the pattern, the Negro simply follows it."

        The conduct of the Negro as of every man, is the result in general terms of two sets of factors: (1) the native characteristics of the individual handed down to him by heredity, and (2) the various external influences that play upon him during the period of his development. When these factors are considered the high rate of crime among Negroes does not take on such a formidable aspect. The question may also be raised as to what obedience to law is to be expected from a group in an existing social order or culture where they hardly feel the law to be their law because they have not shared proportionally or may not have shared at all in the creation of these laws.

        In the prevention of crime in America today, in the most part, criminal behavior brings loss of social status. One may ask then what is the Negro's status in such a society? Does he gain by avoiding crime? Is his position enhanced by being good? To answer these questions many would believe that the Negro is asked to be virtuous without the chief reward of virtue, which is the granting of social status.

        In the thinking of some people the Negro is rated first as a Negro and only incidentally as a good or bad Negro, whichever the case may be. In the human equation many people disregard the fact that the group is frustrated in their ambitions and desires. The race is often circumscribed in a dynamic society.

        The incidence of crime and juvenile delinquency in a population is usually viewed with a great deal of apprehension because it reflects other forms of social disorganization and maladjustment, which are its causes. But for the time being, the theories, causes of crime, prevention and cure are not the objectives of this chapter but must await the results of further research. However, an attempt is being made here to point out vividly and throw in bold relief the crimes committed by Negroes, the types of crime, the disposition of the offenders when they appeared before courts; also to give the stark facts which are close at hand and observed in the reactions of those to whom the Negro must adjust himself.

FACTS ABOUT DELINQUENCY AND CRIME

        1. Although 275 out of 1,000 individuals in North Carolina are Negroes, more than 500 out of every 1,000 male prisoners working on North Carolina highways are Negroes.

        2. In 1942, more male prisoners were sentenced to road work in Forsyth County than in any county in the State. Forsyth had 785 Negro males and Guilford was second with 511.

        3. The chief cause of arrest among Negroes and whites was drunkenness. However, the arrests for assault were twice as high among Negroes as whites. For larceny, two times as many Negroes were arrested and convicted as whites.

        4. The only offenses in which the whites were sentenced to road in greater numbers than Negroes were:

• (a) Driving while intoxicated
• (b) Forgery
• (c) Non-support of family
• (d) Prostitution

        5. More than one-half of all the women prisoners sentenced to Women's Division were from New Hanover and Wake Counties. These two counties accounted for 142 of the total of 371 women prisoners committed for the State. Negro women accounted for 96 of those sentenced from these counties. Of the total number 371, Negroes had 174 compared to the whites 197.

        6. Of the women sentenced 71 per cent of the Negroes and 58 per cent of the whites were under 25 years of age.

        7. The chief causes of all the women sentenced were prostitution, adultery, larceny and assault.

        8. There were 109 of the Negro women sentenced classified as single, 26 married, 22 separated, 2 divorced, and 10 widowed.

        9. Of the 1,019 prisoners sentenced to Central Prison, year ending June 30, 1942, 573 or 56 per cent were Negroes. Six out of every 100 Negroes and two out of every 100 whites was the race ratio of prisoners in Central Prison.

        10. The chief offense for which they were sentenced to Central Prison was burglary. Homicide sentences were three times as great among Negroes as whites.

        11. Most of the Negroes sentenced to Central Prison during year ending June 30, 1942, had some education. There were 108 with a high school education and five with college education.

        12. Of the 6,993 Negro prisoners sentenced to the road in year ending June 30, 1942, 5,205 were laborers and 607 were farmers.

        13. For the same period of time there were 573 Negro prisoners sentenced to Central Prison, of which 193 were classified as laborers and 100 as farmers.

        14. There were 158 Negro juvenile offenders at Morrison Training School during fiscal year ending June 1941. By 1942 this number had increased to 210.

        15. The chief offenses for commitment of the boys reflected social disorganization which may be traced back to a break-down in the socio-economic system that gives the delinquent his start. Of the 362 boys under care at Morrison Training School during 1941-42, 57 were there for larceny, 25 general delinquency, 45 for breaking and entering, 16 for loss of parental control, and 15 for truancy.

        16. From 1929-1934, 920 Negro girls were tried in the juvenile courts of North Carolina. As in the case of the boys larceny was the leading offense with 272 cases; however, fighting was second with 144 offenders; and truancy third with 81. The majority of these cases were placed on probation due to lack of institutional facilities for these girls.

        17. According to the Negro Year Book there were 98 lynchings in North Carolina between 1882-1943, of this number 83 were Negroes.

        18. Between March 1910 and November 1943, there were 308 individuals executed at Central Prison. Negroes numbered 254 of this group. The chief crime committed by Negroes and whites was murder. This crime was responsible for 200 Negro and 49 white executions. The majority of the murders committed by Negroes were of other Negroes. Between 1910-1943, one Negro woman was executed for murder. Since 1930, the trend has been a decrease in the number of heinous crimes committed by Negroes and an increase in those by whites.

CHAPTER X
THE DISABLED

        The approach to problems of the social weal among the general public has suffered a real lag. The early American traditions and ideas of rugged individualism still prevail to a great extent as well as the beliefs that there are opportunities for everyone if they will only "go west." Relatively few communities have given adequate care and thought to their increased dependent populations. There has been little planning and the general idea has been that these individuals and their problems solve themselves if left alone.

        Today in a highly mechanized society, the treatment of social problems has not been directed to meet the needs of the general public and those who are disabled or dependent. There are thousands of individuals throughout the country who are handicapped through no fault of their own.

