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					<hi rend="bold"> Senior Oration of Edward T. Sykes, [1858]:</hi> Electronic
					Edition.</title>
				<author>Sykes, Edward Turner, b. 1839</author>
				<funder>Funding from the University Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel
					Hill supported the electronic publication of this title.</funder>
				<respStmt>
					<resp>Text transcribed by</resp>
					<name>Bari Helms</name>
				</respStmt>
				<respStmt>
					<resp>Images scanned by</resp>
					<name>Bari Helms</name>
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					<name>Risa Mulligan </name>
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				<edition>First Edition, <date>2005</date>
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			<extent>ca. 20K</extent>
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				<publisher>The University Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill </publisher>
				<pubPlace>Chapel Hill, North Carolina</pubPlace>
				<date>2005</date>
				<availability>
					<p>© This work is the property of the University of North Carolina at Chapel
						Hill. It may be used freely by individuals for research, teaching and
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						text</p>
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						<title type="collection">Records of the Dialectic Society (#40152),
							University Archives, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</title>
						<title type="document">Senior Oration of Edward T. Sykes, [1858] </title>
						<author>Edward T. Sykes</author>
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					<extent>15 pages, 15 page images</extent>
					<publicationStmt>
						<date value="1858">[1858]</date>
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						<note type="call number">Call number 40152 (University Archives, University
							of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)</note>
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				<p>Originals are in the Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina
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				<date>2005-12-09,</date>
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				<pb id="unc08-05-p01" n="1"/>
				<head>Senior Oration of <name key="x" reg="x" type="person" rend="yes">Edward T. Sykes</name>, [1858] </head>
				<head type="original" rend="center">Two Sections of the Union</head>
				<signed>
					<name key="x" reg="x" type="person">Edward T. Sykes</name>
					<lb/>
					<name key="name0000220" reg="Columbus, MS" type="place">Columbus,
						Mississippi</name>
				</signed>
				<opener>
					<salute>
						<name key="x" reg="x" type="person" rend="yes">Mr. President</name> &amp; fellow members:</salute>
				</opener>
				<p> Historians in describing the manners and customs of nations, commence with her
					aborigines, coming down, giving every circumstance directly or indirectly
					connected with her subjects.</p>
				<p> Biographers undertaking to delineate the characters of great men search
					diligently into the most obstruce turn of life, portraying in lucid colors, each
					and every incident compatible with nature, leaving nothing for the mind to
					conjecture.</p>
				<p> But for me to attempt a retrospect of<pb id="unc08-05-p02" n="2"/>the past,
					beginning with the earliest dawn of <name key="name0000026" reg="America" type="place">American</name> civilization, and ending with the
					present crisis, would be an almost endless task of study, as well as tax of
					mind. I shall not one moment entertain the idea of involving myself in such
					difficulties, but rest satisfied by asking your indulgence a few minutes, whilst
					we take a cursory view of the revolutionary struggle, <name key="name0000743" reg="The North" type="place">Northern</name> fanaticism, and
						<name key="name0001060" reg="The South" type="place">Southern</name>
					conservatism. It has ever been the characteristic of <name key="name0000336" reg="England" type="place">England</name> even before she
					rose to any distinction in the catalogues of nations to aspire to that point in
					the acme of glory that <name key="name0000994" reg="Rome" type="place">Rome</name> held once, when mistress of the world.</p>
				<p> She has with unremitted toil striven to subjugate the whole civilized globe, and
					when the empire of <name key="name0000026" reg="America" type="place">America</name> rising as she was upon a soil bathed with an atmosphere pure as
					that inhaled by the first born in the garden of <name key="name0000311" reg="Eden" type="place">Eden</name> — issued her declaration of
					rights, praying for<pb id="unc08-05-p03" n="3"/>redress of grievances, formed in
					1774, and based upon the infringements of principles, imposed by the British parliament, for
					eleven years previous, was looked at with scorn and derision, and considered
					only as a stepping stone to liberty (and sure it was, for soon she cast off the
					galling yoke of oppression placed on her by the mother country, and declared
					herself henceforth and forever free). <name key="name0000336" reg="England" type="place">England</name> thought to drive her into ranks would be only a
					plaything and amusement for the times.</p>
				<p> In vain did the high minded <name rend="yes" key="pn0001369" reg="Pitt, William,       First Earl of Chatham" type="person">Chatham</name> aided by the patriotism
					and genius of <name rend="yes" key="pn0000244" reg="Burke, Edmund " type="person">Burke</name> warn them of their danger, but it seemed that invention was
					exhausted, reason fatigued, but obstinacy had yet to be conquered.</p>
				<p> Hand in hand did <name key="name0000026" reg="America" type="place">Americans</name>
					<name key="name0000743" reg="The North" type="place">North</name>, <name key="name0001060" reg="The South" type="place">South</name>, East, and West
					meet the ruthless invaders on the beach determined rather than live slaves to
					die freemen, well did they maintain their rights. "The blood of all was
					shed in one common pool"</p>
				<pb id="unc08-05-p04" n="4"/>
				<p> And never did they intend to dispair until the last man of that glorious band
					was made to measure his length on his mother earth. The conclusion is known by
					all, especially when we can look up to the blue vault of heaven in sight of him
