Looking at the product area I think is probably the critical one. We
have to remember that hosiery is really two industry, two sectors. I
like to describe them as being
Page 16like two sisters.
They're very much alike, but then they're very different. There is the
ladies' sheer hosiery business. Then there is the sock business for the
entire family, including ladies. They are two businesses. They are very
much alike in some ways, but they are also very different. They have
different markets, different machines, use of different raw materials,
et cetera. Probably the two biggest events, one of them was right before
World War Two, which was in 1937 when nylon was invented. Nylon married
together the sheerness of silk with the strength of cotton or a natural
fiber. Prior to that, if you wanted sheerness, you had to use silk,
which was extremely expensive and very delicate. Or, ladies wore cotton
stockings. They were not sheer et cetera. This gave them sheerness and
strength at the same time. When World War Two came in, all of that
production was taken away. All of that nylon went into war materials.
When Dr. Carothers, a research chemist at DuPont, discovered and
invented, if you will, nylon— it is a DuPont product, although it now
has generic connotations to all of us— the first pair of nylon stockings
went on sale or was presented at the New York World's Fair in 1938. It
was a huge hit. Ladies only wore stockings, a thigh high garment. Nylon
was still rigid. It did not have stretch to it. It was rigid like cotton
and wool. So stockings were produced just like socks were produced and
marketed to specific foot sizes, 6, 6 1/2, 7, 7 1/2. The array, if you
will, of product that had to be carried at retail was huge if you were
going to fit this population out here. That's why as early as the 1920s
that you had the creation of a hosiery department inside of a store,
because it took so much space to stock up and the hosiery department as
we know it today was created. All of that nylon production was taken
away into war production. When the war was over, the first sale of
nylons was in San Francisco. A riot broke out and they had to cancel the
sale, but the
Page 17nylon came back on the market. That
was, I think one of the critical elements was the introduction of nylon.
The second critical one came about 1965. In the early '50s the yarn
producers learned how to make a stretch fiber by crimping the nylon and
setting it under heat. The hosiery industry then began to make some
stretch-like products, but nobody paid much attention to it. Ladies
still wore stockings, although they were stretch stockings. They fit
better. They fit at the knee and they fit at the ankle, but they still
were stockings. In 1965 the supermodel named Twiggy stepped out on a
fashion runway in London, England in the newest rage called the
mini-skirt. The skirt was shorter than stockings were long. If the
ladies of that era were going to wear this new product, this mini-skirt,
they had to have another product. So the industry came out with
pantyhose. The first pair — or what is recognized as the first pair— was
made by Glen Raven. One of the Gants— and they were making stockings at
that time in addition to making yarn— actually let the stocking run long
at the top, put a slit in it and ran it through a sewing machine, sewed
on an elastic waistband, and you had a waist high garment. Mr. Gant made
some and took them home and let his wife try them and she said, "This is
great." So, pantyhose hit the market in 1965. It was a huge success. It
was a liberating event for women because they could now get away from
girdles and garters and snaps and buckles and all the stuff that went
with the traditional non-stretch stockings. That's why once the
mini-skirt went by the boards, if you will, and other fashion came in to
take its place, they never went back. They stayed with pantyhose. I
think that pantyhose introduction was the second really big post-war
change. I think the third big change—. Some people would say branding,
national brands taking over rather than just selling generically, is a
Page 18big factor. It is a big factor when you look at
sheers. It is beginning in the sock business, but it is not quite to the
same degree at least yet.