        Behind these handicaps lay multiple causes. What are some of these causes, and why? Some of these causes of dependency and disability may be termed as unpreventable because they are inherited. These handicaps are usually racial, physical and mental inequalities and limitations. On the other hand, there are environmental handicaps which are preventable to a great extent; those handicaps are due to the deficiencies of economic opportunities, unequal opportunities for education, training, and work. There are handicaps due to maladjusted home and social life. Millions are handicapped by reason of unemployment. There are large numbers who are able to secure employment but are paid such low wages that it is impossible to maintain a decent and wholesome standard of living. People no longer stick dogmatically to the beliefs that all men are created equal and begin life with the same equipment and resources, physical, mental and cultural. What is the remedy for these appalling conditions? How are we to correct these differentials? No one is able to offer any set pattern or cure for these ills of our period because no one understands them all. However, we must study these conditions minutely and plan for their treatment and cure.

        Social work through its different channels has attempted to care for many of these ills. Social workers, sociologists and other social scientists have realized the needs and worked diligently to

secure data and facts and propose programs that will alleviate some of the causes and effects.

        Where does the Negro fit into this picture? How does all of this affect him and his daily life? These questions are vitally important because of the unique position occupied by the race in the American socio-economic structure.

        Among the Southern States, North Carolina has taken the leadership in the attempt to assist Negroes in making the best adjustment to their total environment. Since January 1, 1925, the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare has employed a consultant on Negro work to assist in developing a program that will help the race in improving their socio-economic conditions. On January 1, 1936, a Negro physician was added to the State Board of Health, Division of County Health Workers, a field agent to work with local health officers for public health education among Negroes.

        However, with all of the specialists in their respective fields to assist them, the Negroes constitute a larger proportion of the handicapped, dependent, and relief roles than their share of the total population. North Carolina has programs and institutions to take care of the majority of the dependents and disabled citizens. The Negro's problems are treated from a need basis in most instances and not a racial. Although Negroes constitute only 27.5 per cent of the total population of the State, they furnish approximately 60 per cent of the dependent and disabled population.

FACTS ABOUT THE DISABLED

        1. In 1942, of every 100 persons of productive age (20-64) 58.6 were under 20 years of age and 11.7 were 65 years and over in the United States. In North Carolina 84.7 of every 100 persons were under 20 years of age and 8.5 were 65 years and over.

        2. The State Board of Charities and Public Welfare made a survey of the active old age assistance cases receiving aid in July 1943. The average age of old age recipient as of June 30 was 70.4 years. Negroes constitute approximately 24.8 per cent of the total population of those 65 years and over, yet they numbered 31.0 per cent of those receiving old age assistance.

        3. The reports of the Social Security Board for the following selected periods show the amount of North Carolina's public assistance grants compared with the United States:

MONTH OF MARCH 1943
Amount and Category

FOR JUNE 1943
Amount and Category

FOR DECEMBER 1943
Amount and Category

        4. Sixty-seven counties support county homes to care for their aged indigents. All of these counties provide facilities for the care of Negroes; however, Ashe, Caldwell, Haywood, Henderson, and Lenoir Counties did not report any colored inmates in their institutions.

        5. Between April 1936 and December 1940, the Crippled Children's Department, Division of Preventive Medicine, State Board of Health, located, examined, classified and admitted to the register 16,617 crippled children. Of this number 18 per cent were Negroes.

        6. In June 1942, North Carolina Orthopedic Hospital reported a total population of 445 children. Negroes numbered 199 or 20 per cent of the population.

        7. During the past three school years (1940-1943) the Negro Division of the School for Deaf and Blind trained about an average of 240 defective colored students yearly.

        8. For the past five years the Colored Orphanage at Oxford has taken care of an average of 175 dependent and neglected children per year.

        9. The Memorial Industrial School near Winston-Salem has facilities to take care of 90 dependent and neglected children.

        10. At the end of the fiscal year 1942, the State Hospital for Colored at Goldsboro, reported 2,451 patients of all ages. Syphilis was reported as one of the leading causes of mental trouble among the population of the institution.

        11. The Vocational Rehabilitation Department of the State Department of Public Instruction reported 844 individuals had been treated and rehabilitated between 1941-42. Of this number 134 or 15.8 per cent were Negroes.

        12. Between July 1940 and June 1942, there were 11,832 blind persons registered with the Blind Commission of the State. Out of every 100 blind individuals in the State 34 were colored.

        13. Out of 2,025 recipients receiving direct aid from the Blind Commission between 1940-1942, 925 were Negroes.

        14. In January 1943, there were less than 20 day nurseries for Negro children in the State. Of this number only three were under private auspices and two had been approved by the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare. The Bethlehem Home in Winston-Salem, has facilities for 51 children and the Charlotte Day Nursery is able to care for 25 children. The Scarborough Day Nursery in Durham (not approved) has resources for caring for between 40 and 50 children.

        15. Nine cities, Asheville, Burlington, Elizabeth City, Fayetteville, Greensboro, New Bern, Raleigh, Wilmington and Winston-Salem operated day nurseries under WPA until April 1943. These nurseries cared for approximately 619 children. With Lanham Act funds these nurseries proposed to care for the same number of children after the termination of WPA assistance.

        16. The above mentioned cities also offer day care services on a 12 hour basis through the local schools. These activities are supported by Lanham Act funds and render full day care services.

        17. There were 16 approved foster homes for Negro children in the State. With the exception of three all were located in Forsyth County. The following counties have one each: Anson, Gaston, and Lenoir.

        18. The Family Welfare Association of America which attempts to improve family services to families has seven agencies located in North Carolina in the following cities: Asheville, Charlotte, Durham, High Point, Raleigh, Wilmington, and Winston-Salem. The Charlotte, Winston-Salem, and Durham agencies employ a Negro worker.

        19. Seventeen Negro workers were employed in ten county departments of public welfare, October 1943, 15 case workers and 2 child welfare workers. The counties and number of workers are as follows: Anson 1, Craven 1, Durham 2, Forsyth 2, Franklin 1, Guilford 2, Mecklenburg 3, New Hanover 1, Wake 3, and Wilson 1.

        20. There were 8 Negroes employed as probation officers with 6 juvenile courts. Of this number 3 were women. The courts were located in Winston-Salem, Greensboro, High Point, Charlotte, Wilmington and Raleigh.