					who reigns supreme and exclaim we live free. "We born to none but our
						<name key="pn0000589" reg="God " type="person">God</name>."</p>
				<p>But we have yet to come to a time in our national career by far more sad and
					appalling—a time when fanaticism and blind infatuation sit high on
					their imperial thrones— a time when reason is foolish and conviction
					humbug— a time, in short when social and religious duties are thrown
					to the four winds of heaven, and the ballot box the great bulwark of civil
					liberty is rendered profane and insecure by repeated instances of <name rend="yes" key="name0000104" reg="Black Republicans" type="organization">Black
						Republican</name> mobs.</p>
				<p> I regret fellow members that I can present to your minds no fit offering for the
					occasion. "Would that I had procured for your reception some casket of
					precious gems—the rich jewels of history and learning<pb id="unc08-05-p05" n="5"/>some boquets of fresh and fragrant flowers from the
					enchanted land of poetry and rhetoric, some mental telescope to transport you to
					the last discovered planet in the far off Heaven of science, or a panorama of
					the icy palaces of the Arctic whale, and the snowy couch of the Aurora Borealis.</p>
				<p> But fellow members, our theme is of a more exaulted bearing—and I
					almost quail beneath the idea of its important consideration. I mean <name key="name0000743" reg="The North" type="place">Northern</name>
					fanaticism— <name key="name0000743" reg="The North" type="place">Northern</name>
					<hi rend="underscore">philanthropy</hi>.</p>
				<p> That bane of all virtue which had been curdled in their breasts ever since the
					adoption of the constitution was waiting for a time when its vile mechanism
					against the prerogatives and rights of free born citizens, might burst forth,
					sweeping, dashing, and tearing down every thing in its course.</p>
				<p> Led on by men who cared nought for the good of their country, animated by the
					indomnible lust of personal aggrandizement<pb id="unc08-05-p06" n="6"/>and
					selfish of the Enjoyments, and social interests of <name key="name0001060" reg="The       South" type="place">Southern</name> patriots, they long ago opened their
					damning batteries against that only legacy of liberty and justice, prepared and
					handed down by the patriarchs of consistency in the trying days of tyranny as a
					standard and safe guard for our rule and action.</p>
				<p>Endeavoring to prove to the enlightened <name reg="The South" key="name0001060" type="place">South</name> that slavery is a curse, <name key="name0000743" reg="The North" type="place">Northern</name> fanatics have staked their all.
					They have transgressed the bounds of propriety, set reason at defiance, over
					leaped the breach that separates virtue from vice, and given to hypocrisy the
					semblance of religion.</p>
				<p> "Even the pulpits have been converted into so many batteries of fiery
					assaults." Yes that sacred place from which should ever issue words of
					peace, and good will towards man consecrated as it should be to the precepts of
					Universal love, has been defiled, disgraced, and prostituted to the wicked
					purposes of faction, and to the teachings of sectional business and social
					strife</p>
				<pb id="unc08-05-p07" n="7"/>
				<p> Casting aside their ministerial garbs the pretended preachers of the Gospel
					instead of expounding religious precepts, and inculcating benevolent aids, have
					sought to instil in the youthful heart the poisonous ingredients of sectional
						<hi rend="underscore">philanthropy</hi> and subvert maiden virtue by
					hardened vice. Such and always will be the case until that manmouth monster, <hi rend="underscore">fanaticism</hi>, is quelled by wrenching asunder the two
					great sections of this once glorious <name key="name0001138" reg="Union" type="organization">Union</name>. Disunion alone is not the only instance in
					which the <name key="name0000743" reg="The North" type="place">North</name> has
					shown a want of conservatism. It is the hot bed and cradle of all the isms of
					the day. They are all born and nourished there. (Kathsuthism the policy in
					spite of earnest admonitions of Washington and all of our great statesmen of
					meddling with the affairs of foreign nations. Free soilism a modification of
					abolitionism, socialism or free loveism, a disgrace to a civilized nation</p>
				<pb id="unc08-05-p08" n="8"/><p>[Blank Page]</p>
				<pb id="unc08-05-p09" n="9"/><p>and which even licentious profligate <name key="name0000392" reg="France" type="place">France</name> would
					scorn to have originated, all had birth there.) To this the <name key="name0001060" reg="The South" type="place">South</name> except in cases of constitutional
					attacks has been but a looker on. She has permitted herself to be slandered and
					blackguarded and every epithet of abhorance that could be conceived by a
					degenerate people has been applied to the Southern portion of our <name key="name0001138" reg="Union" type="organization">Union</name>. And why is
					this? Why I ask can one half of a people, born in the same land, and nurtured by
					the same constitution, who ought to have but one common interest in view, and
					that the progress of their country should be so far rifted assunder as to render
					dangerous the freedom of speech. To this we are each and every one of us able to
					make a correct and ready response. Slavery which has so long agitated the <name key="name0001138" reg="Union" type="organization">Union</name>, has not yet I
					think reached that hight to which its backers wish it to attain. That position
					allowed us by the all wise, and sanctioned by our consciences.</p><pb id="unc08-05-p10" n="10"/><p>[Blank Page]</p><pb id="unc08-05-p11" n="11"/><p>That principle coeval with our nature and
					acknowledged by all honest and honorable men should give birth to violence and
					sedition, is easily accounted for. <name key="name0000743" reg="The North" type="place">The North</name> have long since tried their habituation to the
					cold regions of <name key="name0000795" reg="Ohio" type="place">Ohio</name>, <name key="name0000651" reg="Michigan" rend="yes" type="place">Michigan</name>, <name key="name0000633" reg="Massachusetts" type="place">Massachusetts</name>, and others now hot beds of abolitionism.
