June 28th 1834
Sir,
In compliance with the resolution passed by the Honorable Board of
Trustees on the 26th of June, I beg to lay
before you the following divisions of labour to be performed by the
Professors and Tutors.
This statement, it will be seen, differs from
Dr
Caldwell's
only in assigning 8 instead of 7 to
Wm
Hooper
, who is perfectly willing to take with his colleagues an
equal share of labor whatever that may
be.
I avail myself of the present opportunity of making the following statement
for the information of the
Board, and hope that the facts which it
discloses may be found of sufficient importance to render any apology
unnecessary. I have been devoted to the business of instruction for the last
25 years, the last eight of which have been spent at
Chapel Hill, and tho' I have
met with many discouragements from the waywardness and incapacity of
individuals, yet I cannot recollect a
single case
of an entire failure. It is therefore with no little mortification that
after an impartial review of what has been affected here I am compelled to
say I have utterly failed of my object, the extremely meager minorities of
the successful students being a confirmation of my assertion. The causes
which have operated to produce this result one no doubt various and some
perhaps beyond our control; but it is believed however that some may be
traced to the following sources. 1. The imperfect, superficial and
inaccurate methods adopted by too many teachers of the elements of
Arithmetic & Algebra in our schools, the consequences of which are
lamentably injurious, as they are felt thro' the entire collegiate course of
study, page torn produce results humiliating to the
Professor and affecting the credit of the Institution. 2. The inexperience
and incompetency of our Tutors, to whom the instruction generally of the two
inferior classes has been committed. 3. The estimation in which the
mathematical sciences are held not only here but too generally the state.
Little progress can be expected to be made by those who, blinded by
ignorance and prejudice, have constituted themselves judges of what is and
what is not adapted to train the mind to vigorous exertion to develope the
intellectual faculties, and to prepare for profound meditation and accurate
discussions. 4. An obstinate determination on the part of some to do as
little as possible, and to consider
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the time
allotted to preparation better employed in wading thro' trashy productions
or consuming it in enervating indolence. It is presumed that the withholding
of the usual collegiate honors from all such would check this growing evil.
5. The present mode of examination is not sufficiently regarded as a test of
scholarship, nor does it afford to the examiner any means of comparing with
precision the students with each other. The time necessary for this purpose
on the present plan is too short. The multitude and variety of questions
necessarily proposed by the examiner in a very short interval of time is
embarrassing. To these may be added the effects resulting from timidity in
oral examinations. I would therefore respectfully propose to substitute, for
the present mode, an examination in writing, which gives the student more
time to collect his ideas, diminishes the disadvantages of timidity, and
while, being simultaneous for all, allows us to propose the same questions
to each and renders the replies more easy to be compared. I think the
attention is more easily arrested by the eye than the ear; that the student
finds it often necessary either to recal analytical artifices, or intricate
constructions which are not always readily presented to the mind especially
in a state of embarrassment. To regain what is entirely lost is to invent,
and we cannot do in an instant what has often cost an abler person much
labour in the silence of his study. Perhaps shorter intervals between the
periods of examinations would have a happy effect; but I am not prepared to
recommend at present any further alteration.
As a proposition has been made to raise the standards of education higher, by
demanding the matriculate an acquaintance with Algebra, and introducing new
subjects of instruction into our course, I beg to present the following
remarks.
That system of education which embraces the synthetic to the exclusion of the
analytical mode of mathematical instruction is essentially defective. First,
because the analytic being more concise it admits of the introduction of a
greater amount and variety of information in a given time. Secondly, it is
more uniform, general and comprehensive. There is a very great similarity in
all analytical processes; all are conducted by the same general rules, and
commonly lead to universal results, whence particular consequences are
deducible at pleasure. Thirdly, it is the easiest. Its processes are simple,
its necessary modifications natural and obvious, and its operation being
general and elements few, it imposes no unnecessary load to the memory.
La
Croix advises us "always to choose the most general
methods" and
La Place in the "Journal des
Séances de l' Ećole Normal" says,
"Próférez dans
l'énseignment les méthods
générales, attachez-vous à les
présenter de la manière la plus simple, et vous
verrez au même temps qu'elles soul presque toujours les plus
faciles." Fourthly, the best treatises on Statics,
Dynamics, and Physical Astronomy abound with analytical
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formula which would be unintelligible to those who had not formed
a previous acquaintance with analysis. There is no doubt amongst those who
have gone a little below the surface, that the
"Mécanique analytique" and the
"Mécanique céleste" are the true
sources from which we can acquire a complete and methodical knowledge of all
the properties of the equilibrium and motion of bodies, and therefore it is
important that the student understand the analytical method. Fifthly and
lastly, it has a direct tendency to communicate a habit of investigation and
compels the student to think for himself. If it be objected that our present
course has been found to present insurmountable difficulties to the majority
of the members of the different classes, and that a reduction rather than an
elevation of our standard seems to be demanded; it may be answered that no
increase of difficulty is intended by such an arrangement; that the
University of N. Carolina ought to enter into honorable
competition with similar institutions in our country which have introduced
analytical Trigonometry & Geometry into their course of instruction,
and that the interests of society and not that of individuals ought to
regulate not only the quantity but the quality of instruction.
I recommend therefore the candidates for the Freshman class be required to
stand an examination on the whole of Arithmetic, practical &
theoretical, and Algebra as far as Irrational and Imaginary qualities in
Young's
Algebra or a fair equivalent on the
same
subjects in any other treatise, as are found in
Young
. This small
increase of qualifications for matriculation will enable us to introduce a
system of Analytical Trigonometry and Geometry, which would place our
University on a level with the most respectable Institutions in
our country.
With great respect
I am
Sir
Yours Truly
James Phillips