        21. The United States Employment Service and the Unemployment Compensation Commission have ten divisional offices located in Asheville, Charlotte, Durham, Greensboro, High Point, Kinston, Raleigh, Wilmington, and Winston-Salem. These divisional offices employed a total of 53 Negroes.

        22. Between April 1933 and July 1941, approximately 20,000 Negro youths were enrolled in Civilian Conservation Corps. Until July 1937, these youths were accepted on a needs basis, after that date the needs factor was removed. Only a few young Negro male youth were accepted on the project who were not from extremely low income families.

        23. During its existence in North Carolina, the National Youth Administration trained thousands of Negro youths. As in CCC, these youths were accepted on a needs basis and had to be certified by the local welfare department as being in need. About 22.5 per cent of the youths trained in North Carolina were Negro.

CHAPTER XI
CITIZENSHIP

        If the general terminology of citizenship were accepted and applied to all inhabitants of any given area, the result would be Utopia. For a large number of people in some areas of the United States this term has a hollow ring. In many sections the Negro's plight as a citizen is pathetic; he is the victim of the mores, traditions, and cultural thinking of the locality. The privileges and freedom of full citizenship which are enjoyed by others are sometimes denied him. Sometimes in his attempts to adjust or improve the conditions under which he lives, he finds his progress impeded and effectively blocked by the spirit, mores and traditions of his community, and often the interpretation of the law itself. In fact, there are times when it is believed the Negro not only needs protection of the law but "protection from the law." Then too, there are special laws, in some areas of the United States specifically designed either to abrogate, restrict, or to establish and protect the rights of the Negro.

        There are laws and more laws, many of which do not make sense when scrutinized closely and objectively, and which are bewildering and conflicting to the Negro. Some of these laws circumscribe the race to such an extent that it is unable to make the best adjustment to its total environment because it has been relegated to a type of second-class citizenship. There are laws which often limit the Negro's power to use the franchise. In some instances there is an unequal distribution of public funds for education and health facilities. There are laws which deny the Negro social, civil and personal rights as set forth by the Federal Constitution.

        The Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States guarantee certain basic rights and privileges. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment provides for due process of law and the equal protection of the law. The Fifteenth Amendment states that rights of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

        Citizenship has certain inherent privileges and attendant responsibilities. Let us then consider one aspect of citizenship, that of the use of the franchise or privilege of voting. What it means to be able to vote in the American system of government

is important because the voters elect the officials who go to Congress to represent them and their wants and needs. These individuals make laws which influence everyone's personal life and interests. There are many communities in the United States where Negroes are taxed without representation; even if they are given the privilege of voting the mores and traditions often discriminate against them.

        Citizenship status of Negroes in North Carolina has been very liberal compared to that of some of the other Southern States and some of the border states. The North Carolina Negro has enjoyed a great deal of freedom and privileges from his earliest entry into the State. The spirit of freedom and liberalness has prevailed since the earliest provincial days and the State enjoys the reputation of being the most liberal and progressive Southern State in its treatment of its Negro population. However, due to its background and prevailing customs North Carolina has laws which are predicated upon the color and race of some of its citizens.

FACTS ABOUT CITIZENSHIP

        1. North Carolina does not impose a poll tax on its citizens as a prerequisite to voting. Negroes are permitted to vote in all elections of the State. The only restriction is that the individual desiring to vote should be able to read and write to the satisfaction of the judges and registrars.

        2. Negroes are segregated on all common carriers in North Carolina. In some instances they are given unequal and inferior accommodations on buses and trains. However, North Carolina's law on this matter states, "All railroad and steamboat companies engaged as common carriers in the transportation of passengers for hire, other than street railways shall provide separate but equal accommodations for the white and colored races at passenger stations or waiting rooms."

        3. If the Negro wants an education he must attend separate schools in North Carolina. The laws of the State pertaining to this field point out that the children of the white race and the children of the colored race shall be taught in separate schools, but there shall be no discrimination in favor of or to the prejudice of the other. It is a misdemeanor to provide schools for one race and not the other.

        4. Due to the State laws governing the furnishing of separate toilets for the races and sexes, many Negroes are kept out of gainful employment. Many employers have stated they would employ Negroes but are unable to supply toilet facilities; therefore, they are unable to employ them. Then too, it is a misdemeanor to fail to supply the separate

toilets for races and sexes and anyone convicted of using toilets not designated for his race or sex will be fined $5.00.

        5. Negroes are permitted to use the State Library; however the librarian is directed to set up and maintain a separate reading room for the group.

        6. In the meeting of fraternal orders and societies or organizing or incorporating of the same, they will not be allowed to continue to do business or organize in North Carolina if they attempt to seek to associate members of the same lodge, fraternity, etc., of the white and colored races.

        7. There are several communities in North Carolina with fire companies composed of all Negro personnel. The law has provided, in the administration of the Fireman's Relief Fund, that there is to be no discrimination on account of color in the payment of benefits to whites and colored for those who are qualified to receive them.

        8. North Carolina has adopted an anti-lynch law which provides that an investigation be made at the expense of the governing body whenever there has been evidence of violence and a lynching has been committed. This law also compels witnesses to testify in case of lynchings. North Carolina is one of the few Southern States which have sentenced whites to prison for an attempt to lynch a Negro.

        9. The vagrancy laws of the State do not have a racial aspect and are applied as diligently to the whites as the colored. However, there are laws restricting the soliciting of labor by persons from outside of the State without a license.

        10. There are not any legal restrictions enacted by the State legislative authorities pertaining to sections or areas where Negroes may live. However, there are unwritten laws by real estate brokers which are often stipulated in deeds and titles that restrict areas where Negroes may live. Their covenants are the results of the customs and mores.

        11. Negroes are called upon to serve on juries of a large number of courts throughout the State. During the past four or five years there has been an increase in the use of Negroes on the trial of cases pertaining to Negroes. Some of the larger cities where there are large concentration of Negroes, Negroes have been assigned to the police force. The following cities employ Negro policemen: Charlotte, Raleigh, High Point and Greensboro.