					They knew that they would not do — that they could not prosper under
					their chilly clime, and if they kept them they would eventually die completely
					out — and their property in the form of slaves would soon become
					nothing. To them it was policy to abolish slavery, and now when they see they
					are doing well under our Southern atmosphere, and <name key="name0001060" reg="The       South" type="place">the South</name> is gaining ground by their labor! They
					cry aloud for philanthropy, <hi rend="underscore">philanthropy</hi>.</p>
				<p>Gentlemen it has been said that there is a point of endurance beyond which
					forbearance becomes cowardice, and submission crime. Has not that limit of
					endurance been passed over with impunity?</p><pb id="unc08-05-p12" n="12"/><p>[Blank Page]</p><pb id="unc08-05-p13" n="13"/><p>Shall we
					continue to retreat until the last entrenchments of liberty be our graves? No
					fellow members let us rise from our lethargy — let us strengthen every
					nerve, and raise the stalwart arm of justice against the damning sword of <name key="name0000743" reg="The North" type="place">Northern</name> fanatics. Look
					to the infringements of rights, repeated depredation made on our property, and
					the arrow of death hurled at our elective franchise, and put the question to
					yourselves what shall we do?</p>
				<p>I ask is there not some hidden thunder of heaven to crush such men? Is there not
					some electric spark yet reserved in the reach of <name key="name0001060" reg="The       South" rend="" type="place">Southern</name> statesmen to silence such
					hypocrisy? Our question has been answered once. And thank <name key="pn0000589" reg="God " type="person">God</name> that in the time of our greatest need an
						<name key="x" reg="x" type="person">Ithuriel</name> was given in the person of <name key="x" reg="x" type="person">Clay</name><pb id="unc08-05-p14" n="14"/>who with matchless
					eloquence for his spear and the voice of thunder for his command gained the
					victory over the demons of avarice and revenge.</p>
				<p>Now that <name key="x" reg="x" type="person">Ithuriel</name> has departed for his etherial abode,
					they again rally under the banner of discord, with "cries of war open war" war
					against kindred blood and common interest. That cry has to be quelled. Let <name key="name0001060" reg="The South" type="place">the South</name> think of her
					interests and do justice to its calling — and if we see that the <name key="name0001138" reg="Union" type="organization">Union</name> cannot be
					preserved without the sacrifice of <name key="name0001060" reg="The South" type="place">the South</name>, let us take for our motto the first grand law
					of nature, and with serried ranks and open voice call for disunion.</p>
				<p>Side by side the constitution and <name key="name0001060" reg="The South" type="place">the South</name> have made their onward march together, and
					when attacks from <name key="name0000743" reg="The North" type="place">the
					North</name> have been made on that rich legacy of our fore fathers it ever and
					anon found <name key="name0001060" reg="The South" type="place">the South</name>
					ready to wield the shield of justice in its defence. The first great
					characteristic of <name key="name0001060" reg="The South" type="place">the
					South</name> is her conservatism, and long ago would<pb id="unc08-05-p15" n="15"/>this last fabric of a Republican form of government been shattered to
					the surface had it not been (I feel happy to say) for the conservative spirit of
					that portion of the <name key="name0001138" reg="Union" type="organization">Union</name> that gave me birth</p>
				<p>We have learned by experience and repeated attempts that reconciliation with
						<name key="name0000743" reg="The North" type="place">the North</name> is beyond
					the bounds of dis-cretion. Then as we have every inducement to be a nation of
					our own with soil and climate not to be surpassed by any on the globe, with
					kindred sympathies and common interests may we show to <name key="name0000743" reg="The North" type="place">the North</name> by our actions, that we are
					independent of their aid, and not subject to their will and consel. If the
					Constitution falls let the "same enthusiasm that swells the heart of modern Greeks as they pause on the plains of <name key="x" reg="x" type="place">Marathon</name>" rage high in our breasts. May we all love <name key="name0001060" reg="The South" type="place">the South</name> born under her genial clime,
					fed on her generous soil "clasp her to our bosoms with hooks of steel," willing
					to stake our honor in defence of her honor and our cause in behalf of her sacred
					rights.</p>
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