        12. Negroes do not occupy any elective offices in North Carolina. In some communities they have run for office and made an excellent showing. In a few of the larger cities in certain sections Negroes hold considerable power in the elections. In these areas they serve as judges and registrars at the election precincts.

        13. In most of the communities of North Carolina where there are any large numbers of Negroes they are permitted and invited to take an active part in the various drives or fund raising efforts of the community. Most of them have a Negro representative and a Negro division.

        14. Some of the larger and more progressive cities and counties have political clubs and organizations which are recognized by the whites and encouraged. Usually when the State Democratic Committee meets there are several Negro representatives present. Negro participation in politics in the State is mostly passive. This is not due to legal restrictions but to the group's apparent disinterest in this vitally important phase of their citizenship.

CHAPTER XII
MEETING THE PROBLEM

        Tons of paper, oceans of ink and millions of words have been expressed about the Negro's plight in the American social and economic system. Some individuals believe the Negro has been greatly overstudied while others contend that with all of the studies and surveys the general conditions under which the race lives have not shown any real improvement. North Carolina's Negro population has come in for its share of surveys and studies. However, no one can deny the fact that the general conditions of the race have improved during the past few decades as a result of some of these surveys and studies.

        All contemporary evidence points to the State's total population facing serious social and economic handicaps in the quest of security. In attempting to adjust themselves to their total environment many grave problems are confronted. The Negro has had to face the socio-economic problems which are akin to the other numbers of society and the added problem of race adjustment. Not only has this problem of race been difficult to the Negro but to the other members of the State. Problems of adjustment and conflict have arisen between the two groups because of misunderstanding and the existing mores and traditions.

        The Negro's problems in North Carolina are not dominated by race alone but they are problems of human beings, which involve the rights and privileges of all mankind. The problems confronted by Negroes are practically the same as those of other inhabitants. The same deplorable socio-economic conditions existing among one group are found among the other. In some cases and in too many instances the matter of race is permitted to enter the picture and seep into the thoughts and reasoning of many people.

        When the Negro in North Carolina is considered in his composite setting, there are not any doubts that he has made great strides. If one looks back and determines the progress that has been made it staggers the imagination that this progress could be made in such a short period of time. Dr. James E. Shepard, President of North Carolina College for Negroes, in his address before the Buffalo YMCA, October 23, 1943, ventured to say that "In North Carolina we endeavored to pursue the course of cooperation, we have sought to work together, believing in the natural kindness of each race toward the other, and believing that by

pursuing this course the blessings of democracy, religion, and education would come to all people and especially to the Negro. The wisdom of this course is justified by its children." He pointed out the growth of educational facilities and the development of graduate training for Negroes. The advancement of the State without any court decision to settle the matter of differentials in pay between white and colored teachers holding the same certificate, and having the same experience and training.

        Both races of North Carolina have endeavored to work together and pursue the course of cooperation. The State has attempted to establish and develop programs toward the advancing of all its citizens to full citizenship status. There are a large number of agencies and diversified programs: public, semipublic, private, religious, quasi-religious that have sought to improve the plight of the race's economic, educational and occupational status. Some of these groups and programs are militant and demand legal action immediately, others are middle-of-the-road programs, while others are based upon good will and understanding. All of them, regardless of techniques or methods, have the same goals of improving the general conditions of the group and assisting them to a higher plane in the existing social order.

        To the everlasting credit of North Carolina, it has recognized the needs of its largest minority group, the Negro, and has made conscientious efforts to alleviate some of its social and economic conditions. The State has pioneered in many phases of work among the Negroes and stands as a beacon and guiding light to other states. Negroes have representation and participate in practically all of the agencies of the State, many of the counties and cities throughout the State.

        As before-mentioned and pointed out Negroes occupy many unique and strategic positions in North Carolina. They are serving largely in appointive positions in the public services. Many of these positions were secured through civil service or merit examinations. They are found on the administrative staffs of several of the State departments.

FACTS ABOUT MEETING THE PROBLEM

(Existing Agencies for Care)

        There are located in North Carolina numerous Federal, State and local agencies, also branches of national organizations from which Negroes receive benefits while others are specified for Negroes. Since there are so many agencies existing in localities

without any Federal, State or national affiliations it would be impossible to give them due credit; therefore, only those agencies which are Federal or nationally known and active on a State-wide basis will be considered as resources for meeting the needs of the Negro population. There have been numerous instances in counties and cities where Negroes have been the recipients of extraordinary consideration by the whites. These considerations should be given due recognition in a subsequent study.

FEDERAL AGENCIES

• Federal Security Agency
  • Public Health Service
  • Office of Education
  • Social Security Board
    • U. S. Employment Service
    • Unemployment Compensation
    • Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
    • Rehabilitation
• Federal Works Agency
  • Public Works Administration
  • U. S. Housing Authority
  • Works Projects Administration
  • Works Projects Administration, Education Division
• United States Department of Agriculture
  • Farm Security Administration
    • W. C. Davenport, Junior Administrative Assistant
• United States Department of Labor
  • Children's Bureau

STATE AGENCIES

• State Department of Agriculture
  • Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics
    • R. E. Jones, State Agent and 4-H Club Specialist
    • J. W. Jeffries, Assistant State Agent
    • Mrs. Dazelle F. Lowe, District Home Demonstration Agent
    • Miss Wilhelmina R. Laws, Negro Subject Matter Specialist
• State Board of Charities and Public Welfare
  • John R. Larkins, Consultant on Negro Work
• State Commission for the Blind

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  Page 64

• State Board of Health
  • Dr. Walter J. Hughes, Medical Adviser to Negro Schools
  • Miss Jennie L. Douglass, Health Education Adviser to Negro Schools
  • H. I. Fontellio-Nanton, Information Specialist, Venereal Disease Institute
  • Division of Dentistry
    • Dr. J. H. Barnhill
    • Dr. Robert M. Bell
    • Dr. P. M. Brandon
    • Dr. L. C. Holliday
    • Dr. C. N. Jones
    • Dr. E. W. Swepson
• State Department of Public Instruction
  • Division of Negro Education
    • Miss Marie McIver, Supervisor of Elementary Schools
    • Albert E. Manley, Inspector Colored High Schools
    • S. B. Simmons, Supervisor of Vocational Agriculture in Negro Schools
    • Mrs. L. F. James, Itinerant Teacher, Home Economics
    • S. C. Smith, Itinerant Teacher, Trades and Industrial Education

INSTITUTIONS

        

	Purpose
Morrison Training School, Hoffman, N. C. P. R. Brown, Superintendent	"To care for delinquent Negro boys under the age of sixteen years, committed by any juvenile, State or other court 'having jurisdiction over such boy'."
State Training School for Negro Girls (1943 Legislature passed bill creating school and appropriated funds--has not been established.)	"To care for any Negro girl under age of sixteen years, who may come or be brought before any juvenile court of the State or other court of competent jurisdiction, and may be found by such court to be in need of institutional training."
The Colored Orphanage of North Carolina, Oxford, N. C.*         *Semiprivate receiving part of its money from State for operation. T. A. Hamme, Superintendent	"Cares for dependent and neglected children of both sexes having legal residence in the State over two years of age who are not known to be physically or mentally handicapped."
The Memorial Industrial School, Winston-Salem, N. C.**         **Does not receive State funds for operation. E. R. Garrett, Superintendent	"To care for dependent and neglected children of both sexes."

        

North Carolina Orthopedic Hospital, Gastonia, N. C.	"To make the crooked or crippled child straight, and to prevent as far as possible, deformities and limitation of activity in children who have suffered some mishap or who have become afflicted with some deforming disease."
State Hospital for Negro Insane, Goldsboro, N. C.	"To treat and care for the mental patients, including inebriates. Children who are mentally sick are eligible for admission. The institution was never intended for the feebleminded."
School for the Blind and Deaf, Raleigh, N. C. Prof. J. T. Turner, Principal Negro Division	"To provide education and training to deaf and blind children who could not take advantage of educational opportunities provided in schools for normal children. Also the curable blind are to be treated."
North Carolina Sanitoriums, Wilson, N. C. Sanatorium, N. C.	"For the treatment and cure of tuberculosis."

PRIVATE AGENCIES RENDERING AID TO NEGRO PROJECTS

        

American Red Cross	"To carry on a system of relief and alleviate sufferings caused by pestilence, famine, fire, floods, and other great calamities and to devise and carry on measures for preventing the same."
Boys and Girls 4-H Clubs	"These clubs are organized to help rural girls and boys to do something worthwhile in home making and agriculture. To develop into wholesome, worthy manhood and womanhood in keeping with the ideals of 4-H Clubs."
Boy Scouts	"The purpose of this corporation shall be to promote, through organization and cooperation with other agencies, the ability of boys to do things for themselves and others. Also, to train them in Scoutcraft, and to teach them patriotism, courage, self-reliance, and kindred virtues, using the methods which are now commonly in use by Boy Scouts."

        

Commission on Interracial Cooperation	"To assist in the correction of interracial injustice, to improve conditions affecting Negroes, and those interracial attitudes out of which unfavourable conditions arise."
Family Welfare Agencies	"To render individualized assistance in developing and making use of personal capacities through social case work treatment of strengths and handicaps which lie in the personality or immediate environment of the individual."
Girl Scouts	"To assist girls of this organization to realize the ideals of womanhood, as a preparation for their own responsibilities in the home and for service to the community."
State Tuberculosis Association	"To study tuberculosis in all its forms; to disseminate knowledge concerning the causes, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis; to stimulate, unify, and standardize the work of the various antituberculosis agencies throughout the State. To promote and encourage further consolidations of tuberculosis committees into county tuberculosis associations. To evaluate local programs and suggest improvements. To cooperate with all health, educational, civic and social agencies."
Young Men's Christian Association	"To assist Negro boys and men in and out of school to meet their problems and conditions of present-day life by giving them opportunities for greater self-development of body, mind, and spirit. A program is offered for the teaching of character making ideals, by the promotion of health education and physical activity, by providing opportunities for intellectual self-improvement, by acquainting boys and young men with the teachings and ideals of Jesus, and by providing wholesome social fellowship and economic and vocational guidance."

        

Young Women's Christian Association

"To advance the physical, social, intellectual, moral, and spiritual interests of young women, of which the ultimate purpose of all the organization's efforts shall be to seek to bring young women to such a knowledge of Jesus Christ as shall mean for the individual young woman fullness of life and development of character."

AGENCIES SPECIFICALLY DESIGNATED TO WORK WITH PROBLEMS OF NEGROES

        

New Farmers of America	"To stimulate the interest of Negro youth in agriculture and assist them to improve their conditions."
State Congress of Parents and Teachers	"To promote child welfare in the home, school, church, and community; to raise the standards of home life; to bring into closer relation the home and school that parents and teachers may cooperate intelligently in the training of child; to develop cooperation between educators and the general public so that united efforts will be made secure for every child the highest advantages in physical, mental, moral, and spiritual education."
State Teachers Association	"To improve educational conditions among Negroes; to influence public opinion in support of the education of Negroes; to equalize salaries of Negro Teachers."

NEGRO FRATERNAL AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS OF THE STATE

• Masons
• Elks
• Odd Fellows
• North Carolina Committee on Negro Affairs
• North Carolina Federation of Negro Women's Clubs

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS WORKING ON PROBLEMS OF THE NEGRO

• Bennett College, Greensboro, N. C.
• Davidson College, Davidson, N. C.
• Duke University, Durham, N. C.
• Elizabeth City State Teachers College, Elizabeth City, N. C.
• Fayetteville State Teachers College, Fayetteville, N. C.
• Livingstone College, Salisbury, N. C.
• North Carolina College for Negroes, Durham, N. C.
• Shaw University, Raleigh, N. C.
• Johnson C. Smith University, Charlotte, N. C.
• St. Augustine's College, Raleigh, N. C.
• University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C.
• Women's College of the University of North Carolina, Greensboro, N. C.
• North Carolina Conference for Social Service.
• AGRICULTURAL & TECHNICAL COLLEGE
  GREENSBORO, N. C.
• WINSTON-SALEM TEACHERS' COLLEGE
  WINSTON-SALEM, N. C.

SOURCES FOR THE FACTS

SOURCES FOR THE FACTS

I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• Page 11.
  • Guion Griffis Johnson, Ante-Bellum North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937), pp. 8-15, 468-469, 583.
• Page 12.
  • Ibid; pp. 468-469, 560-561, 580-581.
  • John Hope Franklin, The Free Negro in North Carolina 1790-1860 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937), pp. 13-34.
• Page 13.
  • Guion Griffis Johnson, Ante-Bellum North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937), pp. 597-606.

II. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION

• Page 14.
  • Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Population Vol. II (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census), p. 10.
  • 1. Ibid., p. 10.
  • 2. Ibid., p. 10.
  • 3. Ibid., p. 10.
  • 4. Ibid., p. 10.
• Page 15.
  • 5. Ibid., pp. 40-45.
  • 6. Ibid., pp. 40-45.
  • 6. Ibid., pp. 40-45.
  • 7. Ibid., pp. 40-45.
  • 8. Ibid., pp. 40-45.
  • 9. Ibid., p. 10.
  • 10. Ibid., pp. 138-142.
  • 11. Ibid., p. 11.
  • 12. Ibid., p. 12.
• Page 16.
  • Negro Population in North Carolina 1850-1940. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Population, Vol. II (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census), p. 10.
• Page 17.
  • 13. Ibid., p. 13.
  • 14. Ibid., p. 13.
  • 15. Ibid., p. 13.
  • 16. Ibid., p. 13.
  • 17. Ibid., p. 13.
  • 18. Ibid., p. 10.

III. EARNING A LIVING

• Page 19.
  • 1. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Population, Vol. III (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census), p. 10.
  • 2. Ibid., p. 10.
  • 3. Ibid., p. 10.
  • A--AGRICULTUDE
  • 4. Ibid., pp. 23, 24, 25, 26.

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    Page 72

  • 5. Ibid., pp. 22, 24, 26, 26.
  • 6. Sixteenth Census Report of the United States, 1940. Report on Agriculture, Vol. II (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census) p. 12.
  • 7. Ibid., p. 12.
  • 8. Ibid., p. 12.
• Page 20.
  • 9. Data furnished by W. C. Davenport, Junior Administrative Assistant Farm Security Administration, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 10. Data furnished by R. E. Jones, Negro State Farm Agent and 4-H Club Specialist, Agricultural and Technical College, Greensboro, N. C.
  • 11. Data furnished by S. B. Simmons, Supervisor of Vocational Agriculture Negro Schools, Agricultural and Technical College, Greensboro, N. C.
  • B--SOME OTHER ASPECTS OF EMPLOYMENT
  • 12. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Population Vol. III (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census, p. 10.
  • 13. Ibid., p. 10.
  • 14. Ibid., p. 13.
  • 15. Ibid., pp. 23-27.
  • 16. Ibid., p. 10.
  • 17. Ibid., p. 10.
• Page 21.
  • Percentage of Negro and White Working Population. Engaged in Specified Types of Occupations, 1940. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Population, Vol. III (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census, p. 10.
  • 18. Ibid., pp. 24-27.
  • 19. Ibid., p. 63.
• Page 22.
  • 20. Ibid., p. 63.
  • 21. Ibid., pp. 23-27.
  • C--THE PROFESSIONAL GROUP.
  • 22. Ibid., pp. 23-27.
  • 23. Ibid., pp. 23-27.
  • 24. Ibid., pp. 23-27.
  • 25. Data furnished by W. J. Kennedy, Jr., Vice President-Secretary, North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, Durham, N. C.
  • 26. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Population, Vol. III (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census, p. 27.
  • 27. Ibid., pp. 55-57.
• Page 23.
  • 28. Ibid., pp. 23-27.
  • 29. Ibid., pp. 23-27.

IV. HOMES AND FAMILIES

• Page 25.
  • 1. Family Composition and Migration Status of Family Heads, For States, 1940. (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census), Series P. H-4, No. 2, p. 3.
    

    ---

    Page 73

  • 2. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Population, Vol. IV (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census, p. 10.
• Page 26.
  • 3. Ibid., p. 10.
  • 4. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Housing, Vol. II (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census, p. 21.
  • 5. Ibid., p. 22.
  • 6. Ibid., p. 26.
  • 7. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Population, Vol. IV (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census, p. 19.
  • 8. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Housing, Vol. II (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census), p. 19.
  • 9. Ibid., p. 10.
  • 10. Ibid., p. 16.
  • 11. Ibid., p. 16.
• Page 27.
  • Median Size of Families, by Race, 1940. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Housing, Vol. II (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census), pp. 16, 26.
  • Median Monthly Rental, by Race 1940.
  • Ibid., pp. 16, 26.
• Page 28.
  • 12. Ibid., p. 12.
  • 13. Data furnished by directors of the Housing Authorities in the cities of low rent housing projects listed.

V. HEALTH

• Page 29.
  • "Often people are sick . . . ." Final Report, Pennsylvania State Temporary Commission on the Condition of the Urban Colored Population (Pennsylvania: Report to The General Assembly, 1941), p. 169.
  • 1. Annual Report of the Bureau of Vital Statistics (Raleigh: North Carolina, State Board of Health, 1940), p. 7.
• Page 30.
  • 2. Ibid., p. 75.
  • 3. Ibid., pp. 7, 54.
  • 4. Ibid., p. 58.
  • 5. Ibid., p. 58.
  • 6. Ibid., p. 58.
  • 7. Ibid., p. 58.
  • 8. Ibid., p. 14.
  • 9. Ibid., p. 58.
  • 10. Ibid., p. 58.
  • 11. Ibid., p. 58.
• Page 31.
  • Percentage of All Deaths Among Females, Due to Tuberculosis, by Age and Race, 1940. Annual Report of the Bureau of Vital Statistics (Raleigh: North Carolina State Board of Health, 1940), pp. 14-15.
• Page 32.
  • 12. Ibid., p. 58.
  • 13. Ibid.,
  • 14. North Carolina Year Book (Raleigh: News and Observer Publisher, 1941), pp. 82, 96, 97-102, 105-107.
    Data on Negro doctors and dentists furnished by Dr.

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    Page 74

    Clyde Donnell, Secretary and Treasurer, Old North State Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Society, Durham, N. C.

  • 15. Data furnished by Frank Webster, Executive Secretary, North Carolina Tuberculosis Association, Raleigh, N. C.
• Page 53.
  • Percentage of all Deaths Among Males, Due to Tuberculosis, by Age and Race, 1940. Annual Report of the Bureau of Vital Statistics (Raleigh: North Carolina State Board of Health, 1940), pp. 14-15.
• Page 34.
  • Data furnished by Frank Webster. Op. Cit.

VI. EDUCATION

• Page 35.
  • "According to the 1940 Census . . . ." Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Population, Vol. IV (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census), pp. 41-43, 56-59.
  • The report of the National Resources Planning Board, Regional Planning--The Southeast, Part XI (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office), p. 169.
• Page 36.
  • 1. Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of North Carolina (Raleigh: Issued by State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1940-41 and 1941-42), p. 71.
  • 2. Ibid., p. 71.
  • 3. Data furnished by Division of Negro Education, State Department of Public Instruction, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 4. National Resources Planning Regional Planning--The Southeast, Part XI (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office), p. 158.
  • 5. Data furnished by Division of Negro Education, State Department of Public Instruction, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 6. Ibid.
• Page 37.
  • Percentage of Children Attending School, by Age and Race, 1940. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Population, Vol. IV (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census), pp. 27-28.
  • 7. Data furnished by Division of Negro Education, State Department of Public Instruction, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 8. Ibid.
  • 9. Ibid.
  • 10. Ibid.
  • 11. Ibid.
  • 12. Laws Relating to Public Welfare in North Carolina (Raleigh: Issued by North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare). Special Bulletin Number 15; 1938, p. 63.
  • 13. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Population, Vol. IV (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census), pp. 27-28.
  • 14. Data furnished by George W. Coggin, State Supervisor of Trades and Industrial Education, Raleigh, N. C.

    ---

    Page 75

  • 15. Ibid.
  • 16. Data furnished by Division of Negro Education, State Department of Public Instruction, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 17. Ibid.
  • 18. Ibid.
• Page 39.
  • 19. Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of North Carolina (Raleigh: Issued by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1940-41 and 1941-42), p. 48.
  • 20. Ibid., p. 48.
  • 21. Ibid., p. 48. Also Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Population, Vol. IV (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census) pp. 27-28.
  • 23. Ibid., p. 48.
  • 24. Ibid., p. 48.
  • 25. Ibid., p. 48.
• Page 40.
  • 26. Ibid., p. 48.
  • 27. Data furnished by E. Louise Cooper, Supervisor, Negro Adult Education, WPA, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 28. J. E. Miller, Director, Division of Adult Education, Adult Education in North Carolina (Raleigh: Bulletin issued by State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1942), pp. 14-16.
  • 29. Data furnished by H. I. Fontellio-Nanton, Deputy Administrative Assistant on Negro Affairs, NYA, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 30. Data furnished by T. L. Grier, Supervisor, CCC Selection and Certification, Raleigh, N. C.

VII. RELIGION

• Page 42.
  • 1. Data secured through personal interviews by author with a cross section of the Negro population throughout the State.
  • 2. Religious Bodies, 1936, Vol. I (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1941), pp. 864-865.
  • 3. Ibid., pp. 864-865.
  • 4. Ibid., pp. 864-865.
• Page 43.
  • Negro Church Membership, by Denomination, 1936.
  • Ibid., p. 890.
• Page 44.
  • 5. Ibid., pp. 864-865.
  • 6. Ibid., pp. 864-865.
  • 7. Ibid., pp. 866-867.
  • 8. Ibid., p. 890.
  • 9. Ibid., p. 891.
  • 10. Ibid., pp. 793, 864, 890.

VIII. RECREATION

• Page 47.
  • 1. Statistics of North Carolina Public Libraries: College and University Libraries (Raleigh: Compiled by North Carolina Library Commission, 1942).

    ---

    Page 76

  • 2. North Carolina Code--1939 (Charlottesville, Va.: The Michie Company, Law Publishers), p. 2227.
  • 3. Data furnished by Ronnie Sheffield, State Supervisor of Recreation, WPA, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 4. Ibid.
  • 5. Ibid.
  • 6. John R. Larkins, A Survey of Some Resources For Negroes in North Carolina (Mimeographed, North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, December, 1942), Raleigh, N. C.
  • 7. Data furnished by Stanley A. Harris, Director Interracial Activities, Boy Scouts of America, New York, N. Y. Also Mrs. Gerar P. Westfelt, Assistant to Executive Secretary, Field Division, Girl Scouts of America, New York, N. Y.
  • 8. John R. Larkins, A Survey of Some Resources for Negroes in North Carolina (Mimeographed, North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, December, 1942).
  • 9. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940 (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census), p. 18.
  • 10. Data furnished by Ronnie Sheffield, State Supervisor of Recreation, WPA, Raleigh, N. C.
• Page 48.
  • 11. North Carolina Recreation Commission (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, Extension Division).

IX. DELINQUENCY AND CRIME

• Page 50.
  • 1. Biennial Report, State Highway and Public Works Commission, Prison Department (Raleigh: State Highway and Public Works, Prison Department for Year ending June 30, 1942), p. 16.
  • 2. Ibid., p. 16.
  • 3. Ibid., p. 21.
  • 4. Ibid., p. 21.
  • 5. Ibid., p. 28.
  • 6. Ibid., p. 29.
  • 7. Ibid., p. 30.
  • 8. Ibid., p. 29.
• Page 51.
  • 9. Ibid., p. 38.
  • 10. Ibid., p. 42.
  • 11. Ibid., p. 36.
  • 12. Ibid., p. 19.
  • 13. Ibid., p. 14.
  • 14. Consolidated Reports of the North Carolina Charitable, Penal and Correctional Institutions (Raleigh: Ninth Biennial Report Morrison Training School, For two years ending June 30, 1942), p. 10.
  • 15. Ibid., p. 10.
  • 16. Wiley B. Sanders and William C. Ezell, Juvenile Court Cases in North Carolina, 1929-34 (Raleigh: Issued by North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, 1937), pp. 18, 38.

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    Page 77

  • 17. Data furnished by Charles G. Gomillion, Department of Records and Research, Negro Year Book, Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, December, 1943.
  • 18. Data furnished by J. M. Neese, Director Division of Institutions and Corrections, North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, Raleigh, N. C.

X. THE DISABLED

• Page 53.
  • "Although Negroes constitute only 27.5 per cent of the total population . . . etc."
  • Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Population, Vol. II (Washington: U. S. Bureau of the Census) p. 10. Also interview by author with superintendents of public welfare in 60 per cent of the counties of the State.
  • 1. The National Resources Planning Board, Regional Planning, The Southeast, Part XI (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, p. 28.
  • 2. Survey made of Old Age Assistance cases receiving assistance in July, 1943, by Margaret Woodson, Statistician, North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 3. Annual Supplement to Social Security Bulletin, Social Security Year Book (Washington: Federal Security Agency, December 1942), p. 76. Also Social Security Bulletin, Vol. VI, No. 8 (January, 1943), pp. 29-30.
• Page 54.
  • 4. Data furnished by J. M. Neese, Director, Division of Institutions and Corrections, North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 5. Data furnished by J. T. Barnes, State Supervisor, Crippled Children's Department, Division of Preventive Medicine, North Carolina State Board of Health, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 6. Consolidated Reports of the North Carolina Charitable, Penal, and Correctional Institutions (Raleigh: Biennial Report of Orthopedic Hospital for two years ending June 30, 1942), p. 11.
  • 7. Data furnished by J. T. Turner, Principal of Negro Division, North Carolina State School for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind. Raleigh, N. C.
  • 8. Data furnished by T. A. Hamme, Superintendent of North Carolina Colored Orphanage, Oxford, North Carolina.
  • 9. Data furnished by E. R. Garrett, Superintendent Memorial Industrial School, Winston-Salem, N. C.
  • 10. Consolidated Reports North Carolina Charitable, Penal, and Correctional Institutions (Raleigh: Biennial Report of State Hospital at Goldsboro, for two years ending June 30, 1932), pp. 5-13.
• Page 55.
  • 11. Data furnished by H. A. Wood, Case Work Supervisor, Vocational Rehabilitation Division, North Carolina State Department of Public Instruction, Raleigh, N. C.

    ---

    Page 78

  • 12. Biennial Report of the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind (For two years ending June 30, 1942, p. 32.
  • 13. Ibid., p. 7.
  • 14. Data furnished by Daisy S. Young, Consultant on Institutions and Boarding Homes, Division of Child Welfare, North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 15. John R. Larkins, A Survey of Some Resources for Negroes in North Carolina (Mimeographed: North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, December 1942), Raleigh, N. C.
  • 16. Ibid.
  • 17. Data furnished by Daisy S. Young, Consultant on Institutions and Boarding Homes, etc.
  • 18. Data furnished by Mrs. Catherine Groves Peele, Executive Secretary of Family Service Association, Durham, N. C., and Leah James, Executive Secretary, Family Service Association, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 19. John R. Larkins, Employment of Negroes in Social Work in North Carolina (Unpublished document), Raleigh, N. C.
  • 20. Ibid.
• Page 56.
  • 21. Data furnished by Mrs. F. T. Hill, Information Service Specialist, Unemployment Compensation Commission of North Carolina, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 22. Data furnished by T. L. Grier, Supervisor CCC Selection and Certification. North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 23. Data furnished by H. I. Fontellio-Nanton, Deputy Administrative Assistant on Negro Affairs, NYA, Raleigh, N. C.

XI. CITIZENSHIP

• Page 58.
  • 1. Data furnished by F. J. Carnage, Attorney-at-Law, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 2. North Carolina Code, 1939.
    (Charlottesville, Va.: The Michie Company, Law Publishers), pp. 1437-1438.
  • 3. Ibid., p. 2021.
  • 4. Ibid., p. 2323.
• Page 59.
  • 5. Ibid., p. 2327.
  • 6. Ibid., p. 2309.
  • 7. Ibid., p. 2196.
  • 8. Ibid., p. 1764.
  • 9. Ibid., p. 2331.
  • 10. Data furnished by F. J. Carnage, Attorney-at-Law, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 11. Data secured by author through personal interviews with Negroes in local communities throughout the State, where members of the race have served on the jury.
  • 12. Study of positions held by Negroes throughout the State by author.

  ---

  Page 79

• Page 60.
  • Data furnished by Arthur Phillips, Raleigh and Wake County Community Chest, Raleigh, N. C.
  • 14. Data furnished by Negroes who have attende dand participated in political meetings and wish their names withheld.

XII. MEETING THE PROBLEM

• Page 61.
  • "In North Carolina we endeavored to pursue the course of cooperation . . . ." Address delivered by Dr. James E. Shepard, President of North Carolina College for Negroes, Durham, N. C., on the Twentieth Anniversary of the Michigan Avenue YMCA, Buffalo, N. Y., October 23, 1943.